1
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Munt JE, Henein S, Adams C, Young E, Hou YJ, Conrad H, Zhu D, Dong S, Kose N, Yount B, Meganck RM, Tse LPV, Kuan G, Balmaseda A, Ricciardi MJ, Watkins DI, Crowe JE, Harris E, DeSilva AM, Baric RS. Homotypic antibodies target novel E glycoprotein domains after natural DENV 3 infection/vaccination. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1850-1865.e5. [PMID: 37909048 PMCID: PMC11221912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The envelope (E) glycoprotein is the primary target of type-specific (TS) neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) after infection with any of the four distinct dengue virus serotypes (DENV1-4). nAbs can be elicited to distinct structural E domains (EDs) I, II, or III. However, the relative contribution of these domain-specific antibodies is unclear. To identify the primary DENV3 nAb targets in sera after natural infection or vaccination, chimeric DENV1 recombinant encoding DENV3 EDI, EDII, or EDIII were generated. DENV3 EDII is the principal target of TS polyclonal nAb responses and encodes two or more neutralizing epitopes. In contrast, some were individuals vaccinated with a DENV3 monovalent vaccine-elicited serum TS nAbs targeting each ED in a subject-dependent fashion, with an emphasis on EDI and EDIII. Vaccine responses were also sensitive to DENV3 genotypic variation. This DENV1/3 panel allows the measurement of serum ED TS nAbs, revealing differences in TS nAb immunity after natural infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Munt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sandra Henein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cameron Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ellen Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yixuan J Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Helen Conrad
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deanna Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Boyd Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rita M Meganck
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Long Ping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Health Center Socrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua; Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua; National Virology Laboratory, National Center for Diagnosis and Reference, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | | | - David I Watkins
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aravinda M DeSilva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Zhu DR, Rajesh AJ, Meganck RM, Young EF, Munt JE, Tse VL, Yount B, Conrad H, White L, Henein S, DeSilva AM, Baric RS. Dengue virus 4/2 envelope domain chimeric virus panel maps type-specific responses against dengue serotype 2. mBio 2023; 14:e0081823. [PMID: 37800919 PMCID: PMC10653845 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00818-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes infect several hundred million people each year. Although primary infection is generally mild, subsequent infection by differing serotypes increases the risk for symptomatic disease ranging from fever to life-threatening shock. Despite the availability of licensed vaccines, a comprehensive understanding of antibodies that target the viral envelope protein and protect from infection remains incomplete. In this manuscript, we develop a panel of recombinant viruses that graft each envelope domain of DENV2 onto the DENV4 envelope glycoprotein, revealing protein interactions important for virus viability. Furthermore, we map neutralizing antibody responses after primary DENV2 natural infection and a human challenge model to distinct domains on the viral envelope protein. The panel of recombinant viruses provides a new tool for dissecting the E domain-specific targeting of protective antibody responses, informing future DENV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna R. Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alecia J. Rajesh
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rita M. Meganck
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ellen F. Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Munt
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victor L. Tse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Boyd Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Helen Conrad
- College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Laura White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sandra Henein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aravinda M. DeSilva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Meganck RM, Zhu D, Dong S, Snoderly-Foster LJ, Dalben YR, Thiono D, White LJ, DeSilva AM, Baric RS, Tse LV. Evolution of a functionally intact but antigenically distinct DENV fusion loop. eLife 2023; 12:RP87555. [PMID: 37725085 PMCID: PMC10508882 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of dengue virus (DENV) pathogenesis is the potential for antibody-dependent enhancement, which is associated with deadly DENV secondary infection, complicates the identification of correlates of protection, and negatively impacts the safety and efficacy of DENV vaccines. Antibody-dependent enhancement is linked to antibodies targeting the fusion loop (FL) motif of the envelope protein, which is completely conserved in mosquito-borne flaviviruses and required for viral entry and fusion. In the current study, we utilized saturation mutagenesis and directed evolution to engineer a functional variant with a mutated FL (D2-FL), which is not neutralized by FL-targeting monoclonal antibodies. The FL mutations were combined with our previously evolved prM cleavage site to create a mature version of D2-FL (D2-FLM), which evades both prM- and FL-Abs but retains sensitivity to other type-specific and quaternary cross-reactive (CR) Abs. CR serum from heterotypic (DENV4)-infected non-human primates (NHP) showed lower neutralization titers against D2-FL and D2-FLM than isogenic wildtype DENV2 while similar neutralization titers were observed in serum from homotypic (DENV2)-infected NHP. We propose D2-FL and D2-FLM as valuable tools to delineate CR Ab subtypes in serum as well as an exciting platform for safer live-attenuated DENV vaccines suitable for naïve individuals and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Meganck
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis UniversitySaint LouisUnited States
| | - Deanna Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Stephanie Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Lisa J Snoderly-Foster
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis UniversitySaint LouisUnited States
| | - Yago R Dalben
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis UniversitySaint LouisUnited States
| | - Devina Thiono
- Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Laura J White
- Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Arivianda M DeSilva
- Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis UniversitySaint LouisUnited States
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4
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Hu M, Li WF, Wu T, Yang Y, Chen G, Chen T, Liu Y, Mei Y, Wu D, Wei Y, Luo T, Zhang HJ, Li YP. Identification of an Arylnaphthalene Lignan Derivative as an Inhibitor against Dengue Virus Serotypes 1 to 4 (DENV-1 to -4) Using a Newly Developed DENV-3 Infectious Clone and Replicon. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0042323. [PMID: 37378517 PMCID: PMC10434217 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00423-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most widespread arbovirus, causing symptoms ranging from dengue fever to severe dengue, including hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. Four serotypes of DENV (DENV-1 to -4) can infect humans; however, no anti-DENV drug is available. To facilitate the study of antivirals and viral pathogenesis, here we developed an infectious clone and a subgenomic replicon of DENV-3 strains for anti-DENV drug discovery by screening a synthetic compound library. The viral cDNA was amplified from a serum sample from a DENV-3-infected individual during the 2019 epidemic; however, fragments containing the prM-E-partial NS1 region could not be cloned until a DENV-3 consensus sequence with 19 synonymous substitutions was introduced to reduce putative Escherichia coli promoter activity. Transfection of the resulting cDNA clone, plasmid DV3syn, released an infectious virus titer of 2.2 × 102 focus-forming units (FFU)/mL. Through serial passages, four adaptive mutations (4M) were identified, and addition of 4M generated recombinant DV3syn_4M, which produced viral titers ranging from 1.5 × 104 to 6.7 × 104 FFU/mL and remained genetically stable in transformant bacteria. Additionally, we constructed a DENV-3 subgenomic replicon and screened an arylnaphthalene lignan library, from which C169-P1 was identified as exhibiting inhibitory effects on viral replicon. A time-of-drug addition assay revealed that C169-P1 also impeded the internalization process of cell entry. Furthermore, we demonstrated that C169-P1 inhibited the infectivity of DV3syn_4M, as well as DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-4, in a dose-dependent manner. This study provides an infectious clone and a replicon for the study of DENV-3 and a candidate compound for future development against DENV-1 to -4 infections. IMPORTANCE Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent mosquito-transmitted virus, and there is no an anti-dengue drug. Reverse genetic systems representative of different serotype viruses are invaluable tools for the study of viral pathogenesis and antiviral drugs. Here, we developed an efficient infectious clone of a clinical DENV-3 genotype III isolate. We successfully overcame the instability of flavivirus genome-length cDNA in transformant bacteria, an unsolved issue for construction of cDNA clones of flaviviruses, and adapted this clone to efficiently produce infectious viruses following plasmid transfection of cell culture. Moreover, we constructed a DENV-3 subgenomic replicon and screened a compound library. An arylnaphthalene lignan, C169-P1, was identified as an inhibitor of virus replication and cell entry. Finally, we demonstrated that C169-P1 exhibited a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against the infections with DENV-1 to -4. The reverse genetic systems and the compound candidate described here facilitate the study of DENV and related RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Hu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wan-Fei Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoquan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tongling Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchen Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqing Mei
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - De Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youchuan Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Tingrong Luo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Biosecurity, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Meganck RM, Zhu D, Dong S, Snoderly-Foster LJ, Dalben YR, Thiono D, White LJ, DeSilva AM, Baric RS, Tse LV. Evolution of a Functionally Intact but Antigenically Distinct DENV Fusion Loop. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.22.533803. [PMID: 37034784 PMCID: PMC10081285 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.22.533803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of Dengue virus (DENV) pathogenesis is the potential for antibody-dependent enhancement, which is associated with deadly DENV secondary infection, complicates the identification of correlates of protection, and negatively impacts the safety and efficacy of DENV vaccines. ADE is linked to antibodies targeting the fusion loop (FL) motif of the envelope protein, which is completely conserved in mosquito-borne flaviviruses and required for viral entry and fusion. In the current study, we utilized saturation mutagenesis and directed evolution to engineer a functional variant with a mutated FL (D2-FL) which is not neutralized by FL-targeting monoclonal antibodies. The FL mutations were combined with our previously evolved prM cleavage site to create a mature version of D2-FL (D2-FLM), which evades both prM- and FL-Abs but retains sensitivity to other type-specific and quaternary cross-reactive (CR) Abs. CR serum from heterotypic (DENV4) infected non-human primates (NHP) showed lower neutralization titers against D2-FL and D2-FLM than isogenic wildtype DENV2 while similar neutralization titers were observed in serum from homotypic (DENV2) infected NHP. We propose D2-FL and D2-FLM as valuable tools to delineate CR Ab subtypes in serum as well as an exciting platform for safer live attenuated DENV vaccines suitable for naïve individuals and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M. Meganck
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University
| | - Deanna Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Stephanie Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Yago R. Dalben
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University
| | - Devina Thiono
- Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Laura J. White
- Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Longping V. Tse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University
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6
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Mustafa Z, Khan HM, Azam M, Sami H, Ali SG, Ahmad I, Raza A, Khan MA. Insight into the seroepidemiology and dynamics of circulating serotypes of dengue virus over a 4 year period in western Uttar Pradesh, India. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000567.v4. [PMID: 37424567 PMCID: PMC10323805 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000567.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An important public health problem in India is dengue infection, with every year seeing an increase in cases of dengue fever. Dengue affects all individuals irrespective of their gender and age, although the infection rate is higher among males and younger people. Despite low severity in general, dengue virus can cause severe health conditions in some individuals. Genetic characterization of circulating endemic dengue virus (DENV) serotypes plays a significant role in providing epidemiological knowledge and subsequent vaccine development. In the present study, over a 4 year period, we assessed DENV transmission dynamics in major regions of western Uttar Pradesh in North India. ELISA tests were used to diagnose dengue, and PCRs were used to determine the circulating serotype. We found that dengue infection peaks after the rainy season and affects all sexes and ages. A total of 1277 individuals were found positive for dengue; among them, 61.7 % were male and 38.3 % were female. DEN-1 was found in 23.12 %, DEN-2 in 45 %, DEN-3 in 29.06 % and DEN-4 in 1.5 % of the dengue-infected individuals. All four DENV serotypes were circulating in the study area, and DENV serotype-2 (DEN-2) was the most prevalent serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Haris Manzoor Khan
