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Torchelsen FKVDS, Fernandes TCP, de Sousa SMR, Sales-Junior PA, Branquinho RT, Murta SMF, Teixeira RR, Mosqueira VCF, de Lana M. Screening of synthetic 1,2,3-triazolic compounds inspired by SRPIN340 as anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2024; 57:e00411. [PMID: 39082521 PMCID: PMC11290850 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0585-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current treatments for Chagas disease (CD) include benznidazole and nifurtimox, which have limited efficacy and cause numerous side effects. Triazoles are candidates for new CD treatments due to their ability to eliminate T. cruzi parasites by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis, thereby damaging the cell membranes of the parasite. METHODS Eleven synthetic analogs of the kinase inhibitor SRPIN340 containing a triazole core (compounds 6A-6K) were screened in vitro against the Tulahuen strain transfected with β-galactosidase, and their IC50, CC50, and selectivity indexes (SI) were calculated. Compounds with an SI > 50 were further evaluated in mice infected with the T. cruzi Y strain by rapid testing. RESULTS Eight compounds were active in vitro with IC50 values ranging from 0.5-10.5 µg/mL. The most active compounds, 6E and 6H, had SI values of 125.2 and 69.6, respectively. These compounds also showed in vivo activity, leading to a reduction in parasitemia at doses of 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg/day. At doses of 50 and 250 mg/kg/day, parasitemia was significantly reduced compared to infected untreated animals, with no significant differences between the effects of 6E and 6H. CONCLUSIONS This study identified two new promising compounds for CD chemotherapy and confirmed their activity against T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamiles Caroline Pedrosa Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, MG,
Brasil
| | | | | | - Renata Tupinambá Branquinho
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Ciências Farmacêuticas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Marta de Lana
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Ciências Farmacêuticas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Ouro Preto, MG,
Brasil
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2
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Faier-Pereira A, Finamore-Araujo P, Brito CRDN, Peres EG, de Lima Yamaguchi KK, de Castro DP, Moreira OC. The Development of a One-Step RT-qPCR for the Detection and Quantification of Viable Forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in Açai Samples from Areas at Risk of Chagas Disease through Oral Transmission. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5531. [PMID: 38791565 PMCID: PMC11122307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, approximately 70% of new cases of Chagas disease (CD) in Brazil are attributed to oral transmission, particularly through foods such as açaí, bacaba, and sugarcane juice, primarily in the northern and northeastern regions of the country. This underscores the imperative need to control the spread of the disease. The methods utilized to conduct quality control for food associated with outbreaks and to assess the potential for the oral transmission of CD through consuming açaí primarily rely on isolating the parasite or inoculating food into experimental animals, restricting the analyses to major research centers. While there are existing studies in the literature on the detection and quantification of T. cruzi DNA in açaí, the evaluation of parasites' viability using molecular methods in this type of sample and differentiating between live and dead parasites in açaí pulp remain challenging. Consequently, we developed a molecular methodology based on RT-qPCR for detecting and quantifying viable T. cruzi in açaí pulp samples. This protocol enables the stabilization and preservation of nucleic acids in açaí, along with incorporating an exogenous internal amplification control. The standardization of the RNA extraction method involved a simple and reproducible approach, coupled with a one-step RT-qPCR assay. The assay underwent validation with various T. cruzi DTUs and demonstrated sensitivity in detecting up to 0.1 viable parasite equivalents/mL in açaí samples. Furthermore, we investigated the effectiveness of a bleaching method in eliminating viable parasites in açaí samples contaminated with T. cruzi by comparing the detection of DNA versus RNA. Finally, we validated this methodology using açaí pulp samples positive for T. cruzi DNA, which were collected in a municipality with a history of oral CD outbreaks (Coari-AM). This validation involved comparing the detection and quantification of total versus viable T. cruzi. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of this methodology in detecting viable forms of T. cruzi in açaí pulp samples, emerging as a crucial tool for monitoring oral outbreaks of Chagas disease resulting from açaí consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Faier-Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Paula Finamore-Araujo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Eldrinei Gomes Peres
- Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Pereira de Castro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Physiology of Insects, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Parasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
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Silvestrini MMA, Alessio GD, Frias BED, Sales Júnior PA, Araújo MSS, Silvestrini CMA, Brito Alvim de Melo GE, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins HR. New insights into Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity, and its influence on parasite biology and clinical outcomes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1342431. [PMID: 38655255 PMCID: PMC11035809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a serious public health problem worldwide. The parasite was subdivided into six distinct genetic groups, called "discrete typing units" (DTUs), from TcI to TcVI. Several studies have indicated that the heterogeneity of T. cruzi species directly affects the diversity of clinical manifestations of Chagas disease, control, diagnosis performance, and susceptibility to treatment. Thus, this review aims to describe how T. cruzi genetic diversity influences the biology of the parasite and/or clinical parameters in humans. Regarding the geographic dispersion of T. cruzi, evident differences were observed in the distribution of DTUs in distinct areas. For example, TcII is the main DTU detected in Brazilian patients from the central and southeastern regions, where there are also registers of TcVI as a secondary T. cruzi DTU. An important aspect observed in previous studies is that the genetic variability of T. cruzi can impact parasite infectivity, reproduction, and differentiation in the vectors. It has been proposed that T. cruzi DTU influences the host immune response and affects disease progression. Genetic aspects of the parasite play an important role in determining which host tissues will be infected, thus heavily influencing Chagas disease's pathogenesis. Several teams have investigated the correlation between T. cruzi DTU and the reactivation of Chagas disease. In agreement with these data, it is reasonable to suppose that the immunological condition of the patient, whether or not associated with the reactivation of the T. cruzi infection and the parasite strain, may have an important role in the pathogenesis of Chagas disease. In this context, understanding the genetics of T. cruzi and its biological and clinical implications will provide new knowledge that may contribute to additional strategies in the diagnosis and clinical outcome follow-up of patients with Chagas disease, in addition to the reactivation of immunocompromised patients infected with T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glaucia Diniz Alessio
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna Estefânia Diniz Frias
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Policarpo Ademar Sales Júnior
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Integrated Biomarker Research Group, René Rachou Institute, Fiocruz Minas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helen Rodrigues Martins
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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4
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Prates JLB, Lopes JR, Chin CM, Ferreira EI, Dos Santos JL, Scarim CB. Discovery of Novel Inhibitors of Cruzain Cysteine Protease of Trypanosoma cruzi. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2285-2308. [PMID: 37888814 DOI: 10.2174/0109298673254864230921090519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a parasitic disease endemic in several developing countries. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 6-8 million people worldwide are inflicted by CD. The scarcity of new drugs, mainly for the chronic phase, is the main reason for treatment limitation in CD. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new targets for which new therapeutical agents could be developed. Cruzain cysteine protease (CCP) is a promising alternative because this enzyme exhibits pleiotropic effects by acting as a virulence factor, modulating host immune cells, and interacting with host cells. This systematic review was conducted to discover new compounds that act as cruzain inhibitors, and their effects in vitro were studied through enzymatic assays and molecular docking. Additionally, the advances and perspectives of these inhibitors are discussed. These findings are expected to contribute to medicinal chemistry in view of the design of new, safe, and efficacious inhibitors against Trypanosoma cruzi CCP detected in the last decade (2013-2022) to provide scaffolds for further optimization, aiming toward the discovery of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lucas Bruno Prates
- Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Chemistry Institute Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Romano Lopes
- Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Chung Man Chin
- Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Union of the Colleges of the Great Lakes (UNILAGO), School of Medicine, Advanced Research Center in Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- LAPEN-Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutic Agents Potentially Active on Neglected Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Chemistry Institute Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Cauê Benito Scarim
- Department of Drugs and Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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5
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Olivo-Freites C, Sy H, Cardenas-Alvarez J, Vega-Batista F, Henao-Martínez AF. Trypanosoma cruzi Central Nervous System Infection-Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2023; 10:186-198. [PMID: 38983718 PMCID: PMC11233130 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-023-00300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected tropical disease from the American continent that commonly causes cardiovascular disease. Some patients develop neurological manifestations. We discuss and summarize the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of the central nervous system manifestations of CD. Recent Findings Cerebrospinal fluid quantitative polymerase chain reaction tests and next-generation sequencing in tissue samples have facilitated disease diagnosis and follow-up. Novel presentations, including retinitis, are now reported. A new MRI sign called "Bunch of açai berries appearance"-multiple hypointense nodular lesions-has been described recently. Treatment with benznidazole at higher doses and the role of therapeutic drug monitoring need to be further studied in this setting. Summary A high suspicion index is paramount to diagnosing Chagas' central nervous system involvement. Standardized molecular diagnostics can aid in the initial workup. Future development of new therapeutic drugs is crucial because of the toxicity profile of the currently available medications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrik Sy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Cardenas-Alvarez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Andrés F Henao-Martínez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO, USA
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6
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Cornet-Gomez A, Moreira LR, Gomez-Samblás M, Osuna A. Extracellular vesicles of Trypanosoma cruzi and immune complexes they form with sialylated and non-sialylated IgGs increase small peritoneal macrophage subpopulation and elicit different cytokines profiles. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215913. [PMID: 37600828 PMCID: PMC10434529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is characterized by the presence of cardiac or gastrointestinal symptoms in a large number of patients during the chronic phase of the disease. Although the origin of the symptoms is not clear, several mechanisms have been described involving factors related to T. cruzi and the host immune response. In this sense, the extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by the parasite and the immune complexes (ICs) formed after their recognition by host IgGs (EVs-IgGs) may play an important role in the immune response during infection. The aim of the present work is to elucidate the modulation of the immune response exerted by EVs and the ICs they form by analyzing the variation in the subpopulations of small and large peritoneal macrophages after intraperitoneal inoculation in mice and to evaluate the role of the sialylation of the host IgGs in this immunomodulation. Both macrophage subpopulations were purified and subjected to cytokine expression analysis by RT-qPCR. The results showed an increase in the small peritoneal macrophage subpopulation after intraperitoneal injection of parasite EVs, but a greater increase in this subpopulation was observed when sialylated and non-sialylated ICs were injected, which was similar to inoculation with the trypomastigote stage of the parasite. The cytokine expression results showed the ability of both subpopulations to express inflammatory and non-inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest the role of free EVs in the acute phase of the disease and the possible role of immune complexes in the immune response in the chronic phase of the disease, when the levels of antibodies against the parasite allow the formation of immune complexes. The differential expression of interleukins showed after the inoculation of immune complexes formed with sialylated and non-sialylated IgGs and the interleukins expression induced by EVs, demonstrates that the IgG glycosilation is involved in the type of immune response that dominates in each of the phases of the Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cornet-Gomez
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lissette Retana Moreira
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mercedes Gomez-Samblás
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular (CTS 183), Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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7
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Bethencourt-Estrella CJ, Delgado-Hernández S, López-Arencibia A, San Nicolás-Hernández D, Tejedor D, García-Tellado F, Lorenzo-Morales J, Piñero JE. In vitro activity and mechanism of cell death induction of cyanomethyl vinyl ethers derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 22:72-80. [PMID: 37311268 PMCID: PMC10276036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease causes a problematic pathology that can lead to megacolon and heart disease, and can even cause the death of the patient. Current therapies for this disease are the same as they were 50 years ago, are not fully effective and have strong side effects. The lack of a safe and effective therapy makes it necessary to search for new, less toxic and totally effective compounds against this parasite. In this work, the antichagasic activity of 46 novel cyanomethyl vinyl ether derivatives was studied. In addition, to elucidate the type of cell death that these compounds produce in parasites, several events related to programmed cell death were studied. The results highlight four more selective compounds, E63, E64, E74 and E83, which also appear to trigger programmed cell death, and are therefore postulated as good candidates to use in future therapeutics for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Bethencourt-Estrella
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
| | - Samuel Delgado-Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Departamento de Química, Unidad Departamental de Química Analítica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, 38206, Spain.
| | - Atteneri López-Arencibia
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Desirée San Nicolás-Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
| | - David Tejedor
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
| | - Fernando García-Tellado
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain.
