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Srour N, Caron A, Michael NJ. Do POMC neurons have a sweet tooth for leptin? Special issue: Role of nutrients in nervous control of energy balance. Biochimie 2024; 223:179-187. [PMID: 36122808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated detection of changes in metabolic state by the nervous system is fundamental for survival. Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons play a critical role in integrating metabolic signals, including leptin levels. They also coordinate adaptative responses and thus represent an important relay in the regulation of energy balance. Despite a plethora of work documenting the effects of individual hormones, nutrients, and neuropeptides on POMC neurons, the importance for crosstalk and additive effects between such signaling molecules is still underexplored. The ability of the metabolic state and the concentrations of nutrients, such as glucose, to influence leptin's effects on POMC neurons appears critical for understanding the function and complexity of this regulatory network. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the effects of leptin on POMC neuron electrical excitability and discuss factors potentially contributing to variability in these effects, with a particular focus on the mouse models that have been developed and the importance of extracellular glucose levels. This review highlights the importance of the metabolic "environment" for determining hypothalamic neuronal responsiveness to metabolic cues and for determining the fundamental effects of leptin on the activity of hypothalamic POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Srour
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, QC, Canada.
| | - Natalie Jane Michael
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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2
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Sun H, Lin W, Tang Y, Tu H, Chen T, Zhou J, Wang D, Xu Q, Niu J, Dong W, Liu S, Ni X, Yang W, Zhao Y, Ying L, Zhang J, Li X, Mohammadi M, Shen WL, Huang Z. Sustained remission of type 2 diabetes in rodents by centrally administered fibroblast growth factor 4. Cell Metab 2023:S1550-4131(23)00172-9. [PMID: 37167965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major health and economic burden worldwide. Despite the availability of multiple drugs for short-term management, sustained remission of T2D is currently not achievable pharmacologically. Intracerebroventricular administration of fibroblast growth factor 1 (icvFGF1) induces sustained remission in T2D rodents, propelling intense research efforts to understand its mechanism of action. Whether other FGFs possess similar therapeutic benefits is currently unknown. Here, we show that icvFGF4 also elicits a sustained antidiabetic effect in both male db/db mice and diet-induced obese mice by activating FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) expressed in glucose-sensing neurons within the mediobasal hypothalamus. Specifically, FGF4 excites glucose-excited (GE) neurons while inhibiting glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons. Moreover, icvFGF4 restores the percentage of GI neurons in db/db mice. Importantly, intranasal delivery of FGF4 alleviates hyperglycemia in db/db mice, paving the way for non-invasive therapy. We conclude that icvFGF4 holds significant therapeutic potential for achieving sustained remission of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Department of Physiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Hongqing Tu
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Dezhong Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Biology Science Institutes, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianlou Niu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wenliya Dong
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Sidan Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wen Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lei Ying
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermoregulation and Inflammation of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Department of Physiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology & Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health) & School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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3
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Nakhal MM, Aburuz S, Sadek B, Akour A. Repurposing SGLT2 Inhibitors for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on the Autism Spectrum Disorder. Molecules 2022; 27:7174. [PMID: 36364000 PMCID: PMC9653623 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a substantially increasing incidence rate. It is characterized by repetitive behavior, learning difficulties, deficits in social communication, and interactions. Numerous medications, dietary supplements, and behavioral treatments have been recommended for the management of this condition, however, there is no cure yet. Recent studies have examined the therapeutic potential of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in neurodevelopmental diseases, based on their proved anti-inflammatory effects, such as downregulating the expression of several proteins, including the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1). Furthermore, numerous previous studies revealed the potential of the SGLT2 inhibitors to provide antioxidant effects, due to their ability to reduce the generation of free radicals and upregulating the antioxidant systems, such as glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while crossing the blood brain barrier (BBB). These properties have led to significant improvements in the neurologic outcomes of multiple experimental disease models, including cerebral oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and epilepsy. Such diseases have mutual biomarkers with ASD, which potentially could be a link to fill the gap of the literature studying the potential of repurposing the SGLT2 inhibitors' use in ameliorating the symptoms of ASD. This review will look at the impact of the SGLT2 inhibitors on neurodevelopmental disorders on the various models, including humans, rats, and mice, with a focus on the SGLT2 inhibitor canagliflozin. Furthermore, this review will discuss how SGLT2 inhibitors regulate the ASD biomarkers, based on the clinical evidence supporting their functions as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Moutaz Nakhal
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salahdein Aburuz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Akour
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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Picard A, Berney X, Castillo-Armengol J, Tarussio D, Jan M, Sanchez-Archidona AR, Croizier S, Thorens B. Hypothalamic Irak4 is a genetically-controlled regulator of hypoglycemia-induced glucagon secretion. Mol Metab 2022; 61:101479. [PMID: 35339728 PMCID: PMC9046887 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glucagon secretion to stimulate hepatic glucose production is a first line of defense against hypoglycemia. This response is triggered by so far incompletely characterized central hypoglycemia sensing mechanisms, which control autonomous nervous activity and hormone secretion. The objective of this study was to identify novel hypothalamic genes controlling insulin-induced glucagon secretion. METHODS To obtain new information about the mechanisms of hypothalamic hypoglycemia sensing, we combined genetic and transcriptomic analysis of the glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in a panel of BXD recombinant inbred mice. RESULTS We identified two QTLs, on chromosome 8 and chromosome 15. We further investigated the role of Irak4 and Cpne8, both located in the chromosome 15 QTL, in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice, the BXD mouse parental strains. We found that the poor glucagon response of DBA/2J mice was associated with higher hypothalamic expression of Irak4, which encodes a kinase acting downstream of the interleukin-1 receptor (Il-1R), and of Il-ß when compared to C57BL/6J mice. We showed that intracerebroventricular administration of an Il-1R antagonist in DBA/2J restored insulin-induced glucagon secretion; this was associated with increased c-fos expression in the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and with higher activation of both branches of the autonomous nervous system. Whole body inactivation of Cpne8, which encodes a Ca++-dependent regulator of membrane trafficking and exocytosis had, however, no impact on insulin-induced glucagon secretion. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data identify Irak4 as a genetically controlled regulator of hypoglycemia-activated hypothalamic neurons and glucagon secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Picard
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Berney
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Judit Castillo-Armengol
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - David Tarussio
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sophie Croizier
