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Mshelbwala PP, Wangdi K, Bunting-Graden JA, Bamayange S, Adamu AM, Gupta SD, Suluku R, Adamu CS, Weese JS, Rupprecht CE, Clark NJ. Insights into canine rabies vaccination Disparities in Sierra Leone: A cross-sectional household study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012332. [PMID: 39028761 PMCID: PMC11290662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Annually, Sierra Leone records an estimated 301 human fatalities due to rabies. Canine vaccination is crucial for rabies prevention and control efforts. However, considerable variability exists in vaccination rates. Reasons for this variation remain unclear. We conducted a cross-sectional study across 2,558 dog-owning households (HHs) to provide insights into factors influencing canine vaccination for targeted prevention and control towards elimination by 2030. First, we described dog ownership practices, then built a probabilistic model to understand factors associated with dog vaccination, and finally used a spatial scan statistic to identify spatial clusters where vaccination rates were low. Our results indicated that only 14% (358/2,558) of participating HHs had fully vaccinated their dogs against rabies. The probability of dog vaccination increased when comparing civil servants to private workers/artisans, with an Odds Ratio(OR) of 1.14 (95% credible interval (Crl) of 0.82-1.56), residing in locations with a veterinary establishment vs. none (OR = 6.43, 95% Crl (4.97-8.35), providing care to dogs vs. allowing dogs to roam freely (OR = 2.38, 95% Crl(1.80-3.17) and owning a single dog vs multiple dogs (OR = 1.20, 95 Crl (0.92-1.56). Conversely, there was a decrease in the estimated probability of vaccination when comparing dog owners located in rural vs. urban areas (OR = 0.58, CrI 95% (0.43-0.78). Latent understanding, a measure of overall understanding of rabies virus, which we estimated using participant education levels and responses to questions about rabies epidemiology, was also an important predictor of vaccination probability (OR = 1.44, 95% Crl (1.04-2.07). The spatial analysis identified high-risk clusters for low vaccination in the cities of Moyamba, with a radius of 40 km, a relative risk (RR) of 1.10, and Bo, with a radius of 19.9 km with RR of 1.11. These data do not support Sierra Leone reaching the 2030 goal of human rabies elimination caused by dogs. Our study highlights a critical need for public outreach and education, improved vaccination rates, increased accessibility to veterinary services, and targeted interventions in Bo and Moyamba to support rabies prevention and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Mshelbwala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- HEAL Global Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Bunting-Graden
- Directorate of Health Security and Emergencies, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Saidu Bamayange
- Livestock & Veterinary Services Division Ministry of Agriculture & Food Security, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Andrew M. Adamu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Suman D. Gupta
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | - Charles E. Rupprecht
- College of Forestry, Wildlife & Environment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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Rajoromanana B, Nyirenda G, Edosoa GT, Andrianasolo RL, Rietmann S, Marks F, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Haselbeck A, Farasolo PAR. Dog ecology and rabies control including canine vaccination coverage: Impacts from a survey in Madagascar. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302690. [PMID: 38722982 PMCID: PMC11081359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies virus (RABV; species Lyssavirus rabies) is causing one of the oldest zoonotic diseases known to mankind, leading to fatal encephalomyelitis in animals and humans. Despite the existence of safe and effective vaccines to prevent the disease, an estimated 99% of human rabies deaths worldwide are caused by dog-mediated rabies with children at the highest risk of infection. Rabies has been endemic in Madagascar for over a century, yet there has been little research evaluating local knowledge and practices impacting on the rabies control and prevention. Thus, this study was undertaken to better understand the dog ecology including canine vaccine coverage and to assess knowledge and practices of dog owners and veterinarians. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted among 123 dog-owning households in thirteen fokontanys in Mahajanga from July 4 to September 13, 2016. Single and multi-member dog-owning households in the study area on the day of the interview were eligible for inclusion and purposively selected with the support of a local guide. The survey included a household questionnaire capturing information on the dog's demographics, husbandry practices, knowledge and practices towards rabies and its control measures; the dog ecology questionnaire collected dog characteristics, vaccination status and husbandry practices. All households that reported a dog bite incident, were invited to participate in a dog bite questionnaire. In addition, direct observations of roaming dogs were conducted to assess dog population demographics and to document behavioural characteristics. Two veterinarians were purposively selected and took part in an interview during the survey period, providing information on rabies control activities, including dog-care practices in the area. Descriptive and inferential data analyses were performed using Epi Info version 7.1.5.0 (CDC Atlanta, USA). RESULTS We recorded a total of 400 dogs, of which 338 (84.5%) were owned amongst 123 households. More than half (67.8%) of owned dogs were between 1 to 5 years old and 95.6% were kept for guarding purposes. 45% of the surveyed dogs had free access to roam outside the premises. The majority (85.4%) of dog owners were knowledgeable that a dog bite could potentially transmit RABV to humans. 19 dog bites were reported and of these 73.6% were caused by the owner's or a neighbour's dog. In 6 of the 19 cases, children between 7 and 15 years of age were the victims. Dog vaccination coverage against rabies was 34% among owned dogs. Of the participants aware of a veterinarian, the majority (55/82) indicated that they accessed veterinarian services at irregular intervals. The main obstacles to vaccinations cited by dog owners were limited financial resources and difficulty accessing veterinary care. CONCLUSION This study contributes to enhanced understanding of the dog ecology including canine vaccine coverage as well as knowledge and practices of dog owners in Madagascar. Most dogs in the study area were accessible for preventive vaccination through their owners, however only one third of the investigated canine population was vaccinated against rabies. Concerted national efforts towards rabies prevention and control should aim to address financial challenges and access to veterinary services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Rajoromanana
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | | | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Faculté de Science, de Technologie et de l’environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
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Abubakar AT, Al-Mustapha AI, Oyewo M, Ibrahim A, Abdulrahim I, Yakub JM, Elelu N, Nguku P, Balogun MS, Awosanya EJ, Kia GSN, Kwaga JKP, Okoli I, Bolajoko MB, Alimi Y, Mbilo C, Dacheux L. Prospects for dog rabies elimination in Nigeria by 2030. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:1-17. [PMID: 37933425 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The attainment of the global target of zero dog-mediated human rabies by 2030 depends on functional rabies programmes. Nigeria, a rabies-endemic country, and the most populous country in Africa has a very poor rabies control strategy with a score of 1.5 out of 5 based on the Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination (SARE). In this article, we report a scoping review that we conducted to highlight the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as well as situational analysis of rabies control in Nigeria and suggest a timeline for key activities that are needed to ensure zero by 30. Our findings reveal that rabies is grossly under-reported as only 998 human and 273 dog-suspected rabies cases were reported across Nigeria between 2017 and 2022. Our literature review also demonstrates a paucity of information on rabies in both human and animal health sectors. A total of 49 studies on dog rabies in Nigeria, with a predominance of reports from the North Central geopolitical region (48%, n = 23) were therefore included in this study. Currently, only 16.2% (n = 6/37) of Nigerian states have available data related to the estimated dog populations, the dog ownership rates, the vaccination status of dogs or the incidence of dog bites. Based on a dog-to-human ratio of 1:16.3, we estimated that the dog population in Nigeria was 12,969,368 (95% CI: 12,320,900-13,617,836). Thus, to attain herd immunity and dog rabies control in Nigeria, at least 9.1 million dogs must be vaccinated annually. Our review reveals that, despite the strengths and available opportunities to achieve rabies control in Nigeria by 2030, the weaknesses and challenges will make the attainment of zero by 30 very difficult or impossible. Nigeria's best-case scenario by the year 2030 is SARE stage 3-4 (control-elimination) out of 5. Otherwise, the rabies control programme might not surpass SARE stages 2-3. To attain zero by 30, Nigeria must re-strategize its current rabies control programme by funding and implementing the national strategic plan for rabies control, creating a rabies desk office in the 37 states (FCT inclusive), rigorously conducting mass vaccination campaigns, providing post-exposure prophylaxis, prioritizing mass enlightenment with a focus on responsible pet ownership and conduct baseline national rabies surveillance in the animal and human health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tijani Abubakar
- Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Mustapha
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Muftau Oyewo
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Abdulrahim
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Jimoh Muhammad Yakub
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Nusirat Elelu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Patrick Nguku
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Grace Sabo Nok Kia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Africa Center for Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Jacob K P Kwaga
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Africa Center for Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ihekerenma Okoli
- Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Yewande Alimi
- Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Celine Mbilo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- National Reference Center for Rabies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Motta M, Motta G, Stecula D. Sick as a dog? The prevalence, politicization, and health policy consequences of canine vaccine hesitancy (CVH). Vaccine 2023; 41:5946-5950. [PMID: 37640567 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Canine vaccine hesitancy (CVH) can be thought about as dog owners' skepticism about the safety and efficacy of administering routine vaccinations to their dogs. CVH is problematic not only because it may inspire vaccine refusal - which may in turn facilitate infectious disease spread in both canine and human populations - but because it may contribute to veterinary care provider mental/physical health risks. In a nationally representative survey of US adults (N = 2200), we introduce a novel survey-based instrument for measuring CVH. We document pervasive CVH in dog owner subpopulations. Troublingly, we find that CVH is associated with rabies non-vaccination, as well as opposition to evidence-based vaccine policies. We conclude by discussing the human and animal health consequences of CVH, and outline a research agenda for future opinion-based research on this important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Motta
- Dept. of Health Law, Policy, & Management, Boston University, School of Public Health, United States.
| | | | - Dominik Stecula
- Dept. of Political Science, Colorado State University, United States
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Fielding HR, Fernandes KA, Amulya VR, Belgayer D, Misquita A, Kenny R, Gibson AD, Gamble L, Bronsvoort BMDC, Mellanby RJ, Mazeri S. Capturing free-roaming dogs for sterilisation: A multi-site study in Goa, India. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105996. [PMID: 37595388 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Sterilisation and rabies vaccination programs seek to manage free-roaming domestic dog (Canis familiaris) populations with the aim to reduce inter-species disease transmission and conflicts. As effective, permanent, remotely-administered options are not yet available for sterilisation, and oral vaccination is not yet commonly used; free-roaming dogs are typically captured for these interventions. There is a paucity of information describing how dog capture rates change over time within defined areas following repeated capture efforts. This data is needed to allow efficient dog capture programmes to be developed. Using spatial co-ordinates of dog capture, we characterise where dogs are more likely to be captured in six catch-sterilise-release campaigns, in Goa state, India. Combining capture numbers with population survey data collected in five sites, we document the increasing difficulty of catching entire (non-sterilised) dogs as sterilisation coverage increases and demonstrate how this leads to increased unit costs. Accounting for the extra resources required to capture dogs when sterilisation coverage is high will improve estimation of the resources required to manage free-roaming dog populations and assist in planning the most efficient intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Fielding
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - K A Fernandes
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V R Amulya
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Belgayer
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Ooty, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Misquita
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Goa and The Goa Veterinary Association, Pashusamwardhan Bhavan, Patto, Panaji 403401, Goa, India
| | - R Kenny
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Goa and The Goa Veterinary Association, Pashusamwardhan Bhavan, Patto, Panaji 403401, Goa, India
| | - A D Gibson
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - L Gamble
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - B M de C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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O'Neill DG, McMillan KM, Church DB, Brodbelt DC. Dog breeds and conformations in the UK in 2019: VetCompass canine demography and some consequent welfare implications. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288081. [PMID: 37494312 PMCID: PMC10370710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing concerns over health and welfare impacts from extreme phenotypes in dogs have created an urgent need for reliable demographic information on the national breed structures of dogs. METHODS This study included all dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK during 2019 at practices participating in VetCompass. Demographic data on these dogs were analysed to report on the frequency of common breeds and also to report on conformation, bodyweight, sex and neuter associations with these breeds. RESULTS The study included 2,237,105 dogs under UK veterinary care in 2019. Overall, 69.4% (n = 1,551,462) were classified as purebred, 6.7% (149,308) as designer-crossbred and 24.0% (536,335) as nondesigner-crossbred. Across 800 unique breed names, the most frequent breeds at any age were nondesigner-crossbred (n = 536,335, 24.0%), Labrador Retriever (154,222, 6.9%) and Jack Russell Terrier (101,294, 4.5%). Among 229,624 (10.3%) dogs aged under one year, the most frequent breeds were nondesigner-crossbred (n = 45,995, 20.0%), French Bulldog (16,036, 7.0%) and Cockapoo (14,321, 6.2%). Overall, based on breed characteristics, 17.6% (395,739) were classified as brachycephalic, 43.1% (969,403) as mesaticephalic and 8.3% (186,320) as dolichocephalic. Of 1,551,336 dogs that were classifiable based on breed, 52.6% (815,673) were chondrodystrophic. Of 1,462,925 dogs that were classifiable, there were 54.6% (n = 798,426) short haired, 32.6% (476,883) medium haired and 12.8% (186,934) long haired. Of 1,547,653 dogs that were classifiable for ear carriage, 24.5% (n = 379,581) were erect, 28.1% (434,273) were semi-erect, 19.7% (305,475) were v-shaped drop and 27.7% (428,324) were pendulous. Overall, there was a 1.09:1.00 ratio of male (n = 1,163,512; 52.2%) to female dogs (n = 1,067,552; 47.8%). CONCLUSIONS Health and welfare issues linked to popular breeds with extreme phenotypes suggest that there is much work to do to help owners to make more welfare-friendly decisions when choosing which type of dog to own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten M McMillan
- DataSEA (Science, Engineering & Analytics), Research Team, Strategy & Transformation, Dogs Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David B Church
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Gborie SR, Issahaku GR, Bonful HA, Bandoh DA, Squire J, Ameme DK, Kenu E. Analysis of dog bite surveillance data, Volta Region, Ghana, 2020. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2023.1096275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionDog bite is the second most common injury sustained by humans after snake bites, and it is amongst the top 12 causes of non-fatal injuries worldwide. Globally, 59,000 human deaths occur annually due to rabies, and 95% of these deaths occur in Asia and Africa. Dog bites remained a public health concern in Ghana, with three out of every 1000 incidence resulting in human rabies. Analysis of the surveillance data is key in understanding the burden of dog bites in the Volta region. This study describes the epidemiology of dog bites in the Volta Region, Ghana, to inform policy on prevention and control.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive analysis of secondary data on dog bites. We obtained aggregate data from 2015 to 2019 from the District Health Management Information System (DHMIS). Variables extracted were gender, age, and location. Data were entered into a Microsoft Excel cleaned, reviewed, and analyzed. We used descriptive statistics to summarize results into frequency and proportion and displayed results in tables, graphs, and maps.ResultsDuring the study period, 4737 dog bite cases were identified from a population of 1,907,529 (incidence of 248 per 100,000). Twelve (0.25%) humans were confirmed for rabies with a 100% case fatality rate. Males accounted for 2455 (51.8%) of dog bite cases. The age group between 10 and 19 years (21.9%) was most affected. About 35.0% (1640/4737) were administered with the anti-rabies vaccine, and 25.3% (1200/4737) were administered anti-tetanus toxoid. Keta district (550 per 100000) reported the highest incidence of dog bites. Dog bite cases were highest in the third and fourth quarters of 2016 and the first quarter of 2017.ConclusionThe incidence of dog bites and rabies was high in the Volta region. Children and adolescents were mostly affected. There was a low coverage rate of anti-rabies vaccine and anti-tetanus toxoids usage. We recommended that the Regional Health Directorates and the Regional Veterinary Department develop robust strategies to control stray or free-roaming dogs in the Volta region.