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José E Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Madrid, Spain.
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Asogwa FC, Izuchukwu UD, Louis H, Eze CC, Ekeleme CM, Ezugwu JA, Benjamin I, Attah SI, Agwamba EC, Ekoh OC, Adeyinka AS. Synthesis, Characterization and Theoretical Investigations on the Molecular Structure, Electronic Property and anti-Trypanosomal Activity of Benzenesulphonamide-Based Carboxamide and Its Derivatives. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2150653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick C. Asogwa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Ugwu D. Izuchukwu
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Cosmas C. Eze
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu M. Ekeleme
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - James A. Ezugwu
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Innocent Benjamin
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Solomon I. Attah
- Department of Pure & Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ernest C. Agwamba
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Clifford University, Owerrinta, Nigeria
| | - Ogechi C. Ekoh
- Department of Chemistry, Evangel University, Akaeze, Nigeria
| | - Adedapo S. Adeyinka
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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9
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Ferreira RR, de Souza EM, Vilar-Pereira G, Degrave WMS, Abreu RDS, Meuser-Batista M, Ferreira NVC, Ledbeter S, Barker RH, Bailly S, Feige JJ, Lannes-Vieira J, de Araújo-Jorge TC, Waghabi MC. In Chagas disease, transforming growth factor beta neutralization reduces Trypanosoma cruzi infection and improves cardiac performance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1017040. [PMID: 36530434 PMCID: PMC9748701 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1017040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC), a progressive inflammatory and fibrosing disease, is the most prominent clinical form of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection. During CCC, the parasite remains inside the cardiac cells, leading to tissue damage, involving extensive inflammatory response and irregular fibrosis. Among the fibrogenic factors is transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a key cytokine controlling extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation. TGF-β is involved in CCC onset and progression, with increased serum levels and activation of its signaling pathways in the cardiac tissue, which crucially contributes to fibrosis. Inhibition of the TGF-β signaling pathway attenuates T. cruzi infection and prevents cardiac damage in an experimental model of acute Chagas disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TGF-β neutralization on T. cruzi infection in both in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical models, using the 1D11 monoclonal antibody. To this end, primary cultures of cardiac cells were infected with T. cruzi trypomastigote forms and treated with 1D11. For in vivo studies, 1D11 was administered in different schemes for acute and chronic phase models (Swiss mice infected with 104 parasites from the Y strain and C57BL/6 mice infected with 102 parasites from the Colombian strain, respectively). Here we show that the addition of 1D11 to cardiac cells greatly reduces cardiomyocyte invasion by T. cruzi and the number of parasites per infected cell. In both acute and chronic experimental models, T. cruzi infection altered the electrical conduction, decreasing the heart rate, increasing the PR interval and the P wave duration. The treatment with 1D11 reduced cardiac fibrosis and reversed electrical abnormalities improving cardiac performance. Taken together, these data further support the major role of the TGF-β signaling pathways in T. cruzi-infection and their biological consequences on parasite/host interactions. The therapeutic effects of the 1D11 antibody are promising and suggest a new possibility to treat cardiac fibrosis in the chronic phase of Chagas' heart disease by TGF-β neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rodrigues Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,*Correspondence: Roberto Rodrigues Ferreira, ; Mariana Caldas Waghabi,
| | - Elen Mello de Souza
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Vilar-Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wim M. S. Degrave
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rayane da Silva Abreu
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Meuser-Batista
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica e Citopatologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nilma Valéria Caldeira Ferreira
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica e Citopatologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Steve Ledbeter
- Tissue Protection and Repair, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Robert H. Barker
- Tissue Protection and Repair, Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Sabine Bailly
- Laboratory BioSanté, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Feige
- Laboratory BioSanté, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania C. de Araújo-Jorge
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Caldas Waghabi
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,*Correspondence: Roberto Rodrigues Ferreira, ; Mariana Caldas Waghabi,
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10
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da Silva-Gomes NL, Ruivo LADS, Moreira C, Meuser-Batista M, da Silva CF, Batista DDGJ, Fragoso S, de Oliveira GM, Soeiro MDNC, Moreira OC. Overexpression of TcNTPDase-1 Gene Increases Infectivity in Mice Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314661. [PMID: 36498985 PMCID: PMC9736689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are enzymes located on the surface of the T. cruzi plasma membrane, which hydrolyze a wide range of tri-/-diphosphate nucleosides. In this work, we used previously developed genetically modified strains of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), hemi-knockout (KO +/−) and overexpressing (OE) the TcNTPDase-1 gene to evaluate the parasite infectivity profile in a mouse model of acute infection (n = 6 mice per group). Our results showed significantly higher parasitemia and mortality, and lower weight in animals infected with parasites OE TcNTPDase-1, as compared to the infection with the wild type (WT) parasites. On the other hand, animals infected with (KO +/−) parasites showed no mortality during the 30-day trial and mouse weight was more similar to the non-infected (NI) animals. In addition, they had low parasitemia (45.7 times lower) when compared with parasites overexpressing TcNTPDase-1 from the hemi-knockout (OE KO +/−) group. The hearts of animals infected with the OE KO +/− and OE parasites showed significantly larger regions of cardiac inflammation than those infected with the WT parasites (p < 0.001). Only animals infected with KO +/− did not show individual electrocardiographic changes during the period of experimentation. Together, our results expand the knowledge on the role of NTPDases in T. cruzi infectivity, reenforcing the potential of this enzyme as a chemotherapy target to treat Chagas disease (CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Lins da Silva-Gomes
- Plataforma de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular-IOC/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Tripanossomatídeos-ICC/FIOCRUZ, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Meuser-Batista
- Laboratório de Educação Profissional em Técnicas Laboratoriais em Saúde, EPSJV/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | | | | | - Stênio Fragoso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Tripanossomatídeos-ICC/FIOCRUZ, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil
| | | | | | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Plataforma de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular-IOC/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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11
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Orduña-Mayares D, Hernández-Camacho N, Escobedo-Ortegón FJ, Canché-Pool EB, Sosa-Gallegos SL, SalvadorZamora-Ledesma, ElenaVillagrán-Herrera M, Jones RW, Camacho-Macías B. Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. in rodents in a peri-urban area of Central Mexico. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 35:100779. [PMID: 36184108 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rodents are one of the most relevant groups of mammals involved in the process of zoonotic disease transmission. Their ability to adapt to anthropized environments allows them to come into contact with humans with often negative consequences for the latter. The present study designed to detect the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. in rodents living in the peri-urban area of Queretaro in central Mexico. This research was carried out during two seasons of collection of wild and domestic rodents, in three localities within the peri-urban area of the state of Queretaro. These collections were carried out during the dry season of February-May 2017 and in the rainy season of August-November 2017. Samples were obtained from the tail tip, from which DNA was purified using the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit. End-point PCR was used for the identification of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. A total of 82 rodents were caught, represented in three families, six genera and seven species, of which 29 (35.3%) were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi; 13 (15.8%) for Leishmania spp.; and 12 individuals presented co-infection with both parasites (14.6%). This study confirmed the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. in synanthropic rodents in the peri-urban area of Queretaro, where Chagas and Leishmaniosis diseases are not considered endemic. It is necessary to continue researching for the presence of vectors, as well as for the detection of diseases caused by parasites in humans and thus be able to confirm the transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. in this central Mexican city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Orduña-Mayares
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Academic Body of Ecology and Faunal Diversity, The Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Norma Hernández-Camacho
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Academic Body of Ecology and Faunal Diversity, The Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Javier Escobedo-Ortegón
- Hideyo Noguchi Regional Research Centre, Academic Body of Ecological and Geographical Surveillance of Endemic, Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonoses in the Yucatan Peninsula, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Elsy Beatriz Canché-Pool
- Hideyo Noguchi Regional Research Centre, Academic Body of Ecological and Geographical Surveillance of Endemic, Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonoses in the Yucatan Peninsula, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Susana Lucía Sosa-Gallegos
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Academic Body of Integral Animal Improvement, The Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - SalvadorZamora-Ledesma
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Academic Body of Ecology and Faunal Diversity, The Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Robert W Jones
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Academic Body of Ecology and Faunal Diversity, The Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Brenda Camacho-Macías
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Academic Body of Ecology and Faunal Diversity, The Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Mexico
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12
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González-Guzmán S, González-Cano P, Bagu ET, Vázquez-Vega S, Martínez-Salazar M, Juárez-Montiel M, Gutiérrez-Hoya A, Crescencio-Trujillo JA, Sánchez-Montes S, Fernández-Figueroa E, Contreras-López EA, Guerra-Márquez Á, Arroyo-Anduiza CI, Ángeles-Márquez LE, Rodríguez-Trejo E, Bekker-Méndez C, Guerra-Castillo FX, Regalado-Santiago C, Tesoro-Cruz E, Oviedo N, Victoria-Jardón AM, Bautista-Olvera J, García-Ramírez P, Vázquez-Meraz JE, Contreras-Lozano MC, Castillo-Flores VS, Guevara-Reyes R, Girón-Sánchez AR, Arenas-Luis HD, Pecero-Hidalgo MJ, Ríos-Antonio E, Ramírez-Pereda N, Martínez-Mora A, Paredes-Cervantes V. Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi in Eight Blood Banks in Mexico. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:625-633. [PMID: 36109203 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The true prevalence of Chagas disease in Mexico is unknown. However, it has been estimated that 1.1-4 million people are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, which represents a potential risk for transmission of the disease via contaminated blood. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine the Chagas disease seroprevalence in donors from eight blood banks in the north of Mexico City, and the northeast of the State of Mexico. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Serum samples from blood donors (n = 515,038) were tested to detect the presence of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in eight blood banks. The serologic screening test was performed in each of the blood banks. To confirm the seropositive blood donors, only two out of the eight blood banks used a test with a different principle with the aim of identifying anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies. All tests were validated by the Mexican Institute for Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference. RESULTS One thousand two hundred and ten blood donors were seropositive for Trypanosoma cruzi, which represents a 0.23% seroprevalence (95% CI 0.22-0.25%). Of the seropositive blood donors, 97.03 % resided in the northeast area of the State of Mexico, Mexico City, and southern part of the State of Hidalgo. CONCLUSIONS Active transmission of Chagas disease may be occurring in non-endemic regions in the northeast of the State of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl González-Guzmán
- Banco Central de Sangre, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México; Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Zumpango, Estado de México, México
| | - Patricia González-Cano
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Universidad de La Cañada, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca, México
| | - Edward T Bagu
- Sanford School of Medicine School, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Salvador Vázquez-Vega
- Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y Servicios de Salud, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martha Martínez-Salazar
- División Atención Oncológica Pediátrica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Margarita Juárez-Montiel
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adriana Gutiérrez-Hoya
- Cátedra-CONACyT. Unidad de Diferenciación Celular e Investigación del Cáncer, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - Edith Fernández-Figueroa
- Departamento de Genómica Poblacional, Genómica Computacional y Biología integrativa. Instituto Nacional De Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Erik A Contreras-López
- Hospital General de Zona #25, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México; Hospital General Tacuba, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales para los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ángel Guerra-Márquez
- Banco Central de Sangre, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carla I Arroyo-Anduiza
- Banco Central de Sangre, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura E Ángeles-Márquez
- Banco Central de Sangre, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Trejo
- Banco Central de Sangre, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carolina Bekker-Méndez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisco X Guerra-Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Emiliano Tesoro-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma Oviedo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | | | - José E Vázquez-Meraz
- Banco de Sangre Regional Ecatepec Las Américas, Ecatepec Estado de México, México
| | | | | | | | | | - H D Arenas-Luis
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Zumpango, Estado de México, México
| | | | - Emiliano Ríos-Antonio
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Universidad de La Cañada, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca, México
| | - Natividad Ramírez-Pereda
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Universidad de La Cañada, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca, México
| | - Adalberto Martínez-Mora
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Universidad de La Cañada, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca, México
| | - Vladimir Paredes-Cervantes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México.
