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Tsai YT, Wang HP, Tsai CI, Yeh SH, Lin LW, Lee MT. Effects of Sitting Baduanjin Exercises on Cognitive Function, Attention, and Muscle Strength among Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Community Health Nurs 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39420591 DOI: 10.1080/07370016.2024.2413576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sitting Baduanjin exercises can be effective in treating mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, evidence on effectiveness of sitting Baduanjin exercises is lacking. This study investigated the effects of sitting Baduanjin exercises on cognitive function, attention, and muscle strength in patients with MCI. DESIGN Quasi-experimental. METHODS The participants were assigned to the experimental (n = 12) or comparison group (n = 12). The experimental group performed sitting Baduanjin exercises three times weekly for 40-50 minutes per session for 12 weeks, while the comparison group maintained their usual routine and attended health-related education. The two groups' cognitive function and attention were assessed through a questionnaire and their muscle strength was measured at weeks 0, 9, and 13. FINDINGS The experimental group showed significant improvements in cognitive function, attention, and muscle strength in the right shoulder anterior flexor; however, the left shoulder anterior flexor group showed no obvious improvements. CONCLUSION Sitting Baduanjin exercises feature simple actions, are convenient, and have positive effects on improving cognitive function, attention, and muscle strength in patients with MCI. CLINICAL EVIDENCE Baduanjin exercises are suitable for long-term community frontline care services. Early intervention with this exercise program may prevent healthy older people or those with health issues from progressing to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tsai
- Lunbei Township Public Health Center, Yunlin County, Taiwan
| | | | - Chia-I Tsai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Yeh
- Institute of Long-term Care, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Lin
- Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsung Lee
- Office of Institutional Research, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Weber VMR, Queiroga MR, Puranda JL, Semeniuk K, Macdonald ML, Dantas DB, da Silva DF, Adamo KB. Role of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Aerobic, Exercise and Sports Participation in Female Cognition: A Scoping Review : Sports, Fitness, and Cognition. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:103. [PMID: 39333320 PMCID: PMC11436514 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on cognition is thought to be mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Aerobic exercise can increase CRF through various activities, including sports participation. The relationship between these factors in females has yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE This review aims to map the current literature on the effects of aerobic exercise, sports participation, and CRF in healthy adult females, with sub-topics of pregnancy and menstrual cycle periodicity. METHODS A scoping review of the literature was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and the PCC mnemonic (population, concept, and context). The following five databases were screened: CINAHL, Medline, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus. Eligible articles included healthy adult females, investigated aerobic exercise, sports participation or CRF, and linked outcomes to cognition. Data from included manuscripts was extracted and analyzed. Two sub-population groupings (pregnant individuals and menstrual cycle) were established to further aid the interpretation of the findings. RESULTS Of the 300 titles and abstracts screened, 74 were eligible for full-text screening, and 28 were included in the scoping review. Of the 28 included, 14 did not control for or report on menstrual cycle phase or sex hormones. CONCLUSION This scoping review found an inverse 'U' relationship between aerobic exercise and cognition, demonstrating an optimal dose of aerobic exercise to benefit cognitive functions. As estrogen may impact the relationship between CRF and neural growth factors, more research is needed on this pathway, independent of the menstrual cycle, to determine potential beneficial effects. It is currently unknown whether sports participation can independently impact cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Muller Reis Weber
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physiology to Physical Activity, UNICENTRO, Street Alameda Elio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838, Vila Carli, Guarapuava, Paraná, 85040-167, Brazil.
- Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Londrina, Brazil.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Marcos Roberto Queiroga
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physiology to Physical Activity, UNICENTRO, Street Alameda Elio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838, Vila Carli, Guarapuava, Paraná, 85040-167, Brazil
- Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Jessica L Puranda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Semeniuk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Diego Bessa Dantas
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Physiology to Physical Activity, UNICENTRO, Street Alameda Elio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838, Vila Carli, Guarapuava, Paraná, 85040-167, Brazil
- Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Kristi Bree Adamo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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3
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Van Riesen J, Shirzad M, Edgar C, Tari B, Heath M. A 10-min reduction in cerebral blood flow does not alter post-intervention executive function: evidence from lower-body negative pressure. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:2193-2205. [PMID: 39012475 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
A single bout of exercise as well as exposure to a hypercapnic environment increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) and is an adaptation linked to a post-intervention executive function (EF) benefit. In the present investigation we sought to determine whether a transient reduction in CBF impairs EF. Accordingly, we employed 10-min -30 mmHg and -50 mmHg lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) interventions as well as a non-LBNP control condition. LBNP was employed because it sequesters blood in the lower legs and safely and reliably decreases CBF. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to measure middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) to estimate CBF prior to and during LBNP conditions. As well, assessments of the inhibitory control component of EF (i.e., antipointing) were completed prior to (pre-) and immediately after (i.e., post-) each condition. Antipointing requires that an individual reach mirror-symmetrical to an exogenously presented target and is a task providing the resolution to detect subtle EF changes. Results showed that LBNP produced a 14% reduction in MCAv; however, null hypothesis, equivalence and Bayesian contrasts indicated that antipointing metrics did not vary from pre- to post-intervention, and LBNP-based changes in MCAv magnitude were not reliably correlated with antipointing planning times. Hence, a 10-min reduction in CBF did not impact the efficiency or effectiveness of an inhibitory control measure of EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Van Riesen
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mustafa Shirzad
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Chloe Edgar
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Benjamin Tari
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Matthew Heath
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, The University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Rd, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada.
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4
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Batman GB, Cooper CB, Traylor MK, Ransom KV, Hill EC, Hill BD, Keller JL. Various modalities of resistance exercise promote similar acute cognitive improvements and hemodynamic increases in young, healthy adults. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 7:100363. [PMID: 39252851 PMCID: PMC11381452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2024.100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The aim was to examine the effects of modalities of acute resistance exercise (RE) on cognition and hemodynamics including internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow (BF). Twenty adults completed familiarization and experimental visits. One-repetition maximum (1RM) for bilateral leg extension was quantified, and baseline executive functioning was determined from three run-in visits. Subsequent visits included three randomized, volume-equated, acute exercise bouts of 30 %1RM+blood flow restriction (BFR), 30 %1RM, and 70 %1RM. Both 30 %1RM trials completed four sets of exercise (1 × 30, 3 × 15), and the 70 %1RM condition completed four sets of 8 repetitions. BFR was induced with 40 % of the pressure to occlude the femoral arteries. 11 min following each exercise, participants completed the Stroop and Shifting Attention Tests. Baseline and post-exercise values were used to calculate change scores. The resulting mean change scores were evaluated with mixed factorial ANOVAs. A p≤0.05 was considered significant. All measured outcome variables increased in response to exercise. The ANOVAs for cognitive scores indicated no significant (p>0.05) interactions. For cognitive flexibility and executive function index, there were main effects of Sex. Change scores of the females were significantly greater than the males for cognitive flexibility (7.6 ± 5.9 vs. -2.6 ± 8.4 au; p=0.007) and executive function index (7.4 ± 4.6 vs. -2.5 ± 6.5 au; p=0.001). For ICA BF, there was no significant interaction or any main effect. The females exhibited a smaller exercise-induced increase in blood pressure compared to the males (17.7 ± 5.9 vs. 11.0 ± 4.1 mmHg; p=0.010). Each RE modality yielded acute improvements in cognition, but only for females. There were no cognitive improvements related to BFR such that each RE bout yielded similar results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve B Batman
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Christian B Cooper
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Miranda K Traylor
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Kyndall V Ransom
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin D Hill
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts & Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Joshua L Keller
- Integrative Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology (iLEAP), Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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5
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Jeyarajan G, Ayaz A, Herold F, Zou L, Heath M. A single bout of aerobic exercise does not alter inhibitory control preparatory set cerebral hemodynamics: Evidence from the antisaccade task. Brain Cogn 2024; 179:106182. [PMID: 38824809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
A single bout of exercise improves executive function (EF) and is a benefit - in part -attributed to an exercise-mediated increase in cerebral blood flow enhancing neural efficiency. Limited work has used an event-related protocol to examine postexercise changes in preparatory phase cerebral hemodynamics for an EF task. This is salient given the neural efficiency hypothesis' assertion that improved EF is related to decreased brain activity. Here, event-related transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to measure pro- (saccade to target) and antisaccades (saccade mirror-symmetrical target) preparatory phase middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) prior to and immediately after 15-min of aerobic exercise. Antisaccades produced longer reaction times (RT) and an increased preparatory phase MCAv than prosaccades - a result attributed to greater EF neural activity for antisaccades. Antisaccades selectively produced a postexercise RT reduction (ps < 0.01); however, antisaccade preparatory phase MCAv did not vary from pre- to postexercise (p=0.53) and did not correlate with the antisaccade RT benefit (p = 0.31). Accordingly, results provide no evidence that improved neural efficiency indexed via functional hyperemia is linked to a postexercise EF behavioural benefit. Instead, results support an evolving view that an EF benefit represents the additive interplay between interdependent exercise-mediated neurophysiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Jeyarajan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Azar Ayaz
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Fabian Herold
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Liye Zou
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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6
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Kao SC, Brush CJ, Wang CH. A multimodal approach integrating cognitive and motor demands into physical activity for optimal mental health: Methodological issues and future directions. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 286:235-258. [PMID: 38876577 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity is known for its positive effects on cognition and affect, with existing literature suggesting that these mental health benefits may be optimally experienced by incorporating cognitive and motor demands during physical activity (PA). However, the existing body of literature lacks a comprehensive guideline for designing the qualitative characteristics of a PA program. Accordingly, this narrative review aimed to (1) provide a working two-dimension model that operationally defines the cognitive and motor demands involved in PA and the rationale for systematically studying these qualitative aspects of PA, (2) identify methods to assess the cognitive and motor demands of PA and address associated methodological issues, and (3) offer potential future directions for research on the cognitive and motor aspects of PA in support of the development of PA programs designed to maximize PA-induced cognitive and affective benefits. We anticipate this article to inform the need for future research and development on this topic, aiming to create clear, evidence-based guidelines for designing innovative and effective PA interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Christopher J Brush
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health, & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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7