- Department of Microbiology, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Mohd Azam
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Qassim University, Buraydah, Qassim KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiba Sami
- Department of Microbiology, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Syed Ghazanfar Ali
- Viral Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Islam Ahmad
- Viral Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Adil Raza
- Department of Microbiology, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Azam Khan
- Department of Statistics & Operational Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP, India
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7
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Fang E, Li M, Liu X, Hu K, Liu L, Zhang Z, Li X, Peng Q, Li Y. NS1 Protein N-Linked Glycosylation Site Affects the Virulence and Pathogenesis of Dengue Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050959. [PMID: 37243063 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccine is one of the most effective vaccines against flavivirus. Recently, site-directed mutation of the flavivirus genome using reverse genetics techniques has been used for the rapid development of attenuated vaccines. However, this technique relies on basic research of critical virulence loci of the virus. To screen the attenuated sites in dengue virus, a total of eleven dengue virus type four mutant strains with deletion of N-glycosylation sites in the NS1 protein were designed and constructed. Ten of them (except for the N207-del mutant strain) were successfully rescued. Out of the ten strains, one mutant strain (N130del+207-209QQA) was found to have significantly reduced virulence through neurovirulence assay in suckling mice, but was genetically unstable. Further purification using the plaque purification assay yielded a genetically stable attenuated strain #11-puri9 with mutations of K129T, N130K, N207Q, and T209A in the NS1 protein and E99D in the NS2A protein. Identifying the virulence loci by constructing revertant mutant and chimeric viruses revealed that five amino acid adaptive mutations in the dengue virus type four non-structural proteins NS1 and NS2A dramatically affected its neurovirulence and could be used in constructing attenuated dengue chimeric viruses. Our study is the first to obtain an attenuated dengue virus strain through the deletion of amino acid residues at the N-glycosylation site, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis of the dengue virus and developing its live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyue Fang
- Institute of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- Vaccines R&D Department, Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- Vaccines R&D Department, Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, China
| | - Kongxin Hu
- Institute of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Institute of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zelun Zhang
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Qinhua Peng
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
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8
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Young E, Yount B, Pantoja P, Henein S, Meganck RM, McBride J, Munt JE, Baric TJ, Zhu D, Scobey T, Dong S, Tse LV, Martinez MI, Burgos AG, Graham RL, White L, DeSilva A, Sariol CA, Baric RS. A live dengue virus vaccine carrying a chimeric envelope glycoprotein elicits dual DENV2-DENV4 serotype-specific immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1371. [PMID: 36914616 PMCID: PMC10009830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The four dengue virus serotypes co-circulate globally and cause significant human disease. Dengue vaccine development is challenging because some virus-specific antibodies are protective, while others are implicated in enhanced viral replication and more severe disease. Current dengue tetravalent vaccines contain four live attenuated serotypes formulated to theoretically induce balanced protective immunity. Among the number of vaccine candidates in clinical trials, only Dengvaxia is licensed for use in DENV seropositive individuals. To simplify live-virus vaccine design, we identify co-evolutionary constraints inherent in flavivirus virion assembly and design chimeric viruses to replace domain II (EDII) of the DENV2 envelope (E) glycoprotein with EDII from DENV4. The chimeric DENV2/4EDII virus replicates efficiently in vitro and in vivo. In male macaques, a single inoculation of DENV2/4EDII induces type-specific neutralizing antibodies to both DENV2 and DENV4, thereby providing a strategy to simplify DENV vaccine design by utilizing a single bivalent E glycoprotein immunogen for two DENV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Boyd Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Petraleigh Pantoja
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Sandra Henein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rita M Meganck
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer McBride
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer E Munt
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas J Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deanna Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Trevor Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melween I Martinez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Armando G Burgos
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Rachel L Graham
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aravinda DeSilva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carlos A Sariol
- Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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9
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Hussain Z, Rani S, Ma F, Li W, Shen W, Gao T, Wang J, Pei R. Dengue determinants: Necessities and challenges for universal dengue vaccine development. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2425. [PMID: 36683235 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dengue illness can range from mild illness to life-threatening haemorrhage. It is an Aedes-borne infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, which has four serotypes. Each serotype acts as an independent infectious agent. The antibodies against one serotype confer homotypic immunity but temporary protection against heterotypic infection. Dengue has become a growing health concern for up to one third of the world's population. Currently, there is no potent anti-dengue medicine, and treatment for severe dengue relies on intravenous fluid management and pain medications. The burden of dengue dramatically increases despite advances in vector control measures. These factors underscore the need for a vaccine. Various dengue vaccine strategies have been demonstrated, that is, live attenuated vaccine, inactivated vaccine, DNA vaccine, subunit vaccine, and viral-vector vaccines, some of which are at the stage of clinical testing. Unfortunately, the forefront candidate vaccine is less than satisfactory, and its performance depends on serostatus and age factors. The lessons from clinical studies depicted ambiguity concerning the efficacy of dengue vaccine. Our study highlighted that viral structural heterogeneity, epitope accessibility, autoimmune complications, genetic variants, genetic diversities, antigen competition, virulence variation, host-pathogen specific interaction, antibody-dependent enhancement, cross-reactive immunity among Flaviviruses, and host-susceptibility determinants not only influence infection outcomes but also hampered successful vaccine development. This review integrates dengue determinants allocated necessities and challenges, which would provide insight for universal dengue vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saima Rani
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Comsats University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fanshu Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Tian Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Jine Wang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Renjun Pei
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
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10
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Adams C, Carbaugh DL, Shu B, Ng TS, Castillo IN, Bhowmik R, Segovia-Chumbez B, Puhl AC, Graham S, Diehl SA, Lazear HM, Lok SM, de Silva AM, Premkumar L. Structure and neutralization mechanism of a human antibody targeting a complex Epitope on Zika virus. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010814. [PMID: 36626401 PMCID: PMC9870165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We currently have an incomplete understanding of why only a fraction of human antibodies that bind to flaviviruses block infection of cells. Here we define the footprint of a strongly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody (mAb G9E) with Zika virus (ZIKV) by both X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. Flavivirus envelope (E) glycoproteins are present as homodimers on the virion surface, and G9E bound to a quaternary structure epitope spanning both E protomers forming a homodimer. As G9E mainly neutralized ZIKV by blocking a step after viral attachment to cells, we tested if the neutralization mechanism of G9E was dependent on the mAb cross-linking E molecules and blocking low-pH triggered conformational changes required for viral membrane fusion. We introduced targeted mutations to the G9E paratope to create recombinant antibodies that bound to the ZIKV envelope without cross-linking E protomers. The G9E paratope mutants that bound to a restricted epitope on one protomer poorly neutralized ZIKV compared to the wild-type mAb, demonstrating that the neutralization mechanism depended on the ability of G9E to cross-link E proteins. In cell-free low pH triggered viral fusion assay, both wild-type G9E, and epitope restricted paratope mutant G9E bound to ZIKV but only the wild-type G9E blocked fusion. We propose that, beyond antibody binding strength, the ability of human antibodies to cross-link E-proteins is a critical determinant of flavivirus neutralization potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derek L. Carbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bo Shu
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bio-Imaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiam-Seng Ng
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bio-Imaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Izabella N. Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan Bhowmik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bruno Segovia-Chumbez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ana C. Puhl
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Helen M. Lazear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shee-mei Lok
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bio-Imaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aravinda M. de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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11
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Qi L, Sun Y, Juraska M, Moodie Z, Magaret CA, Heng F, Carpp LN, Gilbert PB. Neutralizing antibody correlates of sequence specific dengue disease in a tetravalent dengue vaccine efficacy trial in Asia. Vaccine 2022; 40:5912-5923. [PMID: 36068106 PMCID: PMC9881745 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the CYD14 trial of the CYD-TDV dengue vaccine in 2-14 year-olds, neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers to the vaccine-insert dengue strains correlated inversely with symptomatic, virologically-confirmed dengue (VCD). Also, vaccine efficacy against VCD was higher against dengue prM/E amino acid sequences closer to the vaccine inserts. We integrated the nAb and sequence data types by assessing nAb titers as a correlate of sequence-specific VCD separately in the vaccine arm and in the placebo arm. In both vaccine and placebo recipients the correlation of nAb titer with sequence-specific VCD was stronger for dengue nAb contact site sequences closer to the vaccine (p = 0.005 and p = 0.012, respectively). The risk of VCD in vaccine (placebo) recipients was 6.7- (1.80)-fold lower at the 90th vs 10th percentile of nAb for viruses perfectly matched to CYD-TDV, compared to 2.1- (0.78)-fold lower at the 90th vs 10th percentile for viruses with five amino acid mismatches. The evidence for a stronger sequence-distance dependent correlate of risk for the vaccine arm indicates departure from the Prentice criteria for a valid sequence-distance specific surrogate endpoint and suggests that the nAb marker may affect dengue risk differently depending on whether nAbs arise from infection or also by vaccination. However, when restricting to baseline-seropositive 9-14 year-olds, the correlation pattern became more similar between the vaccine and placebo arms, supporting nAb titers as an approximate surrogate endpoint in this population. No sequence-specific nAb titer correlates of VCD were seen in baseline-seronegative participants. Integrated immune response/pathogen sequence data correlates analyses could help increase knowledge of correlates of risk and surrogate endpoints for other vaccines against genetically diverse pathogens. Trial registration: EU Clinical Trials Register 2014-001708-24; registration date 2014-05-26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Biostatistics and Programming, Sanofi, 55 Corporate Drive, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, United States.
| | - Yanqing Sun
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States.
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Craig A Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Fei Heng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, United States.