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da Costa KM, Valente RDC, da Fonseca LM, Freire-de-Lima L, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L. The History of the ABC Proteins in Human Trypanosomiasis Pathogens. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090988. [PMID: 36145420 PMCID: PMC9505544 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human trypanosomiasis affects nearly eight million people worldwide, causing great economic and social impact, mainly in endemic areas. T. cruzi and T. brucei are protozoan parasites that present efficient mechanisms of immune system evasion, leading to disease chronification. Currently, there is no vaccine, and chemotherapy is effective only in the absence of severe clinical manifestations. Nevertheless, resistant phenotypes to chemotherapy have been described in protozoan parasites, associated with cross-resistance to other chemically unrelated drugs. Multidrug resistance is multifactorial, involving: (i) drug entry, (ii) activation, (iii) metabolism and (iv) efflux pathways. In this context, ABC transporters, initially discovered in resistant tumor cells, have drawn attention in protozoan parasites, owing to their ability to decrease drug accumulation, thus mitigating their toxic effects. The discovery of these transporters in the Trypanosomatidae family started in the 1990s; however, few members were described and functionally characterized. This review contains a brief history of the main ABC transporters involved in resistance that propelled their investigation in Trypanosoma species, the main efflux modulators, as well as ABC genes described in T. cruzi and T. brucei according to the nomenclature HUGO. We hope to convey the importance that ABC transporters play in parasite physiology and chemotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Monteiro da Costa
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: (K.M.C.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Raphael do Carmo Valente
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Multidisciplinar em Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Duque de Caxias Prof. Geraldo Cidade, Duque de Caxias 25250-470, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Marques da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Jose Osvaldo Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: (K.M.C.); (L.M.P.)
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Carrillo I, Rabelo RAN, Barbosa C, Rates M, Fuentes-Retamal S, González-Herrera F, Guzmán-Rivera D, Quintero H, Kemmerling U, Castillo C, Machado FS, Díaz-Araya G, Maya JD. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 reduces parasitic cardiac load by decreasing inflammation in a murine model of early chronic Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009978. [PMID: 34784372 PMCID: PMC8631674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic in Latin America and is widely distributed worldwide because of migration. In 30% of cases, after years of infection and in the absence of treatment, the disease progresses from an acute asymptomatic phase to a chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy, leading to heart failure and death. An inadequate balance in the inflammatory response is involved in the progression of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. Current therapeutic strategies cannot prevent or reverse the heart damage caused by the parasite. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) is a pro-resolving mediator of inflammation that acts through N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2). AT-RvD1 participates in the modification of cytokine production, inhibition of leukocyte recruitment and efferocytosis, macrophage switching to a nonphlogistic phenotype, and the promotion of healing, thus restoring organ function. In the present study, AT-RvD1 is proposed as a potential therapeutic agent to regulate the pro-inflammatory state during the early chronic phase of Chagas disease. Methodology/Principal findings C57BL/6 wild-type and FPR2 knock-out mice chronically infected with T. cruzi were treated for 20 days with 5 μg/kg/day AT-RvD1, 30 mg/kg/day benznidazole, or the combination of 5 μg/kg/day AT-RvD1 and 5 mg/kg/day benznidazole. At the end of treatment, changes in immune response, cardiac tissue damage, and parasite load were evaluated. The administration of AT-RvD1 in the early chronic phase of T. cruzi infection regulated the inflammatory response both at the systemic level and in the cardiac tissue, and it reduced cellular infiltrates, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and the parasite load in the heart tissue. Conclusions/Significance AT-RvD1 was shown to be an attractive therapeutic due to its regulatory effect on the inflammatory response at the cardiac level and its ability to reduce the parasite load during early chronic T. cruzi infection, thereby preventing the chronic cardiac damage induced by the parasite. Chagas disease is prevalent in Latin America and is widely distributed worldwide due to migration. In 30% of patients, if the parasite is left untreated, the disease may progress from an acute symptomless phase to chronic myocardial inflammation, which can cause heart failure and death, years after the infection. Imbalances in the inflammatory response are related to this progression. Current treatments cannot prevent or reverse the cardiac damage inflicted by the parasite. Aspirin-triggered resolvin D1, also named AT-RvD1, can modify cellular and humoral inflammatory responses leading to the resolution of inflammation, thus promoting healing and restoring organ function. In this study, AT-RvD1, in an N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2)-dependent manner, was shown to regulate local and systemic inflammation and decrease cellular infiltration in the heart tissue of mice chronically infected with the parasite and reduce cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in the early stages of the chronic phase of the disease. Importantly, AT-RvD1 was able to decrease parasite load in the infected hearts. Thus, this research indicates that At-RvD1 treatment is a potential therapeutic strategy that offers an improvement on current drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Carrillo
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rayane Aparecida Nonato Rabelo
- Programa em Ciências da Saúde, Doenças Infecciosas e Medicina Tropical/ Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - César Barbosa
- Laboratório de Imunorregulação de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rates
- Laboratório de Imunorregulação de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sebastián Fuentes-Retamal
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola González-Herrera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Guzmán-Rivera
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helena Quintero
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiana S. Machado
- Programa em Ciências da Saúde, Doenças Infecciosas e Medicina Tropical/ Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunorregulação de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Díaz-Araya
- Departamento de Farmacología Química y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (GD-A); (JDM)
| | - Juan D. Maya
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail: (GD-A); (JDM)
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15
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Camargo LF, Pinheiro GD, de Oliveira PB, Losada DM, Chagas EFB, Sperança MA, Chies AB, Spadella MA, Martins LPA. Influence of galantamine in the inflammatory process and tissular lesions caused by Trypanosoma cruzi QM2 strain. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e0201. [PMID: 34787259 PMCID: PMC8582970 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0201-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trypanosoma cruzi infection triggers an inflammatory process with exacerbated production of cytokines that stimulate inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals, including the efferent anti-inflammatory signal known as the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway. Thus, the use of anticholinesterase drugs, such as galantamine, could minimize the inflammatory process caused by this disease. METHODS For the study at 30, 60, and 90 days, 120 Swiss mice were divided into three groups. Each group was subdivided into four subgroups: uninfected/untreated (CTRL), uninfected/treated (GAL), infected/untreated (INF), and infected/treated (GAL/INF). The infected groups were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.1 ml of mouse blood containing 5 × 104 trypomastigote forms of the T. cruzi QM2 strain. The galantamine-treated groups received 5 mg/kg of galantamine orally, through pipetting. From each subgroup, the parameters of parasitemia, histopathological analysis, butyrylcholinesterase activity (BuChE), and functional study of the colon were evaluated. RESULTS BuChE performance was observed when AChE was suppressed, with increased activity in the GAL/INF group similar to the INF group on the 30th day post infection, thus corroborating the absence of a significant difference in parasitic curves and histopathological analysis. CONCLUSIONS The presence of an inflammatory process and nests of amastigotes, as well as evidence of reactivity to ACh and NOR, suggest that galantamine did not interfere with the colonic inflammatory response or even in colonic tissue parasitism at this stage of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniele Moraes Losada
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Márcia Aparecida Sperança
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brasil
| | - Agnaldo Bruno Chies
- Faculdade de Medicina de Marília, Departamento de Farmacologia, Marília, SP, Brasil
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Silva TRM, Ferrer-Miranda E, de Oliveira JCP, Santoro KR, Alves LC, de Barros LSS, Ramos RAN, de Carvalho GA. Infections by trypanosomatid (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in triatomines (Hemiptera: Triatominae): A spatiotemporal assessment in an endemic area for Chagas disease. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 69:95-105. [PMID: 34713588 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This research analysed the spatiotemporal distribution of triatomines infected by trypanosomatid parasites in an endemic region for Chagas disease, in the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. The database included the total number of triatomines captured from intradomicile and peridomicile areas, as well as the infection rate (IR) by trypanosomatid. The G i ∗ by Getis-Ord method was used to statistically identify significant concentration clusters and the IR of triatomines by trypanosomatids. A generalized linear regression model with a binomial distribution was used to evaluate the probability of finding an IR by trypanosomatids. Overall, of 4,800 triatomines examined, trypanosomatid forms similar to Trypanosoma cruzi were detected in 10.29% of them, and the majority of positive specimens (98.17%) were collected at intradomicile. The geospatial analyses identified triatomines clusters in intradomicile and peridomicile environments. According to the logistic regression data for species (Panstrongylus lutzi, P. megistus, Triatoma brasiliensis and T. pseudomaculata), the probability of detection of T. cruzi infection remains constant in up to 50 specimens examined or more. The findings of this research revealed a scenario never studied in this area through this type of spatiotemporal analysis, which is essential to identify areas of vulnerability for the occurrence of these vectors and consequently for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edyniesky Ferrer-Miranda
- Graduate Program in Biometrics and Applies Statistics, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Kleber Régis Santoro
- Graduate Program in Biometrics and Applies Statistics, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Leucio Câmara Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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17
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Apt W, Llancaqueo M, Zulantay I, Canals M, Kara S, Arribada A, Muñoz G, Martínez G. Clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evolution of chronic Chagas disease treated with nifurtimox on prolonged follow-up in Chile: observational study. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 27:160-166. [PMID: 34496323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic status of chronic Chagas disease (cChD) patients treated with nifurtimox. METHODS An observational study was performed in 146 cChD patients followed over a mean of 7.9 years. RESULTS Of the 146 patients, 41 (28.1%) with normal electrocardiogram (ECG) at baseline maintained this condition, 34 (23.3%) with altered ECG at baseline normalised the alterations, and 46 (31.5%) with ECG abnormalities at baseline maintained this condition [23 (15.8%) with small alterations]. Finally, 25 cases (17.1%) in indeterminate phase altered the ECG. Differences before and after follow-up (P < 0.001) were found. The percentage of beneficial treatment was different than expected by chance (Z = 4.8; P < 0.001) and the annual percentage of cases that developed ECG alterations was lower than that of a historical cohort of untreated patients (P < 0.001). An echocardiogram was performed in 68 patients with baseline ECG alterations. The ejection fraction (EF) was normal in 57 (83.8%) and abnormal in 11 (16.2%). In 38 patients with ECG abnormalities that did not progress after treatment, EF and segmental motility (SM) were normal in 31 (81.6%) and 26 (68.4%), respectively. In 17 patients with ECG abnormalities, EF and SM were normal in 15 (88.2%) and 14 (82.4%) cases, respectively. CONCLUSION Less progression to cardiomyopathy compared with a historical untreated cohort as well as the EF/SM results in patients with abnormal ECG that did not progress and in indeterminate cChD that altered the ECG suggests a beneficial effect of nifurtimox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Apt
- Laboratory of Basic-Clinical Parasitology, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Marcelo Llancaqueo
- Department of Cardiology, Clinic Hospital University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Inés Zulantay
- Laboratory of Basic-Clinical Parasitology, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Mauricio Canals
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Kara
- Service of Cardiology, San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Gabriela Muñoz
- Laboratory of Basic-Clinical Parasitology, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Martínez
- Laboratory of Basic-Clinical Parasitology, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Profiro de Oliveira JH, Arruda IES, Izak Ribeiro de Araújo J, Chaves LL, de La Rocca Soares MF, Soares-Sobrinho JL. Why do few drug delivery systems to combat neglected tropical diseases reach the market? An analysis from the technology's stages. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 32:89-114. [PMID: 34424127 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1970746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many drugs used to combat schistosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis (SCL) have clinical limitations such as: high toxicity to the liver, kidneys and spleen; reproductive, gastrointestinal, and heart disorders; teratogenicity. In this sense, drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been described in the literature as a viable option for overcoming the limitations of these drugs. An analysis of the level of development (TRL) of patents can help in determine the steps that must be taken for promising technologies to reach the market. AREAS COVERED This study aimed to analyze the stage of development of DDSs for the treatment of SCL described in patents. In addition, we try to understand the main reasons why many DDSs do not reach the market. In this study, we examined DDSs for drugs indicated by WHO and treatment of SCL, by performing a search for patents. EXPERT OPINION In this present work we provide arguments that support the hypothesis that there is a lack of integration between academia and industry to finance and continue research, especially the development of clinical studies. We cite the translational research consortia as the potential alternative for developing DDSs to combat NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luise Lopes Chaves