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Horiuchi M, Pomeroy A, Horiuchi Y, Stone K, Stoner L. Effects of intermittent exercise during prolonged sitting on executive function, cerebrovascular, and psychological response: a randomized crossover trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1421-1430. [PMID: 37942532 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00437.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that acute bouts of uninterrupted prolonged sitting decrease cerebral blood flow and impair executive function. Few studies have investigated the use of feasible sedentary behavior interruptions to attenuate these effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of intermittent half-squat exercises during prolonged sitting on executive function. Twenty participants (45% women, 21 ± 1 yr) were randomized to sit for 3 h 1) without any interruptions (control) or 2) with 1 min half-squats every 20 min (exercise). Executive function was determined using the Color Word Stroop Test (CWST) and Trail Making Test-B (TMT-B). Subjective feelings of arousal and measures of fatigue, concentration, and motivation were evaluated. Internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow was measured using Doppler ultrasound. There was a significant interaction effect for correct response times with the incongruent CWST (P < 0.01), which were 3.5% faster in the exercise and 4.2% slower in the control over 3 h of sitting. There was also a significant interaction effect for TMT-B completion times (P < 0.01), which were 10.0% faster in the exercise and 8.8% slower in the control. Exercise suppressed decreases in concentration with a significant interaction effect (-28.7% vs. -9.2% for control vs. exercise, P = 0.048) and increases in mental fatigue with a significant interaction effect (285% vs. 157% for control vs. exercise, P < 0.04). These changes may have been related to changes in ICA blood flow, which had a significant interaction effect (P = 0.087). These results suggest that a simple strategy like intermittent squat exercises could help to maintain executive function during prolonged sitting.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We assessed executive function, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular responses during 3-h prolonged sitting, with or without an exercise interruption (1 min squats every 20 min). Compared to uninterrupted sitting, exercise interruption suppressed sitting-induced reductions in cerebral blood flow and impairments in executive function. These results demonstrated the efficacy of a half-squat intervention for individuals seeking to preserve cognition during prolonged sitting, which may be useful in environments with limited resources such as the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Horiuchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mount Fuji Research Institute, Yamanashi, Japan
- Faculty of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Alexander Pomeroy
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yukari Horiuchi
- Department of Childhood Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Kyushu-Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keeron Stone
- Centre for Cardiovascular Health and Ageing, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- National Cardiovascular Research Network, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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8
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Ando S, Ogoh N, Saito S, Watanabe H, Ohsuga M, Hasegawa T, Ogoh S. Cognitive Function among Young Women's Football Players in the Summer Heat. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 2023:5516439. [PMID: 38654921 PMCID: PMC11022757 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5516439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing focus on studies related to women's football. However, the cognitive function of female football players has not been extensively characterized. Thus, we explored how the cognitive function of female football players was altered during a series of matches in summer and examined day-to-day variations in cognitive function with regard to dehydration status. Resting cognitive function was assessed from 17 young women football players during the Japan Club Youth Women's football tournament, which spanned eight consecutive days. Cognitive function initially improved, with this improvement sustained throughout the tournament. It is worth noting that ten participants experienced symptoms of dehydration at least once during the tournament; however, these symptoms were not found to be linked to impaired cognitive function, suggesting that resting cognitive function remains unaffected during summer matches, even in the presence of dehydration symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Nana Ogoh
- Chifure AS Elfen Saitama, Saitama, Japan
- Kagawa Nutritional University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Shotaro Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Hironori Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | | | | | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan
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9
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Dalton C, Ahn J, Jeyarajan G, Krigolson OE, Heath M. Distinct cortical haemodynamics during squat-stand and continuous aerobic exercise do not influence the magnitude of a postexercise executive function benefit. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1459-1470. [PMID: 37884880 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2275086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A single bout of aerobic exercise benefits executive function (EF). A potential mechanism for this benefit is an exercise-mediated increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that elicits vascular endothelial shear-stress improving EF efficiency. Moderate intensity continuous aerobic exercise (MCE) asymptotically increases CBF, whereas continuous body weight squat-stand exercise (SSE) provides a large amplitude oscillatory response. Some work has proposed that an increase in CBF oscillation amplitude provides the optimal shear-stress for improving EF and brain health. We examined whether a large amplitude oscillatory CBF response associated with a single bout of SSE imparts a larger postexercise EF benefit than an MCE cycle ergometer protocol. Exercise changes in middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) were measured via transcranial Doppler ultrasound to estimate CBF, and pre- and postexercise EF was assessed via the antisaccade task. MCE produced a steady state increase in MCAv, whereas SSE produced a large amplitude MCAv oscillation. Both conditions produced a postexercise EF benefit that null hypothesis and equivalence tests showed to be comparable in magnitude. Accordingly, we provide a first demonstration that a single bout of SSE benefits EF; however, the condition's oscillatory CBF response does not impart a larger benefit than a time- and intensity-matched MCE protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Dalton
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua Ahn
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gianna Jeyarajan
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Olave E Krigolson
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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10
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Piotrowicz Z, Czuba M, Chalimoniuk M, Langfort J. The Impact of Acute Mild Normobaric Hypoxia and a Single Bout of Exercise to Volitional Exhaustion on Cognitive Performance in Endurance and Strength-Trained Athletes: The role of BDNF, EP-1, Catecholamines and Lactate. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:77-93. [PMID: 37559758 PMCID: PMC10407317 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/168282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine whether a single bout of exercise to volitional exhaustion, performed under moderate normobaric hypoxia (H), would affect psychomotor performance (PP) in differently trained athletes. For this purpose, ten strength-trained (S) athletes, ten endurance-trained (E) athletes and ten healthy men leading a sedentary lifestyle as a control (C) group performed voluntarily two graded exercise tests until volitional exhaustion (EVE) under normoxia (N) and H (FiO2 = 14.7%). We measured the peripheral level of the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), choice reaction time (CRT) and the number of correct reactions (NCR) as indices of PP. Psychomotor tests were performed at rest, immediately after the EVE and 3 minutes after the EVE. Venous blood samples were collected at rest, immediately after cessation of each EVE, and 1 h after each EVE. The results showed that the EVE significantly (p < 0.05) impaired CRT under N and H, and NCR under H only in the E group. The higher WRmax in the E compared to the S and C groups was associated with a significant (p < 0.005) increase in adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA). There were no significant differences between conditions (N vs. H) in the BDNF at rest and after exercise. The EVE impaired cognitive function only in the E group; higher involvement of the sympathetic nervous system, A and NA may also play a role in this phenomenon. Therefore, it can be concluded that exposure to H did not have a negative impact on CRT or NCR. Moreover, BDNF did not improve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Piotrowicz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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11
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Ahn J, Tari B, Morava A, Prapavessis H, Heath M. A single bout of passive exercise mitigates a mental fatigue-induced inhibitory control deficit. Exp Brain Res 2023:10.1007/s00221-023-06640-7. [PMID: 37256338 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sustained cognitive effort associated with the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) increases objective and subjective measures of mental fatigue and elicits a post-PVT inhibitory control deficit. In contrast, passive exercise wherein an individual's limbs are moved via an external force (i.e., mechanically driven cycle ergometer flywheel) provides a postexercise inhibitory control benefit linked to an exercise-based increase in cerebral blood flow. Here, we examined whether passive exercise performed concurrently with the PVT 'blunts' an inhibitory control deficit. On separate days, participants (N = 27) completed a 20 min PVT protocol (control condition) and same duration PVT protocol paired with passive cycle ergometry (passive exercise condition). Prior to (i.e., baseline), immediately after and 30 min after each condition inhibitory control was assessed via the antisaccade task. Antisaccades require a goal-directed eye movement (i.e., saccade) mirror-symmetrical to a target and provide an ideal tool for evaluating task-based changes in inhibitory control. PVT results showed that vigilance (as assessed via reaction time: RT) during control and passive exercise conditions decreased from the first to last 5 min of the protocol and increased subjective ratings of mental fatigue. As well, in the control condition, immediate (but not 30-min) post-intervention antisaccade RTs were longer than their baseline counterparts-a result evincing a transient mental fatigue-based inhibitory control deficit. For the passive exercise condition, immediate and 30-min post-intervention antisaccade RTs were shorter than their baseline counterparts and this result was linked to decreased subjective ratings of mental fatigue. Thus, passive exercise ameliorated the selective inhibitory control deficit associated with PVT-induced mental fatigue and thus provides a potential framework to reduce executive dysfunction in vigilance-demanding occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Ahn
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Benjamin Tari
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Anisa Morava
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Harry Prapavessis
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Rd, London, ON, N6G 1H1, Canada.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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12
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Lefferts WK, Smart N. Point/counterpoint: Arterial blood pressure response to exercise does not relate to exercise-induced improvement in cognitive function. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:613-615. [PMID: 36597573 PMCID: PMC10063837 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221149654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute exercise has been shown to transiently improve specific aspects of cognitive function, however the mechanism governing these effects remain unclear. Blood pressure responses during exercise have been hypothesized to be a primary contributing factor, in part through its influence on cerebral blood flow. In this counterpoint, we highlight the inconsistent and weak associations between changes in blood pressure, cerebral blood flow and cognitive responses during and following acute exercise. Despite sound theoretical foundation, cognitive responses to exercise do not appear strongly related to blood pressure and more likely stem from a complex integration of multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Smart
- Dept. of Exercise and Sport Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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13
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Mikulski T, Górecka M, Bogdan A, Młynarczyk M, Ziemba AW. Psychomotor Performance after 30 h of Sleep Deprivation Combined with Exercise. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040570. [PMID: 37190535 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) usually impairs psychomotor performance, but most experiments are usually focused on sedentary conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of 30 h of complete SD combined with prolonged, moderate exercise (SDE) on human psychomotor performance. Eleven endurance-trained men accustomed to overnight exertion were tested twice: in well-slept and non-fatigued conditions (Control) and immediately after 30 h of SDE. They performed a multiple-choice reaction time test (MCRT) at rest and during each workload of the graded exercise test to volitional exhaustion. At rest, the MCRT was shorter after SDE than in the Control (300 ± 13 ms vs. 339 ± 11 ms, respectively, p < 0.05). During graded exercise, there were no significant differences in MCRT between groups, but the fastest reaction was observed at lower workloads after SDE (158 ± 7 W vs. 187 ± 11 W in Control, p < 0.05). The total number of missed reactions tended to be higher after SDE (8.4 ± 0.7 vs. 6.3 ± 0.8 in Control, p = 0.06). In conclusion, SDE is different from SD alone; however, well-trained men, accustomed to overnight exertion can maintain psychomotor abilities independently of the extent of central fatigue. Exercise can be used to enhance psychomotor performance in sleep-deprived subjects in whom special caution is required in order to avoid overload.
