Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt

Zophobas morio versus Tenebrio molitor: Diversity in gut microbiota of larvae fed with polymers

Plastics are common synthetic materials that have been abundantly present as pollutants in natural ecosystems for the past few decades. Thus scientists have investigated the capability of plastic digestion by insects. Here we compare the effectiveness of biodegradation of the specific polymers: expanded polystyrene (EPS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP) altogether with above variants of plastics with microelements and vitamins by the mealworm - the larval form of the beetle Tenebrio molitor - and larvae of the beetle Zophobas morio, known as superworms. Z. morio beetles on all diets were able to complete their life cycle from larvae through pupae and imago, gaining 19 % and 22 % in mass on LDPE and EPS; 8 % and 7 % on PVC and PP. Mealworms (T. molitor) reared on polymers had minimal weight gain, gaining 2 % on LDPE and EPS, and a slight reduction in mass was observed when reared on PP and PVC. Not all specimens of T. molitor were able to pupate and transform to the adult stage. The results suggest that larvae of Z. morio can eat and degrade some types of plastic compounds more effectively than T. molitor. The changes in microbial gut communities were compared between these two species. The highest mass gain for Z. morio is associated with higher diversity in gut microbia and it was more diverse than that of T. molitor. Citrobacter freundii, a bacterium recognized for its ability to degrade long-chain polymers, linear hydrocarbons and cyclic hydrocarbons, was found in the microflora of Z. morio. The results confirm that superworms can survive on polymer feed. Moreover, this diet supplemented with microelements and vitamins increases the number of bacterial species and the diversity in the microbial gut.

Spatiotemporal variation of microplastics along the long-distance raw water pipeline

Raw water pipelines are considered a significant pathway for human exposure to microplastics (MPs, <5 mm) in surface water. However, there is currently very limited information on the longitudinal distribution characteristics of microplastics in raw water pipelines. This study assessed the abundance and distribution characteristics of microplastics in surface water from two different water sources in Jiangsu Province during different seasons. The correlation between conventional water quality indicators and microplastics was also explored. Specifically, the longitudinal variation of microplastics in raw water pipelines was investigated. Results showed that microplastics were detected in both basins during different seasons. In Basin 1, the abundance of MPs ranged from 34 ± 1 to 58 ± 2 n/L in March and from 3 ± 1 to 6.7 ± 4 n/L in June. In Basin 2, the abundance ranged from 6.5 ± 1 to 14 ± 1 n/L in March and from 2 ± 1 to 7.7 ± 1 n/L in June. The abundance of microplastics showed a decreasing trend along the pipeline. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was the main polymer type detected in both basins. Polyethylene terephthalate (PE) and polyurethane (PU) showed higher removal rates in the pipeline due to their higher density. The predominant size ranges of microplastics in the raw water were 10-50 μm and 50-100 μm. Additionally, the average particle size of MPs increased with the transportation distance, likely due to microbial colonization. This study is the first comprehensive investigation of the distribution characteristics of microplastics in raw water pipeline systems. The removal of microplastics in raw water pipelines contributes significantly to the elimination of microplastics at the source. This research helps to fill the knowledge gap regarding the fate of microplastics in raw water pipeline systems.

Identification of micro- and nanoplastic particles in postnatal sprague-dawley rat offspring after maternal inhalation exposure throughout gestation

Micro-nanoplastic particulates (MNPs) have been identified in both indoor and outdoor environments. From these real-world exposures, MNPs have been identified in human fluids and organ tissues, including the placenta and breastmilk. Laboratory studies have identified MNPs are capable of crossing the placental barrier and depositing in fetal tissues; however, it remained unclear if MNPs persist in offspring tissues after birth. Six pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided equally into two groups: control and exposed to polyamide-12 (PA-12) MNP aerosols (11.46 ± 3.78 mg/m3) over an average of 4.35 h ± 0.39 for 10 non-consecutive days between gestational day (GD) 6 - GD 19, in our custom rodent exposure chamber, allowing for whole-body inhalation. Two-weeks after delivery in-house, offspring tissues (i.e. lung, liver, kidney, heart, brain) from 1 male and 1 female pup per litter were fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde, sectioned, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and assessed using hyperspectral dark-field microscopy. PA-12 MNPs were identified in all offspring tissues of the exposed dams. No MNPs were visualized in control tissues. These findings have important implications for human MNPs translocation, deposition, maternal/fetal health, and the developmental origins of health and disease. Further research is warranted to quantify MNPs mass deposition, biological accumulation, and systemic toxicity.

First identification of microplastics in human uterine fibroids and myometrium

Microplastics (MPs) pollution has received widespread attention in recent years as the use of plastics continues to increase. However, currently no studies have reported the finding of MPs in human uterine fibroids (UFs) and myometrium tissues. In this study, UFs tissues (n = 48) and myometrium tissues (n = 40) from 48 patients and myometrium tissues (n = 8) from healthy population were collected. Following digestion of the samples by 10% KOH and 30% H2O2, MPs were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using Raman spectroscopy. The 16 UFs and myometrium tissue samples contained an average of 1.5 ± 1.17 MP particles per gram of tissue. Notably, the abundance of MPs in the UFs tissues (2.13 ± 1.17 particles per gram) was higher than in the myometrium tissues (0.88 ± 0.78 particles per gram). In the same cohort of individuals with UFs, the quantities of MPs detected in the affected UFs tissue (2.63 ± 1.77 particles per gram) exceeded those detected in healthy tissue (1.08 ± 0.93 particles per gram), particularly in elderly patients. A correlation was observed between elevated MP levels and frequent consumption of takeout meals and bottled water among patients, indicating that MP ingestion through food sources might have contributed to the increased abundance and variety of MPs within UFs. Furthermore, UFs increased in size with higher concentrations of MPs, which may have been related to elevated levels of MPs-induced hormones. This study provides new insights into the assessment of the relationship between exposure to MPs and human disease risk.

Lactating exposure to microplastics at the dose of infants ingested during artificial feeding induced reproductive toxicity in female mice and their offspring

Microplastics (MPs) pollution poses a global environmental challenge with significant concerns regarding its potential impact on human health. Toxicological investigations have revealed multi-system impairments caused by MPs in various organisms. However, the specific reproductive hazards in human contexts remain elusive, and understanding the transgenerational reproductive toxicity of MPs remains limited. This study delves into the reproductive toxicity resulting from lactational exposure to polystyrene MPs (PS-MPs) in female mice, extending the inquiry to assess the reproductive effects on their offspring bred by rigorous natural mating. The MPs dosage corresponds to the detected concentration in infant formula prepared using plastic bottles. By systematically evaluating the reproductive phenotypes of F0 female mice from birth to adulthood, we found that female mice exposed to PS-MPs exhibited delayed puberty, disturbed estrous cyclicity, diminished fertility, elevated testosterone, abnormal follicle development, disrupted ovarian steroidogenesis, and ovarian inflammation. Importantly, the observed inheritable reproductive toxicity manifested with gender specificity, showcasing more pronounced abnormalities in male offspring. Specifically, reproductive disorders did not manifest in female offspring; however, a significant decrease in sperm count and viability was observed in PS-MPs-exposed F1 males. Testicular transcriptomics analysis of F1 males significantly enriched pathways associated with reproductive system development and epigenetic modification, such as male germ cell proliferation, DNA methylation, and histone modification. In summary, real-life exposure to PS-MPs impaired the reproductive function of female mice and threateningly disrupted the spermatogenesis of their F1 male offspring, which raises serious concerns about inter- and trans-generational reproductive toxicities of MPs in mammals. These findings underscore the potential threats of MPs to human reproductive health, emphasizing the need for continued vigilance and research in this critical area.