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Recife-Pernambuco
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19
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Kourbeli V, Chontzopoulou E, Moschovou K, Pavlos D, Mavromoustakos T, Papanastasiou IP. An Overview on Target-Based Drug Design against Kinetoplastid Protozoan Infections: Human African Trypanosomiasis, Chagas Disease and Leishmaniases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154629. [PMID: 34361781 PMCID: PMC8348971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan diseases Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), Chagas disease (CD), and leishmaniases span worldwide and therefore their impact is a universal concern. The present regimen against kinetoplastid protozoan infections is poor and insufficient. Target-based design expands the horizon of drug design and development and offers novel chemical entities and potential drug candidates to the therapeutic arsenal against the aforementioned neglected diseases. In this review, we report the most promising targets of the main kinetoplastid parasites, as well as their corresponding inhibitors. This overview is part of the Special Issue, entitled "Advances of Medicinal Chemistry against Kinetoplastid Protozoa (Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp.) Infections: Drug Design, Synthesis and Pharmacology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Kourbeli
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 84 Athens, Greece;
| | - Eleni Chontzopoulou
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (K.M.); (D.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Kalliopi Moschovou
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (K.M.); (D.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Dimitrios Pavlos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (K.M.); (D.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece; (E.C.); (K.M.); (D.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Ioannis P. Papanastasiou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 84 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence:
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20
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Olaia N, Alevi KCC, de Oliveira J, Cacini GL, Souza EDS, Pinotti H, da Silva LA, da Rosa JA. Biology of Chagas disease vectors: biological cycle and emergence rates of Rhodnius marabaensis Souza et al., 2016 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) under laboratory conditions. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2939-2945. [PMID: 34185156 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In Latin America, Chagas disease has been mostly transmitted to humans by contact with the feces or urine of triatomine species infected with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. There are currently 156 species in the subfamily Triatominae, distributed in 18 genera and five tribes. The prolixus group of the genus Rhodnius is composed of 11 species. Rhodnius marabaensis was the last species described and considered in this grouping of vectors. Knowledge about the biology, ecology, and behavior of these vectors is of great epidemiological importance, and in order to expand the knowledge of the biology of R. marabaensis, this paper describes the biological cycle and emergence rates of the species under laboratory conditions. The experiment was carried out at temperatures ranging from 15.5 to 29 °C (average of 24 °C) and humidity ranging from 51.4 to 72.2 (average of 63). For each of the fifteen couples, the egg emergence rate was calculated throughout the oviposition period. The oviposition period lasted from February to September, and the emergence rate varied between 13.9 and 53.3%. R. marabaensis presented an emergence rate of 46.7% and a total biological cycle of 193 days (the mean time required for emergence (25.1 days), 1st nymphal instar (19.4 days), 2nd nymphal instar (22.1 days), 3rd nymphal instar (26.2 days), 4th nymphal instar (29.3 days), and 5th nymphal instar (70.9 days)). Based on the biological cycle of R. marabaensis and 14 other Rhodnius species already described in the literature, it was also possible to calculate the averages for the groups prolixus, pictipes, and pallescens and, mainly, for the genus Rhodnius, contributing to the knowledge of this important group of Chagas disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoly Olaia
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil.
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil.,Laboratory of Entomology in Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, 715 Dr. Arnaldo Avenue, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Lázari Cacini
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Eder Dos Santos Souza
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Pinotti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Lucas Abrantes da Silva
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araraquara-Jaú Highway, km 1, Araraquara, SP, 14801-902, Brazil
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21
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Azevedo ACA, Barros MVL, Klaboe LG, Edvardsen T, Costa HS, Paixao GMM, Junior ORS, Nunes MCP, Rocha MOC. Association between myocardial mechanical dispersion and ventricular arrhythmogenicity in chagas cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 37:2727-2734. [PMID: 33881664 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-021-02246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a major health concern in Latin America. Ventricular arrhythmia (VA) is a hallmark of Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM), associated with worse prognosis. The present study aimed to verify the association between myocardial mechanical dispersion (MD) and ventricular arrhythmogenicity in CCM. In a cross-sectional study, 77 patients (55.8 ± 10.4 years) with CCM were evaluated. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) and MD were assessed by echocardiography, derived from the speckle tracking technique. Myocardial MD was measured from the onset of the Q/R wave on electrocardiogram to the peak longitudinal strain in 16 segments of the left ventricle. Frequency and complexity of ventricular extrasystoles (VES) were assessed by dynamic electrocardiography. The density and complexity of VES and the presence of non-sustained ventricular tachycardias (NSVTs) increase as MD increases. In logistic regression, MD was the only variable associated with the presence of paired VES and ventricular bigeminy. In addition, both MD and GLS were associated with the presence of NSVT (both, p < 0.01), and MD was independently associated with NSVT (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.004-1.201, p = 0.031). In CCM, MD is associated with a higher density and complexity of VES, including NSVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C A Azevedo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130 100, Brazil
| | - M V L Barros
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130 100, Brazil.,Faculdade de Saúde E Ecologia Humana, Vespasiano, Brazil
| | - L G Klaboe
- Center for Cardiological Innovation, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - H S Costa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130 100, Brazil
| | - G M M Paixao
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130 100, Brazil
| | - O R Santos Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130 100, Brazil
| | - M C P Nunes
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130 100, Brazil
| | - M O C Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. Av. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130 100, Brazil.
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22
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Mota BDL, Valente VDC, Ramos FLDP, Valente SADS, Pinto AYDN. Triatomine home invasions in active foci of Chagas disease in Abaetetuba, Pará, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:54-62. [PMID: 33830269 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is a parasitic infection with high re-emergence rates in some Amazon regions. The main vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi are haematophagous insects, the triatomines. Only a few reports are available about the occurrence of these wild vectors and their contact with the inhabitants of the riverside regions of the Amazon. This study describes the unusual behaviour of the triatomines that have invaded the homes of the residents of Abaetetuba, the city that has the second highest number of cases of Chagas disease. METHODS Two cross-sectional studies were conducted using sero-epidemiological surveys of the inhabitants of Abaetetuba with registered triatomine home invasions. The frequencies of the variables of interest were analysed using Epi Info version 7.2. RESULTS In 2014 and 2017, 145 persons registered home invasions of triatomines in their domiciles and 16.55% reported having been bitten by insects. The environmental features described indicated potential conditions for the persistence of the parasite's life cycle. Of the enrolled inhabitants, 0.47% were positive for immunoglobulin G anti-T. cruzi antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Home invasions of triatomines were confirmed in two periods, with a description of unusual behaviour for the genus Rhodnius. The use of serological surveillance in human populations at risk of this occurrence may constitute a new tool for the early detection of silent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Daniele Lisboa Mota
- Post-Graduate Program in Epidemiology and Health Surveillance, Instituto Evandro Chagas, BR 316 Highway Km7, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil. Zip code: 67015120, Brazil
| | - Vera da Costa Valente
- Epidemiology Service and Chagas Disease Laboratory, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat/Ministry of Health, BR 316 Highway Km7, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil. Zip code: 67015120, Brazil
| | - Francisco Luzio de Paula Ramos
- Epidemiology Service and Chagas Disease Laboratory, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat/Ministry of Health, BR 316 Highway Km7, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil. Zip code: 67015120, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Aldo da Silva Valente
- Epidemiology Service and Chagas Disease Laboratory, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat/Ministry of Health, BR 316 Highway Km7, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil. Zip code: 67015120, Brazil
| | - Ana Yecê das Neves Pinto
- Epidemiology Service and Chagas Disease Laboratory, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Health Surveillance Secretariat/Ministry of Health, BR 316 Highway Km7, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil. Zip code: 67015120, Brazil
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23
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Kamdem BP, Elizabeth FI. The Role of Nitro (NO 2-), Chloro (Cl), and Fluoro (F) Substitution in the Design of Antileishmanial and Antichagasic Compounds. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:379-398. [PMID: 33371845 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201228122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are responsible for over 500,000 deaths annually and are characterized by multiple disabilities. Leishmaniasis and Chagas diseases are among the most severe NTDs, and are caused by the Leishmania sp and Trypanosoma cruzi, respectively. Glucantime, pentamidine, and miltefosine are commonly used to treat leishmaniasis, whereas nifurtimox, benznidazole are current treatments for Chagas disease. However, these treatments are associated with drug resistance and severe side effects. Hence, the development of synthetic products, especially those containing N02, F, or Cl, are known to improve biological activity. The present work summarizes the information on the antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity of nitro-, chloro-, and fluorosynthetic derivatives. Scientific publications referring to halogenated derivatives in relation to antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities were hand-searched in databases such as SciFinder, Wiley, Science Direct, PubMed, ACS, Springer, Scielo, and so on. According to the literature information, more than 90 compounds were predicted as lead molecules with reference to their IC50/EC50 values in in vitro studies. It is worth mentioning that only active compounds with known cytotoxic effects against mammalian cells were considered in the present study. The observed activity was attributed to the presence of nitro-, fluoro-, and chloro-groups in the compound backbone. All in all, nitro and halogenated derivatives are active antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal compounds and can serve as the baseline for the development of new drugs against leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. However, efforts in in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies of the active synthetic compounds is still needed. Pharmacokinetic studies and the mechanism of action of the promising compounds need to be explored. The use of new catalysts and chemical transformation can afford unexplored halogenated compounds with improved antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boniface P Kamdem
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ferreira I Elizabeth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Nobre T, Fonseca S, Medeiros R, Hecht M, Hagström L, Fernandes MR, Nitz N. Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi in pregnant women in Midwest Brazil: an evaluation of congenital transmission. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021; 63:e8. [PMID: 33533811 PMCID: PMC7845938 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and it is mainly acquired through the vector route, however, blood transfusion and congenital transmission are implicated in the spread of the illness worldwide. The congenital route can occur at any stage of pregnancy and its frequency varies. In the Federal District, in Brazil, the frequency of T. cruzi infection in pregnant women and their offspring has not been updated. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of T. cruzi infection in pregnant women and the rate of congenital transmission in the Federal District. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of T. cruzi from 2014 to 2016 in the population of pregnant women attended by the public health service throughout the Federal District and a descriptive cohort for the evaluation of congenital transmission. During the study, prenatal data of 98,895 women were consulted and pregnant women registered in 2016, presenting with positive T. cruzi serology, were part of the descriptive cohort. The estimated prevalence of T. cruzi infection in the three years was 0.19% and the congenital transmission rate was 1/40 (2.5%). Our results have shown that, although the main routes of transmission of CD have been interrupted, there is still a risk of congenital transmission in the Federal District. This present study highlights the need for the continuous implementation of a screening program for pregnant women and timely treatment of infected newborns and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayane Nobre