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14
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Nishi SK, Babio N, Paz-Graniel I, Serra-Majem L, Vioque J, Fitó M, Corella D, Pintó X, Bueno-Cavanillas A, Tur JA, Diez-Ricote L, Martinez JA, Gómez-Martínez C, González-Botella A, Castañer O, Alvarez-Sala A, Montesdeoca-Mendoza C, Fanlo-Maresma M, Cano-Ibáñez N, Bouzas C, Daimiel L, Zulet MÁ, Sievenpiper JL, Rodriguez KL, Vázquez-Ruiz Z, Salas-Salvadó J. Water intake, hydration status and 2-year changes in cognitive performance: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med 2023; 21:82. [PMID: 36882739 PMCID: PMC9993798 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water intake and hydration status have been suggested to impact cognition; however, longitudinal evidence is limited and often inconsistent. This study aimed to longitudinally assess the association between hydration status and water intake based on current recommendations, with changes in cognition in an older Spanish population at high cardiovascular disease risk. METHODS A prospective analysis was conducted of a cohort of 1957 adults (aged 55-75) with overweight/obesity (BMI between ≥ 27 and < 40 kg/m2) and metabolic syndrome from the PREDIMED-Plus study. Participants had completed bloodwork and validated, semiquantitative beverage and food frequency questionnaires at baseline, as well as an extensive neuropsychological battery of 8 validated tests at baseline and 2 years of follow-up. Hydration status was determined by serum osmolarity calculation and categorized as < 295 mmol/L (hydrated), 295-299.9 mmol/L (impending dehydration), and ≥ 300 mmol/L (dehydrated). Water intake was assessed as total drinking water intake and total water intake from food and beverages and according to EFSA recommendations. Global cognitive function was determined as a composite z-score summarizing individual participant results from all neuropsychological tests. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to assess the associations between baseline hydration status and fluid intake, continuously and categorically, with 2-year changes in cognitive performance. RESULTS The mean baseline daily total water intake was 2871 ± 676 mL/day (2889 ± 677 mL/day in men; 2854 ± 674 mL/day in women), and 80.2% of participants met the ESFA reference values for an adequate intake. Serum osmolarity (mean 298 ± 24 mmol/L, range 263 to 347 mmol/L) indicated that 56% of participants were physiologically dehydrated. Lower physiological hydration status (i.e., greater serum osmolarity) was associated with a greater decline in global cognitive function z-score over a 2-year period (β: - 0.010; 95% CI - 0.017 to - 0.004, p-value = 0.002). No significant associations were observed between water intake from beverages and/or foods with 2-year changes in global cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS Reduced physiological hydration status was associated with greater reductions in global cognitive function over a 2-year period in older adults with metabolic syndrome and overweight or obesity. Future research assessing the impact of hydration on cognitive performance over a longer duration is needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Registry, ISRCTN89898870. Retrospectively registered on 24 July 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Nishi
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Reus, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Nancy Babio
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Reus, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Indira Paz-Graniel
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Serra-Majem
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria & Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jesús Vioque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante. Universidad Miguel Hernández (ISABIAL-UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josep A Tur
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Laura Diez-Ricote
- Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, Precision Nutrition and Obesity Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martinez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez-Martínez
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Olga Castañer
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Médica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Montesdeoca-Mendoza
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria & Centro Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canarian Health Service, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Marta Fanlo-Maresma
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Naomi Cano-Ibáñez
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Granada, IBS-Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Bouzas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Lidia Daimiel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, Precision Nutrition and Obesity Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, 28660, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Zulet
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - John L Sievenpiper
- Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly L Rodriguez
- Departament of Occupational Risk Prevention, Virgen de la Arrixaca's Hospital (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Zenaida Vázquez-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Reus, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Ahn J, Kim M. Effects of aerobic exercise on global cognitive function and sleep in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Geriatr Nurs 2023; 51:9-16. [PMID: 36871328 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the integrated effect of aerobic exercise on cognitive function and sleep in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to optimize exercise methods for improving cognitive function. We searched multiple databases from January 1, 2011, to August 31, 2022, and analyzed 11 studies. Global cognitive function in older adults with MCI undergoing aerobic exercise training was significantly improved (standardized mean difference [SMD]=0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]:0.37, 1.14), while sleep improvement was not significant (SMD= -2.07 [95% CI: -6.76, 2.62]). In the moderator analysis, aerobic exercise types with cognitive factors, exercise time of 30-50 min per session, and exercise frequency of 5-7 times per week had statistically significant effects on cognitive function improvement. However, meta-regression identified only exercise frequency as a significant moderator of the mean effect size of cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Ahn
- College of Nursing, Songho University, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungsuk Kim
- College of Nursing, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Ahn J, Kim M. Effects of exercise therapy on global cognitive function and, depression in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 106:104855. [PMID: 36436448 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to identify the integrated effects of exercise therapy on global cognitive function and, depression in older adults with mild cognitive function (MCI) and to determine the optimal exercise methods. METHODS We searched international, and domestic databases from January 1, 2010, to May 31, 2022, and included 22 articles in the meta-analysis (global cognitive function 21 articles; depression 7articles). Meta-analysis of variance and meta-regression were performed with moderator analysis to explore the causes of heterogeneity RESULTS: The mean effects (standardized mean differences) were 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39-0.91) for global cognitive function and -0.38 (95% CI: -0.63 to -0.12) for depression in older adults with MCI who received exercise therapy, and the effect was statistically significant. CONCLUSION Aerobic and resistance exercises were effective in improving global cognitive function, Whereas multicomponent and neuromotor exercises were not. Aerobic exercise was the most effective at improving cognitive function. Thus, exercise therapy is effective in reducing depression in older adults with MCI. The mean effect of global cognitive function increased with higher exercise frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Ahn
- College of Nursing, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungsuk Kim
- College of Nursing, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Executive function during exercise is diminished by prolonged cognitive effort in men. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22408. [PMID: 36575274 PMCID: PMC9794810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The speed and accuracy of decision-making (i.e., executive function (EF) domains) is an integral factor in many sports. At rest, prolonged cognitive load (pCL) impairs reaction time (RT). In contrast, exercise improves RT and EF. We hypothesized that RT and EF during exercise would be diminished by prolonged 'dual tasking' as a consequence of pCL. To test the hypothesis, twenty healthy male participants performed four conditions [resting control (Rest), pCL only (pCLRest), exercise only (EX), and pCL + exercise (pCLEX)] in a randomized-crossover design. Both exercise conditions utilized a 50-min cycling exercise protocol (60% VO2 peak) and the pCL was achieved via a 50-min colour-word Stroop task (CWST). Compared with Rest, pCLRest caused a slowed CWST RT (P < 0.05) and a large SD (i.e., intraindividual variability) of CWST RT (P < 0.01). Similarly, compared with EX, the slowed CWST RT (P < 0.05) and large SD of CWST RT (P < 0.01) were also observed in pCLEX. Whereas the reverse-Stroop interference was not affected in pCLRest (P = 0.46), it was larger (i.e., declined EF) in pCLEX than EX condition (P < 0.05). These observations provide evidence that the effort of pCL impairs RT and EF even during exercise.