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Mshelbwala PP, J. Soares Magalhães R, Weese JS, Ahmed NO, Rupprecht CE, Clark NJ. Modelling modifiable factors associated with the probability of human rabies deaths among self-reported victims of dog bites in Abuja, Nigeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011147. [PMID: 36809362 PMCID: PMC9983858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine-mediated rabies kills tens of thousands of people annually in lesser-developed communities of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, primarily through bites from infected dogs. Multiple rabies outbreaks have been associated with human deaths in Nigeria. However, the lack of quality data on human rabies hinders advocacy and resource allocation for effective prevention and control. We obtained 20 years of dog bite surveillance data across 19 major hospitals in Abuja, incorporating modifiable and environmental covariates. To overcome the challenge of missing information, we used a Bayesian approach with expert-solicited prior information to jointly model missing covariate data and the additive effects of the covariates on the predicted probability of human death after rabies virus exposure. Only 1155 cases of dog bites were recorded throughout the study period, out of which 4.2% (N = 49) died of rabies. The odds for risk of human death were predicted to decrease among individuals who were bitten by owned dogs compared to those bitten by free-roaming dogs. Similarly, there was a predicted decrease in the probability of human death among victims bitten by vaccinated dogs compared to those bitten by unvaccinated dogs. The odds for the risk of human death after bitten individuals received rabies prophylaxis were predicted to decrease compared to no prophylaxis. We demonstrate the practical application of a regularised Bayesian approach to model sparse dog bite surveillance data to uncover risk factors for human rabies, with broader applications in other endemic rabies settings with similar profiles. The low reporting observed in this study underscores the need for community engagement and investment in surveillance to increase data availability. Better data on bite cases will help to estimate the burden of rabies in Nigeria and would be important to plan effective prevention and control of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Mshelbwala
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Children’s Health and Environment Program, UQ Children’s Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Charles E. Rupprecht
- LYSSA LLC, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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Thumbi SM, Blumberg L, le Roux K, Salahuddin N, Abela B. A call to accelerate an end to human rabies deaths. Lancet 2022; 400:2261-2264. [PMID: 36528379 PMCID: PMC9754655 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Thumbi
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Lucille Blumberg
- Right to Care, Centurion, South Africa; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa
| | - Kevin le Roux
- Epidemiology Unit, Veterinary Services, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; South African Rabies Advisory Group, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Naseem Salahuddin
- Faculty of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bernadette Abela
- Department of the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
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Trabelsi K, Zakour MB, Jordan I, Sandig V, Rourou S, Kallel H. Development of an efficient veterinary rabies vaccine production process in the avian suspension cell line AGE1.CR.pIX. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:17. [PMID: 35715843 PMCID: PMC9206308 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mass vaccination of dogs as important rabies reservoir is proposed to most effectively reduce and eliminate rabies also in humans. However, a minimum coverage of 70% needs to be achieved for control of the disease in zoonotic regions. In numerous developing countries, dog vaccination rate is still dangerously low because of economic constraints and due to a high turnover in dog populations. Improved vaccine production processes may help to alleviate cost and supply limitations. In this work, we studied and optimized the replication and vaccine potency of PV rabies virus strain in the muscovy-duck derived AGE1.CR and AGE1.CR.pIX suspension cell lines. Results The BHK-21-adapted PV rabies virus strain replicated efficiently in the avian cell lines without requirement for prior passaging. CR.pIX was previously shown to augment heat shock responses and supported slightly higher infectious titers compared to the parental CR cell line. Both cell lines allowed replication of rabies virus also in absence of recombinant IGF, the only complex component of the chemically defined medium that was developed for the two cell lines. After scale-up from optimization experiments in shake flask to production in 7-l bioreactors peak virus titers of 2.4 × 108 FFU/ml were obtained. The potency of inactivated rabies virus harvest according to the NIH test was 3.5 IU/ml. Perfusion with the chemically defined medium during the virus replication phase improved the potency of the vaccine twofold, and increased the number of doses 9.6 fold. Conclusion This study demonstrates that a rabies vaccine for animal vaccination can be produced efficiently in the AGE1.CR.pIX suspension cell line in a scalable process in chemically defined medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Trabelsi
- Biotechnology Development group, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Université Tunis El Manar., 13, place Pasteur. BP 74., 1002, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Life Sciences, Health Biotechnology Program - King Fahad Chair for Health Biotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, PO Box 26671, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Meriem Ben Zakour
- Biotechnology Development group, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Université Tunis El Manar., 13, place Pasteur. BP 74., 1002, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratoire Teriak, Zone Industrielle, El Fejja Mornaguia, 1153, La Manouba, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Samia Rourou
- Biotechnology Development group, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Université Tunis El Manar., 13, place Pasteur. BP 74., 1002, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Hela Kallel
- Biotechnology Development group, Institut Pasteur de Tunis. Université Tunis El Manar., 13, place Pasteur. BP 74., 1002, Tunis, Tunisia.,Quantoom Biosciences, Nivelles, Belgium
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11
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Lugelo A, Hampson K, Ferguson EA, Czupryna A, Bigambo M, Duamor CT, Kazwala R, Johnson PCD, Lankester F. Development of Dog Vaccination Strategies to Maintain Herd Immunity against Rabies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040830. [PMID: 35458560 PMCID: PMC9028497 DOI: 10.3390/v14040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rabies can be prevented through mass dog vaccination campaigns; however, in rabies endemic countries, pulsed central point campaigns do not always achieve the recommended coverage of 70%. This study describes the development of a novel approach to sustain high coverage based on decentralized and continuous vaccination delivery. A rabies vaccination campaign was conducted across 12 wards in the Mara region, Tanzania to test this approach. Household surveys were used to obtain data on vaccination coverage as well as factors influencing dog vaccination. A total 17,571 dogs were vaccinated, 2654 using routine central point delivery and 14,917 dogs using one of three strategies of decentralized continuous vaccination. One month after the first vaccination campaign, coverage in areas receiving decentralized vaccinations was higher (64.1, 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) 62.1-66%) than in areas receiving pulsed vaccinations (35.9%, 95% CIs 32.6-39.5%). Follow-up surveys 10 months later showed that vaccination coverage in areas receiving decentralized vaccinations remained on average over 60% (60.7%, 95% CIs 58.5-62.8%) and much higher than in villages receiving pulsed vaccinations where coverage was on average 32.1% (95% CIs 28.8-35.6%). We conclude that decentralized continuous dog vaccination strategies have the potential to improve vaccination coverage and maintain herd immunity against rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Lugelo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78373, Tanzania
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3105, Tanzania;
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania; (M.B.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katie Hampson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Elaine A. Ferguson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Anna Czupryna
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Machunde Bigambo
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania; (M.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Christian Tetteh Duamor
- Department of Global Health, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania;
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3105, Tanzania;
| | - Paul C. D. Johnson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (K.H.); (E.A.F.); (A.C.); (P.C.D.J.)
| | - Felix Lankester
- Global Animal Health Tanzania, Arusha 1642, Tanzania; (M.B.); (F.L.)
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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12
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SAVADOGO M, RENMANS D, ALAMBEDJI RBADA, TARNAGDA Z, ANTOINE-MOUSSIAUX N. Using causal loop analysis to explore pathways for zoonosis control in low-income setting: the case of dog rabies vaccination in Burkina Faso. Prev Vet Med 2022; 203:105623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Nyasulu PS, Weyer J, Tschopp R, Mihret A, Aseffa A, Nuvor SV, Tamuzi JL, Nyakarahuka L, Helegbe GK, Ntinginya NE, Gebreyesus MT, Doumbia S, Busse R, Drosten C. Rabies mortality and morbidity associated with animal bites in Africa: a case for integrated rabies disease surveillance, prevention and control: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e048551. [PMID: 34857556 PMCID: PMC8640643 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this scoping review was to map the current situation and available evidence and gaps on rabies morbidity, mortality, integrated rabies surveillance programmes, and existing prevention and control strategies in Africa. METHODS We conducted a systematic scoping review following the Joanna Briggs methodology and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews checklist. Medline, Embase, CINAHL (EBSCOHost), Scopus, Web of Science and rabies web conferences were used to search for peer-reviewed publications between January 1946 and May 2020. Two researchers reviewed the studies and extracted data based on author (year) and region, study design and data collection duration, participants/comparators, interventions, control conditions/exposures and outcomes (rabies mortality and morbidity) and key findings/gaps/challenges. The results were reported narratively using Arksey and O'Malley's methodological framework. RESULTS Electronic search yielded 2775 records, of which 43 studies were included. A total of 543 714 bite victims were censored through the included studies. Most of the victims were less than 15 years of age. The studies included rabies morbidity (21) and mortality (15) fluctuating in space and time across Africa depending on countries' rabies prevention and control practices (16). Others were surveillance (nine studies); surveillance and prevention (five studies); management and control (seven studies); and surveillance, prevention and control (six studies). We found challenges in rabies reporting, existing dog vaccination programmes and post-exposure prophylaxis availability or compliance. CONCLUSION This study found challenges for dog rabies control and elimination in Africa and the need for a policy to drive the goal of zero dog-transmitted rabies to humans by 2030.This is an open-access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build on this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated and the use is non-commercial (see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Suwirakwenda Nyasulu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- Centre for Emerging Zoonosis and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rea Tschopp
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Victor Nuvor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gideon Kofi Helegbe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Nyanda Elias Ntinginya
- Mbeya Medical Research Centre, National Institute of Medical Research, Mbeya, Tanzania, United Republic of
| | | | - Seydou Doumbia
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology & University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Reinhard Busse
- Department of Health Care Management, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kazadi Kawaya E, Marcotty T, Mfumu-Kazadi LM, Marcotty D, Van Gucht S, Kirschvink N. Evaluation of dog vaccination schemes against rabies in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105531. [PMID: 34773832 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The traditional rabies control strategy based on annual mass vaccination of dogs appears to be costly and cumbersome. Given the existence of different risk zones for rabies transmission, the present study aimed at proposing risk-based vaccination schemes by considering canine population dynamics as well as vaccine efficacy and duration of immunity (DOI). The capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (RDC), Kinshasa, was chosen as study site. The turnover rate of dogs was used to assess their population dynamics in two low-roaming (<25 % of dogs are roaming) and in two high-roaming zones (>75 % of dogs are roaming). The sero-conversion rate was assessed in response to primo-vaccination in three age groups: 24 puppies (≤3months), 37 juveniles (4-12 months) and 22 adult dogs. The DOI was evaluated serologically by revaccinating dogs previously vaccinated since 1-2 years (n = 31), 2-3 years (n = 12) or 3-7.5 years (n = 4). Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test was used to quantify antibodies. These data were used to implement vaccination outcome models.The turnover rate was twice as high in high-roaming zones (36 %) as that in lowroaming zones (17 %). Irrespective of roaming level, 75 % of dogs were less than 3 years old. The vaccine was equally effective in puppies (96 %), juvenile (97 %) and adult dogs (100 %, p = 0.24). The vaccine was effective in 93 % (11/12) of puppies without pre-vaccinal protective titers (≥0.5 IU/mL). The anamnestic response was strong within 5-8 days upon the booster vaccination, in 96 % (45/47) of dogs reported vaccinated 1-7.5 years before. This suggests that the vaccine provided a long-term protection (≥3 years) which is likely to occur in 75 % of dogs in Kinshasa.Hypothesizing a vaccination stop, the vaccination outcome model allowed to estimate the time point after which vaccination coverage would drop below 40 % in function of dog population turnover rate. The systematic vaccination of puppies as well as annual vaccination of dogs aged between 3 and 15 months or annual vaccination of all unvaccinated dogs aged more than 3 months of age appeared as valuable alternative to systematic annual mass vaccination.In conclusion, this study developed a vaccination outcome model pointing out the impact of dog population dynamics and of effective duration of immunity. It appears as a promising tool for designing cost-effective rabies vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kazadi Kawaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kinshasa, BP 127, Kinshasa, Congo.