Detection and analysis of microplastics in tissues and blood of human cervical cancer patients

Microplastics (MPs) can enter the reproductive system and can be potentially harmful to human reproductive health. In this study, 13 types of microplastics (MPs) were identified in patient blood, cancer samples, and paracarcinoma samples using Raman spectroscopy, with polyethylene, polypropylene and polyethylene-co-polypropylene being the most abundant polymer types. Futher, cotton was also found in our study. The diversity and abundance of MPs were higher in blood samples than in cancerous tissues, and there was a significant positive correlation between diversity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the diversity and abundance of MPs in cancerous tissues were higher than in paracancerous tissues. The dimensional sizes of MPs in these samples were also very similar, with the majority of detected MPs being smaller in size. Correlation analysis showed that patient's age correlated with the abundance of MPs in blood samples, body mass index (BMI) correlated with the abundance of MPs in cancerous tissues. Notably, the frequency with which patients consume bottled water and beverages may also increase the abundance of MPs. This study identifies for the first time the presence of MPs and cotton in cancerous and paracancerous tissues of human cervical cancer patients. This provides new ideas and basic data to study the risk relationship between MP exposure and human health.

Microplastics in the soil-water-food nexus: Inclusive insight into global research findings

Nuisance imposed by biotic and abiotic stressors on diverse agroecosystems remains an area of focus for the scientific fraternity. However, emerging contaminants such as microplastics (MP) have imposed additional dimension (alone or in combinations with other stressors) in agroecosystems and keep escalating the challenges to achieve sustainability. MP are recognized as persistent anthropogenic contaminants, fetch global attention due to their unique chemical features that keeps themselves unresponsive to the decaying process. This review has been theorized to assess the current research trends (along with possible gap areas), widespread use of MP, enhancement of the harshness of heavy metals (HMs), complex interactions with physico-chemical constituents of arable soil, accumulation in the edible parts of field crops, dairy products, and other sources to penetrate the food web. So far, the available review articles are oriented to a certain aspect of MP and lack a totality when considered from in soil-water-food perspective. In short, a comprehensive perspective of the adverse effects of MP on human health has been assessed. Moreover, an agro-techno-socio-health prospective-oriented critical assessment of policies and remedial measures linked with MP has provided an extra edge over other similar articles in influential future courses of research.

A new filtration system for extraction and accurate quantification of microplastics

The analysis of microplastics is crucial due to their widespread occurrence and significant impact as environmental pollutants. Appropriate extraction and analytical techniques are necessary to evaluate the abundance, dispersal, and effects of microplastics. In this context, the filtration step to extract microplastics from solution media is indispensable for quantifying microplastics accurately. Usually, a pretreatment procedure such as density separation or solvent extraction is employed before filtration. Nevertheless, the adsorption of microplastic particles onto the glassware surface is known to occur and careful rinsing is inevitable for a suitable recovery rate. The study presents a novel filtration device developed for easy use to increase microplastic recovery from liquid samples. Fluorescent polyethylene (PE) particles were used to examine recovery by optical microscopy and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The conventional filtration system (CFS) exhibited lower microplastic recovery (45.1 ± 7.9%, n = 10) due to the adsorption of microplastics onto the inner surface and the bottom edge of the upper glass funnel. In contrast, the newly developed modified filtration system (MFS) enables fast suction of liquid samples by removing the glass frit with the upper glass funnel and filter being spatially separated. The significantly improved recovery rates using MFS for PE particles were 100% (n = 5) and 93.4 ± 3.4% (n = 10), respectively, confirming the feasibility of the newly developed filtration system to analyze microplastics using Py-GC/MS. The study highlights the importance of filtration processing in establishing analytical standards for assessing and managing microplastics by suggesting MFS as an advanced filtration system.

Microplastics in the urban water cycle: A critical analysis of issues and of possible (needed?) solutions

Microplastic (MP) contamination is a problem that affects even remote, scarcely populated regions of the world. This topic has recently been the subject of many published studies, however, these often adopt hyperbolic statements and do not actually provide definitive evidence that MPs are a cause of environmental risk in actual environmental conditions. New technologies to remove MPs from supply and waste water are being investigated, but they are able to intercept a minimal fraction of the MPs circulating in all environmental media. Recently, several pieces of legislation were introduced to reduce plastic production, use, and disposal, but it is not clear how such measures could achieve a significant environmental MP reduction. This paper addresses the MP issue within the urban water cycle, examining recent current literature on MP presence in drinking and waste water, and overviewing available recent treatment technologies for their removal. The ensuing discussion attempts to holistically assess the actual relevance of the issue in the light of the current scientific evidence.

Occurrence, characteristics and distribution of microplastics in commercial marine fishes of the Bay of Bengal

The study aimed to assess and characterize microplastics (MPs) in muscles, guts, and gills of six commercially important marine fish from the Bay of Bengal. FTIR was utilized to identify MP's polymer compositions. A total 7085 MPs identified, where tuna exhibited the highest count and Bombay duck had the lowest. MPs abundance (MPs/g) was ranged from 1.56 ± 0.39 to 7.16 ± 1.36 in muscles, 1.91 ± 0.32 to 4.46 ± 0.75 in guts, and 2.36 ± 0.24 to 6.53 ± 1.58 in gills. The predominant MPs were 1-5 mm size (33.33-62.78 %), white/transparent color (18.45-54.63 %), filament shapes (75.00-94.71), and fiber types (73.21-94.71 %). FTIR revealed MPs 58.89 % polyethylene, 21.67 % polypropylene, 17.22 % polyester, and 2.22 % non-plastic compositions. Cluster analysis grouped two species with 50 % similarity, while PCA indicated significant variations among principal components (14-69.4 %) highlighting the dominance of fiber, particles, and 0.5-1.0 mm MPs in the fish tissues. The prevalence of MPs in seafood underscores measures to safeguard both the marine ecosystem and human health.

Profile and Different Approaches for Size Characterization of Microplastics in Drinking Water from the Lisbon Water Supply System

Microplastics (MPs) contribute to the overall pollution of water sources, affecting not only aquatic ecosystems but also water for human consumption (WHC). Currently, there needs to be a global consensus on safe levels of microplastics in WHC, which will allow regulatory efforts and risk assessments to be carried out. Therefore, this study aims to characterize MP particles in WHC of the Lisbon water supply system (LWSS) and compare two approaches to quantify these particles (length and width of the particles, and the area equivalent diameter (AED) of the particles). The quantification of MP particles was made via micro-FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) on transmission mode after water filtration on 5 µm silicon filters. Thirty-eight WHC samples from the LWSS showed MPs up to 836 MPs/L, with an average value of 196 MPs/L. The most representative polymer was polyethylene (PE, 77.2%). The other eight polymers were also quantified. The length and width of MPs ranged between 84 µm and 41 µm, respectively. The AED of MPs ranged between 24 µm and 405 µm. The MP dimensions of both approaches can differ significantly.

Microplastics in the commercially available branded milk in Bangladesh: An emerging threat for human health

Microplastics (MPs) are polymer-based particles commonly found in diverse foods that pose serious human health impacts throughout the food chain. Assessment of MPs in different food products is a prime measure to combat MP-related food contamination. Therefore, this study first investigated the identification, characterization, and potential risks of MPs in the commercially available milk brands (19 dry powders and 06 liquid brands) in Bangladesh. The presence of MPs in milk samples was 279.47 ± 134.26 particles/kg and 182.27 ± 55.13 particles/L for powder and liquid milk, respectively, with a significant variety. Study findings displayed miscellaneous colors, fiber shapes (powder=78 %; liquid=81 %), > 0.1 mm sizes (powder=69 %; liquid=65 %), and polyethylene (powder=48 %; liquid=44 %) dominating MPs categories. The pollution load index indicated significant pollution due to the high abundance of MPs. Further, other risk-evaluating indices including contamination factor and Nemerow pollution index represent moderate to high MP-induced pollution for both milk samples. Low to moderate polymeric risks are exhibited by powder and liquid milk samples. Children could be exposed to 3.43 times higher MPs than adults through daily oral ingestion, which has significant health effects. This study found that powder milk was the most severely MPs induced risk than liquid milk. Consequently, this study finding established a reference point for MP contamination in milk, so special attention must be taken during production, storage, and packaging stages to reduce MP contamination.