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, 3980 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
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12
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Dias AG, Atyeo C, Loos C, Montoya M, Roy V, Bos S, Narvekar P, Singh T, Katzelnick LC, Kuan G, Lauffenburger DA, Balmaseda A, Alter G, Harris E. Antibody Fc characteristics and effector functions correlate with protection from symptomatic dengue virus type 3 infection. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabm3151. [PMID: 35767652 PMCID: PMC10115655 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Preexisting cross-reactive antibodies have been implicated in both protection and pathogenesis during subsequent infections with different dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (DENV1-4). Nonetheless, humoral immune correlates and mechanisms of protection have remained elusive. Using a systems serology approach to evaluate humoral responses, we profiled plasma collected before inapparent or symptomatic secondary DENV3 infection from our pediatric cohort in Nicaragua. Children protected from symptomatic infections had more anti-envelope (E) and anti-nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) total immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG4, and greater Fc effector functions than those with symptoms. Fc effector functions were also associated with protection from hemorrhagic manifestations in the pre-symptomatic group. Furthermore, in vitro virological assays using these plasma samples revealed that protection mediated by antibody-dependent complement deposition was associated with both lysis of virions and DENV-infected cells. These data suggest that E- and NS1-specific Fc functions may serve as correlates of protection, which can be potentially applied toward the design and evaluation of dengue vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G. Dias
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Magelda Montoya
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sandra Bos
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Parnal Narvekar
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tulika Singh
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Leah C. Katzelnick
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA
- Viral Epidemiology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
- Centro de Salud Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua
| | | | - Angel Balmaseda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA
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13
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Castro-Jiménez TK, Gómez-Legorreta LC, López-Campa LA, Martínez-Torres V, Alvarado-Silva M, Posadas-Mondragón A, Díaz-Lima N, Angulo-Mendez HA, Mejía-Domínguez NR, Vaca-Paniagua F, Ávila-Moreno F, García-Cordero J, Cedillo-Barrón L, Aguilar-Ruíz SR, Bustos-Arriaga J. Variability in Susceptibility to Type I Interferon Response and Subgenomic RNA Accumulation Between Clinical Isolates of Dengue and Zika Virus From Oaxaca Mexico Correlate With Replication Efficiency in Human Cells and Disease Severity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:890750. [PMID: 35800385 PMCID: PMC9254156 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.890750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue and Zika viruses cocirculate annually in endemic areas of Mexico, causing outbreaks of different magnitude and severity every year, suggesting a continuous selection of Flavivirus variants with variable phenotypes of transmissibility and virulence. To evaluate if Flavivirus variants with different phenotypes cocirculate during outbreaks, we isolated dengue and Zika viruses from blood samples of febrile patients from Oaxaca City during the 2016 and 2019 epidemic years. We compared their replication kinetics in human cells, susceptibility to type I interferon antiviral response, and the accumulation of subgenomic RNA on infected cells. We observed correlations between type I interferon susceptibility and subgenomic RNA accumulation, with high hematocrit percentage and thrombocytopenia. Our results suggest that Flaviviruses that cocirculate in Oaxaca, Mexico, have variable sensitivity to the antiviral activity of type I interferons, and this phenotypic trait correlates with the severity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannya Karen Castro-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Inmunología de arbovirus, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Laura Cristina Gómez-Legorreta
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Inmunología de arbovirus, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Laura Alejandra López-Campa
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Inmunología de arbovirus, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Valeria Martínez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Inmunología de arbovirus, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Marcos Alvarado-Silva
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Inmunología de arbovirus, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Araceli Posadas-Mondragón
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Inmunología de arbovirus, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | | | | | - Nancy R. Mejía-Domínguez
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Felipe Vaca-Paniagua
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Federico Ávila-Moreno
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Julio García-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leticia Cedillo-Barrón
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sergio Roberto Aguilar-Ruíz
- Departamento de Biomedicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía de la Universidad Autónoma ‘Benito Juárez’ de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - José Bustos-Arriaga
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular e Inmunología de arbovirus, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
- *Correspondence: José Bustos-Arriaga,
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14
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Fang E, Liu X, Li M, Liu J, Zhang Z, Liu X, Li X, Li W, Peng Q, Yu Y, Li Y. Construction of a Dengue NanoLuc Reporter Virus for In Vivo Live Imaging in Mice. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061253. [PMID: 35746724 PMCID: PMC9230669 DOI: 10.3390/v14061253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first isolation in 1943, the dengue virus (DENV) has spread throughout the world, but effective antiviral drugs or vaccines are still not available. To provide a more stable reporter DENV for vaccine development and antiviral drug screening, we constructed a reporter DENV containing the NanoLuc reporter gene, which was inserted into the 5′ untranslated region and capsid junction region, enabling rapid virus rescue by in vitro ligation. In addition, we established a live imaging mouse model and found that the reporter virus maintained the neurovirulence of prototype DENV before engineering. DENV-4 exhibited dramatically increased neurovirulence following a glycosylation site-defective mutation in the envelope protein. Significant mice mortality with neurological onset symptoms was observed after intracranial infection of wild-type (WT) mice, thus providing a visualization tool for DENV virulence assessment. Using this model, DENV was detected in the intestinal tissues of WT mice after infection, suggesting that intestinal lymphoid tissues play an essential role in DENV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyue Fang
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (E.F.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (Q.P.)
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (E.F.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (Q.P.)
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (E.F.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (Q.P.)
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (E.F.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (Q.P.)
| | - Zelun Zhang
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (E.F.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (Q.P.)
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (E.F.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (Q.P.)
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (E.F.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (Q.P.)
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (E.F.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (Q.P.)
| | - Qinhua Peng
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (E.F.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (Q.P.)
| | - Yongxin Yu
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (E.F.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (Q.P.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-010-5385-2137 (Y.Y.); +86-010-5385-2128 (Y.L.)
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China; (E.F.); (X.L.); (M.L.); (J.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (X.L.); (W.L.); (Q.P.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-010-5385-2137 (Y.Y.); +86-010-5385-2128 (Y.L.)
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15
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Huang AT, Salje H, Escoto AC, Chowdhury N, Chávez C, Garcia-Carreras B, Rutvisuttinunt W, Maljkovic Berry I, Gromowski GD, Wang L, Klungthong C, Thaisomboonsuk B, Nisalak A, Trimmer-Smith LM, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Ellison DW, Jones AR, Fernandez S, Thomas SJ, Smith DJ, Jarman R, Whitehead SS, Cummings DAT, Katzelnick LC. Beneath the surface: Amino acid variation underlying two decades of dengue virus antigenic dynamics in Bangkok, Thailand. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010500. [PMID: 35500035 PMCID: PMC9098070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are important correlates of protection against dengue. Yet, determinants of variation in neutralization across strains within the four dengue virus serotypes (DENV1-4) is imperfectly understood. Studies focus on structural DENV proteins, especially the envelope (E), the primary target of anti-DENV antibodies. Although changes in immune recognition (antigenicity) are often attributed to variation in epitope residues, viral processes influencing conformation and epitope accessibility also affect neutralizability, suggesting possible modulating roles of nonstructural proteins. We estimated effects of residue changes in all 10 DENV proteins on antigenic distances between 348 DENV collected from individuals living in Bangkok, Thailand (1994-2014). Antigenic distances were derived from response of each virus to a panel of twenty non-human primate antisera. Across 100 estimations, excluding 10% of virus pairs each time, 77 of 295 positions with residue variability in E consistently conferred antigenic effects; 52 were within ±3 sites of known binding sites of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies, exceeding expectations from random assignments of effects to sites (p = 0.037). Effects were also identified for 16 sites on the stem/anchor of E which were only recently shown to become exposed under physiological conditions. For all proteins, except nonstructural protein 2A (NS2A), root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) in predicting distances between pairs held out in each estimation did not outperform sequences of equal length derived from all proteins or E, suggesting that antigenic signals present were likely through linkage with E. Adjusted for E, we identified 62/219 sites embedding the excess signals in NS2A. Concatenating these sites to E additionally explained 3.4% to 4.0% of observed variance in antigenic distances compared to E alone (50.5% to 50.8%); RMSE outperformed concatenating E with sites from any protein of the virus (ΔRMSE, 95%IQR: 0.01, 0.05). Our results support examining antigenic determinants beyond the DENV surface. Dengue viruses, even of the same serotype, are differentially recognized by preexisting antibodies of individuals. With antibody levels being an important indicator of infection risk and pathogenicity, understanding mechanisms underlying these differences are crucial for vaccine design and development. Investigations have primarily targeted surface regions of the envelope protein (E) where virus-antibody interactions were thought to primarily occur. However, the roles of non-surface regions of the E protein as well as nonstructural proteins has been limited. We looked at the entire virus to identify associations between specific changes in the protein sequence and differences in how viruses were recognized by antibodies. In addition to recovering known determinants on the surface, we found signals in other areas on the structural building blocks of the virus. We also identified additional signals on specific areas of a protein that does not form structures of the virus but orchestrate virus formation. Our results point towards broadening the frame of investigation to gain a more comprehensive understanding of mechanisms giving rise to antibody recognition of dengue viruses, and may aid the design and evaluation of vaccines and/or assays to characterize dengue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana T. Huang
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Coello Escoto
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nayeem Chowdhury
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christian Chávez
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bernardo Garcia-Carreras
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wiriya Rutvisuttinunt
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Irina Maljkovic Berry
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Gromowski
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chonticha Klungthong
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Butsaya Thaisomboonsuk
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ananda Nisalak
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Luke M. Trimmer-Smith
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Damon W. Ellison
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anthony R. Jones
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen J. Thomas
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Whitehead
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Derek A. T. Cummings
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DATC); (LCK)
| | - Leah C. Katzelnick
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DATC); (LCK)
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16
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Abstract
Maturation of dengue viruses (DENVs) alters the structure, immunity, and infectivity of the virion and highly mature particles represent the dominant form in vivo. The production of highly mature virions principally relies on the structure and function of the viral premature membrane protein (prM) and its cleavage by the host protease furin. We redeveloped a reliable clonal cell line (VF1) which produces single-round mature DENVs without the need for DENV reverse genetics. More importantly, using protein engineering and directed evolution of the prM cleavage site, we engineered genetically stable mature DENVs in all serotypes independent of cell or host, usually with minimal impact on viral yield. Using these complementary strategies to regulate maturation, we demonstrate that the resulting mature DENVs are antigenically distinct from their isogenic partially mature forms. Given the clinical importance of mature DENVs in immunity, our study provides reliable strategies and reagents for the production of stable, high-titer mature DENVs for DENV antibody neutralization and vaccination immunity studies. Biologically, our data from directed evolution across host species reveals distinct maturation-dependent selective pressures between mammalian and insect cells, verifying the substrate preference between mammalian and insect furin, while hinting at an evolutionary equilibrium of DENV prM cleavage site between its host and vector in nature.