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Faculty of Sciences, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Integrated Veterinary Research, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Damien Marcotty
- Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain School of Engineering, Rue Archimède1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Gucht
- National Reference Laboratory of Rabies, Sciensano, Rue Juliette Wytsmanstraat, 14-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Kirschvink
- Faculty of Sciences, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Integrated Veterinary Research, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles, 61-5000, Namur, Belgium
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15
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Savadogo M, Zangré H, Nana SD, Ilboudo AK, Dahourou LD, Ilboudo SG, Simonis V, Sondo KA, Akakpo AJ, Tarnagda Z, Alambedji RB. Adoption of the One Health approach to improve zoonosis control in low-income countries: Insights from the case of rabies management in Burkina Faso. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2021.182-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease transmissible to humans and domestic and wild animals through biting, scratching, or licking. This study aimed to analyze the adoption of the One Health approach by the stakeholders involved in rabies control in Burkina Faso.
Materials and Methods: The stakeholders involved in rabies control were from the Ministry of Livestock, Ministry of Health, Ministry of the Territory Administration, Ministry of Environment and Wildlife, and Ministry of Higher Education and Research. A structured questionnaire was used in face-to-face interviews to collect data from the stakeholders. The collected data included stakeholders' knowledge of rabies and the One Health approach and their levels of involvement in the multisectoral collaboration.
Results: Most participants could not describe rabies correctly (80%), and only 52.9% had heard of the One Health approach. In addition, there was no significant association between knowledge of rabies and participants' characteristics, and the knowledge of the One Health approach was significantly influenced by a participant's affiliation (place of work).
Conclusion: The results call for an increase in One Health education for its effective adoption by all the rabies control stakeholders. Additional efforts should focus on continual training of the One Health workforce, from policy-makers to frontline personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madi Savadogo
- Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes (LNR-G), Unité des Maladies à potentiel Epidémique-Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Département de Biologie Médicale et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), P.O. Box 7047, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Service de Microbiologie-Immunologie et Pathologies Infectieuses, Département de Santé Publique et Environnement, Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), P.O. Box 5077, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Hamidou Zangré
- Service de Microbiologie-Immunologie et Pathologies Infectieuses, Département de Santé Publique et Environnement, Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), P.O. Box 5077, Dakar, Senegal; Direction de la Santé Animale, Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires, Ministère des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques, P.O. Box 7026, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sougrenoma Désiré Nana
- Service de Microbiologie-Immunologie et Pathologies Infectieuses, Département de Santé Publique et Environnement, Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), P.O. Box 5077, Dakar, Senegal; Université de Montpelier, Route de Mende, 34199 Montpelier, France
| | - Abdoul Kader Ilboudo
- Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes (LNR-G), Unité des Maladies à potentiel Epidémique-Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Département de Biologie Médicale et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), P.O. Box 7047, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Laibané Dieudonné Dahourou
- Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement et du Développement Rural (ISEDR), Université de Dédougou, P.O. Box 176, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sidwatta Guy Ilboudo
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 1496, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Virginie Simonis
- Unité de Recherche Soins primaires et Santé, Département de Médecine Générale, Université de Liège, Quartier Hôpital avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000 Liège 1, Belgique
| | - Kongnimissom Apoline Sondo
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (UFR/SDS), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, P.O Box 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Service des Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo, P.O Box 5234, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Ayayi Justin Akakpo
- Service de Microbiologie-Immunologie et Pathologies Infectieuses, Département de Santé Publique et Environnement, Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), P.O. Box 5077, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Zékiba Tarnagda
- Laboratoire National de Référence-Grippes (LNR-G), Unité des Maladies à potentiel Epidémique-Maladies Emergentes et Zoonoses, Département de Biologie Médicale et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), P.O. Box 7047, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rianatou Bada Alambedji
- Service de Microbiologie-Immunologie et Pathologies Infectieuses, Département de Santé Publique et Environnement, Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), P.O. Box 5077, Dakar, Senegal
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Tekki IS, Onoja BA, Faneye AO, Shittu I, Odaibo GN, Olaleye DO. Virological investigation of fatal rabies in a minor bitten by a mongrel in Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 39:129. [PMID: 34527145 PMCID: PMC8418184 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.129.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a deadly viral disease transmitted through bites of infected animals. Outbreaks continue to escalate in Africa, with fatalities in humans, especially in rural areas, but are rarely reported. About 40% casualties occur among children of < 15 years. A 5-year-old boy on referral from a Primary Health Care Centre to a tertiary hospital presented with anxiety, confusion, agitation, hydrophobia, photo-phobia and aero-phobia, seven weeks after he was bitten by a stray dog in a rural community in Nigeria. The patient did not receive post-exposure prophylaxis and died 48 hours post admission. Confirmatory diagnosis was rabies and the phylogenetic analysis of the partial N-gene sequence of the virus localized it to Africa 2 (genotype 1) Lyssaviruses. There was 95.7-100% and 94.9-99.5% identity between the isolate and other genotype 1 Lyssaviruses and 100% homology with rabies viruses from Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal and Central African Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishaya Sini Tekki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom, Nigeria.,Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bernard Anyebe Onoja
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Ismaila Shittu
- National Veterinary Research Institute, PMB 01, Vom, Nigeria.,Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Georgina Ndejika Odaibo
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - David Olufemi Olaleye
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Mshelbwala PP, Weese JS, Sanni-Adeniyi OA, Chakma S, Okeme SS, Mamun AA, Rupprecht CE, Magalhaes RJS. Rabies epidemiology, prevention and control in Nigeria: Scoping progress towards elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009617. [PMID: 34398902 PMCID: PMC8389847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human rabies remains a significant public health problem in Africa with outbreaks reported in most countries. In Nigeria–the most populous country in Africa–rabies causes a significant public health burden partly due to perennial obstacles to implementing a national prevention and control program. Methods We conducted a scoping review using standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify and select published articles from Nigeria during 1978–2020 reporting on rabies virus infections (human, canine, livestock, and wildlife), canine bites, knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) surveys on rabies and canine ecology studies. We extracted information on study location, year and additional details of each study such as rabies prevalence, general characteristics of offending dogs, dog vaccination status and health-seeking behaviours. Findings Between 1978 and 2020, 90 published articles met our inclusion criteria. The prevalence of rabies virus antigen detection varied between 3% and 28%, with more studies in the north. Most bites were unprovoked from dog bite studies (36.4%-97%), by dogs with low vaccination rates (12–38%). A more significant proportion of biting dogs were owned (31–90%). Laboratory confirmation for biting was available for only a small proportion of studies (6%; n = 2/32). Of the dogs surveyed during ecology studies, indigenous dogs accounted for the majority (62–98%), used mostly for security purposes (52–98%), with the vaccination rate between 15% and 38% in most states. Studies conducted in areas distant from rabies diagnostic facilities accounted for more human rabies cases and fewer dog rabies cases. Conclusion Significant improvements are necessary to achieve the elimination of human rabies mediated via dogs by 2030. Rabies remains one of the deadliest zoonoses known to humanity since antiquity, resulting in tens of thousands of human deaths each year, mostly in African and Asian countries. Mass dog vaccination, enhanced surveillance, improved access to Pre-exposure prophylaxis(PrE) and (Post-exposure prophylaxis(PEP) to at-risk groups, enforcement of responsible dog ownership and public education are keystones to rabies prevention and control. Since the first reported case in Nigeria during 1912, rabies has continued to take its toll on human and animal lives. However, gross underreporting due to a frail health care infrastructure, deficient reporting systems, and misdiagnosis with neurological diseases further complicated by socio-cultural practices have resulted in a lack of empirical data to support rabies prioritization, per the global target of 2030. We used the standard PRISMA guidelines to select Nigerian rabies studies between 1978 and 2020. Rabies risk, coupled with welfare concerns identified in this study, demonstrates the need for continued advocacy towards legislation prohibiting the dog trade in Nigeria and elsewhere. The high-risk community groups identified in this review (i.e., children, butchers, and adult males) need to be educated on response to dog bite exposure to reduce the impact of this invariable fatal but preventable disease. Moreover, there is a need for mandatory dog vaccination and implementation of a national rabies program to attain the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended vaccination coverage of at least 70%. We unravel the need to establish rabies diagnostic centres in the country’s six geopolitical zones. Local inclusion of dog bite occurrence by Disease Surveillance and Notification Officers (DSNOs), with related community surveillance tools, can help in rabies/dog surveillance. In addition, there is a need for investment into pathogen discovery by enhancing laboratory-based surveillance for wildlife rabies, understanding its potential role in Nigeria and the need for quantitative research to understand the various risk factors for disease perpetuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Mshelbwala
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
- * E-mail: ,
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Shovon Chakma
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Stephen S. Okeme
- Agriculture & Rural Development Secretariat, Federal Capital Territory Administration Abuja Nigeria
| | - Abdullah A. Mamun
- Institute of Social Science Research, the University of Queensland, Long Pocket, Australia
| | | | - R. J. Soares Magalhaes
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Children’s Health and Research Centre, Children’s Health and Environment Program, the University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
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Tasiame W, El-Duah P, Johnson SAM, Owiredu EW, Bleicker T, Veith T, Schneider J, Emikpe B, Folitse RD, Burimuah V, Akyereko E, Drosten C, Corman VM. Rabies virus in slaughtered dogs for meat consumption in Ghana: A potential risk for rabies transmission. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e71-e81. [PMID: 34331389 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for approximately 60,000 human deaths annually worldwide. Although dog slaughter for human consumption and its potential risk for rabies transmission has been reported, mainly in some parts of Western Africa and South-East Asia, more information on this and factors that influence dog meat consumption is required for a better understanding from places like Ghana where the practice is common. We tested 144 brain tissues from apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption for the presence of rabies viruses using a Lyssavirus-specific real-Time RT-PCR. Positive samples were confirmed by virus genome sequencing. We also administered questionnaires to 541 dog owners from three regions in Ghana and evaluated factors that could influence dog meat consumption. We interacted with butchers and observed slaughtering and meat preparation procedures. Three out of 144 (2.1%) brain tissues from apparently healthy dogs tested positive for rabies virus RNA. Two of the viruses with complete genomes were distinct from one another, but both belonged to the Africa 2 lineage. The third virus with a partial genome fragment had high sequence identity to the other two and also belonged to the Africa 2 lineage. Almost half of the study participants practiced dog consumption [49% (265/541)]. Males were almost twice (cOR = 1.72, 95% CI (1.17-2.52), p-value = .006) as likely to consume dog meat compared to females. Likewise, the Frafra tribe from northern Ghana [cOR = 825.1, 95% CI (185.3-3672.9), p-value < .0001] and those with non-specific tribes [cOR = 47.05, 95% CI (10.18-217.41), p-value < .0001] presented with higher odds of dog consumption compared to Ewes. The butchers used bare hands in meat preparation. This study demonstrates the presence of rabies virus RNA in apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Ghana and suggests a potential risk for rabies transmission. Veterinary departments and local assemblies are recommended to monitor and regulate this practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tasiame
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip El-Duah
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sherry A M Johnson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, CBAS, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eddie-Williams Owiredu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Tobias Bleicker
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Talitha Veith
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Emikpe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Raphael D Folitse
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Vitus Burimuah
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ernest Akyereko
- Disease Surveillance Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Using data-driven approaches to improve delivery of animal health care interventions for public health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2003722118. [PMID: 33468627 PMCID: PMC7865124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003722118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is arguably the exemplar of the One Health Agenda in which preventative health care in one species can improve health of other species. Interrogation of large epidemiology datasets offers the potential to deliver health care initiatives in a more efficient and cost-effective manner. However, real-life examples demonstrating this potential are limited. Here, we report a real-time, data-driven approach to improve cost effectiveness of dog vaccination campaigns in urban sub-Saharan African settings, which eliminates the need of expensive door-to-door vaccination by replacing them with strategically positioned fixed and roaming static points (SPs). This approach has the potential to act as a template for future successful and sustainable urban SP-only dog vaccination campaigns. Rabies kills ∼60,000 people per year. Annual vaccination of at least 70% of dogs has been shown to eliminate rabies in both human and canine populations. However, delivery of large-scale mass dog vaccination campaigns remains a challenge in many rabies-endemic countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, where the vast majority of dogs are owned, mass vaccination campaigns have typically depended on a combination of static point (SP) and door-to-door (D2D) approaches since SP-only campaigns often fail to achieve 70% vaccination coverage. However, D2D approaches are expensive, labor-intensive, and logistically challenging, raising the need to develop approaches that increase attendance at SPs. Here, we report a real-time, data-driven approach to improve efficiency of an urban dog vaccination campaign. Historically, we vaccinated ∼35,000 dogs in Blantyre city, Malawi, every year over a 20-d period each year using combined fixed SP (FSP) and D2D approaches. To enhance cost effectiveness, we used our historical vaccination dataset to define the barriers to FSP attendance. Guided by these insights, we redesigned our vaccination campaign by increasing the number of FSPs and eliminating the expensive and labor-intensive D2D component. Combined with roaming SPs, whose locations were defined through the real-time analysis of vaccination coverage data, this approach resulted in the vaccination of near-identical numbers of dogs in only 11 d. This approach has the potential to act as a template for successful and sustainable future urban SP-only dog vaccination campaigns.