Environmental nanoplastics quantification by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the Pearl River, China: First insights into spatiotemporal distributions, compositions, sources and risks

Nanoplastics (NPs, size <1000 nm) are ubiquitous plastic particles, potentially more abundant than microplastics in the environment; however, studies highlighting their distribution dynamics in freshwater are rare due to analytical limitations. Here, we investigated spatiotemporal levels of nine polymers of NPs in surface water samples (n = 30) from the full stretch of the Pearl River (sites, n = 15) using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Six polymers were detected, including polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nylon/polyamide 66 (PA66), polyester (PES), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyethylene (PE), where three polymers showed high detection frequencies; PS (100 % in winter and summer), followed by PVC (73 % in winter and 87 % in summer) and PA66 (53 % in winter and 67 % in summer). The spatiotemporal distribution revealed the sites related to aquaculture (AQ) and shipping (SHP) showed higher NP levels than those of human settlement (HS) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (p = 0.004), and relatively high average levels of NPs in the urban sites compared to rural sites (p = 0.04), albeit showed no obvious seasonal differences (p = 0.78). For instance, the average PS levels in the Pearl River were in the following order: AQ 411.55 µg/L > SHP 81.75 µg/L > WWTP 56.66 µg/L > HS 47.75 µg/L in summer and HS 188.1 µg/L > SHP 103.55 µg/L > AQ 74.7 µg/L > WWTP 62.1 µg/L in winter. Source apportionment showed a higher contribution through domestic plastic waste emissions among urban sites, while rural sites showed an elevated contribution via aquaculture, agriculture, and surface run-off to the NP pollution. Risk assessment revealed that NPs at SHP and AQ sites posed a higher integrated risk in terms of pollution load index (PLI) than those at WWTP and HS sites. Regarding polymer hazard index (HI), 80 % of sampling sites in summer and 60 % of sampling sites in winter posed level III polymer risk, with PVC posing the highest risk. This study provides novel insights into the seasonal contamination and polymer risks of NP in the Pearl River, which will help to regulate the production and consumption of plastics in the region. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS: The contamination dynamics of field nanoplastics (NPs) in freshwater resources remain little understood, mainly attributed to analytical constraints. This study aims to highlight the spatiotemporal distribution of NPs in the Pearl River among various land use types, urban-rural comparison, seasonal comparison, their compositional profiles, potential sources, interaction with environmental factors, and ecological and polymer hazard assessments of investigated polymers in the full stretch of the Pearl River from Liuxi Reservoir to the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. This study, with a comparatively large number of samples and NP polymers, will offer novel insights into the contamination profiles of nano-sized plastic particles in one of the important freshwater riverine systems in China.

Changes in the wing shape and size in fruit flies exposed to micro and nanoplastics

Geometric morphometrics analysis (GMA) is a well-known technique to identify minute changes in Drosophila wings. This study aimed to determine potential changes in Drosophila wings shape and size after exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics (NPs) (50 nm) and microplastics (MPs) (1 μm). Flies were exposed from eggs to pupal eclosion and analyzed using GMA. Results revealed a difference in shape and size between male and female wings, as expected, due to sexual dimorphism. Therefore, wings were analyzed by sex. Wings of MPs and NPs treated females were elongated compared to controls and had a constriction of the wing joint. Additionally, MPs treated female flies had the most dissimilar shape compared to controls. In male flies, NPs flies had smaller wings compared to MPs and control flies. Compared to control, NPs wings of males were shrunken at the joint and in the entire proximal region of the wing. However, male MPs wings had a narrower anal region and were slightly elongated. These results reveal that wing shape and size can change in a different way based on the sex of the flies and size of plastic particles that larvae interacted with. All the changes in the wings occurred only within the normally allowed wing variation and treatment with NPs/MPs did not cause development of the aberrant phenotypes. Results can pave the way for further understanding of how MPs and NPs can alter phenotypes of flies.

Assessment of microplastics in highland rock salts of Northern Borneo

Mountain salts produced from the highland region in NE Sarawak have a market value and also provide basic income to the communities. During the salt-making process, microplastics (MPs) may enter into commercial table salts from various sources, which has not been explored yet. Hence, the current research investigates the presence of MPs in the rock salts produced from the highland saline water in two different locations (L1 and L2) in NE Sarawak. Among the brine water and rock salt samples analysed, the highest concentrations of MPs were detected from the salt samples. It has been revealed that both the water and salt samples have the highest concentration of MPs occurring within the size range of 1-1000 μm. Transparent MPs are the most common colour observed in both salt and water samples, followed by white, blue, red, and black. The most prevalent shapes of MPs are fibers, which account for almost 47% in water samples and 87% in salt samples. Based on the ATR-FTIR study, polyethylene (PE) is the most prevalent polymer observed in salt samples, followed by polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In water samples, PP is the most dominating polymer, followed by PE and PS. Through SEM microphotographs, fiber-type MPs have smooth surfaces, fragment-type MPs have rough edges, and sheet-type MPs have layered surfaces. EDX analysis revealed that carbon (C) and oxygen (O) are the most abundant elements, followed by aluminium (Al) and sodium (Na) in MPs. Based on the results, it is inferred that the MPs in the rock salts are mainly sourced from the different stages of salt-making production. This preliminary study shed light on the presence and characteristics of MPs in rock salts in this region. The research outcomes could support sustainable management plans to improve the salt quality and enhance the market value.

Adsorption performance of nanoplastics in carbon filtration column

Nanoplastics (NPs) are usually formed by the decomposition of large plastics, which will cause water pollution after entering the water body. Carbon filter column is used to adsorb and remove polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs). The influence of experimental conditions on adsorption was investigated and fitted by kinetic model. The results show that increasing the height of carbon filter column and decreasing the initial concentration of PSNPs and water flow rate can prolong the breakthrough time of carbon filter column. When the initial concentration of PSNPs is 0.8 mg L-1, the influent flow rate is 4 mL min-1 and the height of carbon filter bed is 8.5 cm, the removal effect is the best, and the depletion point of carbon filter column is extended to 48 h. Adams-Bohart model is suitable for describing the initial stage of adsorption. Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models can well describe the whole dynamic adsorption process of PSNPs, and Yoon-Nelson model can accurately predict the time required for 50% PSNPs to penetrate the carbon column. The adsorption mechanism of NPs by carbon filter column is mainly through the attachment sites and pore retention provided by particles on the surface of activated carbon. This study can provide new technical and theoretical support for the removal of NPs.

Microplastic-induced hepatic adverse effects evaluated in advanced quadruple cell human primary models following three weeks of repeated exposure

Nano and microplastics are defined as particles smaller than 100 nm and 5 mm respectively. The widespread production and use of plastics in everyday life has resulted in significant accumulation of plastic debris in the environment. Over the last two decades there are increased concerns regarding the potential entry and accumulation of plastics in the human body with ingestion being one of the most important routes of exposure. However, the magnitude and nature of potential toxic effects of plastic exposure to human health is not yet fully understood. The liver is the body's principal detoxification organ and critically to this study recognized as the main accumulation site for particulates. In this study as the first of its kind the health impacts of long term low repeated polystyrene microplastics (1 and 5 μm) exposure was investigated in a functionally active 3D liver microtissue model, composed of primary human hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells. The highlight from the data includes microplastic-induced dose (3.125-25 μg/ml) and time dependent (up to 504 h) increase in cell death and inflammation manifested by enhanced release of IL6, IL8 and TNF-α. The exposure to repeated dosing of the plastics also resulted in notable pathology manifested as aberrant tissue architecture, such as dilated bile canaliculi and large lipid droplets inside the hepatic cells. This toxicity matched extremely well to the accumulation of the materials with the cells of microtissue predominately in the organ macrophages. This study highlights the real issue and danger of microplastic exposure with potential for long-term accumulation and adverse effects of non-biodegradable plastics within the liver.