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.,Secretaria de Saúde de Brasília, Instituto de Diagnósticos, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Silvio Fonseca
- Secretaria de Saúde de Brasília, Instituto de Diagnósticos, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.,Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Raquel Medeiros
- Secretaria de Saúde de Brasília, Instituto de Diagnósticos, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Mariana Hecht
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Luciana Hagström
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Maria R Fernandes
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.,Instituto de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Nadjar Nitz
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Biociências, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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25
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Verly T, Costa S, Lima N, Mallet J, Odêncio F, Pereira M, Moreira CJDC, Britto C, Pavan MG. Vector competence and feeding-excretion behavior of Triatoma rubrovaria (Blanchard, 1843) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) infected with Trypanosoma cruzi TcVI. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008712. [PMID: 32970687 PMCID: PMC7544132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies addressed changes on the insect vector behavior due to parasite infection, but little is known for triatomine bugs, vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. We assessed infection rates and metacyclogenesis of T. cruzi (TcVI) in fifth-instar nymphs of Triatoma rubrovaria comparing with the primary vector Triatoma infestans. Also, biological parameters related to feeding-excretion behavior were evaluated aiming to identify which variables are most influenced by T. cruzi infection. Methodology/principal findings Fifth-instar nymphs of T. rubrovaria and T. infestans were fed on mice infected with T. cruzi (TcVI). We compared the presence and the number of parasite evolutive forms in excreta of both triatomine species at 30, 60 and 90 days post-infection (dpi) with traditional statistical analyses. Moreover, both species were analyzed through generalized linear models and multinomial logistic regression hypotheses for seven behavioral parameters related to host-seeking and feeding-excretion. Triatoma rubrovaria and T. infestans had similar overall infection and metacyclogenesis rates of T. cruzi TcVI in laboratory conditions. Regarding vector behavior, we confirmed that the triatomine’s tendency is to move away from the bite region after a blood meal, probably to avoid being noticed by the vertebrate host. Interspecific differences were observed on the volume of blood ingested and on the proportion of individuals that excreted after the blood meal, revealing the higher feeding efficiency and dejection rates of T. infestans. The amount of ingested blood and the bite behavior of T. rubrovaria seems to be influenced by TcVI infection. Infected specimens tended to ingest ~25% more blood and to bite more the head of the host. Noteworthy, in two occasions, kleptohematophagy and coprophagy behaviors were also observed in T. rubrovaria. Conclusions/significance Laboratory infections revealed similar rate of T. cruzi TcVI trypomatigotes in excreta of T. rubrovaria and T. infestans, one of the most epidemiological important vectors of T. cruzi. Therefore, TcVI DTU was able to complete its life cycle in T. rubrovaria under laboratory conditions, and this infection changed the feeding behavior of T. rubrovaria. Considering these results, T. rubrovaria must be kept under constant entomological surveillance in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Chagas disease is caused by the etiological agent Trypanosoma cruzi and is mainly transmitted through the excreta of triatomine vectors. It is endemic in Latin America and the Caribbean, affecting ~8 million people. Control programs are based on the elimination of domestic vectors through insecticide-spraying indoors, since there is no vaccine or efficient treatment for chronic patients. However, this strategy is not sustainable where native triatomine species are capable of colonizing peridomestic structures and reinvading human dwellings. Since the ‘virtual’ elimination of Triatomainfestans in Brazil (residual foci remain in Rio Grande do Sul and Bahia), specimens of the native Triatoma rubrovaria have been constantly collected inside human dwellings and peridomiciliary ecotopes in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, which might represent a real risk for human infections. Here we analyzed a unique and large dataset through classical and modern statistical methods to evaluate T. cruzi infection in T. rubrovaria and to identify host-seeking, and also feeding/excretion behavioral traits that could be influenced by the parasite. Our results indicated that the parasite infection caused changes in T. rubrovaria feeding behavior that could increase T. cruzi TcVI transmission. Moreover, this vector species had similar infection rate to one of the main important Chagas disease vectors in South America, T. infestans. Therefore, T. rubrovaria must be kept under constant entomological surveillance in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiane Verly
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Costa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathanielly Lima
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jacenir Mallet
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Iguaçu - UNIG, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco Odêncio
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mirian Pereira
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio G. Pavan
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091672. [PMID: 32957467 PMCID: PMC7552289 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is a wide variety of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are transmitted to humans by different routes from other animals. These diseases, known as zoonoses, represent 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases. There is a considerable impact of these diseases on the economy and health at local and global levels, including zoonotic diseases caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. The wide range of animal species that host these disease-causing organisms include all groups of mammals. Birds are the second significant animal group to act as hosts for zoonoses. Much progress has been made in understanding disease evolution and animal origin, with important contributions from fields such as paleopathology and analysis of DNA, applied to ancient human bone remains. The study of ancient diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis benefits from these approaches. More research is needed as new diseases emerge causing pandemics and some previously eradicated reemerge in some regions. Global efforts are focused, based on evidence generated by research, on the prevention of new pandemics. Abstract Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Zoonoses contribute an estimated 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases in humans. All groups of mammals have been shown to act as hosts for transmission of different organisms that cause zoonoses, followed in importance by birds; with both wild and domestic species identified as hosts in specific cases. There has been considerable research progress leading to a better understanding of the host range, animal origin, evolution, and transmission of important zoonoses, including those caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. However, there are still knowledge gaps and new confirmed and potential hosts are reported locally with some frequency. Both the economic cost and burden of disease of zoonoses are substantial at local and global levels, as reflected by recent coronavirus pandemics that spread rapidly around the world. Evidence-based prevention strategies are currently a global priority increasingly recognized, especially in zoonoses-affected regions.
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Zaki P, Domingues EL, Amjad FM, Narde MB, Gonçalves KR, Viana ML, de Paula H, de Lima WG, Huang H, Bahia MT, Sherer PE, Dos Santos FM, Weiss LM, Tanowitz HB. The role of fat on cardiomyopathy outcome in mouse models of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1829-1843. [PMID: 32206887 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The underlying pathogenic mechanisms of cardiomyopathy in Chagas disease are still unsolved. In order to better clarify the role of fat on the evolution of cardiomyopathy, the present study employed three murine models of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection: (1) aP2-RIDα/β transgenic mice (RID mice; an adipose tissue model which express a gain-of-function potent anti-inflammatory activity), (2) allograft inflammatory factor-1 knockout mice (Aif1-/-), and (3) a Swiss outbred mice. RID mice and non-transgenic mice (wild type, WT) were infected with blood trypomastigotes of Brazil strain. During the acute stage of infection, RID mice had lower parasitemia, lower heart inflammation, and a decrease in the relative distribution of parasite load from cardiac muscle tissue toward epididymal fat. Nevertheless, comparable profiles of myocardial inflammatory infiltrates and relative distribution of parasite load were observed among RID and WT at the chronic stage of infection. Aif1-/- and Aif1+/+ mice were infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes of Tulahuen strain and fed with high-fat diet (HFD) or regular diet (RD). Interestingly, Aif1+/+ HFD infected mice showed the highest mortality. Swiss mice infected with blood trypomastigotes of Berenice-78 strain on a HFD had higher levels of TNFα and more inflammation in their heart tissue than infected mice fed a RD. These various murine models implicate adipocytes in the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease and suggest that HFD can lead to a significant increase in the severity of parasite-induced chronic cardiac damage. Furthermore, these data implicate adipocyte TLR4-, TNFα-, and IL-1β-mediated signaling in pro-inflammatory pathways and Aif-1 gene expression in the development of chronic Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zaki
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Elisa Lbc Domingues
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Guararema, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Farhad M Amjad
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Maiara B Narde
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Guararema, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Karolina R Gonçalves
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Mirelle L Viana
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Guararema, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Heberth de Paula
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Guararema, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Wanderson G de Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Maria T Bahia
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Philipp E Sherer
- The Touchstone Diabetes Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Fabiane M Dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Guararema, Alegre, ES, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Herbert B Tanowitz
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.,Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Strauss M, Palma-Vega M, Casares-Marfil D, Bosch-Nicolau P, Lo Presti MS, Molina I, González CI, Martín J, Acosta-Herrera M. Genetic polymorphisms of IL17A associated with Chagas disease: results from a meta-analysis in Latin American populations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5015. [PMID: 32193469 PMCID: PMC7081280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors and the immunologic response have been suggested to determine the susceptibility against the infection and the outcome of Chagas disease. In the present study, we analysed three IL17A genetic variants (rs4711998, rs8193036 and rs2275913) regarding the predisposition to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and the development of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) in different Latin American populations. A total of 2,967 individuals from Colombia, Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil, were included in this study. The individuals were classified as seronegative and seropositive for T. cruzi antigens, and this last group were divided into asymptomatic and CCC. For T. cruzi infection susceptibility, the IL17A rs2275913*A showed a significant association in a fixed-effect meta-analysis after a Bonferroni correction (P = 0.016, OR = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.06–1.41). No evidence of association was detected when comparing CCC vs. asymptomatic patients. However, when CCC were compared with seronegative individuals, it showed a nominal association in the meta-analysis (P = 0.040, OR = 1.20, 95%CI = 1.01–1.45). For the IL17A rs4711998 and rs8193036, no association was observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that IL17A rs2275913 plays an important role in the susceptibility to T. cruzi infection and could also be implicated in the development of chronic cardiomyopathy in the studied Latin American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Strauss
- Centro de Estudios e Investigación de la Enfermedad de Chagas y Leishmaniasis, FCM, INICSA-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Miriam Palma-Vega
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, España
| | | | - Pau Bosch-Nicolau
- Unidad de Medicina Tropical y Salud Internacional Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, PROSICS, Barcelona, España
| | - María Silvina Lo Presti
- Centro de Estudios e Investigación de la Enfermedad de Chagas y Leishmaniasis, FCM, INICSA-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Israel Molina
- Unidad de Medicina Tropical y Salud Internacional Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, PROSICS, Barcelona, España
| | | | | | - Javier Martín
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Granada, España.
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T. cruzi infection among aged rats: Melatonin as a promising therapeutic molecule. Exp Gerontol 2020; 135:110922. [PMID: 32151734 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although T. cruzi was identified as the cause of Chagas disease more than 100 years ago, satisfactory treatments still do not exist, especially for chronic disease. Here we review work suggesting that melatonin could have promise as a Chagas therapeutic. Melatonin has remarkably diverse actions. It is an immunomodulator, an anti-inflammatory, an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, and has antiapoptotic and anti-aging effects. The elderly (aged 60 years or more) as a group are growing faster than any other age group. Here we discuss the major effects and the mechanisms of action of melatonin on aged T. cruzi-infected rats. Melatonin's protective effects may be consequences of its cooperative antioxidant and immunomodulatory actions. Melatonin modulates oxidative damage, inducing an antioxidant response and reversing age-related thymus regression. Its protective actions could be the result of its anti-apoptotic activity, and by its counteracting the excessive production of corticosterone. This review describes our work showing that host age plays an important and variable influence on the progression of systemic T. cruzi infection and supporting the hypothesis that melatonin should be considered as a powerful therapeutic compound with multiple activities that can improve host homeostasis during experimental T. cruzi infection.