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Kaneko C, Sasaki M, Omori R, Nakao R, Kataoka-Nakamura C, Moonga L, Ndebe J, Muleya W, Simulundu E, Hang’ombe BM, Dautu G, Kajihara M, Mori-Kajihara A, Qiu Y, Ito N, Chambaro HM, Sugimoto C, Higashi H, Takada A, Sawa H, Mweene AS, Isoda N. Immunization Coverage and Antibody Retention against Rabies in Domestic Dogs in Lusaka District, Zambia. Pathogens 2021; 10:738. [PMID: 34208340 PMCID: PMC8231269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies remains endemic in Zambia. Despite conducting canine vaccinations in Lusaka district, the vaccination coverage and actual seropositivity in the dog population in Lusaka district are rarely evaluated. This study estimated the seropositivity-based immunization coverage in the owned dog population in Lusaka district using the expanded program on immunization cluster survey method. The time-series trend of neutralizing antibodies against rabies in vaccinated dogs was also evaluated. Of 366 dogs in 200 dog-owning households in Lusaka district, blood samples were collected successfully from 251 dogs. In the sampled dogs, 42.2% (106/251) had an antibody titer ≥0.5 IU/mL. When the 115 dogs whose blood was not collected were assumed to be seronegative, the minimum immunization coverage in Lusaka district's owned dog population was estimated at 29.0% (95% confidence interval: 22.4-35.5). It was also found that a single vaccination with certified vaccines is capable of inducing protective levels of antibodies. In contrast, higher antibody titers were observed in multiple-vaccinated dogs than in single-vaccinated dogs, coupled with the observation of a decline in antibody titer over time. These results suggest the importance of continuous booster immunization to maintain herd immunity and provide useful information to plan mass vaccination against rabies in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Kaneko
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (C.K.); (C.K.-N.)
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (M.S.); (H.M.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Ryosuke Omori
- Division of Bioinformatics, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Chikako Kataoka-Nakamura
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (C.K.); (C.K.-N.)
| | - Ladslav Moonga
- Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (L.M.); (B.M.H.)
| | - Joseph Ndebe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.N.); (E.S.); (A.T.); (A.S.M.)
| | - Walter Muleya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.N.); (E.S.); (A.T.); (A.S.M.)
- Macha Research Trust, Choma 20100, Zambia
| | - Bernard M. Hang’ombe
- Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (L.M.); (B.M.H.)
| | - George Dautu
- Virology Unit, Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O. Box 50060, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (M.K.); (A.M.-K.)
| | - Akina Mori-Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (M.K.); (A.M.-K.)
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.Q.); (H.H.)
| | - Naoto Ito
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Gifu Prefecture, Japan;
| | - Herman M. Chambaro
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (M.S.); (H.M.C.); (H.S.)
- Virology Unit, Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O. Box 33980, Lusaka 10101, Zambia;
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, P.O. Box 50060, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Division of Collaboration and Education, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hideaki Higashi
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (Y.Q.); (H.H.)
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.N.); (E.S.); (A.T.); (A.S.M.)
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (M.K.); (A.M.-K.)
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (M.S.); (H.M.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Aaron S. Mweene
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; (J.N.); (E.S.); (A.T.); (A.S.M.)
| | - Norikazu Isoda
- Unit of Risk Analysis and Management, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan; (C.K.); (C.K.-N.)
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Bonaparte SC, Adams L, Bakamutumaho B, Barbosa Costa G, Cleaton JM, Gilbert AT, Osinubi M, Pieracci EG, Recuenco S, Tugumizemu V, Wamala J, Wallace RM. Rabies post-exposure healthcare-seeking behaviors and perceptions: Results from a knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey, Uganda, 2013. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251702. [PMID: 34077427 PMCID: PMC8171952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies is a viral disease of animals and people causing fatal encephalomyelitis if left untreated. Although effective pre- and post-exposure vaccines exist, they are not widely available in many endemic countries within Africa. Since many individuals in these countries remain at risk of infection, post-exposure healthcare-seeking behaviors are crucial in preventing infection and warrant examination. Methodology A rabies knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey was conducted at 24 geographically diverse sites in Uganda during 2013 to capture information on knowledge concerning the disease, response to potential exposure events, and vaccination practices. Characteristics of the surveyed population and of the canine-bite victim sub-population were described. Post-exposure healthcare-seeking behaviors of canine-bite victims were examined and compared to the related healthcare-seeking attitudes of non-bite victim respondents. Wealth scores were calculated for each household, rabies knowledge was scored for each non-bitten survey respondent, and rabies exposure risk was scored for each bite victim. Logistic regression was used to determine the independent associations between different variables and healthcare-seeking behaviors among canine-bite victims as well as attitudes of non-bitten study respondents. Results A total of 798 households were interviewed, capturing 100 canine-bite victims and a bite incidence of 2.3 per 100 person-years. Over half of bite victims actively sought medical treatment (56%), though very few received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (3%). Bite victims who did not know or report the closest location where PEP could be received were less likely to seek medical care (p = 0.05). Respondents who did not report having been bitten by a dog with higher knowledge scores were more likely to respond that they would both seek medical care (p = 0.00) and receive PEP (p = 0.06) after a potential rabies exposure event. Conclusions There was varying discordance between what respondents who did not report having been bitten by a dog said they would do if bitten by a dog when compared to the behaviors exhibited by canine-bite victims captured in the KAP survey. Bite victims seldom elected to wash their wound or receive PEP. Having lower rabies knowledge was a barrier to theoretically seeking care and receiving PEP among not bitten respondents, indicating a need for effective and robust educational programs in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Bonaparte
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- ORISE Fellow, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Adams
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- ORISE Fellow, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Cleaton
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- ORISE Fellow, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Modupe Osinubi
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Emily G. Pieracci
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sergio Recuenco
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Victor Tugumizemu
- Veterinary Public Health Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Ryan M. Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Filla C, Rajeev M, Randriana Z, Hanitriniana C, Rafaliarison RR, Edosoa GT, Andriamananjara M, Razafindraibe NP, Nely J, Ferreira A, Yang AL, Daniel F, Clarke TA, Farris Z, Stone T, Lastdrager J, Rajaonarivelo T, Hampson K, Metcalf CJE, Valenta K. Lessons Learned and Paths Forward for Rabies Dog Vaccination in Madagascar: A Case Study of Pilot Vaccination Campaigns in Moramanga District. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6020048. [PMID: 33921499 PMCID: PMC8167587 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies causes an estimated 60,000 human deaths per year, but these deaths are preventable through post-exposure prophylaxis of people and vaccination of domestic dogs. Dog vaccination campaigns targeting 70% of the population are effective at interrupting transmission. Here, we report on lessons learned during pilot dog vaccination campaigns in the Moramanga District of Madagascar. We compare two different vaccination strategies: a volunteer-driven effort to vaccinate dogs in two communes using static point vaccination and continuous vaccination as part of routine veterinary services. We used dog age data from the campaigns to estimate key demographic parameters and to simulate different vaccination strategies. Overall, we found that dog vaccination was feasible and that most dogs were accessible to vaccination. The static-point campaign achieved higher coverage but required more resources and had a limited geographic scope compared to the continuous delivery campaign. Our modeling results suggest that targeting puppies through community-based vaccination efforts could improve coverage. We found that mass dog vaccination is feasible and can achieve high coverage in Madagascar; however, context-specific strategies and an investment in dog vaccination as a public good will be required to move the country towards elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlynn Filla
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.F.); (K.V.)
| | - Malavika Rajeev
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.L.Y.); (C.J.E.M.)
- Correspondence: mailto:
| | - Zoavina Randriana
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Chantal Hanitriniana
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;
| | - Radoniaina R. Rafaliarison
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Glenn Torrencelli Edosoa
- Chargé des Maladies Tropicales Négligées Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;
| | - Mamitiana Andriamananjara
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires Ministère Chargé de l’Agriculture et de l’Élevage, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (M.A.); (N.P.R.)
| | - Nivohanitra P. Razafindraibe
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires Ministère Chargé de l’Agriculture et de l’Élevage, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (M.A.); (N.P.R.)
| | - José Nely
- Service contre les Maladies Endémo-épidémiques et Tropicales Négligées Ministère de la Santé Publique, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;
| | - Angelique Ferreira
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
- Travelling Animal Doctors, Newark, DE 19711-2916, USA; (T.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Annie L. Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.L.Y.); (C.J.E.M.)
| | - Fenomanana Daniel
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Tara A. Clarke
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107, USA
| | - Zachary Farris
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Terry Stone
- Travelling Animal Doctors, Newark, DE 19711-2916, USA; (T.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Jochem Lastdrager
- Travelling Animal Doctors, Newark, DE 19711-2916, USA; (T.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Tsiky Rajaonarivelo
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
| | - Katie Hampson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - C. Jessica E. Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; (A.L.Y.); (C.J.E.M.)
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (C.F.); (K.V.)
- The Mad Dog Initiative Akanin’ny Veterinera, Akaikiniarivo, Ambatobe, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; (Z.R.); (R.R.R.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (T.A.C.); (Z.F.); (T.R.)
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Brunt S, Solomon H, Brown K, Davis A. Feline and Canine Rabies in New York State, USA. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030450. [PMID: 33802123 PMCID: PMC7998993 DOI: 10.3390/v13030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In New York State, domestic animals are no longer considered rabies vector species, but given their ubiquity with humans, rabies cases in dogs and cats often result in multiple individuals requiring post-exposure prophylaxis. For over a decade, the New York State rabies laboratory has variant-typed these domestic animals to aid in epidemiological investigations, determine exposures, and generate demographic data. We produced a data set that outlined vaccination status, ownership, and rabies results. Our data demonstrate that a large percentage of felines submitted for rabies testing were not vaccinated or did not have a current rabies vaccination, while canines were largely vaccinated. Despite massive vaccination campaigns, free clinics, and education, these companion animals still occasionally contract rabies. Barring translocation events, we note that rabies-positive cats and dogs in New York State have exclusively contracted a raccoon variant. While the United States has made tremendous strides in reducing its rabies burden, we hope these data will encourage responsible pet ownership including rabies vaccinations to reduce unnecessary animal mortality, long quarantines, and post-exposure prophylaxis in humans.