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Thorens B. Neuronal regulation of glucagon secretion and gluconeogenesis. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 13:599-607. [PMID: 34989155 PMCID: PMC9017634 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycemia almost never develops in healthy individuals because multiple hypoglycemia sensing systems, located in the periphery and in the central nervous system trigger a coordinated counterregulatory hormonal response to restore normoglycemia. This involves not only the secretion of glucagon but also of epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol and growth hormone. Increased hepatic glucose production is also stimulated by direct autonomous nervous connections to the liver that stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. This counterregulatory response, however, becomes deregulated in a significant fraction of diabetic patients that receive insulin therapy. This leads to risk of developing hypoglycemic episodes, of increasing severity, which negatively impact the quality of life of the patients. How hypoglycemia is detected by the central nervous system is being actively investigated. Recent studies using novel molecular biological, optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques, allow the characterization of glucose sensing neurons, the mechanisms of hypoglycemia detection, the neuronal circuits in which they are integrated and the physiological responses they control. This review will discuss recent studies aimed at identifying central hypoglycemia sensing neuronal circuits, how neurons are activated by hypoglycemia, and how they restore normoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Jang JH, Kim HK, Seo DW, Ki SY, Park S, Choi SH, Kim DH, Moon SJ, Jeong YT. Whole-Brain Mapping of the Expression Pattern of T1R2, a Subunit Specific to the Sweet Taste Receptor. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:751839. [PMID: 34776881 PMCID: PMC8581048 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.751839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory receptors are expressed primarily in sensory organs, but their expression elsewhere can permit ligand detection in other contexts that contribute to survival. The ability of sweet taste receptors to detect natural sugars, sugar alcohols, and artificial sweeteners suggests sweet taste receptors are involved in metabolic regulation in both peripheral organs and in the central nervous system. Our limited knowledge of sweet taste receptor expression in the brain, however, has made it difficult to assess their contribution to metabolic regulation. We, therefore, decided to profile the expression pattern of T1R2, a subunit specific to the sweet taste receptor complex, at the whole-brain level. Using T1r2-Cre knock-in mice, we visualized the overall distribution of Cre-labeled cells in the brain. T1r2-Cre is expressed not only in various populations of neurons, but also in glial populations in the circumventricular organs and in vascular structures in the cortex, thalamus, and striatum. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that T1r2 is expressed in hypothalamic neurons expressing neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin in arcuate nucleus. It is also co-expressed with a canonical taste signaling molecule in perivascular cells of the median eminence. Our findings indicate that sweet taste receptors have unidentified functions in the brain and suggest that they may be a novel therapeutic target in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jea Hwa Jang
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha Kyeong Kim
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Woo Seo
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Young Ki
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soonhong Park
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seok Jun Moon
- Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Taek Jeong
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Liu M, Wang Y, Ma Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Nie L, Guo W, Zhao D, Zhang J, Yuan D, Yue L. Activation of SGLT3a in endometrial epithelial cells induces paracrine stromal cell decidualization. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1532-1546. [PMID: 34755904 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) and stromal cells (ESCs) have a close functional association. During the peri-implantation period, EECs with enhanced functional activities secrete a variety of paracrine factors to promote the decidualization of ESCs. However, little is known about the specific process by which EECs secrete paracrine factors to induce the decidualization of ESCs. Some evidence suggests that the activation of sodium-glucose cotransporter 3a (SGLT3a) induces the depolarization of ESCs to affect their function. Therefore, SGLT3a acts as a sensor molecule in certain cell types. In this study, the expression of SGLT3a was investigated in EECs to determine whether its levels increased during the peri-implantation period in female mice. The activation of SGLT3a in mouse EECs induced Na+ -dependent depolarization of the cell membrane and an influx of extracellular Ca2+ , which further promoted the expression and release of the paracrine factors prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and F2-alpha (PGF2α) by upregulating the expression of cyclooxygenase-2. In turn, PGE2 and PGF2α induced the decidualization of ESCs. Importantly, we identified SGLT3a as a key molecule involved in the cross-talk between EECs and ESCs during the process of uterine decidualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongdan Ma
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixue Zhang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Nie
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhu Zhang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongzhi Yuan
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Limin Yue
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ishida N, Saito M, Sato S, Tezuka Y, Sanbe A, Taira E, Hirose M. Mizagliflozin, a selective SGLT1 inhibitor, improves vascular cognitive impairment in a mouse model of small vessel disease. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00869. [PMID: 34586752 PMCID: PMC8480397 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) participates in vascular cognitive impairment in small vessel disease. We hypothesized that SGLT1 inhibitors can improve the small vessel disease induced-vascular cognitive impairment. We examined the effects of mizagliflozin, a selective SGLT1 inhibitor, and phlorizin, a non-selective SGLT inhibitor, on vascular cognitive impairment in a mouse model of small vessel disease. Small vessel disease was created using a mouse model of asymmetric common carotid artery surgery (ACAS). Two and/or 4 weeks after ACAS, all experiments were performed. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was decreased in ACAS compared with sham-operated mice. Phlorizin but not mizagliflozin reversed the decreased CBF of ACAS mice. Both mizagliflozin and phlorizin reversed the ACAS-induced decrease in the latency to fall in a wire hang test of ACAS mice. Moreover, they reversed the ACAS-induced longer escape latencies in the Morris water maze test of ACAS mice. ACAS increased SGLT1 and proinflammatory cytokine gene expressions in mouse brains and phlorizin but not mizagliflozin normalized all gene expressions in ACAS mice. Hematoxylin/eosin staining demonstrated that they inhibited pyknotic cell death in the ACAS mouse hippocampus. In PC12HS cells, IL-1β increased SGLT1 expression and decreased survival rates of cells. Both mizagliflozin and phlorizin increased the survival rates of IL-1β-treated PC12HS cells. These results suggest that mizagliflozin and phlorizin can improve vascular cognitive impairment through the inhibition of neural SGLT1 and phlorizin also does so through the improvement of CBF in a mouse model of small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Ishida
- Division of Molecular and Cellular PharmacologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and PharmacologyIwate Medical UniversitySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesIwateJapan
| | - Maki Saito
- Department of PharmacyIryo Sosei UniversityFukushimaJapan
| | - Sachiko Sato
- Department of PharmacologyIwate Medical UniversitySchool of MedicineIwateJapan
| | - Yu Tezuka
- Division of PharmacotherapeuticsDepartment of Pathophysiology and PharmacologyIwate Medical University School of Pharmaceutical SciencesIwateJapan
| | - Atsushi Sanbe
- Division of PharmacotherapeuticsDepartment of Pathophysiology and PharmacologyIwate Medical University School of Pharmaceutical SciencesIwateJapan
| | - Eiichi Taira
- Department of PharmacologyIwate Medical UniversitySchool of MedicineIwateJapan
| | - Masamichi Hirose
- Division of Molecular and Cellular PharmacologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and PharmacologyIwate Medical UniversitySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesIwateJapan
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9
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Tsai KF, Chen YL, Chiou TTY, Chu TH, Li LC, Ng HY, Lee WC, Lee CT. Emergence of SGLT2 Inhibitors as Powerful Antioxidants in Human Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1166. [PMID: 34439414 PMCID: PMC8388972 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of oral glucose-lowering agents. Apart from their glucose-lowering effects, large clinical trials assessing certain SGLT2 inhibitors have revealed cardiac and renal protective effects in non-diabetic patients. These excellent outcomes motivated scientists and clinical professionals to revisit their underlying mechanisms. In addition to the heart and kidney, redox homeostasis is crucial in several human diseases, including liver diseases, neural disorders, and cancers, with accumulating preclinical studies demonstrating the therapeutic benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors. In the present review, we aimed to update recent advances in the antioxidant roles of SGLT2 inhibitors in common but debilitating human diseases. We anticipate that this review will guide new research directions and novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, nephropathies, liver diseases, neural disorders, and cancers in the era of SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Fan Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Yung-Lung Chen
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Terry Ting-Yu Chiou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Huei Chu
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
- Biobank and Tissue Bank, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chih Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hwee-Yeong Ng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
| | - Chien-Te Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (K.-F.T.); (T.T.-Y.C.); (L.-C.L.); (H.-Y.N.)