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18
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The impact of a short-period head-down tilt on executive function in younger adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20888. [PMID: 36463320 PMCID: PMC9719537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity has been shown to be a significant stressor on the cardiovascular system and the brain due to the redistribution of fluids that occurs in the absence of gravitational force, but there is scarce literature surrounding the effects of microgravity on cerebral hemodynamics and cognition. Understanding the early effects that simulated gravity has on cognitive function is essential for developing proper physical and cognitive countermeasures to assure safe and effective cognitive/decisions making while astronauts prepare for the initial launch or when they arrive in a microgravity environment. Therefore, this study aims to determine how an acute simulation of microgravity would alter cerebral oxygenation and executive functions. Sixty-five young healthy participants (22 ± 6 years, 21 females) completed a thirty (30) minute horizontal (00 tilt) followed by a 90-min - 6° head-down-tilt (HDT) protocol. Cerebral oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex was monitored throughout the testing session using near-infrared spectroscopy. Cognition was also measured using a computerized Stroop Task. Our results demonstrate that cerebral oxygenation was higher during HDT compared to the horizontal supine position (9.11 ± 1.3 vs. 7.51 ± 1.8, p = 0.02). For the cognitive results, the non-executive performance of the Stroop task remained stable during HDT (652.46 ± 19.3 vs. 632.49 ± 14.5, p = 0.09). However, reaction time during the executive task performance was improved after the HDT (1058 ± 195-950 ± 158 ms, p < 0.01). Our results suggest that an acute bout of simulated microgravity can enhance executive functioning.
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19
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Ingestion of carbonated water increases middle cerebral artery blood velocity and improves mood states in resting humans exposed to ambient heat stress. Physiol Behav 2022; 255:113942. [PMID: 35964802 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-free carbonated water is consumed worldwide. The consumption of carbonated water is high in summer, when the heat loss responses of sweating and skin vasodilation are activated, and thermal perceptions (thermal sensation and comfort) and mood states are negatively modulated. However, whether ingesting carbonated water under ambient heat exposure modulates cerebral blood flow index, heat loss responses, thermal perceptions, and mood states remains to be determined. In this study, 17 healthy, habitually active, young adults (eight women) ingested 4 °C noncarbonated or carbonated water under 37 °C ambient heat-stressed resting conditions. Both drinks increased the middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity, an index of cerebral blood flow, and mean arterial pressure, with carbonated water exhibiting higher elevations than noncarbonated water (P < 0.05). However, the heart rate, sweat rate, and skin blood flow during and after drinking remained unchanged between the two conditions (P > 0.05). The thermal sensation and comfort after drinking remained unchanged between the two conditions (P > 0.05); but, a drink-induced reduction in sleepiness was higher, and drink-induced elevations in motivation and exhilaration were higher after ingesting carbonated water than those after ingesting noncarbonated water (P < 0.05). The analyses suggest that in humans under ambient heat-stressed resting conditions, ingestion of cold carbonated water increases the cerebral blood flow index, blood pressure, motivation, and exhilaration, whereas it decreases sleepiness relative to ingestion of noncarbonated cold water. However, ingestion of cold carbonated water fails to modulate thermoregulatory responses and thermal perception as opposed to noncarbonated cold water.
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20
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Sudo M, Costello JT, McMorris T, Ando S. The effects of acute high-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive performance: A structured narrative review. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:957677. [PMID: 36212191 PMCID: PMC9538359 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.957677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that acute moderate-intensity exercise improves cognitive performance. However, the effects of acute high-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive performance have not been well characterized. In this review, we summarize the literature investigating the exercise-cognition interaction, especially focusing on high-intensity aerobic exercise. We discuss methodological and physiological factors that potentially mediate cognitive performance in response to high-intensity exercise. We propose that the effects of high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance are primarily affected by the timing of cognitive task (during vs. after exercise, and the time delay after exercise). In particular, cognitive performance is more likely to be impaired during high-intensity exercise when both cognitive and physiological demands are high and completed simultaneously (i.e., the dual-task paradigm). The effects may also be affected by the type of cognitive task, physical fitness, exercise mode/duration, and age. Second, we suggest that interactions between changes in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygenation, cerebral metabolism, neuromodulation by neurotransmitters/neurotrophic factors, and a variety of psychological factors are promising candidates that determine cognitive performance in response to acute high-intensity exercise. The present review has implications for recreational, sporting, and occupational activities where high cognitive and physiological demands are required to be completed concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sudo
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mizuki Sudo,
| | - Joseph T. Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Terry McMorris
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
- Soichi Ando,
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21
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Maeneja R, Ferreira IS, Silva CR, Abreu AM. Cognitive Benefits of Exercise: Is There a Time-of-Day Effect? Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:1766. [PMID: 36141378 PMCID: PMC9498776 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10091766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that physical activity benefits cognition. Further, the time of day one engages in physical activity has been suggested to influence cognition. Here, we aimed to understand if there is a time-of-day effect (morning or afternoon) of physical activity on cognition, i.e., if exercising in the morning or afternoon might bring greater cognitive benefits. A total of 56 participants were allocated to one of two groups with the same baseline cognitive performance as well as fitness level (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-IPAQ): 27 to the morning intervention (M) group; and 29 to the afternoon intervention (A) group. In both groups, the participants engaged in an intermittent recovery test (Yo-yo), 4 times a week for 12 weeks. All participants were assessed with the d2 Test of Attention and the Borg scale of perceived exertion pre- and post- acute and chronic intervention. After the first bout of exercise and after 12 weeks, we observed cognitive improvements both in the M and A groups. Surprisingly, we do not find differences between the time of day regarding cognitive benefits. Our results do not support the existence of a time-of-day effect for the attentional cognitive benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo Maeneja
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde e Desporto, Universidade Save, Maxixe 1301, Mozambique
| | - Inês S. Ferreira
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology, Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação (FPCE), Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
- Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação (FPCE), Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia R. Silva
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde de Alcoitão, 2649-506 Alcoitão, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Abreu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Shukla D, Heath M. A Single Bout of Exercise Provides a Persistent Benefit to Cognitive Flexibility. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:516-527. [PMID: 34663200 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1873902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: A single bout of exercise enhances activity within the cortical networks that support executive function. It is, however, unclear whether exercise improves each core component of executive function and for how long a putative benefit might persist. Method: In Experiment 1, participants completed 20-min of aerobic exercise (via cycle ergometer) and cognitive flexibility-a core component of executive function-was examined pre-exercise, and at immediate, 30- and 60-min post-exercise assessments. Experiment 2 entailed a non-exercise control (i.e., participants sat on the ergometer without exercising) involving the same timeline of cognitive flexibility assessment. Cognitive flexibility was measured via stimulus-driven (SD) and minimally delayed (MD) saccades arranged in an AABB paradigm. SD and MD saccades require a response at target onset and after target offset, respectively, with the latter requiring executive control. Work has shown that reaction times for a SD saccade preceded by a MD saccade are longer than when a SD saccade is preceded by its same task-type, whereas the converse switch does not influence performance (i.e., the unidirectional switch-cost). Results: Experiment 1 showed a unidirectional switch-cost at each assessment; however, the switch-cost magnitude was decreased at immediate and 30-min assessments compared to the pre- and 60-min assessments. In contrast, Experiment 2 did not elicit a change in switch-cost magnitude across the different assessments. Discussion/Conclusion: Thus, a single-bout of exercise benefitted the cognitive flexibility component of executive function in the immediate and 30-min post-exercise assessments.