The problem of anthropogenic microfibres in karst systems: Assessment of water and submerged sediments

A new worrying micropollutant threathens natural environments: the microfibres (MFs). Natural, regenerated and synthetic MFs have been detected in different environments, as well as in organisms. While synthetic MFs are generally detected in microplastic analyses, natural and regenerated MFs are not taken into account, or are wrongly considered plastics. They are generally considered biodegradable even if their degradation processes in ecosystems are poorly known. Their potential faster degradation could release toxic compounds, and their characteristics could led to a long-term accumulation in the environment. Understanding their dangerousness and the possible impact they could have on ecosystems is fundamental for environment conservation. We collected and investigated water and submerged sediment samples in different caves and springs of the Classical Karst Region (NE Italy), rich in protected habitats and species. MFs were analysed via microscopy and spectroscopy. MFs were found in all samples, highlighting pollution in surface and subterranean habitats of the karst system. MF concentration was higher in submerged sediments respect to waters, highlighting an accumulation of MFs over time. Big microfibres were less abundant, and MF amount increased with the decrease in the considered size. More than 80% of fibres were fluorescent under UV light. Fluorescent MFs were especially transparent, while non-fluorescent ones were mainly black and blue. Most MFs were cellulosic, and synthetic MFs represent only 15-22%, highlighting a significant gap between the MF composition detected in natural environments and the global production of synthetic textiles in recent times. Synthetic MFs were more abundant in waters. Our results improve the knowledge on micropollutants in karst environments, laying the foundations for future research. MF pollution monitoring in karst areas must become a priority for species protection, habitat conservation, and waters management, improving analyses on a larger number of aquatic environments, taking into account the ecological connections between surface and subterranean habitats.

Fate and transport of fragmented and spherical microplastics in saturated gravel and quartz sand

Microplastics in urban runoff undergo rapid fragmentation and accumulate in the soil, potentially endangering shallow groundwater. To improve the understanding of microplastic transport in groundwater, column experiments were performed to compare the transport behavior of fragmented microplastics (FMPs ∼1-µm diameter) and spherical microplastics (SMPs ∼1-, 10-, and 20-µm diameter) in natural gravel (medium and fine) and quartz sand (coarse and medium). Polystyrene microspheres were physically abraded with glass beads to mimic the rapid fragmentation process. The experiments were conducted at a constant flow rate of 1.50 m day-1 by injecting two pore volumes of SMPs and FMPs. Key findings indicate that SMPs showed higher breakthrough, compared to FMPs in natural gravel, possibly due to size exclusion of the larger SMPs. Interestingly, FMPs exhibited higher breakthrough in quartz sand, likely due to tumbling and their tendency to align with flow paths, while both sizes (larger and smaller relative to FMPs) of SMPs exhibited higher removal in quartz sand. Therefore, an effect due to shape and size was observed.

Unveiling the ecotoxicological impact of microplastics on organisms - the persistent organic pollutant (POP): A comprehensive review

Microplastics have been ubiquitous in our environment for decades, and numerous studies have revealed their extensive dispersion, reaching far beyond the surface of the land, soil, aquatic ecosystems. They have infiltrated the food-chain, the food web, even the air we breathe, as well as the water we drink. Microplastics have been detected in the food we consume, acting as vectors for hazardous chemicals that adhere to their hydrophobic surfaces. This can result in the transfer of these chemicals to the aquatic life, posing a threat to their well-being. The release of microplastics into different environmental settings can give rise to various eco-toxicological implications. The substantial body of literature has led scientists to the consensus that microplastic pollution is a global problem with the potential to impact virtually any type of ecosystem. This paper aims to discuss crucial information regarding the occurrence, accumulation, and ecological effects of microplastics on organisms. It also highlights the new and emerging disease named "Plasticosis" that is directly linked to microplastics and its toxicological effects like permanent scarring and long-term inflammation in the digestive system of the seabirds. By comprehending the behaviour of these microplastic pollutants in diverse habitats and evaluating their ecological consequences, it becomes possible to facilitate a better understanding of this toxicological issue.

Nudging consumers about the issue of microplastics: an experimental auction study on valuation for sustainable food packaging

Plastic, integral to food packaging since the 1950s, has become a global environmental concern due to its contribution to microplastic pollution. Microplastics harm ecosystems, impacting wildlife and human health. Amid increasing focus on sustainability, global initiatives target sustainable production and consumption, but consumers struggle to verify product claims, leading to potential greenwashing, particularly in the food industry. We conducted an experiment focusing on pasta products with varied packaging and labeling attributes. Findings suggest that consumers are willing to pay more for products with both biodegradable packaging and Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) labels, indicating heightened trust and perceived sustainability. Information about microplastics' adverse environmental effects influenced consumer valuation, particularly among females, higher-income individuals, and those with stronger environmental concerns.

Impact of Nanoplastic Particles on Macrophage Inflammation and Intestinal Health in a Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BACKGROUND

The increasing presence of plastics in the human diet is raising public concern about the potential risks posed by nanoplastic (NP) particles, which can emerge from the degradation of plastic debris. NP ingestion poses particular risks to individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as compromised epithelial barriers may facilitate NP translocation.

METHODS

In vitro, bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were exposed to 25 nm polymethacrylate (PMMA) or 50 nm polystyrene (PS) particles to assess morphological changes and alterations in pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression. In vivo, mice received PMMA NP particles for 6 months before acute dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis was induced to investigate NP impacts on intestinal health and inflammation.

RESULTS

PMMA and PS NP exposure in BMDMs induced morphological changes indicative of a proinflammatory phenotype characterized by enlarged amoeboid cell shapes. It also triggered an inflammatory response, indicated by increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as Tnfa and Il6. Unexpectedly, long-term PMMA NP administration did not affect the intestinal epithelial barrier or exacerbate acute DSS-induced colitis in mice. Colonoscopy and histological analysis revealed no NP-related changes, suggesting adverse effects on intestinal health or inflammation.

CONCLUSION

Our findings from animal models offer some reassurance to IBD patients regarding the effects of NP ingestion. However, variations in lifestyle and dietary habits may lead to significantly higher plastic intake in certain individuals, raising concerns about potential long-term gastrointestinal effects of lifelong plastic consumption.

Microplastics in aquatic systems: An in-depth review of current and potential water treatment processes

Plastic products, despite their undeniable utility in modern life, pose significant environmental challenges, particularly when it comes to recycling. A crucial concern is the pervasive introduction of microplastics (MPs) into aquatic ecosystems, with deleterious effects on marine organisms. This review presents a detailed examination of the methodologies developed for MPs removal in water treatment systems. Initially, investigating the most common types of MPs in wastewater, subsequently presenting methodologies for their precise identification and quantification in aquatic environments. Instruments such as scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and Raman tweezers stand out as powerful tools for studying MPs. The discussion then transitions to the exploration of both existing and emergent techniques for MPs removal in wastewater treatment plants and drinking water treatment plants. This includes a description of the core mechanisms that drive these techniques, with an emphasis on the latest research developments in MPs degradation. Present MPs removal methodologies, ranging from physical separation to chemical and biological adsorption and degradation, offer varied advantages and constraints. Addressing the MPs contamination problem in its entirety remains a significant challenge. In conclusion, the review offers a succinct overview of each technique and forwards recommendations for future research, highlighting the pressing nature of this environmental dilemma.

Occurrence Characteristics and Ecotoxic Effects of Microplastics in Environmental Media: a Mini Review

The issue of environmental pollution caused by the widespread presence of microplastics (MPs) in environmental media has garnered significant attention. However, research on MPs pollution has mainly focused on aquatic ecosystems in recent years. The sources and pollution characteristics of MPs in the environment, especially in solid waste, have not been well-described. Additionally, there are few reports on the ecotoxicity of MPs, which highlights the need to fill this gap. This review first summarizes the occurrence characteristics of MPs in water, soil, and marine environments, and then provides an overview of their toxic effects on organisms and the relevant mechanisms. This paper also provides an outlook on the hotspots of research on pollution characterization and ecotoxicity of MPs. Finally, this review aims to provide insights for future ecotoxicity control of MPs. Overall, this paper expands our understanding of the pollution characteristics and ecological toxicity of MPs in current environmental media, providing forward-looking guidance for future research.