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10
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Li RJW, Batchuluun B, Zhang SY, Abraham MA, Wang B, Lim YM, Yue JTY, Lam TKT. Nutrient infusion in the dorsal vagal complex controls hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism in rats. iScience 2021; 24:102366. [PMID: 33870148 PMCID: PMC8044434 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic regulation of lipid and glucose homeostasis is emerging, but whether the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) senses nutrients and regulates hepatic nutrient metabolism remains unclear. Here, we found in rats DVC oleic acid infusion suppressed hepatic secretion of triglyceride-rich very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-TG), which was disrupted by inhibiting DVC long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase that in parallel disturbed lipid homeostasis during intravenous lipid infusion. DVC glucose infusion elevated local glucose levels similarly as intravenous glucose infusion and suppressed hepatic glucose production. This was independent of lactate metabolism as inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase failed to disrupt glucose sensing and neither could DVC lactate infusion recapitulate glucose effect. DVC oleic acid and glucose infusion failed to lower VLDL-TG secretion and glucose production in high-fat fed rats, while inhibiting DVC farnesoid X receptor enhanced oleic acid but not glucose sensing. Thus, an impairment of DVC nutrient sensing may lead to the disruption of lipid and glucose homeostasis in metabolic syndrome. DVC oleic acid infusion lowers hepatic secretion of VLDL-TG in chow but not HF rats Inhibition of ACSL in the DVC negates lipid sensing DVC glucose infusion lowers hepatic glucose production in chow but not HF rats Inhibition of FXR in the DVC enhances oleic acid but not glucose sensing in HF rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa J W Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Song-Yang Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mona A Abraham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Beini Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yu-Mi Lim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica T Y Yue
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Tony K T Lam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, MaRS Center, TMDT 101 College Street, 10-705, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
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11
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Park SH, Belcastro E, Hasan H, Matsushita K, Marchandot B, Abbas M, Toti F, Auger C, Jesel L, Ohlmann P, Morel O, Schini-Kerth VB. Angiotensin II-induced upregulation of SGLT1 and 2 contributes to human microparticle-stimulated endothelial senescence and dysfunction: protective effect of gliflozins. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:65. [PMID: 33726768 PMCID: PMC7967961 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduced cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients independently of glycemic control. Although angiotensin II (Ang II) and blood-derived microparticles are major mediators of cardiovascular disease, their impact on SGLT1 and 2 expression and function in endothelial cells (ECs) and isolated arteries remains unclear. METHODS ECs were isolated from porcine coronary arteries, and arterial segments from rats. The protein expression level was assessed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining, mRNA levels by RT-PCR, oxidative stress using dihydroethidium, nitric oxide using DAF-FM diacetate, senescence by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, and platelet aggregation by aggregometer. Microparticles were collected from blood of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD-MPs). RESULTS Ang II up-regulated SGLT1 and 2 protein levels in ECs, and caused a sustained extracellular glucose- and Na+-dependent pro-oxidant response that was inhibited by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor VAS-2780, the AT1R antagonist losartan, sotagliflozin (Sota, SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitor), and empagliflozin (Empa, SGLT2 inhibitor). Ang II increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity and markers, VCAM-1, MCP-1, tissue factor, ACE, and AT1R, and down-regulated eNOS and NO formation, which were inhibited by Sota and Empa. Increased SGLT1 and SGLT2 protein levels were observed in the rat aortic arch, and Ang II- and eNOS inhibitor-treated thoracic aorta segments, and were associated with enhanced levels of oxidative stress and prevented by VAS-2780, losartan, Sota and Empa. CAD-MPs promoted increased levels of SGLT1, SGLT2 and VCAM-1, and decreased eNOS and NO formation in ECs, which were inhibited by VAS-2780, losartan, Sota and Empa. CONCLUSIONS Ang II up-regulates SGLT1 and 2 protein expression in ECs and arterial segments to promote sustained oxidative stress, senescence and dysfunction. Such a sequence contributes to CAD-MPs-induced endothelial dysfunction. Since AT1R/NADPH oxidase/SGLT1 and 2 pathways promote endothelial dysfunction, inhibition of SGLT1 and/or 2 appears as an attractive strategy to enhance the protective endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Hee Park
- Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR 1260, INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eugenia Belcastro
- Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR 1260, INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hira Hasan
- Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR 1260, INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kensuke Matsushita
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Marchandot
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Malak Abbas
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florence Toti
- Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR 1260, INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cyril Auger
- Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR 1260, INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Jesel
- Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR 1260, INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Ohlmann
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Morel
- Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR 1260, INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Valérie B Schini-Kerth
- Regenerative Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR 1260, INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), University of Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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12
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Pitra S, Smith BN. Musings on the wanderer: What's new in our understanding of vago-vagal reflexes? VI. Central vagal circuits that control glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G175-G182. [PMID: 33205998 PMCID: PMC7938771 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00368.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the brain stem dorsal vagal complex (DVC) take part in a continuous bidirectional crosstalk, in which they receive and respond to a vast array of signaling molecules, including glucose. Importantly, chronic dysregulation of blood glucose concentration, a hallmark of high prevalence pathologies, such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome, can induce neuroplasticity in DVC neural networks, which is hypothesized to either contribute to or compensate for the glycemic or insulinemic dysregulation observed in these conditions. Here, we revisit the topic of vagal reflexes to review recent research on the importance of DVC function in regulating systemic glucose homeostasis and the neuroplastic changes in this brain region that are associated with systemic glucose alterations. We also discuss the critical connection between these nuclei and the gut and the role of central vagal circuits in the favorable outcomes associated with bariatric surgical procedures for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Pitra
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Bret N. Smith
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky,2Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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13
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Wen S, Nguyen T, Gong M, Yuan X, Wang C, Jin J, Zhou L. An Overview of Similarities and Differences in Metabolic Actions and Effects of Central Nervous System Between Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs) and Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors (SGLT-2is). Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2955-2972. [PMID: 34234493 PMCID: PMC8254548 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s312527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and SGLT-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) are novel antidiabetic medications associated with considerable cardiovascular benefits therapying treatment of diabetic patients. GLP-1 exhibits atherosclerosis resistance, whereas SGLT-2i acts to ameliorate the neuroendocrine state in the patients with chronic heart failure. Despite their distinct modes of action, both factors share pathways by regulating the central nervous system (CNS). While numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 can access various nuclei associated with energy homeostasis and hedonic eating in the CNS via blood-brain barrier (BBB), research on the activity of SGLT-2is remains limited. In our previous studies, we demonstrated that both GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) liraglutide and exenatide, as well as an SGLT-2i, dapagliflozin, could activate various nuclei and pathways in the CNS of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and C57BL/6 mice, respectively. Moreover, our results revealed similarities and differences in neural pathways, which possibly regulated different metabolic effects of GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i via sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in the CNS, such as feeding, blood glucose regulation and cardiovascular activities (arterial blood pressure and heart rate control). In the present article, we extensively discuss recent preclinical studies on the effects of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2is on the CNS actions, with the aim of providing a theoretical explanation on their mechanism of action in improvement of the macro-cardiovascular risk and reducing incidence of diabetic complications. Overall, these findings are expected to guide future drug design approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Thiquynhnga Nguyen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinlu Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoxun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianlan Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Vascular Lesions Regulation and Remodeling, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ligang Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +8613611927616 Email