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17
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Saha D, Iannuccelli M, Brun C, Zanzoni A, Licata L. The Intricacy of the Viral-Human Protein Interaction Networks: Resources, Data, and Analyses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:849781. [PMID: 35531299 PMCID: PMC9069133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.849781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are one of the major causes of human diseases that cause yearly millions of deaths and seriously threaten global health, as we have experienced with the COVID-19 pandemic. Numerous approaches have been adopted to understand viral diseases and develop pharmacological treatments. Among them, the study of virus-host protein-protein interactions is a powerful strategy to comprehend the molecular mechanisms employed by the virus to infect the host cells and to interact with their components. Experimental protein-protein interactions described in the scientific literature have been systematically captured into several molecular interaction databases. These data are organized in structured formats and can be easily downloaded by users to perform further bioinformatic and network studies. Network analysis of available virus-host interactomes allow us to understand how the host interactome is perturbed upon viral infection and what are the key host proteins targeted by the virus and the main cellular pathways that are subverted. In this review, we give an overview of publicly available viral-human protein-protein interactions resources and the community standards, curation rules and adopted ontologies. A description of the main virus-human interactome available is provided, together with the main network analyses that have been performed. We finally discuss the main limitations and future challenges to assess the quality and reliability of protein-protein interaction datasets and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeya Saha
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Inserm, TAGC, UMR_S1090, Marseille, France
| | | | - Christine Brun
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Inserm, TAGC, UMR_S1090, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Andreas Zanzoni
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Inserm, TAGC, UMR_S1090, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Andreas Zanzoni,
| | - Luana Licata
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Luana Licata,
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18
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Haslwanter D, Lasso G, Wec AZ, Furtado ND, Raphael LMS, Tse AL, Sun Y, Stransky S, Pedreño-Lopez N, Correia CA, Bornholdt ZA, Sakharkar M, Avelino-Silva VI, Moyer CL, Watkins DI, Kallas EG, Sidoli S, Walker LM, Bonaldo MC, Chandran K. Genotype-specific features reduce the susceptibility of South American yellow fever virus strains to vaccine-induced antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:248-259.e6. [PMID: 34998466 PMCID: PMC10067022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The resurgence of yellow fever in South America has prompted vaccination against the etiologic agent, yellow fever virus (YFV). Current vaccines are based on a live-attenuated YF-17D virus derived from a virulent African isolate. The capacity of these vaccines to induce neutralizing antibodies against the vaccine strain is used as a surrogate for protection. However, the sensitivity of genetically distinct South American strains to vaccine-induced antibodies is unknown. We show that antiviral potency of the polyclonal antibody response in vaccinees is attenuated against an emergent Brazilian strain. This reduction was attributable to amino acid changes at two sites in central domain II of the glycoprotein E, including multiple changes at the domain I-domain II hinge, which are unique to and shared among most South American YFV strains. Our findings call for a reevaluation of current approaches to YFV immunological surveillance in South America and suggest approaches for updating vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gorka Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Nathália Dias Furtado
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Menezes Souza Raphael
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandra L Tse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Stephanie Stransky
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Núria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Carolina Argondizo Correia
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vivian I Avelino-Silva
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Laura M Walker
- Adimab, LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA; Adagio Therapeutics Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Myrna C Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Katzelnick LC, Escoto AC, Huang AT, Garcia-Carreras B, Chowdhury N, Berry IM, Chavez C, Buchy P, Duong V, Dussart P, Gromowski G, Macareo L, Thaisomboonsuk B, Fernandez S, Smith DJ, Jarman R, Whitehead SS, Salje H, Cummings DA. Antigenic evolution of dengue viruses over 20 years. Science 2021; 374:999-1004. [PMID: 34793238 PMCID: PMC8693836 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection with one of dengue viruses 1 to 4 (DENV1-4) induces protective antibodies against homotypic infection. However, a notable feature of dengue viruses is the ability to use preexisting heterotypic antibodies to infect Fcγ receptor–bearing immune cells, leading to higher viral load and immunopathological events that augment disease. We tracked the antigenic dynamics of each DENV serotype by using 1944 sequenced isolates from Bangkok, Thailand, between 1994 and 2014 (348 strains), in comparison with regional and global DENV antigenic diversity (64 strains). Over the course of 20 years, the Thailand DENV serotypes gradually evolved away from one another. However, for brief periods, the serotypes increased in similarity, with corresponding changes in epidemic magnitude. Antigenic evolution within a genotype involved a trade-off between two types of antigenic change (within-serotype and between-serotype), whereas genotype replacement resulted in antigenic change away from all serotypes. These findings provide insights into theorized dynamics in antigenic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C. Katzelnick
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Ana Coello Escoto
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Angkana T. Huang
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bernardo Garcia-Carreras
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Nayeem Chowdhury
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Irina Maljkovic Berry
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States
| | - Chris Chavez
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Philippe Buchy
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Vaccines, 637421 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia
| | - Gregory Gromowski
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States
| | - Louis Macareo
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Butsaya Thaisomboonsuk
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stefan Fernandez
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States
| | - Stephen S. Whitehead
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Derek A.T. Cummings
- Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
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20
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Current Trends and Limitations in Dengue Antiviral Research. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6040180. [PMID: 34698303 PMCID: PMC8544673 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide and affects approximately 2.5 billion people living in over 100 countries. Increasing geographic expansion of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (which transmit the virus) has made dengue a global health concern. There are currently no approved antivirals available to treat dengue, and the only approved vaccine used in some countries is limited to seropositive patients. Treatment of dengue, therefore, remains largely supportive to date; hence, research efforts are being intensified for the development of antivirals. The nonstructural proteins, 3 and 5 (NS3 and NS5), have been the major targets for dengue antiviral development due to their indispensable enzymatic and biological functions in the viral replication process. NS5 is the largest and most conserved nonstructural protein encoded by flaviviruses. Its multifunctionality makes it an attractive target for antiviral development, but research efforts have, this far, not resulted in the successful development of an antiviral targeting NS5. Increase in structural insights into the dengue NS5 protein will accelerate drug discovery efforts focused on NS5 as an antiviral target. In this review, we will give an overview of the current state of therapeutic development, with a focus on NS5 as a therapeutic target against dengue.
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21
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Huang Y, Williamson BD, Moodie Z, Carpp LN, Chambonneau L, DiazGranados CA, Gilbert PB. Analysis of Neutralizing Antibodies as a Correlate of Instantaneous Risk of Hospitalized Dengue in Placebo Recipients of Dengue Vaccine Efficacy Trials. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:332-340. [PMID: 34174082 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the CYD14 (NCT01373281) and CYD15 (NCT01374516) dengue vaccine efficacy trials, Month 13 neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers correlated inversely with risk of symptomatic, virologically confirmed dengue (VCD) between Month 13 (one month post-final-dose) and Month 25. We assessed nAb titer as a correlate of instantaneous risk of hospitalized VCD (HVCD), for which participants were continually surveilled for 72 months. METHODS Using longitudinal nAb titers from the per-protocol immunogenicity subsets, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) of HVCD by current nAb titer value for three correlate/endpoint pairs: average titer across all four serotypes/HVCD of any serotype (HVCD-Any), serotype-specific titer/homologous HVCD, and serotype-specific titer/heterologous HVCD. RESULTS Baseline-seropositive placebo recipients with higher average titer had lower instantaneous risk of HVCD-Any in 2-16-year-olds and in 9-16-year-olds (HR 0.26 or 0.15 per 10-fold increase in average titer by two methods, 95% CIs 0.14 to 0.45 and 0.07 to 0.34, respectively) pooled across both trials. Results were similar for homologous HVCD. There was evidence suggesting increased HVCD-Any risk in participants with low average titer (1:10 to 1:100) compared to seronegative participants (HR 1.85, 95% CI 0.93 to 3.68). CONCLUSIONS Natural infection-induced nAbs were inversely associated with hospitalized dengue, upon exceeding a relatively low threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98109, United States of America
| | - Brian D Williamson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America
| | | | - Carlos A DiazGranados
- Clinical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, United States of America.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, 98109, United States of America
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22
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Meganck RM, Baric RS. Developing therapeutic approaches for twenty-first-century emerging infectious viral diseases. Nat Med 2021; 27:401-410. [PMID: 33723456 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The twenty-first century has already recorded more than ten major epidemic or pandemic virus emergence events, including the ongoing and devastating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As viral disease emergence is expected to accelerate, these data dictate a need for proactive approaches to develop broadly active family-specific and cross-family therapeutics for use in future disease outbreaks. Emphasis should focus not only on the development of broad-spectrum small-molecule and antibody direct-acting antivirals, but also on host-factor therapeutics, including repurposing previously approved or in-pipeline drugs. Another new class of therapeutics with great antiviral therapeutic potential is RNA-based therapeutics. Rather than only focusing on known risks, dedicated efforts must be made toward pre-emptive research focused on outbreak-prone virus families, ultimately offering a strategy to shorten the gap between outbreak and response. Emphasis should also focus on orally available drugs for outpatient use, if possible, and on identifying combination therapies that combat viral and immune-mediated pathologies, extend the effectiveness of therapeutic windows and reduce drug resistance. While such an undertaking will require new vision, dedicated funding and private, federal and academic partnerships, this approach offers hope that global populations need never experience future pandemics such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita M Meganck
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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23
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Nivarthi UK, Swanstrom J, Delacruz MJ, Patel B, Durbin AP, Whitehead SS, Kirkpatrick BD, Pierce KK, Diehl SA, Katzelnick L, Baric RS, de Silva AM. A tetravalent live attenuated dengue virus vaccine stimulates balanced immunity to multiple serotypes in humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1102. [PMID: 33597521 PMCID: PMC7889627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21384-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The four-dengue virus (DENV) serotypes infect several hundred million people annually. For the greatest safety and efficacy, tetravalent DENV vaccines are designed to stimulate balanced protective immunity to all four serotypes. However, this has been difficult to achieve. Clinical trials with a leading vaccine demonstrated that unbalanced replication and immunodominance of one vaccine component over others can lead to low efficacy and vaccine enhanced severe disease. The Laboratory of Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health has developed a live attenuated tetravalent DENV vaccine (TV003), which is currently being tested in phase 3 clinical trials. Here we report, our study to determine if TV003 stimulate balanced and serotype-specific (TS) neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses to each serotype. Serum samples from twenty-one dengue-naive individuals participated under study protocol CIR287 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02021968) are analyzed 6 months after vaccination. Most subjects (76%) develop TS nAbs to 3 or 4 DENV serotypes, indicating immunity is induced by each vaccine component. Vaccine-induced TS nAbs map to epitopes known to be targets of nAbs in people infected with wild type DENVs. Following challenge with a partially attenuated strain of DENV2, all 21 subjects are protected from the efficacy endpoints. However, some vaccinated individuals develop post challenge nAb boost, while others mount post-challenge antibody responses that are consistent with sterilizing immunity. TV003 vaccine induced DENV2 TS nAbs are associated with sterilizing immunity. Our results indicate that nAbs to TS epitopes on each serotype may be a better correlate than total levels of nAbs currently used for guiding DENV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha K Nivarthi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jesica Swanstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Delacruz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bhumi Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steve S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kristen K Pierce