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Savadogo M, Tialla D, Ouattara B, Dahourou LD, Ossebi W, Ilboudo SG, Combari AHB, Tarnagda Z, Alambedji RB. Factors associated with owned-dogs' vaccination against rabies: A household survey in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1096-1106. [PMID: 33694291 PMCID: PMC8294405 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine vaccination is an effective means for rabies control, a minimum of 70% dog rabies vaccination coverage is required in endemic areas. According to previous investigations, this recommended coverage is always not achieved in Burkina Faso. This study was carried out to investigate reasons for poor vaccination coverage in canine population. Using a structured questionnaires, a cross‐sectional survey was conducted in the city of Bobo Dioulasso to capture data on drivers that affect dog owners’ individual decision to vaccinate or not their dogs. Through a house‐to‐house approach, 239 questionnaires were administrated to dog owners during face to face interviews. The results indicated dog rabies vaccination coverage of 25.9%. Dog breed, origin and confinement status had a significant association with vaccination status (p < 0.05). Owners of exotic and cross‐bred dogs were more likely to adopt vaccination compared to owners of local‐bred dogs. Dogs of bought origin were significantly more likely to be vaccinated among all dogs. Household characteristics including age of owners, level of education, employment status, means of transportation, perception of vaccination cost and level of knowledge about rabies were significantly associated with the vaccination status (p < 0.05). The oldest dog owners, the owners having high level of education, having a car as means of transportation, having good knowledge of rabies and dog rabies vaccination, being employed and perceiving vaccination cost as affordable were more likely to vaccinate their dogs. Combining community awareness and free dog rabies vaccination approaches could improve the vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madi Savadogo
- Département de Biologie Médicale et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dieudonné Tialla
- Département de Biologie Médicale et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Ecole Nationale de l'Elevage et de la Santé Animale (ENESA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Boris Ouattara
- Service de Microbiologie Immunologie et Pathologies Infectieuses, Département de Santé Publique et Environnement, Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Laibané D Dahourou
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Environmental Sciences and Rural Development Institute, University of Dedougou (UDDG), Dedougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Walter Ossebi
- Service d'Economie Rurale et Gestion, Département des Sciences Biologiques et Productions Animales, Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Sidwatta G Ilboudo
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Alima H B Combari
- Department of Animal Production, Environment and Agricultural Research Institute (INERA/CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Zékiba Tarnagda
- Département de Biologie Médicale et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS/CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rianatou B Alambedji
- Service de Microbiologie Immunologie et Pathologies Infectieuses, Département de Santé Publique et Environnement, Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), Dakar, Senegal
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Kotzé JL, Duncan Grewar J, Anderson A. Modelling the factors affecting the probability for local rabies elimination by strategic control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009236. [PMID: 33661893 PMCID: PMC7963038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog rabies has been recognized from ancient times and remains widespread across the developing world with an estimated 59,000 people dying annually from the disease. In 2011 a tri-partite alliance consisting of the OIE, the WHO and the FAO committed to globally eliminating dog-mediated human rabies by 2030. Regardless of global support, the responsibility remains with local program managers to implement successful elimination programs. It is well known that vaccination programs have a high probability of successful elimination if they achieve a population-coverage of 70%. It is often quoted that reducing population turnover (typically through sterilizations) raises the probability for local elimination by maintaining herd immunity for longer. Besides this, other factors that affect rabies elimination are rarely mentioned. This paper investigates the probability for local elimination as it relates to immunity, fecundity, dog population size, infectivity (bite rates), in-migration of immune-naïve dogs, and the initial incidence. To achieve this, an individual-based, stochastic, transmission model was manipulated to create a dataset covering combinations of factors that may affect elimination. The results thereof were analysed using a logistic regression model with elimination as the dependent variable. Our results suggest that smaller dog populations, lower infectivity and lower incidence (such as when epidemics start with single introductions) strongly increased the probability for elimination at wide ranges of vaccination levels. Lower fecundity and lower in-migration had weak effects. We discuss the importance of these findings in terms of their impact and their practical application in the design of dog-mediated rabies control programs. Most guidelines for rabies control call for at least 70% vaccination coverage of dogs. This level of immunity has a very high probability for the local elimination of rabies, but it is often not an achievable ideal due to resource constraints. Campaign managers can be strategic on how they allocate their resources. Lower infectivity rates are present in areas with more restricted dog movements and have higher probabilities for elimination at lower vaccination rates. Smaller sub-populations have higher probabilities for elimination at the same vaccination coverage levels compared to larger sub-populations. Vaccinating immune corridors can divide meta-populations into smaller sub-populations that are likely to result in elimination either due to their small size or due to the local low infectivity. Areas already free of rabies require lower vaccination levels to maintain freedom compared to endemic areas. Where donors do not specifically require sterilization campaigns, funds meant for rabies control should not be diverted to sterilizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann L. Kotzé
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - John Duncan Grewar
- Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- jDATA (Pty) Ltd, Sandbaai, South Africa
| | - Aaron Anderson
- USDA National Wildlife Research Centre, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Chikanya E, Macherera M, Maviza A. An assessment of risk factors for contracting rabies among dog bite cases recorded in Ward 30, Murewa district, Zimbabwe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009305. [PMID: 33788847 PMCID: PMC8691859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonoses are a major threat to human health. Worldwide, rabies is responsible for approximately 59 000 deaths annually. In Zimbabwe, rabies is one of the top 5 priority diseases and it is notifiable. It is estimated that rabies causes 410 human deaths per year in the country. Murewa district recorded 938 dog bite cases and 4suspected rabies deaths between January 2017 and July 2018, overshooting the threshold of zero rabies cases. Of the 938dog bite cases reported in the district, 263 were reported in Ward 30 and these included all the 4suspected rabies deaths reported in the district. This necessitated a study to assess risk factors for contracting rabies in Ward 30, Murewa. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A descriptive cross sectional survey was used for a retrospective analysis of a group of dog bite cases reported at Murewa Hospital, in Ward 30. Purposive sampling was used to select dog bite cases and snowball sampling was used to locate unvaccinated dogs and areas with jackal presence. The dog bite cases and relatives of rabies cases were interviewed using a piloted interviewer-administered questionnaire. Geographical Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of dog bite cases, vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs and jackal presence were collected using handheld GPS device. QGIS software was used to spatially analyse and map them. Dog owners were 10 times more likely to contract rabies compared to non-dog owners (RR = 10, 95% CI 1.06-93.7). Owners of unvaccinated dogs were 5 times more likely to contract rabies compared to owners of vaccinated dogs (RR = 5.01, 95% CI 0.53-47.31). Residents of the high density cluster (area with low cost houses and stand size of 300 square meters and below) were 64 times more likely to contract rabies compared to non-high density cluster residents (RR = 64.87, 95% CI 3.6039-1167.82). Participants who were not knowledgeable were 0.07 times more likely to contract rabies, compared to those who had knowledge about rabies. (RR = 0.07, 95% CI 0.004-1.25). Our study shows that the risk factors for contacting rabies included; low knowledge levels regarding rabies, dog ownership residing in the high density cluster, owning unvaccinated dogs and spatial overlap of jackal presence with unvaccinated dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enica Chikanya
- Ministry of Health and Child Care, Seke, Zimbabwe
- National University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied
Science, Department of Environmental Science and Health, Bulawayo,
Zimbabwe
| | - Margaret Macherera
- Lupane State University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of
Crop and Soil Sciences, Lupane, Zimbabwe
| | - Auther Maviza
- National University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied
Science, Department of Environmental Science and Health, Bulawayo,
Zimbabwe
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Sikana L, Lembo T, Hampson K, Lushasi K, Mtenga S, Sambo M, Wight D, Coutts J, Kreppel K. Dog ownership practices and responsibilities for children's health in terms of rabies control and prevention in rural communities in Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009220. [PMID: 33690720 PMCID: PMC7946275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions tackling zoonoses require an understanding of healthcare patterns related to both human and animal hosts. The control of dog-mediated rabies is a good example. Despite the availability of effective control measures, 59,000 people die of rabies every year worldwide. In Tanzania, children are most at risk, contributing ~40% of deaths. Mass dog vaccination can break the transmission cycle, but reaching the recommended 70% coverage is challenging where vaccination depends on willingness to vaccinate dogs. Awareness campaigns in communities often target children, but do not consider other key individuals in the prevention chain. Understanding factors related to dog ownership and household-level responsibility for dog vaccination and child health is critical to the design of vaccination strategies. We investigated who makes household decisions about dogs and on health care for children in rural Tanzania. In the Kilosa district, in-depth interviews with 10 key informants were conducted to inform analysis of data from a household survey of 799 households and a survey on Knowledge Attitudes and Practices of 417 households. The in-depth interviews were analysed using framework analysis. Descriptive analysis showed responsibilities for household decisions on dogs' and children's health. Multivariate analysis determined factors associated with the probability of dogs being owned and the number of dogs owned, as well as factors associated with the responsibility for child health. Dog ownership varied considerably between villages and even households. The number of dogs per household was associated with the size of a household and the presence of livestock. Children are not directly involved in the decision to vaccinate a dog, which is largely made by the father, while responsibility for seeking health care if a child is bitten lies with the mother. These novel results are relevant for the design and implementation of rabies interventions. Specifically, awareness campaigns should focus on decision-makers in households to improve rabies prevention practices and on the understanding of processes critical to the control of zoonoses more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lwitiko Sikana
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Hampson
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kennedy Lushasi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Mtenga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Maganga Sambo
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Wight
- Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office (MRC/CSO), Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Coutts
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katharina Kreppel
- Global Health and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Yoak AJ, Haile A, O'Quin J, Belu M, Birhane M, Bekele M, Murphy S, Medley A, Vincent E, Stewart D, Shiferaw ML, Tafese K, Garabed R, Pieracci EG. Barriers and opportunities for canine rabies vaccination campaigns in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2021; 187:105256. [PMID: 33422971 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine rabies is endemic in Ethiopia and presents a significant burden for both animal and human health. We investigate barriers to dog vaccination in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. These results can be utilized to improve and target future rabies control efforts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS During May of 2017, dog owners were surveyed during a free canine rabies vaccination programs that utilized both door-to-door (DtD) and central point (CP) vaccination methods. Surveys collected information on preferences for rabies vaccine delivery and were administered in Amharic. A total of 1057 surveys were completed. Of those surveyed, 62.4 % indicated that their dogs had been vaccinated against rabies within the last year. Commonly reported barriers to vaccination were a lack of awareness that dogs required rabies vaccines (18.1 %) and lack of knowledge about where to find vaccine (15.0 %). The median price owners were willing to pay for vaccination was 25 birr ($0.91 USD) and the median distance willing to travel was 1.0 km; however, 48.9 % of those surveyed during DtD were unwilling to travel at all. We identified 3 classes of respondents who were grouped due to their responses by latent class analysis: 'the Unaware', 'the Vaccinators', and 'the Multiple Barriers'. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Although many respondents were willing to pay for rabies vaccine (94.0 %); the preferred cost (median) was less than the actual cost of providing the vaccine. This supports the need for reduced-cost or free vaccine to achieve and sustain the 70 % vaccine coverage target threshold for canine rabies elimination. Additionally, a significant portion (41.5 %) of those surveyed indicated that they were unwilling to travel in order to have their dog vaccinated. The latent class analysis provides useful guidance on how to reach target vaccination. Owners from 'the Unaware' group made up 18.1 % of respondents and their high rate of allowing their dogs to roam identifies them as a prime target for canine health and behavior education. 'The Multiple Barriers' owners reported lower degrees of dog roaming and were substantially more likely to be found by DtD campaigns, possibly because they have limited ability/interest in handling their dogs. These results demonstrate the importance of incorporating DtD vaccination as well as subsidies to maximize vaccine coverage in Addis Ababa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Yoak
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Otterbein University, Westerville, OH, United States.