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14
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Haigh JL, New LE, Filippi BM. Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Brain Are Associated With Feeding, Glucose Homeostasis, and Whole-Body Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:580879. [PMID: 33240218 PMCID: PMC7680879 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.580879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is responsible for maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis by changing energy input and availability. The hypothalamus and dorsal vagal complex (DVC) are the primary sites of metabolic control, able to sense both hormones and nutrients and adapt metabolism accordingly. The mitochondria respond to the level of nutrient availability by fusion or fission to maintain energy homeostasis; however, these processes can be disrupted by metabolic diseases including obesity and type II diabetes (T2D). Mitochondrial dynamics are crucial in the development and maintenance of obesity and T2D, playing a role in the control of glucose homeostasis and whole-body metabolism across neurons and glia in the hypothalamus and DVC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beatrice M. Filippi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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15
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Al Hamed FA, Elewa H. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Sodium Glucose-linked Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Stroke. Clin Ther 2020; 42:e242-e249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Glucose transporters in brain in health and disease. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1299-1343. [PMID: 32789766 PMCID: PMC7462931 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02441-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Energy demand of neurons in brain that is covered by glucose supply from the blood is ensured by glucose transporters in capillaries and brain cells. In brain, the facilitative diffusion glucose transporters GLUT1-6 and GLUT8, and the Na+-d-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 are expressed. The glucose transporters mediate uptake of d-glucose across the blood-brain barrier and delivery of d-glucose to astrocytes and neurons. They are critically involved in regulatory adaptations to varying energy demands in response to differing neuronal activities and glucose supply. In this review, a comprehensive overview about verified and proposed roles of cerebral glucose transporters during health and diseases is presented. Our current knowledge is mainly based on experiments performed in rodents. First, the functional properties of human glucose transporters expressed in brain and their cerebral locations are described. Thereafter, proposed physiological functions of GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT4, and SGLT1 for energy supply to neurons, glucose sensing, central regulation of glucohomeostasis, and feeding behavior are compiled, and their roles in learning and memory formation are discussed. In addition, diseases are described in which functional changes of cerebral glucose transporters are relevant. These are GLUT1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1-SD), diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). GLUT1-SD is caused by defect mutations in GLUT1. Diabetes and AD are associated with changed expression of glucose transporters in brain, and transporter-related energy deficiency of neurons may contribute to pathogenesis of AD. Stroke and TBI are associated with changes of glucose transporter expression that influence clinical outcome.
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17
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Espinoza L, Boychuk CR. Diabetes, and its treatment, as an effector of autonomic nervous system circuits and its functions. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 54:18-26. [PMID: 32721846 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular complications, including heart failure, hypertension, and stroke. There is a strong involvement of autonomic dysfunction in individuals with diabetes that exhibit clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Still, the mechanisms by which diabetes and its treatments alter autonomic function and subsequently affect cardiovascular complications remain elusive. For this reason, understanding the brainstem circuits involved in sensing metabolic state(s) and enacting autonomic control of the cardiovascular system are important to develop more comprehensive therapies for individuals with diabetes at increased risk for CVD. We review how autonomic nervous system circuits change during these disease states and discuss their potential role in current pharmacotherapies that target diabetic states. Overall, this review proposes that the brainstem circuits provide an integrative sensorimotor network capable of responding to metabolic cues to regulate cardiovascular function and this network is modified by, and in turn affects, diabetes-induced CVD and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Espinoza
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, United States
| | - Carie R Boychuk
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, United States.
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18
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Sano R, Shinozaki Y, Ohta T. Sodium-glucose cotransporters: Functional properties and pharmaceutical potential. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:770-782. [PMID: 32196987 PMCID: PMC7378437 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, and an essential source of energy for most living cells. Glucose transport across the cell membrane is mediated by two types of transporters: facilitative glucose transporters (gene name: solute carrier 2A) and sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs; gene name: solute carrier 5A). Each transporter has its own substrate specificity, distribution, and regulatory mechanisms. Recently, SGLT1 and SGLT2 have attracted much attention as therapeutic targets for various diseases. This review addresses the basal and functional properties of glucose transporters and SGLTs, and describes the pharmaceutical potential of SGLT1 and SGLT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Sano
- Biological/Pharmacological Research LaboratoriesCentral Pharmaceutical Research InstituteJapan Tobacco IncTakatsukiJapan
| | - Yuichi Shinozaki
- Biological/Pharmacological Research LaboratoriesCentral Pharmaceutical Research InstituteJapan Tobacco IncTakatsukiJapan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional AnatomyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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19
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Ishida N, Saito M, Sato S, Koepsell H, Taira E, Hirose M. SGLT1 participates in the development of vascular cognitive impairment in a mouse model of small vessel disease. Neurosci Lett 2020; 727:134929. [PMID: 32217089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) participates in ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury. However, whether SGLT1 participates in the development of small vessel disease induced-vascular cognitive impairment is unknown. We examined the roles of SGLT1 in the development of vascular cognitive impairment in a mouse model of small vessel disease. Small vessel disease was created by placement of an ameroid constrictor around the right common carotid artery (CCA) and placement of a microcoil around the left CCA (ACAS) in wild-type (WT) and SGLT1-knock out (KO) mice. Two and/or 4 weeks after ACAS, all experiments were performed. Hematoxylin/eosin staining demonstrated that the number of pyknotic cell deaths was greater in the ACAS WT than ACAS SGLT1-KO hippocampus. The latency to fall in a wire hang test was significantly shorter in ACAS than sham-operated WT mice, whereas it was similar between ACAS and sham-operated SGLT1-KO mice. The Morris water maze test revealed that ACAS WT mice exhibited longer escape latencies than ACAS SGLT1-KO mice. ACAS significantly increased SGLT1 gene expression in WT mouse brains. Gene expressions of MCP-1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were increased in ACAS WT compared with sham-operated WT mouse brains. Their increased gene expressions were significantly decreased in ACAS SGLT1-KO compared with ACAS WT mice. These results suggest that SGLT1 plays important roles in the development of small vessel dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Ishida
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Iwate, Japan
| | - Maki Saito
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Iwate, Japan
| | - Sachiko Sato
- Department of Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University, School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eiichi Taira
- Department of Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University, School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masamichi Hirose
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Iwate, Japan.