Comprehensive risk assessment of microplastics in tidal channel sediments in amazonian mangroves (northern Brazil)

Pollution by microplastics (MPs) in mangroves is a growing concern, given its potential ecological and human health impacts. The characteristics of microplastic pollution and a risk assessment of MPs in the Amazon region's coastal sediments are still insufficient, and information about MP pollution in the benthic component of the mangrove ecosystem is lacking. We analyzed MP concentrations in the surface sediment of 9 stations in three tidal channels along the Ajuruteua Peninsula connected to the Caeté River estuary, aiming to assess the hazard level on the environment based on the Pollution Load Index (PLI). Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy determined the MP's chemical composition. The results showed that the abundance of sediment MPs ranged from 100 to 1200 items kg-1, with an average of 433 ± 261.6 items kg-1. The MPs were mainly composed of transparent and blue fragments and fibers, ranging in size from 100 to 5000 μm. Six types of polymers were identified, including alkyd varnish (AV), resin dispersion (RD), chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), polyethylene-polypropylene (PE-PP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and hostaperm blue (HB). Hydrodynamic processes within estuaries and tidal channels play a crucial role in explaining the concentrations found, as circulation determines the pattern of sediment deposition and the particles adhered to it. PLI risk assessment showed that all sampling sites were at hazard level I: a low level of contamination in the mangrove sediments. However, a more comprehensive and systematic monitoring campaign is needed to expand our knowledge about pollution and contamination by MPs in Amazon mangrove areas.

First-ever study uncovers microplastic contamination in Nepalese table salt

Despite numerous studies on microplastic contamination in table salt worldwide, research focusing on Nepalese table salts is remarkably lacking. This study aims to address this gap by investigating microplastic contamination in salt samples collected from all seven provincial zones of Nepal. Our objective is to comprehensively assess the presence and characteristics of microplastics in salt sold within local markets across the country. Five salt packaging companies utilized by Nepalese consumers were identified. The collected salt samples were digested with Fenton's reagent to extract microplastics, which were then observed under a digital microscope. Using an OMAX stereomicroscope at 30× magnification and an OMAX A3503S digital camera, each microplastic was carefully identified and quantified. FTIR analysis was conducted to identify the polymer types. All tested salt samples (100 %) from both Nepalese and Indian packaging companies contained microplastics. Microplastic abundance exhibits variability among the samples, ranging from 80 to 1040 microplastics per kilogram of salt. The average value stands at 381 ± 219 microplastics per kilogram of salt sample. The distribution of microplastic concentrations within the salt samples reveals that the majority fall within the 301-400 microplastics per kilogram salt range, constituting 33 % of the total samples. Color analysis showed diverse contamination sources, while microplastic shapes included fibers (56 %), films (17 %), fragments (16 %) and pellets (11 %). Polymer type analysis confirmed the presence of polyethylene and polypropylene in tested microplastics. The study estimated that Nepalese individuals ingest an average of 1853 microplastics annually, indicating significant exposure from salt consumption. Surprisingly, factors such as storage conditions, date of salt packaging and thickness of packaging material did not significantly affect microplastic presence in the samples, suspecting manufacturing processes as the primary contributors to contamination. Therefore, the raw materials and purification practices for salt need improvement, as existing methods are insufficient to eliminate microplastics. These findings emphasize the need for further research and mitigation efforts to address microplastic contamination in Nepalese salt and its potential health impacts.

Assessment of anthropogenic particles content in commercial beverages

Microplastic (MPs) pollution is a current global concern that is affecting all environmental compartments and food sources. In this work, anthropogenic particles occurrence (MPs and natural and synthetic cellulosic particles), have been determined in 73 beverages packed in different containers. Overall, 1521 anthropogenic particles were found, being the lowest occurrence in water samples (7.2 ± 10.1 items·L-1) while beer had the highest (95.5 ± 91.8 items·L-1). Colourless/white particles were the most detected followed by blue and red colours. The highest mean size was 783 ± 715 μm in soft drinks. Cellulosic, both natural and semisynthetic particles, were the composition mostly found but regarding plastic polymers, it was polyester. Phenoxy resin particles from the can coatings were also identified in all metal containers which indicates that leaching from the packaging may be happening. The total estimated daily intake were 0.077 and 0.159 items·kg-1 body weight (b.w.)·day-1 for children and adult population, respectively.

Microplastic abundance in the semi-enclosed Osaka Bay, Japan

Anthropogenic particles in sea surface water of the semi-enclosed Osaka Bay were identified using stereomicroscopy, classified according to polymer type using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and categorized according to their physical characteristics. A total of 565.1 particles were detected in the water samples. However, plastic particles accounted for only 22.4% of the particles. Microplastic abundance in Osaka Bay showed seasonal variance from 8.9 ± 1.4 (in May) to 22.8 ± 6.5 particles/L (in July), which is consistent with previous reports in other semi-enclosed bays. Microplastics were mainly fragmented and fiber shaped, with gray and colorless/white coloration. The dominant polymer types were polypropylene, poly(methylmethacrylate), polyester, polyethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Generally, there were considerably higher abundances of microplastics at offshore sites compared with nearshore sites. The results of this study suggest that local river effluents and marine-related activities are probable sources of microplastics in Osaka Bay.

Toxicity to the Male Reproductive System after Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoplastics: A Macrogenomic and Metabolomic Analysis

Nanoplastics (NPs) cause serious contamination of drinking water and potential damage to human health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of NPs with different particle sizes and concentrations on the reproductive function of male mice. In this study, free drinking water exposure was used to expose male BALB/C mice to PS-NPs (20 nm, 200 nm, and 1000 nm) at 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, and 5 mg/L for 4 months. The male reproductive function of the mice was assessed after NPs exposure, and fecal and blood samples were collected for macrogenomics and metabolomics. The results showed that PS-NPs resulted in mice with reduced testicular organ coefficients, decreased sperm quality, altered testicular tissue structure, disturbed sex hormone levels, and abnormal levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress. Furthermore, this study found that NP exposure affected the alteration of gut communities and metabolic pathways related to male reproduction, such as Clostridium and glutathione metabolism. Importantly, we found an effect of NP particle size on reproductive function. In the future, more attention should be paid to the smaller particle sizes of NPs.

Mechanisms of ingested polystyrene micro-nanoplastics (MNPs) uptake and translocation in an in vitro tri-culture small intestinal epithelium

Micro and nanoplastics (MNPs) are now ubiquitous contaminants of food and water. Many cellular and animal studies have shown that ingested MNPs can breach the intestinal barrier to reach the circulation. To date however, the cellular mechanisms involved in intestinal absorption of MNPs have not been investigated with physiologically relevant models, and thus remain unknown. We employed in vitro simulated digestion, a tri-culture small intestinal epithelium model, and a panel of inhibitors to assess the contributions of the possible mechanisms to absorption of 26 nm carboxylated polystyrene (PS26C) MNPs. Inhibition of ATP synthesis reduced translocation by only 35 %, suggesting uptake by both active endocytic pathways and passive diffusion. Translocation was also decreased by inhibition of dynamin and clathrin, suggesting involvement of clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) and fast endophilin-mediated endocytosis (FEME). Inhibition of actin polymerization also significantly reduced translocation, suggesting involvement of macropinocytosis or phagocytosis. However, inhibition of the Na+-H+ exchanger had no effect on translocation, thus ruling out macropinocytosis. Together these results suggest uptake by passive diffusion as well as by active phagocytosis, CME, and FEME pathways. Further studies are needed to assess uptake mechanisms for other environmentally relevant MNPs as a function of polymer, surface chemistry, and size.

Numerical Study towards In Vivo Tracking of Micro-/Nanoplastic Based on X-ray Fluorescence Imaging

There is a rising awareness of the toxicity of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs); however, fundamental precise information on MNP-biodistribution in organisms is currently not available. X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) is introduced as a promising imaging modality to elucidate the effective MNP bioavailability and is expected to enable exact measurements on the uptake over the physical barriers of the organism and bioaccumulation in different organs. This is possible because of the ability of XFI to perform quantitative studies with a high spatial resolution and the possibility to conduct longitudinal studies. The focus of this work is a numerical study on the detection limits for a selected XFI-marker, here, palladium, to facilitate the design of future preclinical in vivo studies. Based on Monte Carlo simulations using a 3D voxel mouse model, the palladium detection thresholds in different organs under in vivo conditions in a mouse are estimated. The minimal Pd-mass in the scanning position at a reasonable significance level is determined to be <20 ng/mm2 for abdominal organs and <16 μg/mm2 for the brain. MNPs labelled with Pd and homogeneously distributed in the organ would be detectable down to a concentration of <1 μg/mL to <2.5 mg/mL in vivo. Long-term studies with a chronic MNP exposure in low concentrations are therefore possible such that XFI measurements could, in the future, contribute to MNP health risk assessment in small animals and humans.