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23
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Walenski M, Chen Y, Litcofsky KA, Caplan D, Kiran S, Rapp B, Parrish TB, Thompson CK. Perilesional Perfusion in Chronic Stroke-Induced Aphasia and Its Response to Behavioral Treatment Interventions. NEUROBIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2022; 3:345-363. [PMID: 35685084 PMCID: PMC9169892 DOI: 10.1162/nol_a_00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stroke-induced alterations in cerebral blood flow (perfusion) may contribute to functional language impairments in chronic aphasia, particularly in perilesional tissue. Abnormal perfusion in this region may also serve as a biomarker for predicting functional improvements with behavioral treatment interventions. Using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we examined perfusion in chronic aphasia, in perilesional rings in the left hemisphere and their right hemisphere homologues. In the left hemisphere we found a gradient pattern of decreasing perfusion closer to the lesion. The opposite pattern was found in the right hemisphere, with significantly increased perfusion close to the lesion homologue. Perfusion was also increased in the right hemisphere lesion homologue region relative to the surrounding tissue. We next examined changes in perfusion in two groups: one group who underwent MRI scanning before and after three months of a behavioral treatment intervention that led to significant language gains, and a second group who was scanned twice at a three-month interval without a treatment intervention. For both groups, there was no difference in perfusion over time in either the left or the right hemisphere. Moreover, within the treatment group pre-treatment perfusion scores did not predict treatment response; neither did pre-treatment perfusion predict post-treatment language performance. These results indicate that perfusion is chronically abnormal in both hemispheres, but chronically abnormal perfusion did not change in response to our behavioral treatment interventions, and did not predict responsiveness to language treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Walenski
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Yufen Chen
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Kaitlyn A. Litcofsky
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - David Caplan
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Swathi Kiran
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, College of Health & Rehabilitation, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Brenda Rapp
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Department of Cognitive Science, Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Todd B. Parrish
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Department of Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Cynthia K. Thompson
- Center for the Neurobiology of Language Recovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
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24
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Ferrer-Uris B, Ramos MA, Busquets A, Angulo-Barroso R. Can exercise shape your brain? A review of aerobic exercise effects on cognitive function and neuro-physiological underpinning mechanisms. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:150-174. [PMID: 35860684 PMCID: PMC9256523 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that physical exercise can be used as a tool for the prevention and treatment of various diseases or disorders. In addition, in the recent years, exercise has also been successfully used to enhance people's cognition. There is a large amount of research that has supported the benefits of physical exercise on human cognition, both in children and adults. Among these studies, some have focused on the acute or transitory effects of exercise on cognition, while others have focused on the effects of regular physical exercise. However, the relation between exercise and cognition is complex and we still have limited knowledge about the moderators and mechanisms underlying this relation. Most of human studies have focused on the behavioral aspects of exercise-effects on cognition, while animal studies have deepened in its possible neuro-physiological mechanisms. Even so, thanks to advances in neuroimaging techniques, there is a growing body of evidence that provides valuable information regarding these mechanisms in the human population. This review aims to analyze the effects of regular and acute aerobic exercise on cognition. The exercise-cognition relationship will be reviewed both from the behavioral perspective and from the neurophysiological mechanisms. The effects of exercise on animals, adult humans, and infant humans will be analyzed separately. Finally, physical exercise intervention programs aiming to increase cognitive performance in scholar and workplace environments will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blai Ferrer-Uris
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Ramos
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Busquets
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Angulo-Barroso
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States
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25
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Maniscalco J, Hoffmeyer F, Monsé C, Jettkant B, Marek E, Brüning T, Bünger J, Sucker K. Physiological responses, self-reported health effects, and cognitive performance during exposure to carbon dioxide at 20 000 ppm. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e12939. [PMID: 34605578 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 24 subjects (20-58 years) were exposed to carbon dioxide (CO2 ) at 770 ppm and 20 000 ppm in an exposure laboratory for 4-h, including 2 × 15 min of cycling to investigate the effects on acid-base balance, physiological responses, cognitive performance and acute health. Capillary blood analysis, heart rate, respiratory rate, divided attention, flexibility, and sustained attention from the Test Battery for Attentional Performance (TAP), critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF), and self-reported symptoms were measured before, during, and after the 4-h exposure. Blood pH decreased and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) increased significantly when exposed to 20 000 ppm CO2 compared to 770 ppm. However, the values remained within the normal range. In addition, respiratory rate increased slightly but significantly at 20 000 ppm CO2 . No significant changes in heart rate, CFF, task performance or acute health were found. In sum, the findings suggest that the observed changes in acid-base balance and ventilation can be classified as physiological adaptation responses. Impairment of cognitive performance is not expected from exposure to 20 000 ppm CO2 , neither as direct effect on central nervous system function nor as a distraction related to perception of health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Maniscalco
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank Hoffmeyer
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Monsé
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Birger Jettkant
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Eike Marek
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bünger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Kirsten Sucker
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
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26
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Hashimoto T, Tsukamoto H, Ando S, Ogoh S. Effect of Exercise on Brain Health: The Potential Role of Lactate as a Myokine. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120813. [PMID: 34940571 PMCID: PMC8709217 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established in epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials that habitual exercise is beneficial for brain health, such as cognition and mental health. Generally, it may be reasonable to say that the physiological benefits of acute exercise can prevent brain disorders in late life if such exercise is habitually/chronically conducted. However, the mechanisms of improvement in brain function via chronic exercise remain incompletely understood because such mechanisms are assumed to be multifactorial, such as the adaptation of repeated acute exercise. This review postulates that cerebral metabolism may be an important physiological factor that determines brain function. Among metabolites, the provision of lactate to meet elevated neural activity and regulate the cerebrovascular system and redox states in response to exercise may be responsible for exercise-enhanced brain health. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the influence of exercise on brain health, particularly cognitive performance, with the underlying mechanisms by means of lactate. Regarding the influence of chronic exercise on brain function, the relevance of exercise intensity and modality, particularly high-intensity interval exercise, is acknowledged to induce “metabolic myokine” (i.e., lactate) for brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (T.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Hayato Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (T.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan;
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
- Correspondence:
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27
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Zheng K, Zou L, Wei G, Huang T. Concurrent Performance of Executive Function during Acute Bouts of Exercise in Adults: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1364. [PMID: 34679428 PMCID: PMC8533767 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to systematically review the evidence on the effects of an acute bout of exercise on concurrent performance of core executive function (EF) during exercise in adults. Four electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and SportDiscus) were searched from inception dates to 30 December 2020. The literature searches were conducted using the combinations of two groups of relevant items related to exercise and executive function. Articles were limited to human studies in adults. The search process, study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessments were carried out independently by two researchers. A total of 4899 studies were identified. Twenty-two studies met our inclusion criteria. Of the 42 reported outcomes in the 22 studies, 13 (31%) of the 42 outcomes showed that core EF performance was enhanced during exercise and 14 (33%) found that core EF performance did not differ from control conditions. Fifteen (36%) found that core EF performance was impaired. Notably, improved EF performances tend to be observed during moderate-intensity exercise, whereas impaired EF performances were more likely to be observed at vigorous-high intensity. The review suggests mixed findings regarding the effects of an acute bout of exercise on concurrent performance of core EF. Exercise intensity seems to influence the effects. The underlying neural mechanisms remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Zheng
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Gaoxia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China;
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
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28
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Dodwell G, Liesefeld HR, Conci M, Müller HJ, Töllner T. EEG evidence for enhanced attentional performance during moderate-intensity exercise. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13923. [PMID: 34370887 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Research on attentional control within real-world contexts has become substantially more feasible and thus frequent over the past decade. However, relatively little is known regarding how these processes may be influenced by common naturalistic behaviors such as engaging in physical activity, which is thought to modulate the availability of neurometabolic resources. Here, we used an event-related potential (ERP) approach to determine whether various intensities of aerobic exercise might affect the concurrent performance of attentional control mechanisms. Participants performed an additional-singleton visual search task across three levels of aerobic activity while seated on a stationary bicycle: at rest, during moderate-intensity exercise, and during vigorous-intensity exercise. In addition to behavioral measures, attentional processing was assessed via lateralized ERPs referencing target selection (PCN) and distractor suppression (PD ) mechanisms. Whereas engaging in exercise resulted in speeded response times overall, moderate-intensity exercise was found to uniquely eliminate the expression of distractor interference by the PCN while also giving rise to an unanticipated distractor-elicited Ppc. These findings demonstrate workload-specific and object-selective influences of aerobic exercise on attentional processing, providing insights not only for approaching attention in real-world contexts but also for understanding how attentional resources are used overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Dodwell
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich R Liesefeld
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Conci
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Töllner
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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29
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Bracko O, Cruz Hernández JC, Park L, Nishimura N, Schaffer CB. Causes and consequences of baseline cerebral blood flow reductions in Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1501-1516. [PMID: 33444096 PMCID: PMC8221770 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20982383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reductions of baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) of ∼10-20% are a common symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that appear early in disease progression and correlate with the severity of cognitive impairment. These CBF deficits are replicated in mouse models of AD and recent work shows that increasing baseline CBF can rapidly improve the performance of AD mice on short term memory tasks. Despite the potential role these data suggest for CBF reductions in causing cognitive symptoms and contributing to brain pathology in AD, there remains a poor understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms causing them. This review compiles data on CBF reductions and on the correlation of AD-related CBF deficits with disease comorbidities (e.g. cardiovascular and genetic risk factors) and outcomes (e.g. cognitive performance and brain pathology) from studies in both patients and mouse models, and discusses several potential mechanisms proposed to contribute to CBF reductions, based primarily on work in AD mouse models. Future research aimed at improving our understanding of the importance of and interplay between different mechanisms for CBF reduction, as well as at determining the role these mechanisms play in AD patients could guide the development of future therapies that target CBF reductions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bracko
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jean C Cruz Hernández
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chris B Schaffer
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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30
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Zhu Y, Sun F, Chiu MM, Siu AYS. Effects of high-intensity interval exercise and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on executive function of healthy young males. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113505. [PMID: 34153324 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the executive function (EF) performance induced by moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) versus high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), under two exercise modalities (i.e., running vs. cycling), and explored whether the changes in EF performance were related to the hemodynamics response of the cerebral prefrontal area of the brain. METHODS In a randomized cross-over design, 16 male participants completed 4 main trials, i.e., 40 min of moderate-intensity continuous running (MICR) or cycling (MICC) with 60% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), 33 min of high-intensity interval running (HIIR) or cycling (HIIC). For HIIR or HIIC trials, the exercise intensity was 60% VO2max for the first 5 min, followed by four 4-minute bouts of exercise at 90% VO2max, separated by 3-minute active recovery at 60% VO2max. EF was assessed via the Eriksen Flanker task (EFT) before (Pre), immediately after (Post 0), and 10 min after exercise (Post 10). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measured oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) concentrations in the prefrontal area. Each main trial measured the concentrations of blood glucose and lactate, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion. RESULTS (1) Compared to the reaction time in EFT during the pretest, the corresponding reaction time was shorter at Post 10 (P < 0.01) but not at Post 0 (P = 0.06). Specifically, reaction time was shorter at Post 10 than in the pretest in HIIC (P = 0.04), MICC (P = 0.01), and HIIR (P < 0.01) but not MICR. (2) The fNIRS results revealed that O2Hb concentrations in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex area were much lower during Post 10 than during the pretest. (3) The blood lactate concentrations were not associated with EF performance regarding both accuracy and reaction time. CONCLUSION Compared to the pretest, EF was greater after the 10-minute rest during recovery but not immediately after exercise. The different HIIE or MICE protocols adopted in the present study may elicit minor differences regarding their effects on EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ming Ming Chiu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling & Assessment Research Centre, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Agatha Yi-Sum Siu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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31
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Saito S, Washio T, Watanabe H, Ando S, Ogoh S. Effect of intermittent isometric handgrip exercise protocol with short exercise duration on cognitive performance. J Physiol Sci 2021; 71:12. [PMID: 33823784 PMCID: PMC10717478 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-021-00796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The handgrip exercise, a small muscle exercise, is useful for exercise therapy, particularly in the elderly and bedridden patients. The isometric handgrip (IHG) exercise has been utilized in training programs to reduce resting blood pressure; however, the acute effects of the IHG exercise on cognitive performance are not fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an intermittent IHG exercise protocol with short exercise duration, which minimizes the arterial blood pressure response to exercise, on cognitive performance. Twenty-two young healthy subjects performed the intermittent IHG exercise protocol, which consisted of 30-s IHG and 45-s recovery × 16 trials; the exercise intensity of the IHG exercise was 30% of the maximal voluntary contraction. Cognitive performance was evaluated before and after the exercise with the Go/No-Go and memory recognition tasks. Specifically, the reaction time (RT) and performance accuracy were measured. The intermittent IHG exercise protocol did not change the RT or performance accuracy of either the Go/No-Go task (P = 0.222 and P = 0.260, respectively) or the memory recognition task (P = 0.427 and P = 0.245, respectively). These findings suggest that the intermittent IHG exercise protocol with short exercise duration may not provide enough stimulation to improve cognitive performance despite being useful as a safe exercise therapy in the elderly and in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Takuro Washio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan.