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20
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Stanley S, Moheet A, Seaquist ER. Central Mechanisms of Glucose Sensing and Counterregulation in Defense of Hypoglycemia. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:768-788. [PMID: 30689785 PMCID: PMC6505456 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis requires an organism to rapidly respond to changes in plasma glucose concentrations. Iatrogenic hypoglycemia as a result of treatment with insulin or sulfonylureas is the most common cause of hypoglycemia in humans and is generally only seen in patients with diabetes who take these medications. The first response to a fall in glucose is the detection of impending hypoglycemia by hypoglycemia-detecting sensors, including glucose-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus and other regions. This detection is then linked to a series of neural and hormonal responses that serve to prevent the fall in blood glucose and restore euglycemia. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge about central glucose sensing and how detection of a fall in glucose leads to the stimulation of counterregulatory hormone and behavior responses. We also review how diabetes and recurrent hypoglycemia impact glucose sensing and counterregulation, leading to development of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stanley
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Amir Moheet
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth R Seaquist
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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21
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Fuente-Martín E, Mellado-Gil JM, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Martín-Montalvo A, Romero-Zerbo SY, Diaz Contreras I, Hmadcha A, Soria B, Martin Bermudo F, Reyes JC, Bermúdez-Silva FJ, Lorenzo PI, Gauthier BR. Dissecting the Brain/Islet Axis in Metabesity. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050350. [PMID: 31072002 PMCID: PMC6562925 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), together with the fact that current treatments are only palliative and do not avoid major secondary complications, reveals the need for novel approaches to treat the cause of this disease. Efforts are currently underway to identify therapeutic targets implicated in either the regeneration or re-differentiation of a functional pancreatic islet β-cell mass to restore insulin levels and normoglycemia. However, T2DM is not only caused by failures in β-cells but also by dysfunctions in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the hypothalamus and brainstem. Herein, we review the physiological contribution of hypothalamic neuronal and glial populations, particularly astrocytes, in the control of the systemic response that regulates blood glucose levels. The glucosensing capacity of hypothalamic astrocytes, together with their regulation by metabolic hormones, highlights the relevance of these cells in the control of glucose homeostasis. Moreover, the critical role of astrocytes in the response to inflammation, a process associated with obesity and T2DM, further emphasizes the importance of these cells as novel targets to stimulate the CNS in response to metabesity (over-nutrition-derived metabolic dysfunctions). We suggest that novel T2DM therapies should aim at stimulating the CNS astrocytic response, as well as recovering the functional pancreatic β-cell mass. Whether or not a common factor expressed in both cell types can be feasibly targeted is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Fuente-Martín
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Jose M Mellado-Gil
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Martín-Montalvo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Silvana Y Romero-Zerbo
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Irene Diaz Contreras
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Abdelkrim Hmadcha
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bernat Soria
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Martin Bermudo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose C Reyes
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Bermúdez-Silva
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Petra I Lorenzo
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucia-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Paes-Leme B, Dos-Santos RC, Mecawi AS, Ferguson AV. Interaction between angiotensin II and glucose sensing at the subfornical organ. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12654. [PMID: 30365188 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The subfornical organ (SFO) lacks the normal blood-brain barrier and senses the concentrations of many different circulating signals, including glucose and angiotensin II (ANG II). ANG II has recently been implicated in the control of food intake and body weight gain. The present study assessed whether single SFO neurones sense changes in glucose and ANG II, and also whether changes in glucose concentration alter the responsiveness of these neurones to ANG II. SFO neurones dissociated from male Sprague-Dawley rats (100-175 g) were used. We first examined whether glucose concentration modulates AT1 receptor expression. Similar AT1a mRNA expression levels were found at glucose concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mmol L-1 in dissociated SFO neurones. Glucose responsiveness of SFO neurones was assessed using perforated current-clamp recordings and switching between 5 and 10 mmol L-1 glucose artificial cerebrospinal fluid to classify single neurones as nonresponsive (nGS), glucose-excited (GE) or glucose-inhibited (GI). In total, 26.7% of the SFO neurones were GI (n = 24 of 90), 21.1% were GE (n = 19 of 90) and 52.2% were nGS (n = 47 of 90). Once classified, the effects of 10 nmol L-1 ANG II on the excitability of these neurones were tested, with 52% of GE (n = 10 of 19), 71% of GI (n = 17 of 24) and 43% of nGS (n = 20 of 47) neurones being ANG II sensitive. Finally, we tested whether acute changes in glucose concentration modified the response to ANG II and showed that some neurones (4/17) only respond to ANG II at 10 mmol L-1 glucose. Our data demonstrate that the same SFO neurone can sense glucose and ANG II and that acute changes in glucose concentration may change ANG II responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Paes-Leme
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Raoni C Dos-Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - André S Mecawi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alastair V Ferguson
- Centre for Neurosciences Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Yamazaki Y, Arita K, Harada S, Tokuyama S. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 after cerebral ischemia upregulates cerebral sodium-glucose transporter type 1. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 138:240-246. [PMID: 30503674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stress increases cerebral sodium-glucose transporter type 1 (SGLT-1). However, the mechanism by which cerebral ischemia leads to the up-regulation of SGLT-1 remains unclear. In peripheral tissue, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) increases SGLT-1. MAPK pathways [c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)] are activated by cerebral ischemic stress. Therefore, we confirmed the involvement of MAPKs in the up-regulation of cerebral SGLT-1 after cerebral ischemia. Male ddY mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Protein expression was assessed by western blotting. Mice received an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of SP600125 (JNK inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor), and PD98059 (MEK inhibitor) immediately after reperfusion. The infarction and behavioral abnormalities were assessed on days 1 and 3 after MCAO. The MAPK inhibitors suppressed the activation of JNK, p38, and ERK 3 h after MCAO. SP600125 and SB203580 administration ameliorated cerebral ischemic neuronal damage, whereas PD98059 administration exacerbated cerebral ischemic neuronal damage. SP600125 and SB203580 significantly suppressed the increase in SGLT-1 12 h after MCAO. PD98059 had no effect on SGLT-1 expression after MCAO. Our results indicate that the activation of JNK and p38 participate in the up-regulation of cerebral SGLT-1 after MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Yamazaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Kyoko Arita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan.