Understanding Human Health Impacts Following Microplastic Exposure Necessitates Standardized Protocols

Microplastics (MPs; 1 µm to 5 mm) are a persistent and pervasive environmental pollutant of emergent and increasing concern. Human exposure to MPs through food, water, and air has been documented and thus motivates the need for a better understanding of the biological implications of MP exposure. These impacts are dependent on the properties of MPs, including size, morphology, and chemistry, as well as the dose and route of exposure. This overview offers a perspective on the current methods used to assess the bioactivity of MPs. First, we discuss methods associated with MP bioactivity research with an emphasis on the variety of assays, exposure conditions, and reference MP particles that have been used. Next, we review the challenges presented by common instrumentation and laboratory materials, the lack of standardized reference materials, and the limited understanding of MP dosimetry. Finally, we propose solutions that can help increase the applicability and impact of future studies while reducing redundancy in the field. The excellent protocols published in this issue are intended to contribute toward standardizing the field so that the MP knowledge base grows from a reliable foundation. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Abundance of microplastics at and near a shellfish aquaculture farm: An eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) transplant study

Microplastics (MP) have repeatedly been found in commercially cultured species of bivalves. There are concerns regarding the amount of MP released into the environment by aquaculture activities, and questions regarding possible higher MP loads in farm-grown shellfish compared to levels in shellfish collected from recreational beds. To explore this concept, seawater, aquaculture gear, and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were sampled from an aquaculture site in Niantic Bay, CT, USA, and a 2-week transplantation experiment was performed in which oysters were transplanted between the aquaculture site and a plastic-free cage off the dock at the University of Connecticut-Avery Point campus. The digestive gland-stomach complex (gut) was dissected from the oysters and MP were extracted from the adjacent seawater and oyster gut samples using previously validated extraction methods. Extensive quality assurance and control measures were taken to reduce MP contamination. Particles in all samples were isolated, imaged under a stereomicroscope, and characterized (size, shape, polymer) using ImageJ software and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Water samples contained 0-0.3 MP/L and oyster gut samples contained 0-1.3 MP/g wet weight indicating very low concentrations of MP at the farm (0-2 MP/individual) or away from the farm (0-3 MP/individual). Aquaculture gear in this area is not contributing to MP ingestion in farmed oysters or elevated MP levels in the surrounding water.

Risk assessment of cigarette butts and microplastic pollution in a drinking and irrigation water basin of West Anatolia, Türkiye

Cigarette butts (CBs) and Microplastics (MPs) have serious harmful effects on the environment and living organisms despite their small size. This research aims to investigate the abundance and pollution status of CBs and MPs in Tahtalı Dam Basin (West Anatolia, Türkiye) which is the most important drinking and irrigation water resources. Clean Environment Index (CEI) and Cigarette Butt Pollution Index (CBPI) were used to determine pollution degree of the basin. The total number of CBs were 1.478 items, the total number of MPs were 477 items/m2 in the basin. As a result of this study, MP particles weren't found in Balaban Stream. Highest number of MP particles observed in 100-250 μm (45%) size class. The most abundant MP type and colour were, fragment (54%) and white (42%), respectively. Polyethylene terephthalate (50%) was the most abundant type of polymer according to the ATR- FTIR analysis. As a result of the CEI and CBPI, the upstream stations of the stream were classified as "clean" status, while downstream sampling points of the stream and Balaban Lake coasts were classified as "extremely dirty" status. The calculated volumes of MP particulates from mining facility, agricultural and recreational activities indicate that anthropogenic factors are the most important MP source in the Tahtalı Dam Basin. This study is the first study about MP and CB pollution of the freshwater ecosystems in the region.

Validation of an FT-IR microscopy method for the monitorization of microplastics in water for human consumption in Portugal: Lisbon case study

The growing anthropogenic contamination of natural water by microplastics (MPs) confirms the urgent need to preserve this precious resource. MPs are part of the group of contaminants of emerging concern, and the occurrence studies in surface water and water for human consumption (WHC) are mandatory for environmental and human health risk assessment. This study aims to optimize and validate a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy method coupled with optical microscopy (micro-FTIR) in transmission mode to monitor MPs in WHC. Water sample (250 mL; without sample pre-treatment) was filtered through 5 µm silicon filters. The infrared spectra identification was performed by OMNIC mathematical correlation, using various spectra libraries for polymers (including the in-house IR spectra library), a background reading on a clean silicon filter, and an aperture of 100 µm × 100 µm. The validated method showed good accuracy, with an average recovery for representative polymers of 91%, a relative standard deviation of 13%, and a reporting limit (RL) of 44 MPs/L. Sixty WHC samples from the Lisbon water supply system showed MPs ranging from 0 (< RL) to 934 MPs/L, with an average value of 309 MPs/L. The most representative polymers were polyethylene (PE, 76.8%), polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 6.9%), polypropylene (PP, 6%), polystyrene (PS, 4%), and polyamide (PA,4%). In terms of size, the microplastic particles had an average length and width of 76 µm and 39 µm, respectively.

Microplastics in urban water systems, Tehran Metropolitan, Iran

Urban water systems are potential sources of secondary microplastics (MPs) as well as a distributor of MPs in the environment. In the present study, the presence of MPs in the urban water systems of the Tehran Metropolitan (Capital of Iran) was investigated. In addition, the probable relationship of MPs with different land uses (i.e., residential-commercial, forest, military, and highway) was assessed. The results showed that all parts of Tehran's urban water system in the study area were contaminated with MPs (107.1 ± 39, 37.8 ± 10.5, 48.3 ± 3.1, 46.9 ± 5.6, 59.4 ± 26.5, 1.7, 2.0 ± 0.6, 7.9 ± 1, 1.8 ± 0.2 particles/liter at the residential, integrated, military, forest, highway runoffs, drinking water, groundwater, seasonal river, and the effluent of the wastewater treatment plants; respectively). However, significant differences were found between different land uses. As expected, the residential runoff had the highest rate of MPs pollution, with 107.1 ± 39 particles/liter. According to the obtained results and our estimation, more than five million MPs/day can enter into the water bodies and soil of the study area through the wastewater treatment plants. While there are significant differences in MPs in the different land uses, our findings suggest that residential areas and highways need further attention in controlling the spread of MPs in urban areas.

Global prevalence of microplastics in tap water systems: Abundance, characteristics, drivers and knowledge gaps

Tap water is a main route for human direct exposure to microplastics (MPs). This study recompiled baseline data from 34 countries to assess the current status and drivers of MP contamination in global tap water systems (TWS). It was shown that MPs were detected in 87 % of 1148 samples, suggesting the widespread occurrence of MPs in TWS. The detected concentrations of MPs spanned seven orders of magnitude and followed the linearized log-normal distribution (MSE = 0.035, R2 = 0.965), with cumulative concentrations at 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles of 0.028, 4.491 and 728.105 items/L, respectively. The morphological characteristics were further investigated, indicating that particles smaller than 50 μm dominated in global TWS, with fragment, polyester and transparent as the most common shape, composition and color of MPs, respectively. Subsequently, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) algorithm was implemented to quantify the importance of variables affecting the MP abundance in global TWS, showing that the lower particle size limit was the most important variables. Subgroup analysis revealed that the concentration of MPs counted at the size limit of 1 μm was >20 times higher than that above 1 μm. Ultimately, current knowledge gaps and future research needs were elucidated.

The effect of water ozonation in the presence of microplastics on water quality and microplastics degradation

The occurrence of microplastics in water treatment plants poses a concern for the quality of treated water. When microplastics pass through water treatment plants, they can be oxidized, changing their surface characteristics and the quality of the treated water. This work aimed to investigate the impact of ozone and the association of ozone and hydrogen peroxide on five different microplastic particles that are commonly detected in water samples. The changes in the concentration of total organic carbon and the change in the pH of the water, the leaching of phthalic acid esters, as well as the changes in size and chemical changes in the structure of the tested microplastics were evaluated. The influence of ozonation time, water pH, and type of microplastics, as well as the influence of the addition of hydrogen peroxide, was analyzed. The effect of ozonation was an increase in DOC values ranging from 0.8 to 28 mg/L. The eluting substances included phthalic acid esters, plasticizers with a proven negative impact on organisms. The percentage loss of the surface area of the microplastic was in the range of 1.3 to 26.7 %. PE was more susceptible to degradation. LDIR analyzes were carried out to investigate the effect of O3 and O3/H2O2 treatments on the surface of MPs. This study demonstrated that MPs could change their physical and chemical characteristics if they are subjected to oxidation processes used in water treatment plants. The parameters of purified water change to unfavorable ones due to the leaching of additives. Although much research has been conducted on the occurrence of microplastics in treated water, awareness needs to be raised about the interactions between plastic particles and water treatment technology processes.