| | - Abraham Haile
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Maria Belu
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Meseret Birhane
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Meseret Bekele
- Ethiopian Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sylvia Murphy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ethiopia Country Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Emily Vincent
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Stewart
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Miriam L Shiferaw
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Emily G Pieracci
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Athingo R, Tenzin T, Coetzer A, Hikufe EH, Peter J, Hango L, Haimbodi T, Lipinge J, Haufiku F, Naunyango M, Kephas M, Shilongo A, Shoombe KK, Khaiseb S, Letshwenyo M, Pozzetti P, Nake L, Nel LH, Freuling CM, Müller T, Torres G. Application of the GARC Data Logger-a custom-developed data collection device-to capture and monitor mass dog vaccination campaigns in Namibia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008948. [PMID: 33370285 PMCID: PMC7793283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs are responsible for 99% of all cases of human rabies and thus, mass dog vaccination has been demonstrated to be the most effective approach towards the elimination of dog-mediated human rabies. Namibia demonstrated the feasibility of this approach by applying government-led strategic rabies vaccination campaigns to reduce both human and dog rabies incidences in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia since 2016. The lessons learnt using paper-based form for data capturing and management of mass dog vaccination campaign during the pilot and roll out phase of the project (2016–2018) led to the implementation of a simple and accurate data collection tool in the second phase (2019–2022) of the rabies elimination program. In this paper, we describe the implementation of such custom-developed vaccination tracking device, i.e. the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) Data Logger (GDL), and the integration of the collected data into a website-based rabies surveillance system (Rabies Epidemiological Bulletin—REB) during 2019 and 2020 campaigns. A total of 10,037 dogs and 520 cats were vaccinated during the 2019 campaign and 13,219 dogs and 1,044 cats during the 2020 campaign. The vaccination data were recorded with the GDL and visualized via REB. Subsequent GIS-analysis using gridded population data revealed a suboptimal vaccination coverage in the great majority of grid cells (82%) with a vaccination coverage below 50%. Spatial regression analysis identified the number of schools, estimated human density, and adult dog population were associated with the vaccination performance. However, there was an inverse correlation to human densities. Nonetheless, the use of the GDL improved data capturing and monitoring capacity of the campaign, enabling the Namibian government to improve strategies for the vaccination of at-risk areas towards achieving adequate vaccination coverage which would effectively break the transmission of rabies. We used a custom-developed vaccination tracking device—the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) Data Logger—to capture dog rabies vaccination data during the 2019 and 2020 mass vaccination campaign in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia, and then integrated the collected data into the web-based Rabies Epidemiological Bulletin, a rabies-specific disease surveillance platform for rabies-endemic countries. This approach allowed automatic collation, analysis and, visualization of data and drastically improved the data capturing and monitoring capacity of the Namibian government led campaign. Additionally, subsequent GIS analysis enabled a better estimation of vaccination coverage at a much higher spatial resolution, thus identifying areas where improvements in the vaccination strategy are needed to ensure long-term success of the project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauna Athingo
- Animal Disease Control, Sub-division, North-West, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ongwediva, Namibia
| | - Tenzin Tenzin
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Sub-Regional Representation for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Andre Coetzer
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC), Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel H. Hikufe
- Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Josephat Peter
- Outapi State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Omusati region, Outapi, Namibia
| | - Laina Hango
- Outapi State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Omusati region, Outapi, Namibia
| | - Tangeni Haimbodi
- Ondangwa State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Oshana region, Ondangwa, Namibia
| | - Johannes Lipinge
- Ondangwa State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Oshana region, Ondangwa, Namibia
| | - Frenada Haufiku
- Omuthiya State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Oshikoto region, Omuthiya, Namibia
| | - Matias Naunyango
- Eenhana State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ohangwena region, Eenhana, Namibia
| | - Magano Kephas
- Eenhana State Veterinary Office, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ohangwena region, Eenhana, Namibia
| | - Albertina Shilongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Kenneth K. Shoombe
- Animal Disease Control, Sub-division, North-West, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Ongwediva, Namibia
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Moetapele Letshwenyo
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Sub-Regional Representation for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Lorenz Nake
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Paris, France
| | - Louis H. Nel
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC), Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany
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Beyene TJ, Mourits M, O'Quin J, Leta S, Baruch J, Hogeveen H. Policy Perspectives of Dog-Mediated Rabies Control in Resource-Limited Countries: The Ethiopian Situation. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:551. [PMID: 32984411 PMCID: PMC7493619 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One Health disease-control programs are believed to be most effective when implemented within the population transmitting the disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) and partners have targeted the elimination of dog-mediated human rabies by 2030 primarily through mass dog vaccination. Mass vaccination, however, has been constrained by financial resource limitations. The current owner-charged dog vaccination strategy, used in most resource-limited countries like Ethiopia, has not reached the minimum coverage required to build population immunity. Dog vaccination is non-existing in most rural areas of Ethiopia, and coverage is <20% in urban areas. Although the health and economic benefits of rabies elimination outweigh the costs, the direct beneficiaries (public in general) and those who bear the costs (dog owners) are not necessarily the same. In this perspective paper, we aggregate evidence on the socioeconomic burden of rabies in Ethiopia as well as the implications for potential opportunities to control the disease and possibilities to obtain the required funding sources for evidence-based interventions in the control of rabies in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariku Jibat Beyene
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Monique Mourits
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeanette O'Quin
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Samson Leta
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Joaquin Baruch
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology and Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Pattern of Animal Bites and Delays in Initiating Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis among Clients Receiving Care in Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. J Trop Med 2020; 2020:6419104. [PMID: 32547622 PMCID: PMC7271065 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6419104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Each year, an estimated 25000 rabies death occurs in Africa. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) remains the only proven approach in preventing rabies deaths. Most of rabies deaths occur among those who delayed, did not receive, or complete rabies PEP. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of animal bite, factors associated with delays in initiating, and nonadherence to rabies PEP regimen. Method Data on clients reporting for rabies PEP in a tertiary hospital setting in Ghana were collected from 2013 to 2016. Demographics, place, and source of exposure were collected. Other information obtained included adherence to the PEP protocol and GPS coordinates of the town of animal bites. The shortest distance between the GPS coordinates of town of animal bite and the site of administration of the rabies PEP was calculated. A total of 1030 individuals received rabies PEP over the period. Results Overall, 52.9% (545) were males while 47.1% (485) were females. Majority of the cases were between the age group 1–10 years accounting for 29.2%. Dog bites accounted for 96.5% (n = 994). Cats, nonhuman primates, human bites, respectively, accounted for 1.8% (n = 18), 1.2% (n = 12), and 0.6% (n = 6) of all bites. Majority of bites occurred at home (66.2% (n = 646)). Also, 31.6% (n = 308) and 2.3% (n = 22) of bites occurred on the streets and neighbors/friends' homes, respectively. Only, 18.7% initiated PEP within 24 hours of bite. Rabies PEP regimen completion rate was 95.2% (n = 976). The median distance travelled to access rabies PEP was 7.87 km (IQR, 3.58–16.27) km. Overall, 34.7% (n = 344) had the animal bite within 4.99 km radius of the treatment room of KBTH. Clients who delayed in initiating rabies PEP were 2.6 (95% CI, 1.3–5.1) times more likely to be males and 2.0 (1.1–3.9) times more likely to receive bites in a location more than 5 km radius from the KBTH treatment room. Gender, age, and distance of bite from the treatment room were not associated with the likelihood of not completing rabies PEP schedule. Discussion. Bites from suspected rabies infected animals remain a problem in southern Ghana. There are significant delays in initiating PEP for rabies prevention. Most animal bite victims are children ten years and below. Male gender and bites more than 5 km radius from the site of rabies PEP administration were most significant factors associated with delays in initiating rabies PEP. There is the need for adopting strategies to encourage prompt initiation and adherence to PEP.
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Marron O, Thomas G, Burdon Bailey JL, Mayer D, Grossman PO, Lohr F, Gibson AD, Gamble L, Chikungwa P, Chulu J, Handel IG, de C Bronsvoort BM, Mellanby RJ, Mazeri S. Factors associated with mobile phone ownership and potential use for rabies vaccination campaigns in southern Malawi. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:62. [PMID: 32503667 PMCID: PMC7275584 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is a fatal but preventable viral disease, which causes an estimated 59 000 human deaths globally every year. The vast majority of human rabies cases are attributable to bites from infected domestic dogs and consequently control of rabies in the dog population through mass vaccination campaigns is considered the most effective method of eliminating the disease. Achieving the WHO target of 70% vaccination coverage has proven challenging in low-resource settings such as Sub Saharan Africa, and lack of public awareness about rabies vaccination campaigns is a major barrier to their success. In this study we surveyed communities in three districts in Southern Malawi to assess the extent of and socio-economic factors associated with mobile phone ownership and explore the attitudes of communities towards the use of short message service (SMS) to inform them of upcoming rabies vaccination clinics. METHODS This study was carried out between 1 October-3 December 2018 during the post-vaccination assessment of the annual dog rabies campaign in Blantyre, Zomba and Chiradzulu districts, Malawi. 1882 questionnaires were administered to households in 90 vaccination zones. The surveys gathered data on mobile phone ownership and use, and barriers to mobile phone access. A multivariable regression model was used to understand factors related to mobile phone ownership. RESULTS Most survey respondents owned or had use of a mobile phone, however there was evidence of an inequality of access, with higher education level, living in Blantyre district and being male positively associated with mobile phone ownership. The principal barrier to mobile phone ownership was the cost of the phone itself. Basic feature phones were most common and few owned smartphones. SMS was commonly used and the main reason for not using SMS was illiteracy. Attitudes to receiving SMS reminders about future rabies vaccination campaigns were positive. CONCLUSIONS The study showed a majority of those surveyed have the use of a mobile phone and most mobile phone owners indicated they would like to receive SMS messages about future rabies vaccination campaigns. This study provides insight into the feasibility of distributing information about rabies vaccination campaigns using mobile phones in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Marron
- Veterinary surgeon, Apt 35, The Barley House, Cork St, Dublin, 8 Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Chikungwa
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Julius Chulu
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Barend M. de C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Barbosa Costa G, Ludder F, Monroe B, Dilius P, Crowdis K, Blanton JD, Pieracci EG, Head JR, Gibson AD, Wallace RM. Barriers to attendance of canine rabies vaccination campaigns in Haiti, 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2679-2691. [PMID: 32438530 PMCID: PMC7754310 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional survey to better understand the barriers to attendance at canine rabies vaccination campaigns in Haiti. A structured community-based questionnaire was conducted over a 15-day period during May-June 2017, focused on socio-economic status correlated with participation at canine rabies vaccination campaigns. Questions phrased as a bidding game were asked to determine individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for dog rabies vaccination and willingness to walk (WTW) to fixed-point vaccination campaigns. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was applied to determine relationships between survey variables. Logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with participants' WTP and WTW. A total of 748 households from eight communities were surveyed. Respondents were predominantly female (54.4%) and had a median age of 45 years. The total number of owned dogs reported from households was 926, yielding a human-to-dog ratio in dog-owning households of 5.2:1. The majority of dogs (87.2%) were acquired for security, and 49% were allowed to roam freely; 42.0% of dog owners reported that they were unable to manage (or restrain) their dogs using a leash. Seventy per cent of dog owners were willing to pay up to 15.9 gourdes (0.25 USD) and/or walk up to 75 m to vaccinate their dogs. Households that owned free-roaming dogs, owned dogs for the purpose of companionship and owned dogs that they were unable to walk on a leash were associated with a higher WTP for vaccination. Living in Artibonite Department, having a middle or higher household income, and owning a dog for security purpose were associated with a higher WTW for vaccination. Low leash use and propensity for dogs to roam freely are barriers to successful fixed-point vaccination methods in Haiti, and alternative methods such as door to door (DD), capture-vaccinate-release (CVR) or oral vaccination should be explored. There may be some prospect for fee-for-service vaccination in Haiti; however, this programme should be introduced as a supplement, rather than a replacement for free rabies vaccination programmes so that mass dog vaccination is not discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Participation Program, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fleurinord Ludder
- Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Benjamin Monroe
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pierre Dilius
- Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | | | - Jesse D Blanton
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily G Pieracci
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Head
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Participation Program, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew D Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Dorset, UK.,Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - Ryan M Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Colombi D, Poletto C, Nakouné E, Bourhy H, Colizza V. Long-range movements coupled with heterogeneous incubation period sustain dog rabies at the national scale in Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008317. [PMID: 32453756 PMCID: PMC7274467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog-transmitted rabies is responsible for more than 98% of human cases worldwide, remaining a persistent problem in developing countries. Mass vaccination targets predominantly major cities, often compromising disease control due to re-introductions. Previous work suggested that areas neighboring cities may behave as the source of these re-introductions. To evaluate this hypothesis, we introduce a spatially explicit metapopulation model for rabies diffusion in Central African Republic. Calibrated on epidemiological data for the capital city, Bangui, the model predicts that long-range movements are essential for continuous re-introductions of rabies-exposed dogs across settlements, eased by the large fluctuations of the incubation period. Bangui's neighborhood, instead, would not be enough to self-sustain the epidemic, contrary to previous expectations. Our findings suggest that restricting long-range travels may be very efficient in limiting rabies persistence in a large and fragmented dog population. Our framework can be applied to other geographical contexts where dog rabies is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Colombi
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Paris, France
- Computational Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute for Scientific Interchange (ISI), Turin, Italy
- Physics Department and INFN, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Poletto
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Paris, France
| | | | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Paris, France
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Mazeri S, Gibson AD, de Clare Bronsvoort BM, Handel IG, Lohr F, Bailey JB, Mayer D, Gamble L, Mellanby RJ. Sociodemographic factors which predict low private rabies vaccination coverage in dogs in Blantyre, Malawi. Vet Rec 2020; 184:281. [PMID: 30819860 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although rabies kills approximately 60,000 people globally every year, vaccination of over 70 per cent of the canine population has been shown to eliminate the disease in both dogs and human beings. In some rabies endemic countries, owners are able to vaccinate their dogs through private veterinary clinics. However, uptake of dog vaccinations through private veterinary clinics is often low in many rabies endemic countries. In this study, the authors examined the sociodemographic factors which predicted low private rabies vaccination coverage in Blantyre, Malawi. Data on 23,205 dogs were recorded during a door-to-door rabies vaccination programme in 2016. A multivariable logistic regression model was built to identify factors associated with private rabies vaccination. Negative predictors of private vaccination included increasing poverty levels, higher housing densities, male dogs, pregnant or lactating dogs, and puppies and dogs allowed to roam. In contrast, neutered and healthy dogs had greater odds of being privately vaccinated. The present study demonstrated that low private rabies vaccination coverage can be accurately predicted by sociodemographic factors. This information may help inform public health interventions which deliver mass vaccination programmes in rabies endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Mazeri
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK.,The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew D Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK.,The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Barend Mark de Clare Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fred Lohr
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, UK
| | | | | | | | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Edinburgh, UK
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Hadebe JM, Sibiya MN. Experiences of people affected by rabies in Ethekwini district in the province of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:150-157. [PMID: 33402903 PMCID: PMC7750068 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background South Africa is one of the countries in Africa adversely affected by rabies, a notifiable disease which can be fatal. Fatalities can be prevented if health care is sought timeously and people are educated about the disease. The Province of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, in particular, has had rabies outbreaks in the past which have led to loss of many lives and devastation of entire families. Objective The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of people affected by rabies in the eThekwini district of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods The study was guided by a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive design. The sample was purposively selected, and a semi-structured interview was used to collect data from people affected by rabies in the eThekwini district. Data saturation was reached after 12 participants were interviewed. Data was analysed by using Tesch's eight steps of thematic analysis. Results The themes included family stability and support structures, exposure to risk factors and risky practices, factors that hindered participants from seeking health care assistance, limited knowledge about rabies and the effects of rabies. Conclusion It was evident that participants experienced many challenges during their rabies exposure. Individuals, who were directly affected by rabies through contact with rabid animals, were expected to take responsibility for their own lives.