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Khosavanna RR, Kareko BW, Brady AC, Booty BL, Nix CD, Lyski ZL, Curlin ME, Messer WB. Clinical Symptoms of Dengue Infection among Patients from a Non-Endemic Area and Potential for a Predictive Model: A Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis and Decision Tree. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:121-129. [PMID: 33200724 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Under-recognition of dengue infection may lead to increased morbidity and mortality, whereas early detection is shown to help improve patient outcomes. Recent incidence and outbreak reports of dengue virus in the United States and other temperate regions where dengue was not typically seen have raised concerns regarding appropriate diagnosis and management by healthcare providers unfamiliar with the disease. This study aimed to describe self-reported clinical symptoms of dengue fever in a non-endemic cohort and to establish a clinically useful predictive algorithm based on presenting features that can assist in the early evaluation of potential dengue infection. Volunteers who experienced febrile illness while traveling in dengue-endemic countries were recruited for this study. History of illness and blood samples were collected at enrollment. Participants were classified as dengue naive or dengue exposed based on neutralizing antibody titers. Statistical analysis was performed to compare characteristics between the two groups. A regression model including joint/muscle/bone pain, rash, dyspnea, and rhinorrhea predicts dengue infection with 78% sensitivity, 63% specificity, 80% positive predictive value, and 61% negative predictive value. A decision tree model including joint/muscle/bone pain, dyspnea, and rash yields 77% sensitivity and 67% specificity. Diagnosis of dengue fever is challenging because of the nonspecific nature of clinical presentation. A sensitive predicting model can be helpful to triage suspected dengue infection in the non-endemic setting, but specificity requires additional testing including laboratory evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettie W Kareko
- 1School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Adam C Brady
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, Oregon
| | - Brian L Booty
- 3Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, OHSU, Portland, Oregon
| | - Chad D Nix
- 4Infection Prevention and Control, OHSU, Portland, Oregon
| | - Zoe L Lyski
- 5Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, OHSU, Portland, Oregon
| | - Marcel E Curlin
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, Oregon
| | - William B Messer
- 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, OHSU, Portland, Oregon.,5Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, OHSU, Portland, Oregon
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Young E, Carnahan RH, Andrade DV, Kose N, Nargi RS, Fritch EJ, Munt JE, Doyle MP, White L, Baric TJ, Stoops M, DeSilva A, Tse LV, Martinez DR, Zhu D, Metz S, Wong MP, Espinosa DA, Montoya M, Biering SB, Sukulpolvi-Petty S, Kuan G, Balmaseda A, Diamond MS, Harris E, Crowe JE, Baric RS. Identification of Dengue Virus Serotype 3 Specific Antigenic Sites Targeted by Neutralizing Human Antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 27:710-724.e7. [PMID: 32407709 PMCID: PMC7309352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rational design of dengue virus (DENV) vaccines requires a detailed understanding of the molecular basis for antibody-mediated immunity. The durably protective antibody response to DENV after primary infection is serotype specific. However, there is an incomplete understanding of the antigenic determinants for DENV type-specific (TS) antibodies, especially for DENV serotype 3, which has only one well-studied, strongly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody (mAb). Here, we investigated the human B cell response in children after natural DENV infection in the endemic area of Nicaragua and isolated 15 DENV3 TS mAbs recognizing the envelope (E) glycoprotein. Functional epitope mapping of these mAbs and small animal prophylaxis studies revealed a complex landscape with protective epitopes clustering in at least 6-7 antigenic sites. Potently neutralizing TS mAbs recognized sites principally in E glycoprotein domains I and II, and patterns suggest frequent recognition of quaternary structures on the surface of viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniela V Andrade
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ethan J Fritch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer E Munt
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laura White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thomas J Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mark Stoops
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aravinda DeSilva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deanna Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stefan Metz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marcus P Wong
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Diego A Espinosa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Magelda Montoya
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Scott B Biering
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Soila Sukulpolvi-Petty
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Health Center Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- National Virology Laboratory, National Center for Diagnosis and Reference, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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26
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Dengue Vaccines: The Promise and Pitfalls of Antibody-Mediated Protection. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:13-22. [PMID: 33444553 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
More than 390 million human dengue virus (DENV) infections occur each year, worldwide. Dengvaxia, a live-virus tetravalent vaccine from Sanofi Pasteur, was recently approved for human clinical use, although vaccine performance against the four DENV serotypes is highly variable. Other dengue vaccines in advanced clinical testing also demonstrate variability in efficacy. In this review, we outline the benefits and challenges of developing a safe, effective, and balanced DENV vaccine that can provide uniform protection against all four serotypes. Even though T cell biology plays an important role in establishing protective immunity, this review focuses on B cell responses. We discuss the leading dengue vaccine candidates and review the specificity of antibody responses and the known immune correlates of protection against DENV infection. A better understanding of immune correlates of protection against DENV infection will inform the development of a vaccine that can provide long-term, uniform protection.
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Baker C, Liu Y, Zou J, Muruato A, Xie X, Shi PY. Identifying optimal capsid duplication length for the stability of reporter flaviviruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2256-2265. [PMID: 32981479 PMCID: PMC7594839 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1829994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mosquito-transmitted flaviviruses cause widespread disease across the world. To provide better molecular tools for drug screens and pathogenesis studies, we report a new approach to produce stable NanoLuc-tagged flaviviruses, including dengue virus serotypes 1-4, Japanese encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus. Since the reporter gene is often engineered at the capsid gene region, the capsid sequence must be duplicated to flank the reporter gene; such capsid duplication is essential for viral replication. The conventional approach for stabilizing reporter flaviviruses has been to shorten or modify the duplicated capsid sequence to minimize homologous recombination. No study has examined the effects of capsid duplication length on reporter virus stability. Here we report an optimal length to stabilize reporter flaviviruses. These viruses were stable after ten rounds of cell culture passaging, and in the case of stable NanoLuc-tagged Zika virus (ZIKV C38), the virus replicated to 107 FFU/ml in cell culture and produced robust luciferase signal after inoculation in mosquitoes. Mechanistically, the optimal length of capsid duplication may contain all the cis-acting RNA elements required for viral RNA replication, thus reducing the selection pressure for recombination. Together, these data describe an improved method of constructing optimal reporter flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleman Baker
- Departement of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Antonio Muruato
- Departement of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Antigenic Variation of the Dengue Virus 2 Genotypes Impacts the Neutralization Activity of Human Antibodies in Vaccinees. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108226. [PMID: 33027653 PMCID: PMC7583086 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infects an estimated 390 million people each year worldwide. As tetravalent DENV vaccines have variable efficacy against DENV serotype 2 (DENV2), we evaluated the role of genetic diversity within the pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins of DENV2 on vaccine performance. We generated a recombinant DENV2 genotype variant panel with contemporary prM and E isolates that are representative of global genetic diversity. The DENV2 genotype variants differ in growth kinetics, morphology, and virion stability. Importantly, the DENV2 genotypic variants are differentially neutralized by monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal serum neutralizing antibodies from DENV2-infected human subjects, and vaccine-elicited antibody responses from the TV003 NIH DENV2 monovalent and DENV tetravalent vaccines. We conclude that DENV2 prM and E genetic diversity significantly modulates antibody neutralization activity. These findings have important implications for dengue vaccines, which are being developed under the assumption that intraserotype variation has minimal impact on neutralizing antibodies. Martinez et al. demonstrate that dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) genetic variation modulates neutralizing antibody activity from infection and vaccination. This observation underlines that genotypic variation impacts dengue virus 2 evasion from humoral immunity, suggesting that intraserotype genotypic variation should be considered in designing dengue vaccines.
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29
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Carbaugh DL, Zhou S, Sanders W, Moorman NJ, Swanstrom R, Lazear HM. Two Genetic Differences between Closely Related Zika Virus Strains Determine Pathogenic Outcome in Mice. J Virol 2020; 94:e00618-20. [PMID: 32796074 PMCID: PMC7527068 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00618-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks and unexpected clinical manifestations of ZIKV infection have prompted an increase in ZIKV-related research. Here, we identify two strain-specific determinants of ZIKV virulence in mice. We found that strain H/PF/2013 caused 100% lethality in Ifnar1-/- mice, whereas PRVABC59 caused no lethality; both strains caused 100% lethality in Ifnar1-/-Ifngr1-/- double-knockout (DKO) mice. Deep sequencing revealed a high-frequency variant in PRVABC59 not present in H/PF/2013: a G-to-T change at nucleotide 1965 producing a Val-to-Leu substitution at position 330 of the viral envelope (E) protein. We show that the V330 variant is lethal on both virus strain backgrounds, whereas the L330 variant is attenuating only on the PRVABC59 background. These results identify a balanced polymorphism in the E protein that is sufficient to attenuate the PRVABC59 strain but not H/PF/2013. The consensus sequences of H/PF/2013 and PRVABC59 differ by 3 amino acids, but these were not responsible for the difference in virulence between the two strains. H/PF/2013 and PRVABC59 differ by an additional 31 noncoding or silent nucleotide changes. We made a panel of chimeric viruses with identical amino acid sequences but nucleotide sequences derived from H/PF/2013 or PRVABC59. We found that 6 nucleotide differences in the 3' quarter of the H/PF/2013 genome were sufficient to confer virulence in Ifnar1-/- mice. Altogether, our work identifies a large and previously unreported difference in virulence between two commonly used ZIKV strains, in two widely used mouse models of ZIKV pathogenesis (Ifnar1-/- and Ifnar1-/- Ifngr1-/- DKO mice).IMPORTANCE Contemporary ZIKV strains are closely related and often used interchangeably in laboratory research. Here, we identify two strain-specific determinants of ZIKV virulence that are evident in only Ifnar1-/- mice but not Ifnar1-/-Ifngr1-/- DKO mice. These results identify a balanced polymorphism in the E protein that is sufficient to attenuate the PRVABC59 strain but not H/PF/2013. We further identify a second virulence determinant in the H/PF/2013 strain, which is driven by the viral nucleotide sequence but not the amino acid sequence. Altogether, our work identifies a large and previously unreported difference in virulence between two commonly used ZIKV strains, in two widely used mouse models of ZIKV pathogenesis. Our results highlight that even very closely related virus strains can produce significantly different pathogenic phenotypes in common laboratory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Carbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shuntai Zhou
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wes Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Helen M Lazear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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30
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Valentine KM, Croft M, Shresta S. Protection against dengue virus requires a sustained balance of antibody and T cell responses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 43:22-27. [PMID: 32798886 PMCID: PMC7655611 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pre-existing immunity to dengue virus (DENV) can either protect against or exacerbate, a phenomenon known as antibody dependent enhancement (ADE), a secondary DENV infection. DENV, as an escalating health problem worldwide, has increased the urgency to understand the precise parameters shaping the anti-DENV antibody (Ab) and T cell responses, thereby tipping the balance towards protection versus pathogenesis. Herein, we present the current state of knowledge of about the interplay between the Ab and T cell responses that dictate the outcome of DENV infection and discuss how this newfound knowledge is reshaping strategies for developing safe and effective DENV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Valentine
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Croft
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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31