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK.
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32
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Washio T, Suzuki K, Saito S, Watanabe H, Ando S, Brothers RM, Ogoh S. Effects of acute interval handgrip exercise on cognitive performance. Physiol Behav 2021; 232:113327. [PMID: 33493545 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that even a single bout of dynamic exercise improves cognitive performance. However, the acute effect of the interval handgrip (HG) exercise protocol, which is effective in reducing resting blood pressure, on cognitive performance is poorly understood. Cognitive performance was assessed in 17 young healthy subjects before and after a resting control (e.g., time control) and the interval HG exercise (Exercise), which consisted of four trials of 2-min HG exercise at 25% of maximum voluntary contraction with 3-min recovery in between each trial. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCA V) were measured continuously throughout the experiment. Memory recognition and executive function were assessed using memory recognition and Go/No-Go tasks, respectively. During interval HG exercise, MAP and mean MCA V increased from the resting baseline condition (both P < 0.049) and returned to the resting baseline levels during recovery after the interval HG exercise (both P = 1.000). The reaction time and performance accuracy of the memory recognition task did not change in either the time control condition or Exercise condition (P = 0.514 and P = 0.414 respectively). However, the changes in reaction time of Go/No-Go task from the baseline in Exercise condition was significantly shorter than that in time-control condition (P = 0.004) without affecting performance accuracy (P = 0.482). The results of the present study show that an acute interval HG exercise could improve the processing speed in executive function despite no post-exercise improvement in hemodynamic parameters in young healthy subjects. These findings suggest that the interval HG exercise is a useful exercise mode that can be expected to have a positive effect on the processing speed in executive function regardless of cardiovascular adaptation to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Washio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Suzuki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shotaro Saito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hironori Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Matthew Brothers
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe-Shi, Saitama, Japan.
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Shoemaker LN, Wilson LC, Lucas SJE, Machado L, Walker RJ, Cotter JD. Indomethacin markedly blunts cerebral perfusion and reactivity, with little cognitive consequence in healthy young and older adults. J Physiol 2020; 599:1097-1113. [DOI: 10.1113/jp280118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Shoemaker
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - L. C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine Otago Medical School ‐ Dunedin Campus University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - S. J. E. Lucas
- Department of Physiology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - L. Machado
- Department of Psychology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - R. J. Walker
- Department of Medicine Otago Medical School ‐ Dunedin Campus University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - J. D. Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
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Ashworth ET, Cotter JD, Kilding AE. Methods for improving thermal tolerance in military personnel prior to deployment. Mil Med Res 2020; 7:58. [PMID: 33248459 PMCID: PMC7700709 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00287-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exposure to heat, such as that experienced by people arriving into a hotter or more humid environment, can compromise physical and cognitive performance as well as health. In military contexts heat stress is exacerbated by the combination of protective clothing, carried loads, and unique activity profiles, making them susceptible to heat illnesses. As the operational environment is dynamic and unpredictable, strategies to minimize the effects of heat should be planned and conducted prior to deployment. This review explores how heat acclimation (HA) prior to deployment may attenuate the effects of heat by initiating physiological and behavioural adaptations to more efficiently and effectively protect thermal homeostasis, thereby improving performance and reducing heat illness risk. HA usually requires access to heat chamber facilities and takes weeks to conduct, which can often make it impractical and infeasible, especially if there are other training requirements and expectations. Recent research in athletic populations has produced protocols that are more feasible and accessible by reducing the time taken to induce adaptations, as well as exploring new methods such as passive HA. These protocols use shorter HA periods or minimise additional training requirements respectively, while still invoking key physiological adaptations, such as lowered core temperature, reduced heart rate and increased sweat rate at a given intensity. For deployments of special units at short notice (< 1 day) it might be optimal to use heat re-acclimation to maintain an elevated baseline of heat tolerance for long periods in anticipation of such an event. Methods practical for military groups are yet to be fully understood, therefore further investigation into the effectiveness of HA methods is required to establish the most effective and feasible approach to implement them within military groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Tom Ashworth
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland, 0632 New Zealand
| | - James David Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago 9016 New Zealand
| | - Andrew Edward Kilding
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Rosedale, Auckland, 0632 New Zealand
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Komiyama T, Tanoue Y, Sudo M, Costello JT, Uehara Y, Higaki Y, Ando S. Cognitive Impairment during High-Intensity Exercise: Influence of Cerebral Blood Flow. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:561-568. [PMID: 31609297 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cognitive performance appears to be impaired during high-intensity exercise, and this occurs concurrently with a reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, it is unclear whether cognitive impairment during high-intensity exercise is associated with reduced CBF. We tested the hypothesis that a reduction in CBF is responsible for impaired cognitive performance during high-intensity exercise. METHODS Using a randomized crossover design 17 healthy males performed spatial delayed response and Go/No-Go tasks in three conditions (exercise [EX], exercise+CO2 [EX+CO2], and a nonexercising control [CON]). In the EX and EX+CO2, they performed cognitive tasks at rest and during 8 min of moderate and high-intensity exercise. Exercise intensity corresponded to ~50% (moderate) and ~80% (high) of peak oxygen uptake. In the EX+CO2, the participants inspired hypercapnic gas (2% CO2) during high-intensity exercise. In the CON, they performed the cognitive tasks without exercise. RESULTS Middle cerebral artery mean velocity increased during high-intensity exercise in the EX+CO2 relative to the EX (69.4 [10.6] cm·s, vs 57.2 [7.7] cm·s, P < 0.001). Accuracy of the cognitive tasks was impaired during high-intensity exercise in the EX (84.1% [13.3%], P < 0.05) and the EX+ CO2 (85.7 [11.6%], P < 0.05) relative to rest (EX: 95.1% [5.3%], EX+CO2: 95.1 [5.3%]). However, no differences between the EX and the EX+CO2 were observed (P > 0.10). These results demonstrate that restored CBF did not prevent cognitive impairment during high-intensity exercise. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a reduction in CBF is not responsible for impaired cognitive performance during high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukiya Tanoue
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, JAPAN
| | - Mizuki Sudo
- Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Joseph T Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, JAPAN
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, JAPAN
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36
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Piotrowicz Z, Chalimoniuk M, Płoszczyca K, Czuba M, Langfort J. Exercise-Induced Elevated BDNF Level Does Not Prevent Cognitive Impairment Due to Acute Exposure to Moderate Hypoxia in Well-Trained Athletes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155569. [PMID: 32759658 PMCID: PMC7432544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to acute hypoxia causes a detrimental effect on the brain which is also manifested by a decrease in the ability to perform psychomotor tasks. Conversely, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), whose levels are elevated in response to exercise, is a well-known factor in improving cognitive function. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether the exercise under hypoxic conditions affects psychomotor performance. For this purpose, 11 healthy young athletes performed a graded cycloergometer exercise test to volitional exhaustion under normoxia and acute mild hypoxia (FiO2 = 14.7%). Before, immediately after exercise and after a period of recovery, choice reaction time (CRT) and number of correct reactions (NCR) in relation to changes in serum BDNF were examined. Additionally, other selected factors which may modify BDNF production, i.e., cortisol (C), nitrite, catecholamines (adrenalin-A, noradrenaline-NA, dopamine-DA, serotonin-5-HT) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), were also measured. Exercise in hypoxic conditions extended CRT by 13.8% (p < 0.01) and decreased NCR (by 11.5%) compared to rest (p < 0.05). During maximal workload, NCR was lower by 9% in hypoxia compared to normoxia (p < 0.05). BDNF increased immediately after exercise in normoxia (by 29.3%; p < 0.01), as well as in hypoxia (by 50.0%; p < 0.001). There were no differences in BDNF between normoxia and hypoxia. Considering the fact that similar levels of BDNF were seen in both conditions but cognitive performance was suppressed in hypoxia, acute elevation of BDNF did not compensate for hypoxia-induced cognition impairment. Moreover, neither potentially negative effects of C nor positive effects of A, DA and NO on the brain were observed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Piotrowicz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Tourism and Health in Biała Podlaska, The Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, 00-968 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Kamila Płoszczyca
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Miłosz Czuba
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland; (K.P.); (M.C.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Józef Langfort
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
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Liu B, Li J, Lin X, Hu J, Lou S. The metabolic changes in the hippocampus of an atherosclerotic rat model and the regulation of aerobic training. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:1017-1034. [PMID: 32240489 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been associated with the progression of cognitive impairment and the effect of metabolic changes in the brain on cognitive function may be pronounced. The aim is to reveal the metabolic changes during atherosclerosis and clarify the possible role of exercise in regulating hippocampal metabolism. Hence, A rat model of atherosclerosis was established by high-fat diet feeding in combination with vitamin D3 intraperitoneal injection, then 4 weeks of aerobic exercise was conducted. Metabolomics based on GC-MS was applied to detect small molecules metabolites and western blot was used to detect the concentration of enzymes involved in metabolic changes in rat hippocampus. Compared to the control group, metabolites including xylulose 5-phosphate, threonine, succinate, and nonanoic acid were markedly elevated, whereas methyl arachidonic acid and methyl stearate decreased in the AS group, accompanied by a raised concentration of aldose reductase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase as well as a declined concentration of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. After 4 weeks' aerobic exercise, the levels of succinic acid, branched chain amino acids, nonanoic acid, desmosterol, and aldose reductase decreased, whereas methyl arachidonic acid, methyl stearate, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate elevated in the hippocampus of the TAS group in comparison with the AS group. These results suggest that atherosclerosis could cause a severe metabolic disturbance, and aerobic exercise plays an important role in regulating atherosclerosis-induced disorder of glucose metabolism in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Post-doctoral station of clinical medicine, Tongji Hospital, medical school of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Shujie Lou