An exploratory study of fibre microplastics pollution in different process stages of salt production by solar evaporation in Spain

Microplastics are a pollutant of growing concern. Several studies have found microplastics in table salt worldwide in the last decade, although most have focused on already prepackaged salt. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous research analysing the entire salt production process. In this study focused on solar evaporation salinas, brine and salt samples were obtained from each stage of production, starting with the entrance of seawater/brine until the final stage of ready-to-sell salt, in six sites in Spain. We extracted microplastics from each sample after 30 % H2O2 digestion and filtration through cellulose nitrate 5 μm pore filters. Microplastic fibres were optically analysed with an Olympus DSX1000. Results indicate that microplastics are present both in seawater and air, with atmospheric fallout identified as the primary source. Microplastic concentrations from the entrance to the salina till the inlet to the crystallizers ranges from 256 to 1500 items per liter and from 79 to 193 microplastics per kg for packaged salt were estimated. Artisanal salina F shows the highest content in microplastics. This study hopes to give insight into the origin and causes of microplastic pollution in solar evaporation salinas and contribute to preventing this form of pollution in food-grade salt.

The potential impact of nano- and microplastics on human health: Understanding human health risks

Plastics are used all over the world. Unfortunately, due to limited biodegradation, plastics cause a significant level of environmental pollution. The smallest recognized to date are termed nanoplastics (1 nm [nm] up to 1 μm [μm]) and microplastics (1 μm-5 mm). These nano- and microplastics can enter the human body through the respiratory system via inhalation, the digestive tract via consumption of contaminated food and water, or penetration through the skin via cosmetics and clothes contact. Bioaccumulation of plastics in the human body can potentially lead to a range of health issues, including respiratory disorders like lung cancer, asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, neurological symptoms such as fatigue and dizziness, inflammatory bowel disease and even disturbances in gut microbiota. Most studies to date have confirmed that nano- and microplastics can induce apoptosis in cells and have genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of plastics' actions may help extrapolate the risks to humans. The article provides a comprehensive review of articles in databases regarding the impact of nano- and microplastics on human health. The review included retrospective studies and case reports of people exposed to nanoplastics and microplastics. This research highlights the need for further research to fully understand the extent of the impact of plastics on human health.

Cu fate driven by colloidal polystyrene microplastics with pipe scale destabilization in drinking water distribution systems

Microplastics (MPs) and Cu have been detected in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). Investigating MP effects on Cu adsorption by pipe scales and concomitant variations of pipe scales was critical for improving the water quality, which remained unclear to date. Therefore, polystyrene microplastics (PSMPs) were adopted for the model MPs to determine their effects on Cu fate and pipe scale stabilization, containing batch adsorption, metal speciation extraction, and Cu release experiments. Findings demonstrated that complexation and electrostatic interactions were involved in Cu adsorption on pipe scales. PSMPs contributed to Cu adsorption via increasing negative charges of pipe scales and providing additional adsorption sites for Cu, which included the carrying and component effects of free and adsorbed PSMPs, respectively. The decreased iron and manganese oxides fraction (45.57 % to 29.91 %) and increased organic fraction (48.51 % to 63.58 %) of Cu in pipe scales when PSMPs were coexisting illustrated that PSMPs had a greater affinity for Cu than pipe scales and thus influenced its mobility. Additionally, the release of Cu could be facilitated by the coexisted PSMPs, with the destabilization of pipe scales. This study was the first to exhibit that Cu fate and pipe scale stabilization were impacted by MPs, providing new insight into MP hazards in DWDSs.

Microplastics contamination in water supply system and treatment processes

Due to global demand, millions of tons of plastics have been widely consumed, resulting in the widespread entry of vast amounts of microplastic particles into the environment. The presence of microplastics (MPs) in water supplies, including bottled water, has undergone systematic review, assessing the potential impacts of MPs on humans through exposure assessment. The main challenges associated with current technologies lie in their ability to effectively treat and completely remove MPs from drinking and supply water. While the risks posed by MPs upon entering the human body have not yet been fully revealed, there is a predicted certainty of negative impacts. This review encompasses a range of current technologies, spanning from basic to advanced treatments and varying in scale. However, given the frequent detection of MPs in drinking and bottled water, it becomes imperative to implement comprehensive management strategies to address this issue effectively. Consequently, integrating current technologies with management options such as life-cycle assessment, circular economy principles, and machine learning is crucial to eliminating this pervasive problem.

Microplastic Release from Single-Use Plastic Beverage Cups

Microplastics (MPs) have attracted considerable attention as one of the most remarkable food and drink pollutants in recent years. Disposable cups, which are widely used as single-use containers, have been suspected as the primary sources of MPs found in cold and hot beverages. In this study, the effect of different exposure times (0, 5, 10 and 20 min) and temperatures (4 °C, 50 °C and 80 °C) on MP release from the single-use cups made of four different materials [polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE) coated paper cups and expanded polystyrene (EPS)] into the water was investigated. The number of MPs ranged from 126 p/L to 1420 p/L, while the highest and lowest counts were observed in the PP (50 °C for 20 min) and PE-coated paper cups (4 °C 0 min), respectively. Washing the cups with ultrapure water prior to use reduced the MP release by 52-65%. SEM images demonstrated the abrasion on the surface of the disposable cups as a result of hot water exposure. Intensities of FTIR absorbance levels at some wavelengths were decreased by the water treatment, which could be evidence of surface abrasion. The annual MP exposure of consumers was calculated as 18,720-73,840 by the consumption of hot and cold beverages in disposable cups. In conclusion, as the level and potential toxicity of MP exposure in humans are not yet fully known, this study sheds light on the number of MPs transferred to cold and hot beverages from single-use disposable cups.

Recent advances in microplastic removal from drinking water by coagulation: Removal mechanisms and influencing factors

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants that are widely detected in drinking water and pose a potential risk to humans. Therefore, the MP removal from drinking water is a critical challenge. Recent studies have shown that MPs can be removed by coagulation. However, the coagulation removal of MPs from drinking water remains inadequately understood. Herein, the efficiency, mechanisms, and influencing factors of coagulation for removing MPs from drinking water are critically reviewed. First, the efficiency of MP removal by coagulation in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and laboratories was comprehensively summarized, which indicated that coagulation plays an important role in MP removal from drinking water. The difference in removal effectiveness between the DWTPs and laboratory was mainly due to variations in treatment conditions and limitations of the detection techniques. Several dominant coagulation mechanisms for removing MPs and their research methods are thoroughly discussed. Charge neutralization is more relevant for small-sized MPs, whereas large-sized MPs are more dependent on adsorption bridging and sweeping. Furthermore, the factors influencing the efficiency of MP removal were jointly analyzed using meta-analysis and a random forest model. The meta-analysis was used to quantify the individual effects of each factor on coagulation removal efficiency by performing subgroup analysis. The random forest model quantified the relative importance of the influencing factors on removal efficiency, the results of which were ordered as follows: MPs shape > Coagulant type > Coagulant dosage > MPs concentration > MPs size > MPs type > pH. Finally, knowledge gaps and potential future directions are proposed. This review assists in the understanding of the coagulation removal of MPs, and provides novel insight into the challenges posed by MPs in drinking water.

The first reported values of microplastics in prostate

BACKGROUND

Microplastics are ubiquitous, widespread environmental pollutants with unavoidable human exposure. Herein, it was aimed to investigate the presence of microplastics in prostate tissue.

METHODS

Prostate tissues from 12 patients who underwent Trans Urethral Resection of the Prostate (TUR-P) were analyzed to investigate the presence of microplastics. Initially, the prostate tissues were analyzed for microplastic particles using a light microscope after extraction. Subsequently, the chemical composition of the particles found in the prostate tissues was characterized using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrophotometry.