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25
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Baader-Pagler T, Eckhardt M, Himmelsbach F, Sauer A, Stierstorfer BE, Hamilton BS. SGLT6 - A pharmacological target for the treatment of obesity? Adipocyte 2018; 7:277-284. [PMID: 30161013 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1516098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increased knowledge of nutrient intake regulation and energy homeostasis, treatment options for obesity remain limited. Food reward consists of two branches: gustatory and post-ingestive nutritive information. Drosophila lacking dSLC5A11 (sodium/glucose cotransporter 6-SGLT6) prefer L-glucose over D-glucose independently of their state of satiety. Human SGLT6 is an active transporter of myo-inositol and D-glucose. We investigated expression of SGLT6 in human tissue and found a significant expression in the small intestine and brain. The preference between a metabolizable and a non-metabolizable sugar was tested in 3 mouse models with a selective and potent SGLT6 inhibitor. No influence on sugar preference was seen with SGLT6 inhibition. These studies suggest that SGLT6 does not play a significant role in nutrient sensing in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Baader-Pagler
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Matthias Eckhardt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frank Himmelsbach
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Achim Sauer
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Birgit E. Stierstorfer
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Bradford S. Hamilton
- CardioMetabolic Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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26
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Alvarsson A, Stanley SA. Remote control of glucose-sensing neurons to analyze glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E327-E339. [PMID: 29812985 PMCID: PMC6171010 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00469.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system relies on a continual supply of glucose, and must be able to detect glucose levels and regulate peripheral organ functions to ensure that its energy requirements are met. Specialized glucose-sensing neurons, first described half a century ago, use glucose as a signal and modulate their firing rates as glucose levels change. Glucose-excited neurons are activated by increasing glucose concentrations, while glucose-inhibited neurons increase their firing rate as glucose concentrations fall and decrease their firing rate as glucose concentrations rise. Glucose-sensing neurons are present in multiple brain regions and are highly expressed in hypothalamic regions, where they are involved in functions related to glucose homeostasis. However, the roles of glucose-sensing neurons in healthy and disease states remain poorly understood. Technologies that can rapidly and reversibly activate or inhibit defined neural populations provide invaluable tools to investigate how specific neural populations regulate metabolism and other physiological roles. Optogenetics has high temporal and spatial resolutions, requires implants for neural stimulation, and is suitable for modulating local neural populations. Chemogenetics, which requires injection of a synthetic ligand, can target both local and widespread populations. Radio- and magnetogenetics offer rapid neural activation in localized or widespread neural populations without the need for implants or injections. These tools will allow us to better understand glucose-sensing neurons and their metabolism-regulating circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Alvarsson
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
| | - Sarah A Stanley
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
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27
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Emerging Concepts in Brain Glucose Metabolic Functions: From Glucose Sensing to How the Sweet Taste of Glucose Regulates Its Own Metabolism in Astrocytes and Neurons. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:281-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Yamazaki Y, Harada S, Tokuyama S. [Potential of the Cerebral Sodium-Glucose Transporter as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Cerebral Ischemia]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:955-962. [PMID: 29962475 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.17-00223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stress often induces a hyperglycemic condition. This postischemic hyperglycemia exacerbates the development of cerebral ischemic neuronal damage, although the mechanism of this exacerbation remains to be clarified. We previously discovered that the cerebral sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) was closely involved in the development of cerebral ischemic neuronal damage. SGLT is a member of the glucose transporter family and moves glucose together with sodium ions. SGLT-1, -3, -4, and -6 are distributed in the brain. We conducted further experiments to elucidate the detailed mechanism of the exacerbation of cerebral ischemia by cerebral SGLT. The results clarified: 1) the relationship between cerebral SGLT and postischemic hyperglycemia; 2) the involvement of cerebral SGLT-1 (a cerebral SGLT isoform) in cerebral ischemic neuronal damage; and 3) the effects of sodium influx through cerebral SGLT on the development of cerebral ischemic neuronal damage. This paper presents our data on the involvement of cerebral SGLT in the exacerbation of cerebral ischemic neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Yamazaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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29
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Rogers RC, McDougal DH, Ritter S, Qualls-Creekmore E, Hermann GE. Response of catecholaminergic neurons in the mouse hindbrain to glucoprivic stimuli is astrocyte dependent. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R153-R164. [PMID: 29590557 PMCID: PMC6087883 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00368.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hindbrain catecholaminergic (CA) neurons are required for critical autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral counterregulatory responses (CRRs) to hypoglycemia. Recent studies suggest that CRR initiation depends on hindbrain astrocyte glucose sensors (McDougal DH, Hermann GE, Rogers RC. Front Neurosci 7: 249, 2013; Rogers RC, Ritter S, Hermann GE. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 310: R1102-R1108, 2016). To test the proposition that hindbrain CA responses to glucoprivation are astrocyte dependent, we utilized transgenic mice in which the calcium reporter construct (GCaMP5) was expressed selectively in tyrosine hydroxylase neurons (TH-GCaMP5). We conducted live cell calcium-imaging studies on tissue slices containing the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) or the ventrolateral medulla, critical CRR initiation sites. Results show that TH-GCaMP5 neurons are robustly activated by a glucoprivic challenge and that this response is dependent on functional astrocytes. Pretreatment of hindbrain slices with fluorocitrate (an astrocytic metabolic suppressor) abolished TH-GCaMP5 neuronal responses to glucoprivation, but not to glutamate. Pharmacologic results suggest that the astrocytic connection with hindbrain CA neurons is purinergic via P2 receptors. Parallel imaging studies on hindbrain slices of NST from wild-type C57BL/6J mice, in which astrocytes and neurons were prelabeled with a calcium reporter dye and an astrocytic vital dye, show that both cell types are activated by glucoprivation but astrocytes responded significantly sooner than neurons. Pretreatment of these hindbrain slices with P2 antagonists abolished neuronal responses to glucoprivation without interruption of astrocyte responses; pretreatment with fluorocitrate eliminated both astrocytic and neuronal responses. These results support earlier work suggesting that the primary detection of glucoprivic signals by the hindbrain is mediated by astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sue Ritter
- 2Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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30
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López-Gambero AJ, Martínez F, Salazar K, Cifuentes M, Nualart F. Brain Glucose-Sensing Mechanism and Energy Homeostasis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:769-796. [PMID: 29796992 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic and energy state of the organism depends largely on the availability of substrates, such as glucose for ATP production, necessary for maintaining physiological functions. Deregulation in glucose levels leads to the appearance of pathological signs that result in failures in the cardiovascular system and various diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Particularly, the brain relies on glucose as fuel for the normal development of neuronal activity. Regions adjacent to the cerebral ventricles, such as the hypothalamus and brainstem, exercise central control in energy homeostasis. These centers house nuclei of neurons whose excitatory activity is sensitive to changes in glucose levels. Determining the different detection mechanisms, the phenotype of neurosecretion, and neural connections involving glucose-sensitive neurons is essential to understanding the response to hypoglycemia through modulation of food intake, thermogenesis, and activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, inducing glucagon and epinephrine secretion and other hypothalamic-pituitary axis-dependent counterregulatory hormones, such as glucocorticoids and growth hormone. The aim of this review focuses on integrating the current understanding of various glucose-sensing mechanisms described in the brain, thereby establishing a relationship between neuroanatomy and control of physiological processes involved in both metabolic and energy balance. This will advance the understanding of increasingly prevalent diseases in the modern world, especially diabetes, and emphasize patterns that regulate and stimulate intake, thermogenesis, and the overall synergistic effect of the neuroendocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J López-Gambero
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, IBIMA, BIONAND, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Málaga, Spain
| | - F Martínez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - K Salazar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - M Cifuentes
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, IBIMA, BIONAND, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Málaga, Spain.