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Carpp LN, Fong Y, Bonaparte M, Moodie Z, Juraska M, Huang Y, Price B, Zhuang Y, Shao J, Zheng L, Chambonneau L, Small R, Sridhar S, DiazGranados CA, Gilbert PB. Microneutralization assay titer correlates analysis in two phase 3 trials of the CYD-TDV tetravalent dengue vaccine in Asia and Latin America. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234236. [PMID: 32542024 PMCID: PMC7295445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that Month 13 50% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT50) neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers against dengue virus (DENV) correlated with vaccine efficacy (VE) of CYD-TDV against symptomatic, virologically-confirmed dengue (VCD) in the CYD14 and CYD15 Phase 3 trials. While PRNT is the gold standard nAb assay, it is time-consuming and costly. We developed a next-generation high-throughput microneutralization (MN) assay and assessed its suitability for immune-correlates analyses and immuno-bridging applications. We analyzed MN and PRNT50 titers measured at baseline and Month 13 in a randomly sampled immunogenicity subset, and at Month 13 in nearly all VCD cases through Month 25. For each serotype, MN and PRNT50 titers showed high correlations, at both baseline and Month 13, with MN yielding a higher frequency of baseline-seronegatives. For both assays, Month 13 titer correlated inversely with VCD risk. Like PRNT50, high Month 13 MN titers were associated with high VE, and estimated VE increased with average Month 13 MN titer. We also studied each assay as a valid surrogate endpoint based on the Prentice criteria, which supported each assay as a valid surrogate for DENV-1 but only partially valid for DENV-2, -3, and -4. In addition, we applied Super-Learner to assess how well demographic, Month 13 MN, and/or Month 13 PRNT50 titers could predict Month 13-25 VCD outcome status; prediction was best when using demographic, MN, and PRNT50 information. We conclude that Month 13 MN titer performs comparably to Month 13 PRNT50 titer as a correlate of risk, correlate of vaccine efficacy, and surrogate endpoint. The MN assay could potentially be used to assess nAb titers in immunogenicity studies, immune-correlates studies, and immuno-bridging applications. Additional research would be needed for assessing the utility of MN titer in correlates analyses of other DENV endpoints and over longer follow-up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew Bonaparte
- Global Clinical Immunology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brenda Price
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yingying Zhuang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lingyi Zheng
- Global Clinical Immunology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Robert Small
- Sanofi Pasteur, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | | | | | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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32
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Nix CD, Salberg J, Coulter FJ, Kareko BW, Lyski ZL, Booty BL, Messer WB. Potency and breadth of human primary ZIKV immune sera shows that Zika viruses cluster antigenically as a single serotype. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008006. [PMID: 32282800 PMCID: PMC7213746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as a global public health threat throughout the Americas since 2014. Phylogenetically, the virus is composed of three main lineages, an African, Asian, and American lineage. The recent emergence and spread of ZIKV has raised questions regarding the breadth and potency of human primary ZIKV immune sera against antigenically diverse ZIKV. Although ZIKV is thought to compose a single antigenic serotype, in-depth evaluation of the antigenic relatedness of ZIKV across genetic variants has been limited to a relatively small series of early convalescent human immune sera (4-12 weeks) against a limited number (3) of genetic variants. Using virus neutralization assays, we characterize the potency and breadth of twelve primary ZIKV immune sera from adults infected 5 to 38 months previously against a panel of 11 ZIKV isolates from the African, Asian and American lineages. We assess the variability of neutralization potency of immune sera from these subjects and the variability of susceptibility to neutralization for each virus isolate. Overall, we found all sera neutralized all viruses at FRNT50 ranging from 1:271 to 1:4271, a 15.8-fold range, with only small differences between subject geometric mean titers (GMT) against all viruses and small differences between each ZIKV isolate and sensitivity to neutralization by all sera: when pooled, African strains were 1.3-fold more sensitive to neutralization by subject immune sera compared to pooled American strains. Finally, we subjected our data to analysis using antigenic cartography, finding that ZIKV are highly antigenically similar, with only a ~4-fold range across all antigenic distances between viruses, consistent with a single serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D. Nix
- Dept. of Infection Prevention and Control, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Salberg
- Dept. of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Felicity J. Coulter
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Bettie W. Kareko
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Zoe L. Lyski
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brian L. Booty
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William B. Messer
- Dept. of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Dept. of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Program in Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University–Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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33
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Swanstrom JA, Nivarthi UK, Patel B, Delacruz MJ, Yount B, Widman DG, Durbin AP, Whitehead SS, De Silva AM, Baric RS. Beyond Neutralizing Antibody Levels: The Epitope Specificity of Antibodies Induced by National Institutes of Health Monovalent Dengue Virus Vaccines. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:219-227. [PMID: 30895307 PMCID: PMC6581895 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. The Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) has developed live attenuated vaccines to each of the 4 serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1–4). While overall levels of DENV neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in humans have been correlated with protection, these correlations vary depending on DENV serotype, prevaccination immunostatus, age, and study site. By combining both the level and molecular specificity of nAbs to each serotype, it may be possible to develop more robust correlates that predict long-term outcome. Methods Using depletions and recombinant chimeric epitope transplant DENVs, we evaluate the molecular specificity and mapped specific epitopes and antigenic regions targeted by vaccine-induced nAbs in volunteers who received the NIH monovalent vaccines against each DENV serotype. Results After monovalent vaccination, subjects developed high levels of nAbs that mainly targeted epitopes that are unique (type-specific) to each DENV serotype. The DENV1, 2, and 4 monovalent vaccines induced type-specific nAbs directed to quaternary structure envelope epitopes known to be targets of strongly neutralizing antibodies induced by wild-type DENV infections. Conclusions Our results reported here on the molecular specificity of NIH vaccine–induced antibodies enable new strategies, beyond the absolute levels of nAbs, for determining correlates and mechanisms of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica A Swanstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Usha K Nivarthi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Bhumi Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Matthew J Delacruz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Boyd Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Douglas G Widman
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore.,Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aravinda M De Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Gallichotte EN, Baric TJ, Nivarthi U, Delacruz MJ, Graham R, Widman DG, Yount BL, Durbin AP, Whitehead SS, de Silva AM, Baric RS. Genetic Variation between Dengue Virus Type 4 Strains Impacts Human Antibody Binding and Neutralization. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1214-1224. [PMID: 30380413 PMCID: PMC6226424 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There are four distinct DENV serotypes, and within DENV4, there are five distinct genotypes. The impact of genotypic diversity is not known, nor is it clear whether infection with one DENV4 genotype results in protective immunity against the other genotypes. To measure the impact of DENV4 genetic diversity, we generated an isogenic panel of viruses containing the envelope protein from the different genotypes. We characterized many properties of these viruses and find that a small number of amino acids changes within the envelope have disproportionate impacts on virus biology. Additionally, we observe large differences in the ability of DENV4 antibodies, immune sera, and vaccine sera to neutralize the panel, suggesting that DENV4 immunity might not be equally protective against all DENV4s. Our results support the monitoring of changing or emerging DENV genotypes and their role in escaping pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in people who have been vaccinated or exposed to natural DENV4 infections. There is amino acid variability within the envelope protein across DENV4 genotypes DENV4 viruses differ in maturation, glycosylation, and ability to infect cells Monoclonal antibodies differentially bind and neutralize DENV4 genotype viruses Infection and vaccination elicit antibodies, which neutralize DENV4s differently
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Gallichotte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Thomas J Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Usha Nivarthi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Delacruz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rachel Graham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Douglas G Widman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Zimmerman MG, Bowen JR, McDonald CE, Young E, Baric RS, Pulendran B, Suthar MS. STAT5: a Target of Antagonism by Neurotropic Flaviviruses. J Virol 2019; 93:e00665-19. [PMID: 31534033 PMCID: PMC6854481 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00665-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a diverse group of arthropod-borne viruses responsible for numerous significant public health threats; therefore, understanding the interactions between these viruses and the human immune response remains vital. West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) infect human dendritic cells (DCs) and can block antiviral immune responses in DCs. Previously, we used mRNA sequencing and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) to define molecular signatures of antiviral DC responses following activation of innate immune signaling (RIG-I, MDA5, or type I interferon [IFN] signaling) or infection with WNV. Using this approach, we found that several genes involved in T cell cosignaling and antigen processing were not enriched in DCs during WNV infection. Using cis-regulatory sequence analysis, STAT5 was identified as a regulator of DC activation and immune responses downstream of innate immune signaling that was not activated during either WNV or ZIKV infection. Mechanistically, WNV and ZIKV actively blocked STAT5 phosphorylation downstream of RIG-I, IFN-β, and interleukin-4 (IL-4), but not granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), signaling. Unexpectedly, dengue virus serotypes 1 to 4 (DENV1 to DENV4) and the yellow fever 17D vaccine strain (YFV-17D) did not antagonize STAT5 phosphorylation. In contrast to WNV, ZIKV inhibited JAK1 and TYK2 phosphorylation following type I IFN treatment, suggesting divergent mechanisms used by these viruses to inhibit STAT5 activation. Combined, these findings identify STAT5 as a target of antagonism by specific pathogenic flaviviruses to subvert the immune response in infected DCs.IMPORTANCE Flaviviruses are a diverse group of insect-borne viruses responsible for numerous significant public health threats. Previously, we used a computational biology approach to define molecular signatures of antiviral DC responses following activation of innate immune signaling or infection with West Nile virus (WNV). In this work, we identify STAT5 as a regulator of DC activation and antiviral immune responses downstream of innate immune signaling that was not activated during either WNV or Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. WNV and ZIKV actively blocked STAT5 phosphorylation downstream of RIG-I, IFN-β, and IL-4, but not GM-CSF, signaling. However, other related flaviviruses, dengue virus serotypes 1 to 4 and the yellow fever 17D vaccine strain, did not antagonize STAT5 phosphorylation. Mechanistically, WNV and ZIKV showed differential inhibition of Jak kinases upstream of STAT5, suggesting divergent countermeasures to inhibit STAT5 activation. Combined, these findings identify STAT5 as a target of antagonism by specific pathogenic flaviviruses to subvert antiviral immune responses in human DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James R Bowen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Circe E McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ellen Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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36
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Tracking the polyclonal neutralizing antibody response to a dengue virus serotype 1 type-specific epitope across two populations in Asia and the Americas. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16258. [PMID: 31700029 PMCID: PMC6838341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The four dengue virus serotypes (DENV1-4) cause major public health problems worldwide. Highly neutralizing type-specific human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) target conformation-dependent epitopes on the DENV envelope protein, including 1F4, a DENV1 type-specific hmAb. Using a recombinant DENV2 virus displaying the DENV1 1F4 epitope (rDENV2/1), we measured the proportion and kinetics of DENV1 neutralizing antibodies targeting the 1F4 epitope in individuals living in Asia and the Americas where different DENV1 genotypes were circulating. Samples from 20 individuals were analyzed 3 and 18 months post-primary DENV1 infection, alongside samples from 4 individuals collected annually for four years post-primary DENV1 infection, from two studies in Nicaragua. We also analyzed convalescent post-primary DENV1 plasma samples from Sri Lankan individuals. We found that neutralizing antibodies recognizing the 1F4 epitope vary in prevalence across both populations and were detected from 20 days to four years post-infection. Additionally, both populations displayed substantial variability, with a range of high to low proportions of DENV1 type-specific neutralizing antibodies recognizing the 1F4 epitope seen across individuals. Thus, the 1F4 epitope is a major but not exclusive target of type-specific neutralizing antibodies post-primary infection with different DENV1 genotypes in Asia and Latin America, and additional epitopes likely contribute to type-specific neutralization of DENV1.