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Macaulay TR, Fisher BE, Schroeder ET. Potential Indirect Mechanisms of Cognitive Enhancement After Long-Term Resistance Training in Older Adults. Phys Ther 2020; 100:907-916. [PMID: 31944253 PMCID: PMC7530578 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia and other age-associated cognitive disorders is steadily increasing worldwide. With no cure after diagnosis, successful treatment likely requires maximum adherence to preventative countermeasures. Many potential risk factors are modifiable through exercise. Specifically, mounting evidence suggests that long-term resistance training (RT) can help maintain cognitive abilities with aging and have additional benefits to overall brain health. Physical therapists are uniquely positioned to administer such clinical interventions designed to slow disease progression. However, a neuroscientific foundation for these benefits must be established to justify the integration of RT for brain health into practice. The mechanisms of cognitive decline are commonly linked to fundamental processes of aging. Even healthy older adults experience decreases in physical capacity, vascular function, brain structure and function, glucose regulation, inflammation, mood, and sleep quality. Yet, clinical trials involving RT in older adults have consistently demonstrated improvements in each of these systems with concomitant enhancement of cognitive performance. Beneficial adaptations may indirectly or directly mediate benefits to brain function, and understanding this relationship can help us develop optimal intervention strategies for the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Macaulay
- Clinical Exercise Research Center, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 East Alcazar St, CHP 149, Los Angeles, CA 90089 (USA). Address all correspondence to Mr Macaulay at:
| | - Beth E Fisher
- Clinical Exercise Research Center, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California
| | - E Todd Schroeder
- Clinical Exercise Research Center, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California
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39
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Acute exercise-related cognitive effects are not attributable to changes in end-tidal CO2 or cerebral blood velocity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1637-1649. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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40
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Abstract
People undertaking prolonged vigorous exercise experience substantial bodily fluid losses due to thermoregulatory sweating. If these fluid losses are not replaced, endurance capacity may be impaired in association with a myriad of alterations in physiological function, including hyperthermia, hyperventilation, cardiovascular strain with reductions in brain, skeletal muscle and skin blood perfusion, greater reliance on muscle glycogen and cellular metabolism, alterations in neural activity and, in some conditions, compromised muscle metabolism and aerobic capacity. The physiological strain accompanying progressive exercise-induced dehydration to a level of ~ 4% of body mass loss can be attenuated or even prevented by: (1) ingesting fluids during exercise, (2) exercising in cold environments, and/or (3) working at intensities that require a small fraction of the overall body functional capacity. The impact of dehydration upon physiological function therefore depends on the functional demand evoked by exercise and environmental stress, as cardiac output, limb blood perfusion and muscle metabolism are stable or increase during small muscle mass exercise or resting conditions, but are impaired during whole-body moderate to intense exercise. Progressive dehydration is also associated with an accelerated drop in perfusion and oxygen supply to the human brain during submaximal and maximal endurance exercise. Yet their consequences on aerobic metabolism are greater in the exercising muscles because of the much smaller functional oxygen extraction reserve. This review describes how dehydration differentially impacts physiological function during exercise requiring low compared to high functional demand, with an emphasis on the responses of the human brain, heart and skeletal muscles.
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41
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Effects of Blood Pressure on Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2019; 9:jcm9010034. [PMID: 31877865 PMCID: PMC7019226 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High blood pressure has been associated with an increased risk of developing cognitive impairment. However, this relationship is unclear. This study aims to systematically review the effects of blood pressure on executive functioning, language, memory, attention and processing speed. Methods: The review process was conducted according to the PRISMA-Statement, using the PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and MEDLINE databases. Restrictions were made by selecting studies, which included one or more cognitive measures and reported blood pressure recordings. Studies that included participants with medical conditions or people diagnosed with dementia, psychiatric disorders, stroke and head trauma were excluded. The review allows selecting fifty studies that included 107,405 participants. The results were reported considering different cognitive domains separately: global cognitive functioning, attention, processing speed, executive functions, memory and visuospatial abilities. Results: Higher blood pressure appears to influence cognitive performance in different domains in the absence of dementia and severe cardiovascular diseases, such as strokes. This relationship seems to be independent of demographic factors (gender and education), medical co-morbidity (diabetes), and psychiatric disorders (depression). Furthermore, it presents different patterns considering ageing. In the elderly, a sort of “cardiovascular paradox” is highlighted, which allows considering higher blood pressure as a protective factor for cognitive functioning. Conclusions: The results underline that higher blood pressure is associated with a higher risk of cognitive decline in people without dementia or stroke. These findings highlight the need to introduce early management of blood pressure, even in the absence of clinical hypertension, to prevent the risk of a decline of cognitive functioning typically associated with ageing.
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42
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Ogoh S, Sato K, Abreu S, Denise P, Normand H. Arterial and venous cerebral blood flow responses to long‐term head‐down bed rest in male volunteers. Exp Physiol 2019; 105:44-52. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Toyo University Kawagoe‐Shi Saitama Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Tokyo Gakugei University Koganei Tokyo Japan
| | - Steven Abreu
- Normandie Université, Unicaen; Inserm Comete GIP Cyceron Chu Caen France
| | - Pierre Denise
- Normandie Université, Unicaen; Inserm Comete GIP Cyceron Chu Caen France
| | - Hervé Normand
- Normandie Université, Unicaen; Inserm Comete GIP Cyceron Chu Caen France
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43
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Tempest GD, Reiss AL. The Utility of Functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy for Measuring Cortical Activity during Cycling Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:979-987. [PMID: 30985584 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Real-time measurement of dynamic brain activity during exercise can help advance our understanding of the role of exercise upon brain health and function. In exercise science, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has primarily been used to measure the effects of exercise intensity on hemodynamic responses in the cerebral cortex. However, the utility of fNIRS to measure discreet hemodynamic responses underlying brain activation associated with motor and cognitive function during exercise has not been systematically examined. Here, we compared brain activation associated with a motor and cognitive task at rest and during cycling exercise at different intensities. METHODS In separate sessions, 13 participants performed cycling exercise on an indoor trainer at a low, moderate and high intensity. We measured changes in oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated (HbR) hemoglobin from prefrontal, parietal, and motor regions of the cerebral cortex during a handgrip and working-memory task. RESULTS Our findings show significant brain activation (a concurrent increase in HbO and decrease in HbR) in contralateral motor cortex during the handgrip task and left prefrontal cortex during the working-memory task at rest and during exercise at low, moderate and high (motor task HbO only) intensities (P < 0.05). Moreover, brain activation during the handgrip and working-memory tasks was not significantly different at rest and during exercise (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that fNIRS can robustly measure motor and cognitive task-evoked changes in brain activation during cycling exercise comparable to rest. An implication of these new findings is that fNIRS can be used to determine real-time changes in brain function during exercise in healthy and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Tempest
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Allan L Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Departments of Radiology and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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44
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Ando S, Komiyama T, Sudo M, Higaki Y, Ishida K, Costello JT, Katayama K. The interactive effects of acute exercise and hypoxia on cognitive performance: A narrative review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:384-398. [PMID: 31605635 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute moderate intensity exercise has been shown to improve cognitive performance. In contrast, hypoxia is believed to impair cognitive performance. The detrimental effects of hypoxia on cognitive performance are primarily dependent on the severity and duration of exposure. In this review, we describe how acute exercise under hypoxia alters cognitive performance, and propose that the combined effects of acute exercise and hypoxia on cognitive performance are mainly determined by interaction among exercise intensity and duration, the severity of hypoxia, and duration of exposure to hypoxia. We discuss the physiological mechanism(s) of the interaction and suggest that alterations in neurotransmitter function, cerebral blood flow, and possibly cerebral metabolism are the primary candidates that determine cognitive performance when acute exercise is combined with hypoxia. Furthermore, acclimatization appears to counteract impaired cognitive performance during prolonged exposure to hypoxia although the precise physiological mechanism(s) responsible for this amelioration remain to be elucidated. This review has implications for sporting, occupational, and recreational activities at terrestrial high altitude where cognitive performance is essential. Further studies are required to understand physiological mechanisms that determine cognitive performance when acute exercise is performed in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sudo
- Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Joseph T Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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45