| | - F Nualart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO BIO, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile. .,Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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31
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Heeley N, Kirwan P, Darwish T, Arnaud M, Evans ML, Merkle FT, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Blouet C. Rapid sensing of l-leucine by human and murine hypothalamic neurons: Neurochemical and mechanistic insights. Mol Metab 2018; 10:14-27. [PMID: 29439854 PMCID: PMC5985239 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Dietary proteins are sensed by hypothalamic neurons and strongly influence multiple aspects of metabolic health, including appetite, weight gain, and adiposity. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which hypothalamic neural circuits controlling behavior and metabolism sense protein availability. The aim of this study is to characterize how neurons from the mediobasal hypothalamus respond to a signal of protein availability: the amino acid l-leucine. Methods We used primary cultures of post-weaning murine mediobasal hypothalamic neurons, hypothalamic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, and calcium imaging to characterize rapid neuronal responses to physiological changes in extracellular l-Leucine concentration. Results A neurochemically diverse subset of both mouse and human hypothalamic neurons responded rapidly to l-leucine. Consistent with l-leucine's anorexigenic role, we found that 25% of mouse MBH POMC neurons were activated by l-leucine. 10% of MBH NPY neurons were inhibited by l-leucine, and leucine rapidly reduced AGRP secretion, providing a mechanism for the rapid leucine-induced inhibition of foraging behavior in rodents. Surprisingly, none of the candidate mechanisms previously implicated in hypothalamic leucine sensing (KATP channels, mTORC1 signaling, amino-acid decarboxylation) were involved in the acute activity changes produced by l-leucine. Instead, our data indicate that leucine-induced neuronal activation involves a plasma membrane Ca2+ channel, whereas leucine-induced neuronal inhibition is mediated by inhibition of a store-operated Ca2+ current. Conclusions A subset of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus rapidly respond to physiological changes in extracellular leucine concentration. Leucine can produce both increases and decreases in neuronal Ca2+ concentrations in a neurochemically-diverse group of neurons, including some POMC and NPY/AGRP neurons. Our data reveal that leucine can signal through novel mechanisms to rapidly affect neuronal activity. A neurochemically diverse group of mouse and human hypothalamic neurons rapidly sense and respond to l-leucine. Leucine can produce neuronal activation or neuronal inhibition via distinct and novel Ca2+ signaling mechanisms. Leucine activates 25% ARH POMC neurons. Leucine inhibits 10% ARH NPY/AGRP neurons and reduces AGRP secretion from fasted mediobasal hypothalamic slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Heeley
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Peter Kirwan
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Tamana Darwish
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Marion Arnaud
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Mark L Evans
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Florian T Merkle
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Clemence Blouet
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK.
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32
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Sodium-glucose transporter as a novel therapeutic target in disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 822:25-31. [PMID: 29329760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is the primary energy fuel of life. A glucose transporter, the sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT), is receiving attention as a novel therapeutic target in disease. This review summarizes the physiological role of SGLT in cerebral ischemia, cancer, cardiac disease, and intestinal ischemia, which has encouraged analysis of SGLT function. In cerebral ischemia and cardiomyopathy, SGLT-1 is involved in worsening of the injury. In addition, SGLT-1 promotes the development of cancer. On the other hand, SGLT-1 has a protective effect against cardiac and intestinal ischemia. Interestingly, SGLT-1 expression levels are increased in some diseased tissue, such as in cerebral ischemia and cancer. This suggests that SGLT-1 may have an important role in many diseases. This review discusses the potential of SGLT as a target for novel therapeutic agents.
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33
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Koekkoek LL, Mul JD, la Fleur SE. Glucose-Sensing in the Reward System. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:716. [PMID: 29311793 PMCID: PMC5742113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-sensing neurons are neurons that alter their activity in response to changes in extracellular glucose. These neurons, which are an important mechanism the brain uses to monitor changes in glycaemia, are present in the hypothalamus, where they have been thoroughly investigated. Recently, glucose-sensing neurons have also been identified in brain nuclei which are part of the reward system. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which they function, and their role in the reward system. We therefore aim to provide an overview of molecular mechanisms that have been studied in the hypothalamic glucose-sensing neurons, and investigate which of these transporters, enzymes and channels are present in the reward system. Furthermore, we speculate about the role of glucose-sensing neurons in the reward system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Koekkoek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joram D Mul
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
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34
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Fioramonti X, Chrétien C, Leloup C, Pénicaud L. Recent Advances in the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Neuronal Glucose Detection. Front Physiol 2017; 8:875. [PMID: 29184506 PMCID: PMC5694446 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus have been recognized for decades as one of the major brain centers for the control of energy homeostasis. This area contains specialized neurons able to detect changes in nutrients level. Among them, glucose-sensing neurons use glucose as a signaling molecule in addition to its fueling role. In this review we will describe the different sub-populations of glucose-sensing neurons present in the hypothalamus and highlight their nature in terms of neurotransmitter/neuropeptide expression. This review will particularly discuss whether pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons from the arcuate nucleus are directly glucose-sensing. In addition, recent observations in glucose-sensing suggest a subtle system with different mechanisms involved in the detection of changes in glucose level and their involvement in specific physiological functions. Several data point out the critical role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondria dynamics in the detection of increased glucose. This review will also highlight that ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels are not the only channels mediating glucose-sensing and discuss the new role of transient receptor potential canonical channels (TRPC). We will discuss the recent advances in the determination of glucose-sensing machinery and propose potential line of research needed to further understand the regulation of brain glucose detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Fioramonti
- NutriNeuro, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Chloé Chrétien
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Stromalab, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
Intestinal gluconeogenesis is a recently identified function influencing energy homeostasis. Intestinal gluconeogenesis induced by specific nutrients releases glucose, which is sensed by the nervous system surrounding the portal vein. This initiates a signal positively influencing parameters involved in glucose control and energy management controlled by the brain. This knowledge has extended our vision of the gut-brain axis, classically ascribed to gastrointestinal hormones. Our work raises several questions relating to the conditions under which intestinal gluconeogenesis proceeds and may provide its metabolic benefits. It also leads to questions on the advantage conferred by its conservation through a process of natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Soty
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon 69372, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France; Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Amandine Gautier-Stein
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon 69372, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France; Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon 69372, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France; Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1213, Lyon 69372, France; Université de Lyon, Lyon 69008, France; Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne 69622, France.