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37
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Swanstrom JA, Henein S, Plante JA, Yount BL, Widman DG, Gallichotte EN, Dean HJ, Osorio JE, Partidos CD, de Silva AM, Baric RS. Analyzing the Human Serum Antibody Responses to a Live Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine Candidate. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1932-1941. [PMID: 29800370 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus serotypes 1-4 (DENV-1-4) are the most common vector-borne viral pathogens of humans and the etiological agents of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic syndrome. A live-attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine (TDV) developed by Takeda Vaccines has recently progressed to phase 3 safety and efficacy evaluation. Methods We analyzed the qualitative features of the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response induced in naive and DENV-immune individuals after TDV administration. Using DENV-specific human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and recombinant DENV displaying different serotype-specific Ab epitopes, we mapped the specificity of TDV-induced nAbs against DENV-1-3. Results Nearly all subjects had high levels of DENV-2-specific nAbs directed to epitopes centered on domain III of the envelope protein. In some individuals, the vaccine induced nAbs that tracked with a DENV-1-specific neutralizing epitope centered on domain I of the envelope protein. The vaccine induced binding Abs directed to a DENV-3 type-specific neutralizing epitope, but findings of mapping of DENV-3 type-specific nAbs were inconclusive. Conclusion Here we provide qualitative measures of the magnitude and epitope specificity of the nAb responses to TDV. This information will be useful for understanding the performance of TDV in clinical trials and for identifying correlates of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica A Swanstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Sandra Henein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Douglas G Widman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Emily N Gallichotte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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38
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Envelope Protein Glycosylation Mediates Zika Virus Pathogenesis. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00113-19. [PMID: 30944176 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00113-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus. Recent ZIKV outbreaks have produced serious human disease, including neurodevelopmental malformations (congenital Zika syndrome) and Guillain-Barré syndrome. These outcomes were not associated with ZIKV infection prior to 2013, raising the possibility that viral genetic changes could contribute to new clinical manifestations. All contemporary ZIKV isolates encode an N-linked glycosylation site in the envelope (E) protein (N154), but this glycosylation site is absent in many historical ZIKV isolates. Here, we investigated the role of E protein glycosylation in ZIKV pathogenesis using two contemporary Asian-lineage strains (H/PF/2013 and PRVABC59) and the historical African-lineage strain (MR766). We found that glycosylated viruses were highly pathogenic in Ifnar1-/- mice. In contrast, nonglycosylated viruses were attenuated, producing lower viral loads in the serum and brain when inoculated subcutaneously but remaining neurovirulent when inoculated intracranially. These results suggest that E glycosylation is advantageous in the periphery but not within the brain. Accordingly, we found that glycosylation facilitated infection of cells expressing the lectins dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) or DC-SIGN-related (DC-SIGNR), suggesting that inefficient infection of lectin-expressing leukocytes could contribute to the attenuation of nonglycosylated ZIKV in mice.IMPORTANCE It is unclear why the ability of Zika virus (ZIKV) to cause serious disease, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and birth defects, was not recognized until recent outbreaks. One contributing factor could be genetic differences between contemporary ZIKV strains and historical ZIKV strains. All isolates from recent outbreaks encode a viral envelope protein that is glycosylated, whereas many historical ZIKV strains lack this glycosylation. We generated nonglycosylated ZIKV mutants from contemporary and historical strains and evaluated their virulence in mice. We found that nonglycosylated viruses were attenuated and produced lower viral loads in serum and brains. Our studies suggest that envelope protein glycosylation contributes to ZIKV pathogenesis, possibly by facilitating attachment to and infection of lectin-expressing leukocytes.
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Nivarthi UK, Tu HA, Delacruz MJ, Swanstrom J, Patel B, Durbin AP, Whitehead SS, Pierce KK, Kirkpatrick BD, Baric RS, Nguyen N, Emerling DE, de Silva AM, Diehl SA. Longitudinal analysis of acute and convalescent B cell responses in a human primary dengue serotype 2 infection model. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:465-478. [PMID: 30857944 PMCID: PMC6444124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute viral infections induce a rapid and transient increase in antibody-secreting plasmablasts. At convalescence, memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are responsible for long-term humoral immunity. Following an acute viral infection, the specific properties and relationships between antibodies produced by these B cell compartments are poorly understood. METHODS We utilized a controlled human challenge model of primary dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) infection to study acute and convalescent B-cell responses. FINDINGS The level of DENV2 replication was correlated with the magnitude of the plasmablast response. Functional analysis of plasmablast-derived monoclonal antibodies showed that the DENV2-specific response was dominated by cells producing DENV2 serotype-specific antibodies. DENV2-neutralizing antibodies targeted quaternary structure epitopes centered on domain III of the viral envelope protein (EDIII). Functional analysis of MBC and serum antibodies from the same subjects six months post-challenge revealed maintenance of the serotype-specific response in both compartments. The serum response mainly targeted DENV2 serotype-specific epitopes on EDIII. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest overall functional alignment of DENV2-specific responses from the plasmablast, through the MBC and LLPC compartments following primary DENV2 inflection. These results provide enhanced resolution of the temporal and specificity of the B cell compartment in viral infection and serve as framework for evaluation of B cell responses in challenge models. FUNDING This study was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha K Nivarthi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Huy A Tu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Matthew J Delacruz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jesica Swanstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Bhumi Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Department of International Health, Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen K Pierce
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ngan Nguyen
- Atreca, Inc. Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | | | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Ávila-Pérez G, Nogales A, Martín V, Almazán F, Martínez-Sobrido L. Reverse Genetic Approaches for the Generation of Recombinant Zika Virus. Viruses 2018; 10:E597. [PMID: 30384426 PMCID: PMC6266887 DOI: 10.3390/v10110597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emergent mosquito-borne member of the Flaviviridae family that was responsible for a recent epidemic in the Americas. ZIKV has been associated with severe clinical complications, including neurological disorder such as Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and severe fetal abnormalities and microcephaly in newborn infants. Given the significance of these clinical manifestations, the development of tools and reagents to study the pathogenesis of ZIKV and to develop new therapeutic options are urgently needed. In this respect, the implementation of reverse genetic techniques has allowed the direct manipulation of the viral genome to generate recombinant (r)ZIKVs, which have provided investigators with powerful systems to answer important questions about the biology of ZIKV, including virus-host interactions, the mechanism of transmission and pathogenesis or the function of viral proteins. In this review, we will summarize the different reverse genetic strategies that have been implemented, to date, for the generation of rZIKVs and the applications of these platforms for the development of replicon systems or reporter-expressing viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Verónica Martín
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 3 Darwin street, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Almazán
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 3 Darwin street, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Intrahost Selection Pressures Drive Rapid Dengue Virus Microevolution in Acute Human Infections. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 22:400-410.e5. [PMID: 28910637 PMCID: PMC5616187 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dengue, caused by four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4), is a highly prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. Yet, selection pressures driving DENV microevolution within human hosts (intrahost) remain unknown. We employed a whole-genome segmented amplification approach coupled with deep sequencing to profile DENV-3 intrahost diversity in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and plasma samples from 77 dengue patients. DENV-3 intrahost diversity appears to be driven by immune pressures as well as replicative success in PBMCs and potentially other replication sites. Hotspots for intrahost variation were detected in 59%-78% of patients in the viral Envelope and pre-Membrane/Membrane proteins, which together form the virion surface. Dominant variants at the hotspots arose via convergent microevolution, appear to be immune-escape variants, and were evolutionarily constrained at the macro level due to viral replication defects. Dengue is thus an example of an acute infection in which selection pressures within infected individuals drive rapid intrahost virus microevolution.
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42
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Gorman MJ, Caine EA, Zaitsev K, Begley MC, Weger-Lucarelli J, Uccellini MB, Tripathi S, Morrison J, Yount BL, Dinnon KH, Rückert C, Young MC, Zhu Z, Robertson SJ, McNally KL, Ye J, Cao B, Mysorekar IU, Ebel GD, Baric RS, Best SM, Artyomov MN, Garcia-Sastre A, Diamond MS. An Immunocompetent Mouse Model of Zika Virus Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:672-685.e6. [PMID: 29746837 PMCID: PMC5953559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Progress toward understanding Zika virus (ZIKV) pathogenesis is hindered by lack of immunocompetent small animal models, in part because ZIKV fails to effectively antagonize Stat2-dependent interferon (IFN) responses in mice. To address this limitation, we first passaged an African ZIKV strain (ZIKV-Dak-41525) through Rag1-/- mice to obtain a mouse-adapted virus (ZIKV-Dak-MA) that was more virulent than ZIKV-Dak-41525 in mice treated with an anti-Ifnar1 antibody. A G18R substitution in NS4B was the genetic basis for the increased replication, and resulted in decreased IFN-β production, diminished IFN-stimulated gene expression, and the greater brain infection observed with ZIKV-Dak-MA. To generate a fully immunocompetent mouse model of ZIKV infection, human STAT2 was introduced into the mouse Stat2 locus (hSTAT2 KI). Subcutaneous inoculation of pregnant hSTAT2 KI mice with ZIKV-Dak-MA resulted in spread to the placenta and fetal brain. An immunocompetent mouse model of ZIKV infection may prove valuable for evaluating countermeasures to limit disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gorman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Caine
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Computer Technologies Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Matthew C Begley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Melissa B Uccellini
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shashank Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juliet Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth H Dinnon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Young
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shelly J Robertson
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kristin L McNally
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Center of Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Center of Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Katzelnick LC, Harris E. The use of longitudinal cohorts for studies of dengue viral pathogenesis and protection. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 29:51-61. [PMID: 29597086 PMCID: PMC5996389 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe how longitudinal prospective community-based, school-based, and household-based cohort studies contribute to improving our knowledge of viral disease, focusing specifically on contributions to understanding and preventing dengue. We describe how longitudinal cohorts enable measurement of essential disease parameters and risk factors; provide insights into biological correlates of protection and disease risk; enable rapid application of novel biological and statistical technologies; lead to development of new interventions and inform vaccine trial design; serve as sentinels in outbreak conditions and facilitate development of critical diagnostic assays; enable holistic studies on disease in the context of other infections, comorbidities, and environmental risk factors; and build research capacity that strengthens national and global public health response and disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Katzelnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 185 Li Ka Shing Center, 1951 Oxford Street, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, United States
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 185 Li Ka Shing Center, 1951 Oxford Street, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, United States.