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Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates as possible chemotherapeutics against Trypanosoma brucei. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1043-1053. [PMID: 32135205 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis is a life-threatening illness caused by Trypanosoma brucei. Owing to the toxic side effects of the available therapeutics, new medications for this disease are needed. One potential drug target is the 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTs), the activity of which is crucial to produce purine nucleotide monophosphates required for DNA and RNA synthesis. Inhibitors of the 6-oxopurine PRTs that show promising results as drug leads are the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs). ANPs are very flexible in their structure, enabling important conformational changes to facilitate the binding of this class of compounds in the active site of the 6-oxopurine PRTs.
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Oliveira Junior LRD, Carvalho TB, Santos RMD, Costa ÉAPND, Pereira PCM, Kurokawa CS. Association of vitamin D3, VDR gene polymorphisms, and LL-37 with a clinical form of Chagas Disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20190133. [PMID: 31508781 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0133-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease (CD) is an important public health problem in Brazil and worldwide. Aging and obesity are important matters in patients with CD, as is hypovitaminosis D3, which can decrease the quality of life of these patients. Immunomodulation mediated by vitamin D3, especially the production of antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin LL-37, might be related to the severity and symptoms of CD. This study aimed to determine the serum levels of vitamin D and LL-37 and VDR gene polymorphisms in patients with chronic CD. METHODS This study included male patients with cardiac and indeterminate clinical forms of CD. Clinical, anthropometric, and blood parameters were obtained. Serum levels of 25(OH)D3 and LL-37 were determined by chemiluminescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively. Fok (rs731236), Bsm (rs1544410), Apa (rs7975232), and Taq (rs731236) polymorphisms of the VDR gene were investigated by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS Sixty-four patients were included in the study: 18 of the cardiac form and 46 of the indeterminate form. No differences in age, ethnicity, BMI, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemias were observed between groups. However, the serum levels of 25(OH)D3, but not of LL-37, were lower in the cardiac form group. The association among polymorphisms, vitamin D, and clinical form was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Decreased levels of vitamin D suggest an association with the cardiac form of CD. Studies investigating the roles of vitamin D and LL-37 in the immune response and their associations with VDR polymorphisms and disease susceptibility are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaysa Buss Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Mattos Dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Paulo Câmara Marques Pereira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Cilmery Suemi Kurokawa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Tropicais, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Alves RL, Cardoso BRL, Ramos IPR, Oliveira BDS, Dos Santos ML, de Miranda AS, de Almeida TCS, Vieira MAR, Machado FS, Ferreira AJ, de Avelar GF. Physical training improves exercise tolerance, cardiac function and promotes changes in neurotrophins levels in chagasic mice. Life Sci 2019; 232:116629. [PMID: 31276687 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of moderate aerobic physical training on cardiac function and morphology as well as on the levels of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) of animals infected with the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. MAIN METHODS Twenty-eight male C57BL/6 mice were distributed into 4 groups: sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC), sedentary infected (CHC) and trained infected (CHT). The infection was performed by intraperitoneal injection of trypomastigote forms and the animals were adapted to treadmill in the week before the beginning of the training protocol, initiated 45 days post infection. Maximal exercise test (TEM) was performed at the baseline as well as at the end of the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks of training. At the end of the 12th week, all animals were evaluated for cardiac morphology and function by echocardiography. KEY FINDINGS CHC group showed a larger area of right ventricle (RVA), increased end-systolic volume and reduction in ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and fractional area change (FAC). The training reduced the RVA and improved the FAC of chagasic animals. GDNF level was higher in TC and CHC groups compared to SC in heart and BDNF levels were higher in CHC compared to SC in heart and serum. SIGNIFICANCE Physical training ameliorated the cardiac function of infected animals and promoted adjusts in BDNF and GDNF levels. These findings evidenced these neurotrophins as possible biomarkers of cardiac function responsive to exercise stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Leite Alves
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Ramalho Ladeira Cardoso
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isalira Peroba Rezende Ramos
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Center of Health Science, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna da Silva Oliveira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mara Lívia Dos Santos
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Cristine Silva de Almeida
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Ribeiro Vieira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Simão Machado
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anderson José Ferreira
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Gleide Fernandes de Avelar
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Morphology, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Lidani KCF, Andrade FA, Bavia L, Damasceno FS, Beltrame MH, Messias-Reason IJ, Sandri TL. Chagas Disease: From Discovery to a Worldwide Health Problem. Front Public Health 2019; 7:166. [PMID: 31312626 PMCID: PMC6614205 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carlos Chagas discovered American trypanosomiasis, also named Chagas disease (CD) in his honor, just over a century ago. He described the clinical aspects of the disease, characterized by its etiological agent (Trypanosoma cruzi) and identified its insect vector. Initially, CD occurred only in Latin America and was considered a silent and poorly visible disease. More recently, CD became a neglected worldwide disease with a high morbimortality rate and substantial social impact, emerging as a significant public health threat. In this context, it is crucial to better understand better the epidemiological scenarios of CD and its transmission dynamics, involving people infected and at risk of infection, diversity of the parasite, vector species, and T. cruzi reservoirs. Although efforts have been made by endemic and non-endemic countries to control, treat, and interrupt disease transmission, the cure or complete eradication of CD are still topics of great concern and require global attention. Considering the current scenario of CD, also affecting non-endemic places such as Canada, USA, Europe, Australia, and Japan, in this review we aim to describe the spread of CD cases worldwide since its discovery until it has become a global public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Antunes Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lorena Bavia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Flávia Silva Damasceno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps-LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Iara J. Messias-Reason
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thaisa Lucas Sandri
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Kaushal M, Shabani S, Cochran EJ, Samra H, Zwagerman NT. Cerebral Trypanosomiasis in an Immunocompromised Patient: Case Report and Review of the Literature. World Neurosurg 2019; 129:225-231. [PMID: 31176839 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.05.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We document a case of central nervous system infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. CASE DESCRIPTION An 88-year-old woman presented with altered mental status, right-sided weakness, and slurred speech. Her medical history was significant for methotrexate intake for rheumatoid arthritis, and she tested negative for human immunodeficiency virus. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed bilateral thick and peripherally enhancing white matter lesions in the frontoparietal region with extensive surrounding vasogenic edema. A lumbar puncture revealed increased protein and lymphocytic pleocytosis, and needle biopsy highlighted brain necrosis, chronic inflammation, and numerous intracellular organisms suggestive of T. cruzi amastigotes. Despite treatment with benznidazole, the patient expired soon after presentation. CONCLUSION Chagas disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of an immunocompromised patient presenting with a central nervous system mass, meningoencephalitis, or focal neurologic signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Kaushal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Saman Shabani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Cochran
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hasan Samra
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nathan T Zwagerman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Báez JC, Olivero J, Salazar-Aravena LE, Suazo-Galdames IC. Effects of atmospheric oscillations on infectious diseases: the case of Chagas disease in Chile. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e180569. [PMID: 31166479 PMCID: PMC6548492 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is an increasing global interest for the study of how
infectious diseases could be linked to climate and weather variability. The
Chagas disease was described in 1909 by Carlos Chagas, and is caused by the
flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The Chagas disease
is considered one of the biggest concerns in public health in Latin America.
In Chile, the main vectors involved in the transmission of T.
cruzi are arthropods of the Triatominae subfamily. Moreover,
another main transmission way is through of vectors by fecal-urine way,
however, oral way also has been described among others transmission
form. OBJECTIVES In order to get understand outbreaks of Chagas-disease, we search for
possible relationships between the frequency of cases in the Chilean
population and atmospheric oscillations. METHODS We explored the two most important atmospheric oscillations in the Southern
Hemisphere: southern oscillation index (SOI) and Antarctic oscillation
(AAO), during the available years with official data. Because the number of
migrant people born outside from Chile increasing significantively between
2014 and 2018, we used for the analysis two different periods from data
available official data: (i) 2001 to 2014, (ii) 2001 to 2017. FINDINGS For both periods we observed a significant and positive relation between AAO
one year before. However, for the 2001 to 2014 period positive SOI one year
before, which is related with La Niña phases, was the more important
variable. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The Chagas disease frequency per year in Chile was found to depend mainly on
SOI in previous year, whose values can be determined one year in advance.
Therefore, it is possible to partially forecast annual frequency patterns.