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Hagos WG, Muchie KF, Gebru GG, Mezgebe GG, Reda KA, Dachew BA. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards rabies and associated factors among household heads in Mekelle city, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:57. [PMID: 31937297 PMCID: PMC6961227 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies has a worldwide distribution in continental regions of Africa, Asia and the Latin America. Globally, the case fatality rate is 100% once a clinical sign is developed. Poor public awareness towards rabies is one of the major obstacles in any prevention and control scheme of the diseases. The study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about rabies and associated factors among household heads in Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia, 2016. METHODS A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November 2016 with a total of 633 study participants. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and entered to EPI-Info 3.5.4 and coded, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Bi variable and multivariable analysis was done to identify factors associated with knowledge, attitude and practice about rabies. Variables having p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant at 95%CI. RESULTS Of 633 study participants, 357 (56.4%) were females and 239 (37.8%) were 18-35 years old. Among the study participants, 56.1% (95%CI = 52.2, 59.9), 56.2% (95%CI = 52.4, 60.1) and 61.3% (95%CI = 57.5, 65.1) had good level of knowledge, attitude and practice on the prevention and control of rabies respectively. Being female (AOR = 1.50, 95%CI = 1.05, 2.13), dog owner (AOR = 1.68, 95%CI = 1.17, 2.41) and participants who had training on rabies (AOR = 2.22, 95%CI = 1.53, 3.21) were found to have good knowledge. Married participants (AOR = 2.19, 95%CI = 1.16, 4.16), participants who owned dog (AOR = 2.64, 95%CI = 1.80, 3.86) and those encountered dog bite (AOR = 2.24, 95%CI = 1.23, 4.10) were found to have positive attitude towards rabies. Similarly, dog ownership (AOR = 11.85, 95%CI = 7.16, 19.6) was found to be associated with good practice. CONCLUSION This study showed that more than half of the respondents had good knowledge, attitude and practice about the prevention and control of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Goyitom Gebremdehn Gebru
- Directorate of Laboratory Research, Diagnostics and Quality Assurance, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kebede Ambaye Reda
- Directortate of Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health, Tigray Regional Health Bureau, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Berihun Assefa Dachew
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gonder, Gonder, Ethiopia
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Sánchez-Soriano C, Gibson AD, Gamble L, Bailey JLB, Mayer D, Lohr F, Chikungwa P, Chulu J, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BMD, Mellanby RJ, Mazeri S. Implementation of a mass canine rabies vaccination campaign in both rural and urban regions in southern Malawi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008004. [PMID: 31971943 PMCID: PMC6999910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a devastating zoonotic disease causing nearly 60,000 deaths globally each year. The disease causes Malawi an economic loss of 13 million USD and kills almost 500 people annually. Domestic dogs are the main reservoir for rabies and vaccinating over 70% of the dog population is the most efficient method to reduce its incidence in both humans and canines. However, achieving such coverages is often difficult and depend on many geospatial factors. Rural and pastoral regions are considered difficult to vaccinate efficiently due to low dog densities, and reports of campaigns spanning large areas containing vastly different communities are lacking. This study describes a mass canine vaccination campaign covering rural and urban regions in southern Malawi. The campaign achieved an average vaccination coverage of 83.4% across 3 districts, and vaccinated over 89,000 dogs through a combined static point and door-to-door effort. A dog population of 107,574 dogs was estimated (dog:human ratio of 1:23). The canine population was found to be almost completely owned (99.2%) and mostly kept for security purposes (82.7%). The dogs were mainly adults, males, and not neutered. Regression analysis identified education level and proportion of young dogs as the only factors influencing (positively and negatively, respectively) whether vaccination coverage over 70% was achieved in a region, independently of variables such as population density or poverty. A second regression analysis was performed predicting absolute vaccination coverage. While education level and the proportion of confined dogs were associated with positive vaccination coverage, higher proportions of young animals and female dogs were associated with a decrease in coverage. This study confirms the feasibility of homogeneously vaccinating over 70% of the dogs in a large area including rural and urban communities. These findings can inform the logistics of future campaigns and might be used as a template to facilitate high-number, high-coverage vaccination campaigns to other regions in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sánchez-Soriano
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Gibson
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dagmar Mayer
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrick Chikungwa
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Julius Chulu
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Ian G. Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Barend M. deC. Bronsvoort
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Railey AF, Lankester F, Lembo T, Reeve R, Shirima G, Marsh TL. Enhancing livestock vaccination decision-making through rapid diagnostic testing. WORLD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2019; 16:100144. [PMID: 32201751 PMCID: PMC7067263 DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2019.100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
•Compared to vaccination, the collective approach to diagnostic testing presents a low-fixed cost.•Existing household livestock-health behaviors increase the likelihood for uptake of preventative health practices.•Initial evidence to support household investments in livestock preventative health over therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley F. Railey
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Felix Lankester
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, USA
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Shirima
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, USA
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Tanzania
| | - Thomas L. Marsh
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, USA
- School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University, USA
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Utilising Group-Size and Home-Range Characteristics of Free-Roaming Dogs (FRD) to Guide Mass Vaccination Campaigns against Rabies in India. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040136. [PMID: 31575061 PMCID: PMC6963394 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate vaccination coverage of free roaming dogs (FRD) against canine rabies is not achieved primarily due to difficulties in administering parenteral vaccinations to this population. One factor associated with this difficulty is the tendency of FRD to form groups, which increases their aggressive behavior, resulting in a significant risk of dog-bites for the vaccinators. This study investigated factors that influenced FRD forming groups and their home-ranges, using data obtained from photographic capture-recapture/sight-resight surveys conducted in rural Shirsuphal (584 sightings) and urban Panchkula (3208 sightings), India. In the rural site, older dogs (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-0.9, p = 0.03) and FRD sighted within 20 m of garbage sites (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9, p = 0.02) were less likely to be in groups. The number of dogs sighted with an FRD decreased with increased resight-probability of that dog (β= -1.0, p < 0.001). The rural FRD with smaller home-ranges were more likely to be sighted alone (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-95, p = 0.04) than those with larger home-ranges. In the urban site, females (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5, p = 0.002) and older dogs (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1, p = 0.07) were more likely to be found in groups, and groups of dogs were more likely to be seen within 20 meters of garbage sites (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5-2.0, p < 0.001). The distribution of urban FRD sighted alone, in pairs, triads, and in packs of ≥4 dogs were not random in the administrative (p = 0.02), and the two industrial (p = 0.03 & 0.01) survey tracks of the urban site, implying stable groups. The resighting probability of a dog (β = 0.3, p < 0.0001) and presence of garbage within 20 m (β = 0.2, p < 0.0001) in the urban site increased the likelihood of sighting a FRD with other dogs. It is concluded that data on the resighting probability, presence of garbage points, and home-ranges can be utilised to guide the selection of parenteral or oral rabies vaccination to achieve a population vaccination coverage of 70% to break the transmission cycle of rabies virus in FRD in India.
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A Novel Integrated and Labile eHealth System for Monitoring Dog Rabies Vaccination Campaigns. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030108. [PMID: 31505844 PMCID: PMC6789753 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The elimination of canine rabies through the implementation of high coverage mass dog vaccination campaigns is a complex task, particularly in the resource-limited countries of the rabies endemic world. Here we demonstrated the feasibility of applying targeted rabies vaccination campaigns to deliver more impactful intervention campaigns in resource-limited settings using evidence and lessons learnt from other diseases. With the use of strategic rabies intervention programs, we demonstrate the noteworthy reduction of rabies cases in two very different African settings. The strategic intervention was most significantly aided by the use of a custom-developed vaccination tracking device (the Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) Data Logger) and an integrated rabies surveillance system (the Rabies Epidemiological Bulletin). Our first case study, an island-wide strategic dog vaccination on Tanzania's Unguja island, reduced the incidence of rabies by 71% in the first 16 months of implementation. In the second case study, a similar approach was applied in the metropolitan capital city of Zimbabwe and the incidence of rabies declined by 13% during the first 13 months of implementation. The methodologies and results presented here suggest that, in resource-limited settings, an optimal approach towards the elimination of dog rabies would revolve around strategic interventions, subject to the use of appropriate planning, surveillance, and vaccination tools.
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Mbilo C, Kabongo JB, Pyana PP, Nlonda L, Nzita RW, Luntadila B, Badibanga B, Hattendorf J, Zinsstag J. Dog Ecology, Bite Incidence, and Disease Awareness: A Cross-Sectional Survey among a Rabies-Affected Community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E98. [PMID: 31454908 PMCID: PMC6789516 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of safe and efficacious human and animal rabies vaccines, millions of people remain at risk of exposure to this deadly zoonotic disease through bites of infected dogs. Sub-Saharan African countries, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), bear the highest per capita death rates from rabies where dog vaccination and availability of lifesaving post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is scarce. Mass dog vaccination is the most cost-effective and sustainable approach to prevent human rabies deaths. We conducted a cross-sectional household survey in a rabies-affected community in Matadi, DRC, to estimate the size of the owned dog population and dog bite incidence and assess knowledge and practices regarding rabies, as preparation for future mass dog vaccination campaigns. Our study revealed that the owned dog population in Matadi was almost ten times larger than assumed by local veterinary officials, with a large proportion of free-roaming unvaccinated dogs. The annual dog bite incidence of 5.2 per 1000 person years was high, whereas community rabies knowledge was low resulting in poor practices. Given these findings, human rabies deaths are likely to occur in this community. Lack of disease awareness could negatively affect participation in future mass dog vaccination campaigns. A public sensitization campaign is needed to promote appropriate rabies prevention (washing bite wounds and PEP) and control (dog vaccination) measures in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Mbilo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Pati Patient Pyana
- Université Pédagogique Nationale de Kinshasa, BP 8815 Kinshasa, Congo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Avenue de la Démocratie, BP 1197 Kinshasa/Gombe, Congo
| | - Léon Nlonda
- Clinique Vétérinaire d'Etat de Matadi, Matadi, Congo
| | | | - Bobo Luntadila
- Université Pédagogique Nationale de Kinshasa, BP 8815 Kinshasa, Congo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Avenue de la Démocratie, BP 1197 Kinshasa/Gombe, Congo
| | - Badivé Badibanga
- Université Pédagogique Nationale de Kinshasa, BP 8815 Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland.
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Mtui-Malamsha N, Sallu R, Mahiti GR, Mohamed H, OleNeselle M, Rubegwa B, Swai ES, Makungu S, Otieno EG, Lupindu AM, Komba E, Mdegela R, Assenga JA, Bernard J, Marandu W, Warioba J, Makondo Z, Chang'a J, Mramba F, Nonga H, Killewo J, Kafeero F, Makonnen YJ, Rivas AL, Fasina FO. Ecological and Epidemiological Findings Associated with Zoonotic Rabies Outbreaks and Control in Moshi, Tanzania, 2017-2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2816. [PMID: 31394794 PMCID: PMC6719226 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 1500 people die annually due to rabies in the United Republic of Tanzania. Moshi, in the Kilimanjaro Region, reported sporadic cases of human rabies between 2017 and 2018. In response and following a One Health approach, we implemented surveillance, monitoring, as well as a mass vaccinations of domestic pets concurrently in >150 villages, achieving a 74.5% vaccination coverage (n = 29, 885 dogs and cats) by September 2018. As of April 2019, no single human or animal case has been recorded. We have observed a disparity between awareness and knowledge levels of community members on rabies epidemiology. Self-adherence to protective rabies vaccination in animals was poor due to the challenges of costs and distances to vaccination centers, among others. Incidence of dog bites was high and only a fraction (65%) of dog bite victims (humans) received post-exposure prophylaxis. A high proportion of unvaccinated dogs and cats and the relative intense interactions with wild dog species at interfaces were the risk factors for seropositivity to rabies virus infection in dogs. A percentage of the previously vaccinated dogs remained unimmunized and some unvaccinated dogs were seropositive. Evidence of community engagement and multi-coordinated implementation of One Health in Moshi serves as an example of best practice in tackling zoonotic diseases using multi-level government efforts. The district-level establishment of the One Health rapid response team (OHRRT), implementation of a carefully structured routine vaccination campaign, improved health education, and the implementation of barriers between domestic animals and wildlife at the interfaces are necessary to reduce the burden of rabies in Moshi and communities with similar profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niwael Mtui-Malamsha
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania
| | - Raphael Sallu
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania
| | - Gladys R Mahiti
- Department of Developmental Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
| | - Hussein Mohamed
- Department of Developmental Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
| | - Moses OleNeselle
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania
| | - Bachana Rubegwa
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Edward G Otieno
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
- College of Veterinary Medeicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania
| | - Athuman M Lupindu
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
- College of Veterinary Medeicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania
| | - Erick Komba
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
- College of Veterinary Medeicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania
| | - Robinson Mdegela
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
- College of Veterinary Medeicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania
| | - Justine A Assenga
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania
- One Health Coordination Desk, Prime Minister's Office, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania
| | - Jubilate Bernard
- One Health Coordination Desk, Prime Minister's Office, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania
- Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania
| | - Walter Marandu
- District Veterinary Office, Moshi District 25101, Tanzania
| | | | - Zacharia Makondo
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam 15101, Tanzania
| | - Jelly Chang'a
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam 15101, Tanzania
| | - Furaha Mramba
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam 15101, Tanzania
| | - Hezron Nonga
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma 41000, Tanzania
- College of Veterinary Medeicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro 67000, Tanzania
| | - Japhet Killewo
- Department of Developmental Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
- One Health Central and Eastern Africa, Dar es Salaam 11103, Tanzania
| | - Fred Kafeero
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania
| | - Yilma J Makonnen
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Ariel L Rivas
- Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Folorunso O Fasina
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dar es Salaam 14111, Tanzania.