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Cockrell AS, Beall A, Yount B, Baric R. Efficient Reverse Genetic Systems for Rapid Genetic Manipulation of Emergent and Preemergent Infectious Coronaviruses. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1602:59-81. [PMID: 28508214 PMCID: PMC7120940 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6964-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Emergent and preemergent coronaviruses (CoVs) pose a global threat that requires immediate intervention. Rapid intervention necessitates the capacity to generate, grow, and genetically manipulate infectious CoVs in order to rapidly evaluate pathogenic mechanisms, host and tissue permissibility, and candidate antiviral therapeutic efficacy. CoVs encode the largest viral RNA genomes at about 28-32,000 nucleotides in length, and thereby complicate efficient engineering of the genome. Deconstructing the genome into manageable fragments affords the plasticity necessary to rapidly introduce targeted genetic changes in parallel and assort mutated fragments while maximizing genome stability over time. In this protocol we describe a well-developed reverse genetic platform strategy for CoVs that is comprised of partitioning the viral genome into 5-7 independent DNA fragments (depending on the CoV genome), each subcloned into a plasmid for increased stability and ease of genetic manipulation and amplification. Coronavirus genomes are conveniently partitioned by introducing type IIS or IIG restriction enzyme recognition sites that confer directional cloning. Since each restriction site leaves a unique overhang between adjoining fragments, reconstruction of the full-length genome can be achieved through a standard DNA ligation comprised of equal molar ratios of each fragment. Using this method, recombinant CoVs can be rapidly generated and used to investigate host range, gene function, pathogenesis, and candidate therapeutics for emerging and preemergent CoVs both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Cockrell
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anne Beall
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Boyd Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Widman DG, Young E, Nivarthi U, Swanstrom JA, Royal SR, Yount BL, Debbink K, Begley M, Marcet S, Durbin A, de Silva AM, Messer WB, Baric RS. Transplantation of a quaternary structure neutralizing antibody epitope from dengue virus serotype 3 into serotype 4. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17169. [PMID: 29215033 PMCID: PMC5719398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue vaccine trials have revealed deficits in our understanding of the mechanisms of protective immunity, demonstrating a need to measure epitope-specific antibody responses against each DENV serotype. HmAb 5J7 binds to a complex, 3-monomer spanning quaternary epitope in the DENV3 envelope (E) protein, but it is unclear whether all interactions are needed for neutralization. Structure guided design and reverse genetics were used to sequentially transplant larger portions of the DENV3-specific 5J7 mAb epitope into dengue virus serotype 4 (DENV4). We observed complete binding and neutralization only when the entire 3 monomer spanning epitope was transplanted into DENV4, providing empirical proof that cooperative monomer-hmAb 5J7 interactions maximize activity. The rDENV4/3 virus containing the most expanded 5J7 epitope was also significantly more sensitive than WT DENV4 to neutralization by DENV3 primary immune sera. We conclude that the hinge-spanning region of the 5J7 quaternary epitope is a target for serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies after DENV3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Widman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ellen Young
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Usha Nivarthi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jesica A Swanstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott R Royal
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kari Debbink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Bowie, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Begley
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Marcet
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anna Durbin
- Center for Immunization Research, Department for International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Analysis of Individuals from a Dengue-Endemic Region Helps Define the Footprint and Repertoire of Antibodies Targeting Dengue Virus 3 Type-Specific Epitopes. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01205-17. [PMID: 28928210 PMCID: PMC5605938 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01205-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The four dengue virus serotypes (DENV1 to 4) cause dengue, a major public health problem worldwide. Individuals exposed to primary DENV infections develop serotype-specific neutralizing antibodies, including strongly neutralizing antibodies targeting quaternary epitopes. To date, no studies have measured the levels and kinetics of serum antibodies directed to such epitopes among populations in regions where dengue is endemic. Here, we use a recombinant DENV4 (rDENV4/3-M14) displaying a major DENV3 type-specific quaternary epitope recognized by human monoclonal antibody 5J7 to measure the proportion, magnitude, and kinetics of DENV3 type-specific neutralizing antibody responses targeting this epitope. Primary DENV3 sera from 30 individuals in a dengue hospital-based study in Nicaragua were studied 3, 6, 12, and 18 months post-infection, alongside samples collected annually 1 to 4 years post-primary DENV3 infection from 10 individuals in a cohort study in Nicaragua. We found substantial individual variation in the proportion of DENV3 type-specific neutralizing antibody titers attributed to the 5J7 epitope (range, 0 to 100%), with the mean significantly increasing from 22.6% to 41.4% from 3 to 18 months. We extended the transplanted DENV3 5J7 epitope on the virion (rDENV4/3-M16), resulting in increased recognition in several individuals, helping define the footprint of the epitope. However, 37% and 13% of the subjects still showed little to no recognition of the 5J7 epitope at 3 and 18 months, respectively, indicating that one or more additional DENV3 type-specific epitopes exist. Overall, this study demonstrates how DENV-immune plasma from populations from areas of endemicity, when coupled with structurally guided recombinant viruses, can help characterize the epitope-specific neutralizing antibody response in natural DENV infections, with direct implications for design and evaluation of dengue vaccines.IMPORTANCE The four serotypes of dengue virus cause dengue, a major public health burden worldwide, yet it has been challenging to develop a vaccine that is safe and equally effective against all four serotypes. More in-depth characterization of natural human neutralizing antibody responses is needed to identify determinants of protective antibody responses to all DENV serotypes. Here, we use hospital and cohort studies in a region where dengue is endemic to assess the proportion and kinetics of the DENV3 neutralizing antibody response directed to a quaternary epitope on DENV3 recognized by strongly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody 5J7, which was transplanted into a DENV4 backbone. We show that many individuals recognized the 5J7 epitope, but to various degrees over time, suggesting that additional DENV3-specific epitopes likely exist. Thus, characterization of epitope-specific neutralizing antibody responses in natural DENV infections can help define the footprint and repertoire of antibodies directed to DENV3 type-specific epitopes, with implications for dengue vaccine development.
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Katzelnick LC, Harris E. Immune correlates of protection for dengue: State of the art and research agenda. Vaccine 2017; 35:4659-4669. [PMID: 28757058 PMCID: PMC5924688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV1-4) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses estimated to cause up to ∼400 million infections and ∼100 million dengue cases each year. Factors that contribute to protection from and risk of dengue and severe dengue disease have been studied extensively but are still not fully understood. Results from Phase 3 vaccine efficacy trials have recently become available for one vaccine candidate, now licensed for use in several countries, and more Phase 2 and 3 studies of additional vaccine candidates are ongoing, making these issues all the more urgent and timely. At the "Summit on Dengue Immune Correlates of Protection", held in Annecy, France, on March 8-9, 2016, dengue experts from diverse fields came together to discuss the current understanding of the immune response to and protection from DENV infection and disease, identify key unanswered questions, discuss data on immune correlates and plans for comparison of results across assays/consortia, and propose a research agenda for investigation of dengue immune correlates, all in the context of both natural infection studies and vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Katzelnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA.
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Weger-Lucarelli J, Duggal NK, Brault AC, Geiss BJ, Ebel GD. Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28654045 DOI: 10.3791/55857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious cDNA clones allow for genetic manipulation of a virus, thus facilitating work on vaccines, pathogenesis, replication, transmission and viral evolution. Here we describe the construction of an infectious clone for Zika virus (ZIKV), which is currently causing an explosive outbreak in the Americas. To prevent toxicity to bacteria that is commonly observed with flavivirus-derived plasmids, we generated a two-plasmid system which separates the genome at the NS1 gene and is more stable than full-length constructs that could not be successfully recovered without mutations. After digestion and ligation to join the two fragments, full-length viral RNA can be generated by in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase. Following electroporation of transcribed RNA into cells, virus was recovered that exhibited similar in vitro growth kinetics and in vivo virulence and infection phenotypes in mice and mosquitoes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nisha K Duggal
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Brian J Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University;
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus discovered in 1947, has only recently caused large outbreaks and emerged as a significant human pathogen. In 2015, ZIKV was detected in Brazil, and the resulting epidemic has spread throughout the Western Hemisphere. Severe complications from ZIKV infection include neurological disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and a variety of fetal abnormalities, including microcephaly, blindness, placental insufficiency, and fetal demise. There is an urgent need for tools and reagents to study the pathogenesis of epidemic ZIKV and for testing vaccines and antivirals. Using a reverse genetics platform, we generated six ZIKV infectious clones and derivative viruses representing diverse temporal and geographic origins. These include three versions of MR766, the prototype 1947 strain (with and without a glycosylation site in the envelope protein), and H/PF/2013, a 2013 human isolate from French Polynesia representative of the virus introduced to Brazil. In the course of synthesizing a clone of a circulating Brazilian strain, phylogenetic studies identified two distinct ZIKV clades in Brazil. We reconstructed viable clones of strains SPH2015 and BeH819015, representing ancestral members of each clade. We assessed recombinant virus replication, binding to monoclonal antibodies, and virulence in mice. This panel of molecular clones and recombinant virus isolates will enable targeted studies of viral determinants of pathogenesis, adaptation, and evolution, as well as the rational attenuation of contemporary outbreak strains to facilitate the design of vaccines and therapeutics. Viral emergence is a poorly understood process as evidenced by the sudden emergence of Zika virus in Latin America and the Caribbean. Malleable reagents that both predate and span an expanding epidemic are key to understanding the virologic determinants that regulate pathogenesis and transmission. We have generated representative cDNA molecular clones and recombinant viruses that span the known ZIKV family tree, including early Brazilian isolates. Recombinant viruses replicated efficiently in cell culture and were pathogenic in immunodeficient mice, providing a genetic platform for rational vaccine and therapeutic design.
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Epitope Addition and Ablation via Manipulation of a Dengue Virus Serotype 1 Infectious Clone. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00380-16. [PMID: 28251184 PMCID: PMC5322348 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00380-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENVs) are significant mosquito-transmitted pathogens that cause widespread infection and can lead to severe infection and complications. Here we further characterize a novel and robust DENV serotype 1 (DENV1) infectious clone system that can be used to support basic and applied research. We demonstrate how the system can be used to probe the antigenic relationships between strains by creating viable recombinant viruses that display or lack major antibody epitopes. The DENV1 clone system and recombinant viruses can be used to analyze existing vaccine immune responses and inform second-generation bivalent vaccine designs. Despite the clinical relevance, dengue virus (DENV) research has been hampered by the absence of robust reverse genetic systems to manipulate the viral serotypes for propagation and generation of mutant viruses. In this article, we describe application of an infectious clone system for DENV serotype 1 (DENV1). Similar to previous clones in both flaviviruses and coronaviruses, the approach constructs a panel of contiguous cDNAs that span the DENV genome and can be systematically and directionally assembled to produce viable, full-length viruses. Comparison of the virus derived from the infectious clone with the original viral isolate reveals identical sequence, comparable endpoint titers, and similar focus staining. Both focus-forming assays and percent infection by flow cytometry revealed overlapping replication levels in two different cell types. Moreover, serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) bound similarly to infectious clone and the natural isolate. Using the clone, we were able to insert a DENV4 type-specific epitope recognized by primate MAb 5H2 into envelope (E) protein domain I (EDI) of DENV1 and recover a viable chimeric recombinant virus. The recombinant DENV1 virus was recognized and neutralized by the DENV4 type-specific 5H2 MAb. The introduction of the 5H2 epitope ablated two epitopes on DENV1 EDI recognized by human MAbs (1F4 and 14C10) that strongly neutralize DENV1. Together, the work demonstrates the utility of the infectious clone and provides a resource to rapidly manipulate the DENV1 serotype for generation of recombinant and mutant viruses. IMPORTANCE Dengue viruses (DENVs) are significant mosquito-transmitted pathogens that cause widespread infection and can lead to severe infection and complications. Here we further characterize a novel and robust DENV serotype 1 (DENV1) infectious clone system that can be used to support basic and applied research. We demonstrate how the system can be used to probe the antigenic relationships between strains by creating viable recombinant viruses that display or lack major antibody epitopes. The DENV1 clone system and recombinant viruses can be used to analyze existing vaccine immune responses and inform second-generation bivalent vaccine designs.
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