RESULTS

Microplastic particles of various types were detected in 6 out of 12 patients. All detected plastic particles in this study were microplastics, with sizes below 26 μm in size. These microplastics exhibited different shapes as pellets, spheres or fibers. Overall, among the 12 analyzed prostate tissue samples, four different types of plastic were identified in six samples. The most common type of microplastic detected was Polyamide (Nylon 6), found in samples from three patients. Other detected types, Polypropylene, Polyacrylic Acid and Poly (dimethylsiloxane) were each determined in samples from one patient.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study to demonstrate the presence of microplastics in prostate tissue, serving as an exploratory investigation, which can trigger further research to validate the results in a larger patient cohort.

The triple exposure nexus of microplastic particles, plastic-associated chemicals, and environmental pollutants from a human health perspective

The presence of microplastics (MPs) is increasing at a dramatic rate globally, posing risks for exposure and subsequent potential adverse effects on human health. Apart from being physical objects, MP particles contain thousands of plastic-associated chemicals (i.e., monomers, chemical additives, and non-intentionally added substances) captured within the polymer matrix. These chemicals are often migrating from MPs and can be found in various environmental matrices and human food chains; increasing the risks for exposure and health effects. In addition to the physical and chemical attributes of MPs, plastic surfaces effectively bind exogenous chemicals, including environmental pollutants (e.g., heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants). Therefore, MPs can act as vectors of environmental pollution across air, drinking water, and food, further amplifying health risks posed by MP exposure. Critically, fragmentation of plastics in the environment increases the risk for interactions with cells, increases the presence of available surfaces to leach plastic-associated chemicals, and adsorb and transfer environmental pollutants. Hence, this review proposes the so-called triple exposure nexus approach to comprehensively map existing knowledge on interconnected health effects of MP particles, plastic-associated chemicals, and environmental pollutants. Based on the available data, there is a large knowledge gap in regard to the interactions and cumulative health effects of the triple exposure nexus. Each component of the triple nexus is known to induce genotoxicity, inflammation, and endocrine disruption, but knowledge about long-term and inter-individual health effects is lacking. Furthermore, MPs are not readily excreted from organisms after ingestion and they have been found accumulated in human blood, cardiac tissue, placenta, etc. Even though the number of studies on MPs-associated health impacts is increasing rapidly, this review underscores that there is a pressing necessity to achieve an integrated assessment of MPs' effects on human health in order to address existing and future knowledge gaps.

Anthropogenic particle abundance and characteristics in seawater and intertidal sediments of the Tonkin Bay Coast (North Vietnam)

Microplastics (MPs, plastic items from 1 µm to 5 mm in size) are present in all environmental compartments. The evaluation of their concentration, fate, and spatial distribution is still a challenge for the scientific community. This concern is just debuting in developing countries, (i.e., Asia, South America, and Africa). This study deals with the MP contamination in the abiotic marine compartments of Northern Vietnam: seawater and intertidal sediments. Four sites located in the intertidal zone or near the coastline in Tonkin Bay, Vietnam were studied. A total of 16 samples (eight for each compartment) were collected in July 2020 (rainy season) and January 2021 (dry season). Anthropogenic particles (total observed fibers and fragments) were found at levels ranging from 3 to 303 particles/m3 in seawater and from 63 to 955 particles/kg dry weight in sediments. Most of these were fibers less than 300-µm long. Higher levels of seawater at the Nam Dinh site were found in the rainy season compared to the dry one. As the river flow was estimated six times higher during the rainy season than during the dry season, these results suggest the river discharge is a potential source of contamination for the coastal zone. The temporal variability was lower for the sediments than for the seawater, suggesting the long-term integration of the anthropogenic particles in this compartment. A small portion of sorted particles were analyzed by µFTIR (8.35%), and this sub-sample was only composed of fragments. Still, fragments were mostly composed of polypropylene (PP, 82%), polyethylene (PE, 9%), and polystyrene (PS, 9%). The fragment size was similar in the two studied compartments, but it was dependent on polymer types since PS fragments (140 ± 17 µm) were smaller than those made of PE (622 ± 123 µm) and PP (869 ± 905 µm). Future works should investigate the smallest fraction of MP (even nanoplastics) as well as find solutions in order to mitigate MP contamination in the marine environment.

Toxicological Research on Nano and Microplastics in Environmental Pollution: Current Advances and Future Directions

This review explains the sources of nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs), their release, fate, and associated health risks in the aquatic environment. In the 21st century, scientists are grappling with a major challenge posed by MPs and NPs. The global production of plastic has skyrocketed from 1.5 million tons in the 1950s to an astonishing 390.7 million tons in 2021. This pervasive presence of these materials in our environment has spurred scientific inquiry into their potentially harmful effects on living organisms. Studies have revealed that while MPs, with their larger surface area, are capable of absorbing contaminants and pathogens from the surroundings, NPs can easily be transferred through the food chain. As a result, living organisms may ingest them and accumulate them within their bodies. Due to their minuscule size, NPs are particularly difficult to isolate and quantify. Furthermore, exposure to both NPs and MPs has been linked to various adverse health effects in aquatic species, including neurological impairments, disruption of lipid and energy metabolism, and increased susceptibility to cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It is alarming to note that MPs have even been detected in commercial fish, highlighting the severity of this issue. There are also challenges associated with elucidating the toxicological effects of NPs and MPs, which are discussed in detail in this review. In conclusion, plastic pollution is a pressing issue that governments should tackle by ensuring proper implementation of rules and regulations at national and provincial levels to reduce its health risks.

Graphene-based nanomaterials for the removal of emerging contaminants of concern from water and their potential adaptation for point-of-use applications

Considering the plethora of work on the exceptional environmental performance of 2D nanomaterials, there is still a missing link in addressing their practical application in point-of-use (POU) water treatment. By reviewing the exceptional environmental performance of 2D nanomaterials with specific emphasis on graphene and its derivatives, this review aims at inspiring further discussions and research in graphene-based POU water treatment with particular focus on the removal of emerging contaminants of concern (ECCs), which is largely missing in the literature. We outlined the prevalence of ECCs in the environment, their health effects both on humans and marine life, and the potential of efficiently removing them from water using three-dimensional graphene-based macrostructures to ensure ease of adsorbent recovery and reuse compared to nanostructures. Given various successful studies showing superior adsorption capacity of graphene nanosheets, we give an account of the recent developments in graphene-based adsorbents. Moreover, several cost-effective materials which can be easily self-assembled with nanosheets to improve their environmental performance and safety for POU water treatment purposes were highlighted. We highlighted the strategy to overcome challenges of adsorbent regeneration and contaminant degradation; and concluded by noting the need for policy makers to act decisively considering the conservative nature of the water treatment industry, and the potential health risks from ingesting ECCs through drinking water. We further justified the need for the development of advanced POU water treatment devices in the face of the growing challenges regarding ECCs in surface water, and the rising cases of drinking water advisories across the world.

The effects of micro- and nanoplastics on the central nervous system: A new threat to humanity?

Given the widespread production and use of plastics, poor biodegradability, and inadequate recycling, micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) have caused widespread environmental pollution. As a result, humans inevitably ingest MNPs through various pathways. However, there is still no consensus on whether exposure to MNPs has adverse effects on humans. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge of MNPs and the potential mechanisms of their impact on the central nervous system. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that exposure to MNPs may pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and lead to neurotoxicity through impairments in oxidative and inflammatory balance, neurotransmitter alternation, nerve conduction-related key enzymes, and impact through the gut-brain axis. It is worth noting that MNPs may act as carriers and have more severe effects on the body when co-exposed with other substances. MNPs of smaller sizes cause more severe harm. Despite the scarcity of reports directly relevant to humans, this review brings together a growing body of evidence showing that exposure to MNPs disturbs neurons and has even been found to alter the memory and behavior of organisms. This effect may lead to further potential negative influence on the central nervous system and contribute to the development of other diseases such as central nervous system inflammation and Parkinson 's-like neurodegenerative disorders. There is a need further to investigate the threat of MNPs to human health.