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
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Castillo-Neyra R, Toledo AM, Arevalo-Nieto C, MacDonald H, De la Puente-León M, Naquira-Velarde C, Paz-Soldan VA, Buttenheim AM, Levy MZ. Socio-spatial heterogeneity in participation in mass dog rabies vaccination campaigns, Arequipa, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007600. [PMID: 31369560 PMCID: PMC6692050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To control and prevent rabies in Latin America, mass dog vaccination campaigns (MDVC) are implemented mainly through fixed-location vaccination points: owners have to bring their dogs to the vaccination points where they receive the vaccination free of charge. Dog rabies is still endemic in some Latin-American countries and high overall dog vaccination coverage and even distribution of vaccinated dogs are desired attributes of MDVC to halt rabies virus transmission. In Arequipa, Peru, we conducted a door-to-door post-campaign survey on >6,000 houses to assess the placement of vaccination points on these two attributes. We found that the odds of participating in the campaign decreased by 16% for every 100 m from the owner’s house to the nearest vaccination point (p = 0.041) after controlling for potential covariates. We found social determinants associated with participating in the MDVC: for each child under 5 in the household, the odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 13% (p = 0.032), and for each decade less lived in the area, the odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 8% (p<0.001), after controlling for distance and other covariates. We also found significant spatial clustering of unvaccinated dogs over 500 m from the vaccination points, which created pockets of unvaccinated dogs that may sustain rabies virus transmission. Understanding the barriers to dog owners’ participation in community-based dog-vaccination programs will be crucial to implementing effective zoonotic disease preventive activities. Spatial and social elements of urbanization play an important role in coverage of MDVC and should be considered during their planning and evaluation. In Peru and other dog rabies-affected countries, mass dog vaccination campaigns (MDVC) are implemented primarily through fixed-location vaccination points: owners have to bring their dogs to the vaccination points where they receive the vaccination. To stop rabies virus transmission, a high and even dog vaccination coverage is desired. In Arequipa, Peru, following a MDVC, we conducted a door-to-door survey of >6,000 houses to assess how the placement of vaccination points affected coverage of the campaign. When comparing dog owners with similar characteristics, we found that the odds of participating in the MDVC was reduced by 16% for every 100 m distance from the nearest vaccination point. Some social conditions were also associated with participating in the MDVC: for each child under 5 in the household, odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 13%, and for each decade less lived in the area, the odds of participating in the MDVC decreased by 8%. Distance to the vaccination point and variation in social conditions across the city play important roles in achieving coverage of MDVC and should be considered during campaign planning and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Amparo M. Toledo
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Claudia Arevalo-Nieto
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Hannelore MacDonald
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Micaela De la Puente-León
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Cesar Naquira-Velarde
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldan
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
- Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Buttenheim
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Lab, One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Arequipa, Peru
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Rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin supply and logistics: Challenges and opportunities for rabies elimination in Kenya. Vaccine 2019; 37 Suppl 1:A28-A34. [PMID: 31326251 PMCID: PMC7612384 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prompt provision of post-exposure-prophylaxis (PEP) including vaccines and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) to persons bitten by suspect rabid dogs is a key strategy to eliminating human deaths from dog-mediated rabies in Kenya by 2030. We assessed the availability, forecasting and supply chain logistics for rabies PEP in Kenya, compared with the system used for vaccines in the expanded program of immunization (routine vaccines). Semi-structured questionnaires capturing data on forecasting, procurement, distribution, cold chain and storage, monitoring and reporting for routine vaccines and rabies vaccines and RIG were administered to 35 key personnel at the national, county, sub-county and health facility levels in five counties. Results showed large variability in PEP availability (stockouts ranged from 3 to 36 weeks per year) with counties implementing rabies elimination activities having shorter stockouts. PEP is administered intramuscularly using the 5-dose Essen regimen (day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28). PEP costs to bite patients were reported to range from 10 to 15 US dollars per dose; RIG was seldom available. A less robust supply and logistics infrastructure is used for rabies PEP compared to routine vaccines. Forecasting and monitoring mechanisms for rabies PEP was poor in the study counties. The supply of vaccines from the national to the sub-national level is mainly through two government agencies and a private agency. Since government decentralization, the National Vaccine and Immunization Program has remained as the main supplier of the routine vaccines, playing a lesser role in the supply of rabies bio-logicals. Adoption of the dose-saving intradermal route for PEP administration, reduction of PEP costs to patients, and placing rabies vaccines within the routine vaccines supply and logistics system would significantly improve PEP availability and accessibility to persons at risk of rabies; a critical step to achieving elimination of human deaths from rabies.
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Implementation of high coverage mass rabies vaccination in rural Uganda using predominantly static point methodology. Vet J 2019; 249:60-66. [PMID: 31239167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful eradication programmes in many regions, rabies remains responsible for approximately 60,000 human deaths annually, and no country in Africa is rabies-free. Dogs are the principal reservoir of the virus in Africa and the World Health Organisation recommends that at least 70% of the dog population be vaccinated in order to break the transmission cycle. Most attempts at mass rabies vaccinations in Africa have failed to vaccinate high numbers of dogs at a high coverage. Successful studies have often used a door-to-door (DTD) approach, which is logistically challenging and expensive compared to a static point (SP) approach. Mission Rabies has successfully implemented a combined SP and DTD method in cities in India and Malawi. This campaign used a combined methodology in rural Uganda, starting with a SP campaign, followed by a DTD campaign, and then subsequent transect surveys to assess vaccination coverage. This was facilitated by the use of a smartphone application which recorded all vaccinations and survey responses along with their Global Positioning System location. A total of 4172 dogs were vaccinated in 7 days, attaining an estimated 88.4% coverage. This campaign is of particular note as 95.9% of the vaccinations were performed at SPs. The human-to-dog ratio was 4.9 with a mean dogs per house of 1.2. Most dogs were owned (93.7%). This demonstrates that high-number, high-coverage vaccination is achievable in rural Uganda and provides data that may refine future campaign approaches.
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Balako G, Sisay G, Hussein M, Asefa D. Rabies Outbreak among Livestock in a Pastoralist Community, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2019; 28:805-808. [PMID: 30607098 PMCID: PMC6308762 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v28i6.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rabies still poses a significant health problem in most of African countries, where the majority of the cases result from dog bites. The situations in the marginalized pastoral areas were not well documented. Case In September 2015, rabid wild fox entered the pastoralist village and bit a domestic dog. The victim dog had turned rabid after four months and bit livestock, and rabies outbreak occurred in the family livestock. Consequently, one bull, one lactating cow, one calf, two donkeys and one heifer died of outbreak. The head of one heifer was removed and transported within 24 hours to the Rabies Referral Laboratory of Ethiopian Public Health Institute in Addis Ababa. The sample was confirmed as strong positive for lyssa virus antigen by Direct Fluorescent Anti-Body Test. This was the first confirmed case report from southern Oromia pastoralists. The occurrence of rabies cases across the district was also reported by veterinary and human health officers. Conclusion Integrated intervention strategy and collaboration of animal health, human health and wildlife authority is needed. To halt the ongoing outbreak in the district, immediate response from the Government is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gumi Balako
- Department of Animal Science and Range Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Bule Hora University, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Sisay
- Department of Animal Science and Range Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Bule Hora University, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamed Hussein
- Department of Animal Science and Range Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Bule Hora University, Ethiopia
| | - Deresa Asefa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Meunier NV, Gibson AD, Corfmat J, Mazeri S, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BMDC, Gamble L, Mellanby RJ. Reproducibility of the mark-resight method to assess vaccination coverage in free-roaming dogs. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:305-310. [PMID: 30852350 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mark-resight methodology is a widely used tool to assess both population size and vaccination coverage of free-roaming dogs. Evaluating coverage is often critical to determine the progress and impact of vaccination interventions. The aim of this study was to assess the reproducibility of the mark-resight method during a rabies vaccination campaign. A total of 90 areas in Goa, India, were surveyed on two occasions following a vaccination campaign, during which vaccinated dogs were marked. The estimated vaccination coverage for both confined and free-roaming dogs in the study area after a first round of vaccination was 68.9% (95% CI, 66.7-71.0%). The number of dogs counted in each survey, as well as the proportion of marked dogs, were the main outcomes recorded. Linear and mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the effect of survey order, surveyor, time of day, days between surveys, and weather on the outcomes between repeated surveys. Fewer dogs were likely to be counted in afternoon surveys compared to morning surveys (19.2% fewer dogs, 95%CI 7.5-31.9%) and a 17.2% (95%CI 3.6-32.7%) higher proportion of marked dogs was associated with the repeated survey compared to the first survey. Increased variation of the marked percentage between surveys was associated with using different surveyors (8.3%, 95%CI 0.4-16.2). This study demonstrated that external or personnel factors can influence the number of dogs counted and the estimated vaccination coverage of individual survey areas. Regular staff training, to ensure equal effort and quality of survey techniques between surveyors, could help standardise survey outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha V Meunier
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Andrew D Gibson
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, BH21 5PZ Dorset, UK
| | - Julie Corfmat
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, BH21 5PZ Dorset, UK
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - B Mark De C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Luke Gamble
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS) and the Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Kwoba EN, Kitala P, Ochieng L, Otiang E, Ndung’u R, Wambura G, Hampson K, Thumbi S. Dog health and demographic surveillance survey in Western Kenya: Demography and management practices relevant for rabies transmission and control. AAS Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.12902.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Domestic dogs transmit 99% of the estimated 59,000 human rabies deaths occurring globally annually. To achieve the global target of zero human deaths from rabies by 2030, effective mass dog vaccination campaigns that break rabies transmission cycles in dog populations are required. This study describes the design of a dog health and demographic surveillance study established within a human health and demographic surveillance study in Western Kenya. Using baseline data from the dog cohort study, we quantify demographic parameters and describe management practices relevant for rabies transmission. Methods: All dogs in 1213 households participating in a linked human and animal health syndromic surveillance study were recruited. Data on household demographics, dog ownership, dog age and sex ratios, reproductive indices, rabies vaccination, management practices, dog movement and health status were collected at least monthly. Results: 460 of 1213 (38%) of the study households owned dogs (mean 2 dogs/household), and 526 (70%) of those without dogs had owned dogs previously. 802 dogs were recruited into the study, more than half (52%) of those with known ages were ≤ 1 year old. The dog:human ratio in the study population was 1:7, the dog density 54 dogs/km2, and the female: male dog sex ratio was 1:1.3. Rabies vaccination was low (5% coverage), and only 48 (12%) male dogs and 13 (5%) female dogs were castrated and spayed, respectively. Dogs were predominantly local breed (99%), mainly kept for security purposes, almost always (97%) left to scavenge for leftovers and 61% roamed freely. Conclusion: Low vaccination coverage, unrestricted dog movement, and high dog population turnover with a large proportion of dogs below one-year-old support endemic rabies circulation in this population. These gaps present opportunities for the design of effective dog rabies control plans to break rabies transmission cycles in this part of Kenya.
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Chidumayo NN. System dynamics modelling approach to explore the effect of dog demography on rabies vaccination coverage in Africa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205884. [PMID: 30359399 PMCID: PMC6201891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs are important reservoirs of rabies, a zoonotic viral encephalitis that kills thousands of people in Asia and Africa annually. Mass dog vaccination is recommended for the prevention of rabies in both humans and dogs. Mass vaccinations should be conducted annually but more frequent campaigns may be required in areas with high dog turnover rates. Consequently, a good understanding of dog demography is essential for the control of the disease. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of dog demography on rabies vaccination coverage following a mass vaccination campaign with at least 70% vaccination coverage. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A dog population model was constructed to explore the effect of dog demography on rabies vaccination coverage decline. Important model parameters were identified through a comprehensive literature search on dog demography in Africa. A system dynamics approach was adopted to build a dog population model to simulate the effects of demographic processes on rabies vaccination coverage. Vensim PLE Plus software was used to construct the model. Multivariate sensitivity simulations using data from 22 studies and 12 African countries were performed to investigate the effect of dog turnover rates on vaccination coverage decline. In addition, an adjusted vaccination coverage to estimate the proportion of vaccinated dogs with adequate immunity at 12 months post-vaccination was calculated. The results demonstrated that the vaccination coverage and adjusted vaccination coverage remained over 30% and 20% respectively at 12 months if annual mass vaccinations achieved at least 70% coverage. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results demonstrated that annual mass vaccination campaigns with at least 70% vaccination coverage would maintain a herd immunity of 20‒45% between campaigns.
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