This could have important applications in public health strategies and for
allocating resources for the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Báez
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesús Olivero
- Universidad de Málaga, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Animal, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lorena E Salazar-Aravena
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván C Suazo-Galdames
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Santiago, Chile
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Trypanosoma cruzi immunoproteome: Calpain-like CAP5.5 differentially detected throughout distinct stages of human Chagas disease cardiomyopathy. J Proteomics 2019; 194:179-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Vonderlin N, Siebermair J, Kaya E, Köhler M, Rassaf T, Wakili R. Critical inflammatory mechanisms underlying arrhythmias. Herz 2019; 44:121-129. [DOI: 10.1007/s00059-019-4788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Petruccelli KC, Tavares GC, Lima MP, Ortiz JV, Brandão AR, Couceiro KDN, Barbosa-Ferreira JMB, Silva MRHDSE, Guerra MDGVB, Guerra JADO. Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome in a patient with an acute infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi in the Brazilian Amazon region - a case report. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:869-872. [PMID: 30517546 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0156-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome type 1 (CRS 1) occurs when acute heart failure leads to acute kidney injury. There are several etiologies of CRS 1, including Chagas disease. Here, we present the first case report of CRS 1 in a patient with acute Chagas disease. Electrocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed signs of acute myocarditis. Laboratory examination revealed severe loss of kidney function, with a creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min, which fully normalized after treatment. Due to emergence of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon, it is important to report unique clinical features in order to improve patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica Vanina Ortiz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Katia do Nascimento Couceiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - João Marcos Bemfica Barbosa-Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Hospital Universitário Francisca Mendes, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Maria das Graças Vale Barbosa Guerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Jorge Augusto de Oliveira Guerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Felizardo AA, Caldas IS, Mendonça AAS, Gonçalves RV, Tana FL, Almeida LA, Novaes RD. Impact of Trypanosoma cruzi infection on nitric oxide synthase and arginase expression and activity in young and elderly mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:227-236. [PMID: 30248443 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elderly organisms are more susceptible to infectious diseases. However, the impact of aging on antiparasitic mechanisms, especially the nitric oxide pathway, is poorly understood. Using an integrated in vivo and in vitro model, we compared the severity of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in young and elderly (8 or 72 weeks old) mice. Forty C57BL/6 mice were randomized into four groups: Y-inf, young infected; Yn-inf, young uninfected; A-inf, aged infected; An-inf, aged uninfected. Parasitemia was measured daily, and animals were euthanized after 15 days of infection. Trypanosoma cruzi-induced inflammatory processes were analyzed in blood and heart samples, as well as in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) co-cultured with splenocytes isolated from young or elderly mice. Our results indicated upregulated IgG2b and IL-17 production in elderly animals, which was not sufficient to reduce parasitemia, parasitic load and myocarditis to levels observed in young animals. The higher susceptibility of elderly mice to T. cruzi infection was accompanied by reduced cardiac inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression, nitric oxide (NO) and IFN-γ levels, as well as an antagonistic upregulation of arginase-1 expression and arginase activity. The same responses were observed when BMDMs co-cultured with splenocytes from elderly mice were stimulated with T. cruzi antigens. Our findings indicate that elderly mice were more susceptible to T. cruzi infection, which was potentially related to an attenuated response to antigenic stimulation, inhibition of iNOS gene expression and NO production, and antagonistic upregulation of arginase gene expression and activity, which created favorable conditions for heart parasitism and myocarditis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Felizardo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo S Caldas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa A S Mendonça
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda L Tana
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A Almeida
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Gutfraind A, Peterson JK, Billig Rose E, Arevalo-Nieto C, Sheen J, Condori-Luna GF, Tankasala N, Castillo-Neyra R, Condori-Pino C, Anand P, Naquira-Velarde C, Levy MZ. Integrating evidence, models and maps to enhance Chagas disease vector surveillance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006883. [PMID: 30496172 PMCID: PMC6289469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until recently, the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans, was widespread in Arequipa, Perú, but as a result of a decades-long campaign in which over 70,000 houses were treated with insecticides, infestation prevalence is now greatly reduced. To monitor for T. infestans resurgence, the city is currently in a surveillance phase in which a sample of houses is selected for inspection each year. Despite extensive data from the control campaign that could be used to inform surveillance, the selection of houses to inspect is often carried out haphazardly or by convenience. Therefore, we asked, how can we enhance efforts toward preventing T. infestans resurgence by creating the opportunity for vector surveillance to be informed by data? METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To this end, we developed a mobile app that provides vector infestation risk maps generated with data from the control campaign run in a predictive model. The app is intended to enhance vector surveillance activities by giving inspectors the opportunity to incorporate the infestation risk information into their surveillance activities, but it does not dictate which houses to surveil. Therefore, a critical question becomes, will inspectors use the risk information? To answer this question, we ran a pilot study in which we compared surveillance using the app to the current practice (paper maps). We hypothesized that inspectors would use the risk information provided by the app, as measured by the frequency of higher risk houses visited, and qualitative analyses of inspector movement patterns in the field. We also compared the efficiency of both mediums to identify factors that might discourage risk information use. Over the course of ten days (five with each medium), 1,081 houses were visited using the paper maps, of which 366 (34%) were inspected, while 1,038 houses were visited using the app, with 401 (39%) inspected. Five out of eight inspectors (62.5%) visited more higher risk houses when using the app (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.001). Among all inspectors, there was an upward shift in proportional visits to higher risk houses when using the app (Mantel-Haenszel test, common odds ratio (OR) = 2.42, 95% CI 2.00-2.92), and in a second analysis using generalized linear mixed models, app use increased the odds of visiting a higher risk house 2.73-fold (95% CI 2.24-3.32), suggesting that the risk information provided by the app was used by most inspectors. Qualitative analyses of inspector movement revealed indications of risk information use in seven out of eight (87.5%) inspectors. There was no difference between the app and paper maps in the number of houses visited (paired t-test, p = 0.67) or inspected (p = 0.17), suggesting that app use did not reduce surveillance efficiency. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Without staying vigilant to remaining and re-emerging vector foci following a vector control campaign, disease transmission eventually returns and progress achieved is reversed. Our results suggest that, when provided the opportunity, most inspectors will use risk information to direct their surveillance activities, at least over the short term. The study is an initial, but key, step toward evidence-based vector surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gutfraind
- Laboratory for Mathematical Analysis of Data, Complexity and Conflicts, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Erica Billig Rose
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Claudia Arevalo-Nieto
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Justin Sheen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Gian Franco Condori-Luna
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Narender Tankasala
- Laboratory for Mathematical Analysis of Data, Complexity and Conflicts, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Carlos Condori-Pino
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Priyanka Anand
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Cesar Naquira-Velarde
- Zoonotic Disease Research Laboratory, One Health Unit, Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Scarim CB, de Andrade CR, da Rosa JA, dos Santos JL, Chin CM. Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone treatment in indeterminate form of chronic Chagas disease: Reduced intensity of tissue parasitism and inflammation-A histopathological study. Int J Exp Pathol 2018; 99:236-248. [PMID: 30320480 PMCID: PMC6302791 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) is a nitrofurazone prodrug effective in vivo during acute infections, and it has less hepatotoxicity effect than the standard drug benznidazole (BZN) which has been used during short- and long-term treatment. In the present study, we induced the indeterminate form of Chagas disease in mice with a Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi and analysed the histopathological data about the effects of NFOH and BZN on different tissues, including the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, colon, spleen and brain. After infection, BALB/c mice were treated with NFOH (150 mg/kg) and BZN (60 mg/kg) for 60 days and then submitted to immunosuppression using dexamethasone (5 mg/kg) for 14 days. Two trained analysts, as part of a blind evaluation, examined the results using serial sections of 3 mm diameter in two different moments. The results showed reactivation of the disease only in the infected nontreated group (POS). After treatment, amastigote nests were found in the heart, colon, liver and skeletal muscle in the POS group and in the heart and liver of the BZN group. Interestingly, amastigote nests were not found in the NFOH and NEG groups. The histopathological analysis showed fewer tissue lesions and parasite infiltrates in the NFOH group when compared with the BZN and POS groups. We have not observed any increase in the levels of hepatocellular injury biomarkers (AST/ALT) in the NFOH group. These in vivo studies show the potential for NFOH as an effective and safe compound useful as an anti-T. cruzi agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê B. Scarim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Drugs and MedicinesLapdesf ‐ Laboratory of Research and Development of DrugsAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Cleverton R. de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)Faculty of DentistryDepartment of Physiology and PathologyAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - João A. da Rosa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Biological SciencesAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Jean L. dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Drugs and MedicinesLapdesf ‐ Laboratory of Research and Development of DrugsAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
| | - Chung M. Chin
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)School of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Drugs and MedicinesLapdesf ‐ Laboratory of Research and Development of DrugsAraraquaraSão PauloBrazil
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Ferro e Silva AM, Sobral-Souza T, Vancine MH, Muylaert RL, de Abreu AP, Pelloso SM, de Barros Carvalho MD, de Andrade L, Ribeiro MC, Toledo MJDO. Spatial prediction of risk areas for vector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in the State of Paraná, southern Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006907. [PMID: 30365486 PMCID: PMC6221357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After obtaining certification of the absence of transmission of the Trypanosoma cruzi by Triatoma infestans in 2006, other native species of protozoan vectors have been found in human dwellings within municipalities of the State of Paraná, Southern Brazil. However, the spatial distribution of T. cruzi vectors and how climatic and landscape combined variables explain the distribution are still poorly understood. The goal of this study was to predict the potential distribution of T. cruzi vectors as a proxy for Chagas disease transmission risk using Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) based on climatic and landscape variables. We hypothesize that ENM based on both climate and landscape variables are more powerful than climate-only or landscape-only models, and that this will be true independent of vector species. A total of 2,662 records of triatomines of five species were obtained by community-based entomological surveillance from 2007 to 2013. The species with the highest number of specimens was Panstrongylus megistus (73%; n = 1,943), followed by Panstrongylus geniculatus (15.4%; 411), Rhodnius neglectus (6.0%; 159), Triatoma sordida (4.5%; 119) and Rhodnius prolixus (1.1%; 30). Of the total, 71.9% were captured at the intradomicile. T. cruzi infection was observed in 19.7% of the 2,472 examined insects. ENMs were generated based on selected climate and landscape variables with 1 km2 spatial resolution. Zonal statistics were used for classifying the municipalities as to the risk of occurrence of synanthropic triatomines. The integrated analysis of the climate and landscape suitability on triatomines geographical distribution was powerful on generating good predictive models. Moreover, this showed that some municipalities in the northwest, north and northeast of the Paraná state have a higher risk of T. cruzi vector transmission. This occurs because those regions present high climatic and landscape suitability values for occurrence of their vectors. The frequent invasion of houses by infected triatomines clearly indicates a greater risk of transmission of T. cruzi to the inhabitants. More public health attention should be given in the northern areas of the State of Paraná, which presents high climate and landscape suitabilities for the disease vectors. In conclusion, our results-through spatial analysis and predictive maps-showed to be effective in identifying areas of potential distribution and, consequently, in the definition of strategic areas and actions to prevent new cases of Chagas' disease, reinforcing the need for continuous and robust surveillance in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thadeu Sobral-Souza
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation lab (LEEC), Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Humberto Vancine
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation lab (LEEC), Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Lara Muylaert
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation lab (LEEC), Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Abreu
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra Marisa Pelloso
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Nursing, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Dalva de Barros Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciano de Andrade
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Milton Cezar Ribeiro
- Spatial Ecology and Conservation lab (LEEC), Department of Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Max Jean de Ornelas Toledo
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Figueiredo VP, Junior ESL, Lopes LR, Simões NF, Penitente AR, Bearzoti E, Vieira PMDA, Schulz R, Talvani A. High fat diet modulates inflammatory parameters in the heart and liver during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 64:192-200. [PMID: 30195817 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The high fat diet (HFD) can trigger metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces progressive inflammatory manifestations capable to affect the structure and the function of important organs such as the heart and liver. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of a HFD on the immune response and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities during acute infection with the T. cruzi strain VL-10. The VL-10 strain has cardiac tropism and causes myocarditis in mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with either: (i) regular diet (Reg) or (ii) HFD for 8 weeks, after which mice in each group were infected with T. cruzi. Mice were euthanized on day 30 after infection, and the liver and heart were subjected to histology and zymography to determine MMP-2 activities and plasma levels of IL-10, TNF, CCL2, and CCL5. T. cruzi-infected HFD animals had higher parasitemia, LDL and total cholesterol levels. Regardless of diet, plasma levels of all inflammatory mediators and cardiac MMP-2 activity were elevated in infected mice in contrast with the low plasma levels of leptin. HFD animals presented micro- and macrovesicular hepatic steatosis, while cardiac leukocyte infiltration was mainly detected in T. cruzi-infected mice. Our findings suggested that a HFD promotes higher circulating T. cruzi load and cardiac and liver immunopathogenesis in an experimental model using the VL-10 strain of the T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Paulino Figueiredo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program of Biological Sciences/NUPEB, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Laís Roquete Lopes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program of Biological Sciences/NUPEB, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natalia Figueirôa Simões
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Bearzoti