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Himmelmeier RM, Nouchi R, Saito T, Burin D, Wiltfang J, Kawashima R. Study Protocol: Does an Acute Intervention of High-Intensity Physical Exercise Followed by a Brain Training Video Game Have Immediate Effects on Brain Activity of Older People During Stroop Task in fMRI?-A Randomized Controlled Trial With Crossover Design. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:260. [PMID: 31619984 PMCID: PMC6759467 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Elderly people are affected by processes leading to decline in various aspects of daily living that impair their quality of life. Regarding neurological aspects, executive functions have been shown to be valuable for daily life and to slow decline during aging. Most intervention studies intended to improve cognitive functions during aging specifically address long-term destructive processes and countermeasures. However, to an increasing degree, studies also investigate the acute benefits that prove to be useful for daily life, such as physical exercise or video games in the form of exercise video gaming (“exergaming”). Because little is known about the change in cognitive ability following acute intervention of a combination of physical exercise and video gaming, especially for older people, this work is designed as an attempt to address this matter. Methods: This study is a randomized crossover controlled trial to test the response to an acute bout of high-intensity physical exercise followed by a short session with a brain training (Brain Age) video game in physically active and cognitively healthy older adults (60–70 years). The response is measured using Stroop task performance (cognitive task for executive function) and related brain activity assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The control conditions are low-intensity physical exercise and Tetris for video gaming. Discussion: This study is intended to provide insight into the alteration of executive function and its related brain activity from an acute intervention with a combination of physical exercise and video gaming in older people. The protocol might not be implementable in daily life to improve cognitive abilities. However, the results can support future studies that investigate cognition and the combination of physical exercise and video gaming. Moreover, it can provide real-life implications. Trial registration: This trial was registered in The University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000033054). Registered 19 July 2018, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000037687.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Maximilian Himmelmeier
- Department of Functional Brain Image, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Nouchi
- Department of Functional Brain Image, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Smart Aging Research Center (SARC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiki Saito
- Department of Functional Brain Image, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dalila Burin
- Department of Functional Brain Image, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Smart Aging Research Center (SARC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.,iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Department of Functional Brain Image, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Smart Aging Research Center (SARC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Laborde S, Lentes T, Hosang TJ, Borges U, Mosley E, Dosseville F. Influence of Slow-Paced Breathing on Inhibition After Physical Exertion. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1923. [PMID: 31507488 PMCID: PMC6715106 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aims to investigate whether slow-paced breathing (SPB) improves adaptation to psychological stress, and specifically inhibition, when it is performed before or after physical exertion (PE). According to the resonance model, SPB is expected to increase cardiac vagal activity (CVA). Further, according to the neurovisceral integration model, CVA is positively linked to executive cognitive performance, and would thus play a role in the adaptation to psychological stress. We hypothesized that SPB, in comparison to a control condition, will induce a better adaptation to psychological stress, measured via better inhibitory performance. Two within-subject experiments were conducted with athletes: in the first experiment (N = 60) SPB (or control – neutral TV documentary) was realized before PE (“relax before PE”), and in the second experiment (N = 60) SPB (or the watching TV control) was realized after PE (“relax after PE”). PE consisted of 5 min Burpees, a physical exercise involving the whole body. In both experiments the adaptation to psychological stress was investigated with a Stroop task, a measure of inhibition, which followed PE. Perceived stress increased during PE (partial η2 = 0.63) and during the Stroop task (partial η2 = 0.08), and decreased during relaxation (partial η2 = 0.15), however, no effect of condition was found. At the physiological level PE significantly increased HR, RF, and decreased CVA [operationalized in this research via the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD)] in both experiments. Further, the number of errors in the incongruent category (Stroop interference accuracy) was found to be lower in the SPB condition in comparison to the control condition, however, these results were not mediated by RMSSD. Additionally, the Stroop interference [reaction times (RTs)] was found to be lower overall in “relax before PE,” however, no effect was found regarding SPB and Stroop interference (RTs). Overall, our results suggest that SPB realized before or after PE has a positive effect regarding adaptation to psychological stress and specifically inhibition, however, the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Normandie Université, UFR STAPS, EA 4260, Cesams, Caen, France
| | - Theresa Lentes
- Department of Performance Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas J Hosang
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uirassu Borges
- Department of Performance Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emma Mosley
- Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Dosseville
- Normandie Université, UMR-S 1075 COMETE, Caen, France.,INSERM, UMR-S 1075 COMETE, Caen, France
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Williams TB, Corbett J, McMorris T, Young JS, Dicks M, Ando S, Thelwell RC, Tipton MJ, Costello JT. Cognitive performance is associated with cerebral oxygenation and peripheral oxygen saturation, but not plasma catecholamines, during graded normobaric hypoxia. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1384-1397. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Williams
- Extreme Environments LaboratoryDepartment of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Jo Corbett
- Extreme Environments LaboratoryDepartment of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Terry McMorris
- Extreme Environments LaboratoryDepartment of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of Chichester Chichester UK
| | - John S. Young
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical ScienceUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Matt Dicks
- Extreme Environments LaboratoryDepartment of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and EngineeringThe University of Electro‐Communications Tokyo Japan
| | - Richard C. Thelwell
- Extreme Environments LaboratoryDepartment of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Michael J. Tipton
- Extreme Environments LaboratoryDepartment of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - Joseph T. Costello
- Extreme Environments LaboratoryDepartment of Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
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Dobashi S, Koyama K, Endo J, Kiuchi M, Horiuchi M. Impact of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Executive Function During Hypoxic Exercise. High Alt Med Biol 2019; 20:187-191. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2018.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Dobashi
- Integrated Graduate School, Department of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Koyama
- Graduate School Department of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Junko Endo
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Fujiyoshida, Japan
| | - Masataka Kiuchi
- Graduate School, Department of Education, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Horiuchi
- Division of Human Environmental Science, Mt. Fuji Research Institute, Fujiyoshida, Japan
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Jansen van Vuren E, Malan L, von Känel R, Magnusson M, Lammertyn L, Malan NT. Prospective associations between cardiac stress, glucose dysregulation and executive cognitive function in Black men: The Sympathetic activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans study. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:236-243. [PMID: 30557037 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118816221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucose dysregulation is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease development through synaptic dysfunction resulting in cognitive decline. The aim of this study was to study the interplay between impaired glycaemic metabolism (hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance), cardiac stress (cardiac troponin T and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide) and executive cognitive function prospectively, in a bi-ethnic sex cohort. METHODS Black and White teachers (N = 338, aged 20-63 years) from the Sympathetic activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans study were monitored over a 3-year period. Fasting blood samples were obtained for cardiac troponin T, N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide, glycated haemoglobin and the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance for insulin resistance. The Stroop colour-word conflict test was applied to assess executive cognitive function at baseline. RESULTS Over the 3-year period, Black men revealed constant high levels of cardiac troponin T (⩾4.2 ng/L), pre-diabetes (glycated haemoglobin > 5.7%) and insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance >3). %Δ Glycated haemoglobin was associated with %Δ insulin resistance (p < 0.001) and increases in %ΔN-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (p = 0.02) in Black men only. In the latter, baseline Stroop colour-word conflict test was inversely associated with %Δ cardiac troponin T (p = 0.001) and %Δ insulin resistance levels (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Progressive myocyte stretch and chronic myocyte injury, coupled with glucose dysregulation, may interfere with processes related to interference control in Black men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmé Jansen van Vuren
- 1 Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART) and School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Leoné Malan
- 1 Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART) and School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Roland von Känel
- 1 Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART) and School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- 2 Department of Consultation-Liaison-Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Magnusson
- 3 Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- 4 Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- 5 Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Leandi Lammertyn
- 1 Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART) and School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- 6 MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas T Malan
- 1 Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART) and School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Ogoh S, Sato K, Hirasawa A, Sadamoto T. The effect of muscle metaboreflex on the distribution of blood flow in cerebral arteries during isometric exercise. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:375-385. [PMID: 30604287 PMCID: PMC10717543 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of muscle metaboreflex on blood flow in different cerebral arteries. Eleven healthy participants performed isometric, one-leg knee extension at 30% maximal voluntary contraction for 2 min. Activated muscle metaboreflex was isolated for 2 min by post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI). The contralateral internal carotid (ICA), vertebral (VA), and ipsilateral external carotid arteries (ECA) blood flows were evaluated using Doppler ultrasound. The ICA blood flow increased at the beginning of exercise (P = 0.004) but returned to the baseline level at the end of exercise (P = 0.055). In contrast, the VA blood flow increased and it was maintained until the end of the exercise (P = 0.011), while the ECA blood flow gradually increased throughout the exercise (P = 0.001). These findings indicate that isometric exercise causes a heterogeneous cerebral blood flow response in different cerebral arteries. During PEMI, the conductance of the VA as well as that of the ICA was significantly lower compared with the baseline value (P = 0.020 and P = 0.032, at PEMI90), while the conductance of the ECA was not different from the baseline (P = 0.587), suggesting that the posterior and anterior cerebral vasculature were similarly affected during exercise by activation of muscle metaboreceptors, but not in the non-cerebral artery. Since ECA branches from ICA, the balance in the different influence of muscle metaboreflex on ECA (vasodilation via exercise-induced hypertension) and ICA (vasoconstriction) may contribute to the decrease in ICA blood flow at the end of isometric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan.
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