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program of Biological Sciences/NUPEB, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Richard Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - André Talvani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program of Biological Sciences/NUPEB, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program in Health and Nutrition, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Post graduation program in Ecology of Tropical Biomes/ICEB, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Peretolchina T, Pavan MG, Corrêa-Antônio J, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Lima MM, Monteiro FA. Phylogeography and demographic history of the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius nasutus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Brazilian Caatinga biome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006731. [PMID: 30248092 PMCID: PMC6195287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhodnius nasutus, a vector of the etiological agent Trypanosoma cruzi, is one of the epidemiologically most relevant triatomine species of the Brazilian Caatinga, where it often colonizes rural peridomestic structures such as chicken coops and occasionally invades houses. Historical colonization and determination of its genetic diversity and population structure may provide new information towards the improvement of vector control in the region. In this paper we present thoughtful analyses considering the phylogeography and demographic history of R. nasutus in the Caatinga. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 157 R. nasutus specimens were collected from Copernicia prunifera palm trees in eight geographic localities within the Brazilian Caatinga biome, sequenced for 595-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) and genotyped for eight microsatellite loci. Sixteen haplotypes were detected in the cyt b sequences, two of which were shared among different localities. Molecular diversity indices exhibited low diversity levels and a haplotype network revealed low divergence among R. nasutus sequences, with two central haplotypes shared by five of the eight populations analyzed. The demographic model that better represented R. nasutus population dynamics was the exponential growth model. Results of the microsatellite data analyses indicated that the entire population is comprised of four highly differentiated groups, with no obvious contemporary geographic barriers that could explain the population substructure detected. A complex pattern of migration was observed, in which a western Caatinga population seems to be the source of emigrants to the eastern populations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE R. nasutus that inhabit C. prunifera palms do not comprise a species complex. The species went through a population expansion at 12-10 ka, during the Holocene, which coincides with end of the largest dry season in South America. It colonized the Caatinga in a process that occurred from west to east in the region. R. nasutus is presently facing an important ecological impact caused by the continuous deforestation of C. prunifera palms in northeast Brazil. We hypothesize that this ecological disturbance might contribute to an increase in the events of invasion and colonization of human habitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Peretolchina
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Systematics, Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Márcio G. Pavan
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Corrêa-Antônio
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Marli M. Lima
- Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. Monteiro
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Elisei RMT, Matos CS, Carvalho AMRS, Chaves AT, Medeiros FAC, Barbosa R, Marcelino AP, Dos Santos Emidio K, Coelho EAF, Duarte MC, de Oliveira Mendes TA, da Costa Rocha MO, Menezes-Souza D. Immunogenomic screening approach to identify new antigens for the serological diagnosis of chronic Chagas' disease. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:6069-6080. [PMID: 29736822 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Serological tests are preferentially used for the diagnosis of Chagas' disease (CD) during the chronic phase because of the low parasitemia and high anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibody titers. However, the current methods showed several disadvantages, as contradictory or inconclusive results, mainly related to the characteristics of the antigens used, in general, crude or whole parasites, but also due to antigen production protocol and the experimental conditions used in serological tests. Thus, better-quality serological assays are urgently needed. Here, we performed a wide immunogenomic screen strategy to identify conserved linear B-cell epitopes in the predicted proteome based on genome sequence from T. cruzi strains to will be applied as synthetic peptides in the serodiagnosis of the chronic CD. Three B-cell epitopes derived from mucin-associated surface protein (MASP) family, expressed in both infective parasite stages, trypomastigote and amastigotes, conserved in T. cruzi strains, and highly divergent as compared with Leishmania spp. proteome, were selected for this study. The results demonstrated that synthetic peptide 2 and a mixture of peptides (Mix II: peptides 2 and 3) were able to identify all chronic CD cases, indeterminate or Chagas cardiomyopathy clinical presentation, and simultaneously able to discriminate infections caused by Leishmania parasites, with high accuracy (98.37 and 100.00%, respectively) and agreement (kappa index = 0.967 and 1.000, respectively) with direct methods as compared to current diagnostic pipeline performed by reference laboratories in Brazil. This study represents an interesting strategy for the discovery of new antigens applied to serologic diagnosis of infectious diseases and for the technological development of platforms for large-scale production of diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutyanne Maria Tonelli Elisei
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Christiane Santos Matos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Ravena Severino Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Thereza Chaves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Barbosa
- Serviço de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreza Pain Marcelino
- Serviço de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Kenia Dos Santos Emidio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Otávio da Costa Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. .,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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46
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Castilhos MPD, Huguenin GVB, Rodrigues PRM, Nascimento EMD, Pereira BDB, Pedrosa RC. Diet Quality of patients with chronic Chagas disease in a tertiary hospital: a case-control study. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 50:795-804. [PMID: 29340457 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0237-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutritional status has been implicated in the modulation of the immune response, possibly augmenting the pathogenesis of Chagas disease (Cd). We evaluated diet quality and nutritional status in adults and elderly patients with chronic Cd in a tertiary hospital. METHODS A case-control study of Cd patients was conducted, paired for gender, age, and co-morbidities with non-Cd patients. Anthropometric measurements and food frequency questionnaire was used, and diet quality was assessed by the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised (BHEI-R). The Estimated Average Requirement cut-off points were used to determine the dietary micronutrient adequacy. The Cd group was further grouped according to Los Andes classification. RESULTS The study participants were 67 ± 10 years old, 73.6% elderly and 63% female. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal fat was high in both groups; however, Cd group showed a lower prevalence of obesity and increased risk of disease according to waist circumference classification. There was no difference in BHEI-R score between groups (p=0.145). The Cd group had sodium and saturated fat intake above recommendations and low intake of unsaturated fat, vitamin D, E, selenium, magnesium, and dairy products; but higher intake of iron. According to Los Andes classification, group III presented lower intake of whole fruit and dietary fiber. CONCLUSIONS Patients with Cd were overweight and the quality of their diet was unsatisfactory based on the recommended diet components for age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pereira de Castilhos
- Hospital Universitario Clementino Fraga Filho, Instituto do Coração Edson Saad, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Grazielle Vilas Bôas Huguenin
- Departamento de Nutrição e Dietética, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Emília Matos do Nascimento
- Departamento de Bioestatistica a Estatistica Aplicada, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Basílio de Bragança Pereira
- Hospital Universitario Clementino Fraga Filho, Instituto do Coração Edson Saad, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Departamento de Bioestatistica a Estatistica Aplicada, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Roberto Coury Pedrosa
- Hospital Universitario Clementino Fraga Filho, Instituto do Coração Edson Saad, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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47
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Canonical PI3Kγ signaling in myeloid cells restricts Trypanosoma cruzi infection and dampens chagasic myocarditis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1513. [PMID: 29666415 PMCID: PMC5904108 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and is an important cause of severe inflammatory heart disease. However, the mechanisms driving Chagas disease cardiomyopathy have not been completely elucidated. Here, we show that the canonical PI3Kγ pathway is upregulated in both human chagasic hearts and hearts of acutely infected mice. PI3Kγ-deficient mice and mutant mice carrying catalytically inactive PI3Kγ are more susceptible to T. cruzi infection. The canonical PI3Kγ signaling in myeloid cells is essential to restrict T. cruzi heart parasitism and ultimately to avoid myocarditis, heart damage, and death of mice. Furthermore, high PIK3CG expression correlates with low parasitism in human Chagas’ hearts. In conclusion, these results indicate an essential role of the canonical PI3Kγ signaling pathway in the control of T. cruzi infection, providing further insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of chagasic heart disease. Trypanosoma cruzi infection causes Chagas disease, but mechanisms underlying pathogenesis are unclear. Here, Silva et al. show that canonical PI3Kγ signaling in myeloid cells restricts T. cruzi infection in mice and that high PIK3CG expression correlates with low parasite levels in human Chagas’ hearts.
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Silva MC, Azevedo MA, Figueiredo VP, Moura Junior MR, Coelho Junior D, Martinelli PM, Machado RP, Alzamora AC, Talvani A. Renovascular hypertension increases serum TNF and CX3CL1 in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e6690. [PMID: 29590257 PMCID: PMC5886554 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20186690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi triggers a progressive inflammatory response affecting cardiovascular functions in humans and experimental models. Angiotensin II, a key effector of the renin-angiotensin system, plays roles in mediating hypertension, heart failure, and inflammatory responses. T. cruzi and AngII can induce inflammatory responses by releasing inflammatory mediators. The aim of this study was to evaluate systemic AngII, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and CX3CL1 mediators in a two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) renovascular hypertension model using Wistar rats infected with T. cruzi. Our data showed an increase in serum AngII in uninfected and T. cruzi-infected rats 1 week after 2K1C surgery compared to non-2K1C (Sham) animals. The baseline systolic blood pressure was higher in both uninfected and infected 2K1C rats. Despite no difference in circulating parasites in the acute phase of infection, elevated serum TNF and CX3CL1 were observed at 8 weeks post-infection in 2K1C rats in association with higher cardiac inflammatory infiltration. In summary, AngII-induced hypertension associated with T. cruzi infection may act synergistically to increase TNF and CX3CL1 in the 2K1C rat model, thereby intensifying cardiac inflammatory infiltration and worsening the underlying inflammation triggered by this protozoan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - M A Azevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - V P Figueiredo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - M R Moura Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - D Coelho Junior
- Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - P M Martinelli
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - R P Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - A C Alzamora
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - A Talvani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Biomas Tropicais, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
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49
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da Costa KM, Valente RC, Salustiano EJ, Gentile LB, Freire-de-Lima L, Mendonça-Previato L, Previato JO. Functional Characterization of ABCC Proteins from Trypanosoma cruzi and Their Involvement with Thiol Transport. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:205. [PMID: 29491856 PMCID: PMC5817095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and affects 8 million people worldwide. The main chemotherapy is based on benznidazole. The efficacy in the treatment depends on factors such as the parasite strain, which may present different sensitivity to treatment. In this context, the expression of ABC transporters has been related to chemotherapy failure. ABC transporters share a well-conserved ABC domain, responsible for ATP binding and hydrolysis, whose the energy released is coupled to transport of molecules through membranes. The most known ABC transporters are ABCB1 and ABCC1, involved in the multidrug resistance phenotype in cancer, given their participation in cellular detoxification. In T. cruzi, 27 ABC genes were identified in the genome. Nonetheless, only four ABC genes were characterized: ABCA3, involved in vesicular trafficking; ABCG1, overexpressed in strains naturally resistant to benznidazole, and P-glycoprotein 1 and 2, whose participation in drug resistance is controversial. Considering P-glycoprotein genes are related to ABCC subfamily in T. cruzi according to the demonstration using BLASTP alignment, we evaluated both ABCB1-like and ABCC-like activities in epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of the Y strain. The transport activities were evaluated by the efflux of the fluorescent dyes Rhodamine 123 and Carboxyfluorescein in a flow cytometer. Results indicated that there was no ABCB1-like activity in both T. cruzi forms. Conversely, results demonstrated ABCC-like activity in both epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi. This activity was inhibited by ABCC transport modulators (probenecid, indomethacin, and MK-571), by ATP-depleting agents (sodium azide and iodoacetic acid) and by the thiol-depleting agent N-ethylmaleimide. Additionally, the presence of ABCC-like activity was supported by direct inhibition of the thiol-conjugated compound efflux with indomethacin, characteristic of ABCC subfamily members. Taken together, the results provide the first description of native ABCC-like activity in T. cruzi epimastigote and trypomastigote forms, indicating that the study of the biological role for that thiol transporter is crucial to reveal new molecular mechanisms for therapeutic approaches in the Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Monteiro da Costa
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raphael C Valente
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J Salustiano
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Gentile
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José O Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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50
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Volpato FCZ, Sousa GR, D'Ávila DA, Galvão LMDC, Chiari E. Combined parasitological and molecular-based diagnostic tools improve the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in single peripheral blood samples from patients with Chagas disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:506-515. [PMID: 28954072 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0046-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In order to detect Trypanosoma cruzi and determine the genetic profiles of the parasite during the chronic phase of Chagas disease (ChD), parasitological and molecular diagnostic methods were used to assess the blood of 91 patients without specific prior treatment. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 68 patients with cardiac ChD and 23 patients with an indeterminate form of ChD, followed by evaluation using blood culture and polymerase chain reaction. T . cruzi isolates were genotyped using three different genetic markers. RESULTS: Blood culture was positive in 54.9% of all patients, among which 60.3% had the cardiac form of ChD, and 39.1% the indeterminate form of ChD. There were no significant differences in blood culture positivity among patients with cardiac and indeterminate forms. Additionally, patient age and clinical forms did not influence blood culture results. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive in 98.9% of patients, although comparisons between blood culture and PCR results showed that the two techniques did not agree. Forty-two T . cruzi stocks were isolated, and TcII was detected in 95.2% of isolates. Additionally, one isolate corresponded to TcIII or TcIV, and another corresponded to TcV or TcVI. CONCLUSIONS Blood culture and PCR were both effective for identifying T. cruzi using a single blood sample, and their association did not improve parasite detection. However, we were not able to establish an association between the clinical form of ChD and the genetic profile of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Caroline Zempulski Volpato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Giovane Rodrigo Sousa
- Section on Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniella Alchaar D'Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Lúcia Maria da Cunha Galvão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Egler Chiari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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