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36
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Yamazaki Y, Harada S, Wada T, Hagiwara T, Yoshida S, Tokuyama S. Sodium influx through cerebral sodium-glucose transporter type 1 exacerbates the development of cerebral ischemic neuronal damage. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 799:103-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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37
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Weiler A, Volkenhoff A, Hertenstein H, Schirmeier S. Metabolite transport across the mammalian and insect brain diffusion barriers. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 107:15-31. [PMID: 28237316 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system in higher vertebrates is separated from the circulation by a layer of specialized endothelial cells. It protects the sensitive neurons from harmful blood-derived substances, high and fluctuating ion concentrations, xenobiotics or even pathogens. To this end, the brain endothelial cells and their interlinking tight junctions build an efficient diffusion barrier. A structurally analogous diffusion barrier exists in insects, where glial cell layers separate the hemolymph from the neural cells. Both types of diffusion barriers, of course, also prevent influx of metabolites from the circulation. Because neuronal function consumes vast amounts of energy and necessitates influx of diverse substrates and metabolites, tightly regulated transport systems must ensure a constant metabolite supply. Here, we review the current knowledge about transport systems that carry key metabolites, amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates into the vertebrate and Drosophila brain and how this transport is regulated. Blood-brain and hemolymph-brain transport functions are conserved and we can thus use a simple, genetically accessible model system to learn more about features and dynamics of metabolite transport into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Weiler
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anne Volkenhoff
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helen Hertenstein
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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The Na+-D-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 are targets for the treatment of diabetes and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 170:148-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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39
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Chrétien C, Fenech C, Liénard F, Grall S, Chevalier C, Chaudy S, Brenachot X, Berges R, Louche K, Stark R, Nédélec E, Laderrière A, Andrews ZB, Benani A, Flockerzi V, Gascuel J, Hartmann J, Moro C, Birnbaumer L, Leloup C, Pénicaud L, Fioramonti X. Transient Receptor Potential Canonical 3 (TRPC3) Channels Are Required for Hypothalamic Glucose Detection and Energy Homeostasis. Diabetes 2017; 66:314-324. [PMID: 27899482 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) contains neurons capable of directly detecting metabolic signals such as glucose to control energy homeostasis. Among them, glucose-excited (GE) neurons increase their electrical activity when glucose rises. In view of previous work, we hypothesized that transient receptor potential canonical type 3 (TRPC3) channels are involved in hypothalamic glucose detection and the control of energy homeostasis. To investigate the role of TRPC3, we used constitutive and conditional TRPC3-deficient mouse models. Hypothalamic glucose detection was studied in vivo by measuring food intake and insulin secretion in response to increased brain glucose level. The role of TRPC3 in GE neuron response to glucose was studied by using in vitro calcium imaging on freshly dissociated MBH neurons. We found that whole-body and MBH TRPC3-deficient mice have increased body weight and food intake. The anorectic effect of intracerebroventricular glucose and the insulin secretory response to intracarotid glucose injection are blunted in TRPC3-deficient mice. TRPC3 loss of function or pharmacological inhibition blunts calcium responses to glucose in MBH neurons in vitro. Together, the results demonstrate that TRPC3 channels are required for the response to glucose of MBH GE neurons and the central effect of glucose on insulin secretion and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Chrétien
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Fenech
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fabienne Liénard
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Grall
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Charlène Chevalier
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Chaudy
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Xavier Brenachot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Raymond Berges
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Katie Louche
- INSERM UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity Research Laboratory, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Romana Stark
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Nédélec
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Amélie Laderrière
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexandre Benani
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jean Gascuel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jana Hartmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cédric Moro
- INSERM UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity Research Laboratory, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Corinne Leloup
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Xavier Fioramonti
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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40
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Van Steenbergen A, Balteau M, Ginion A, Ferté L, Battault S, Ravenstein CDMD, Balligand JL, Daskalopoulos EP, Gilon P, Despa F, Despa S, Vanoverschelde JL, Horman S, Koepsell H, Berry G, Hue L, Bertrand L, Beauloye C. Sodium-myoinositol cotransporter-1, SMIT1, mediates the production of reactive oxygen species induced by hyperglycemia in the heart. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41166. [PMID: 28128227 PMCID: PMC5269587 DOI: 10.1038/srep41166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia (HG) stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species in the heart through activation of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2). This production is independent of glucose metabolism but requires sodium/glucose cotransporters (SGLT). Seven SGLT isoforms (SGLT1 to 6 and sodium-myoinositol cotransporter-1, SMIT1) are known, although their expression and function in the heart remain elusive. We investigated these 7 isoforms and found that only SGLT1 and SMIT1 were expressed in mouse, rat and human hearts. In cardiomyocytes, galactose (transported through SGLT1) did not activate NOX2. Accordingly, SGLT1 deficiency did not prevent HG-induced NOX2 activation, ruling it out in the cellular response to HG. In contrast, myo-inositol (transported through SMIT1) reproduced the toxic effects of HG. SMIT1 overexpression exacerbated glucotoxicity and sensitized cardiomyocytes to HG, whereas its deletion prevented HG-induced NOX2 activation. In conclusion, our results show that heart SMIT1 senses HG and triggers NOX2 activation. This could participate in the redox signaling in hyperglycemic heart and contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Van Steenbergen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magali Balteau
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Ginion
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Ferté
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Battault
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Brussels, Belgium.,Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Department of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evangelos-Panagiotis Daskalopoulos
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Gilon
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florin Despa
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sanda Despa
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Vanoverschelde
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Brussels, Belgium.,Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Division of Cardiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Horman
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hermann Koepsell
- University of Würzburg, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius von Sachs Institute, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerard Berry
- Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital Boston, Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Louis Hue
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Brussels, Belgium.,Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Brussels, Belgium.,Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Division of Cardiology, Brussels, Belgium
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41
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Soták M, Marks J, Unwin RJ. Putative tissue location and function of the SLC5 family member SGLT3. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:5-13. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matúš Soták
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Joanne Marks
- Department of Neuroscience; Physiology and Pharmacology; University College London; London UK
| | - Robert J. Unwin
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Mölndal Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience; Physiology and Pharmacology; University College London; London UK
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Centre for Nephrology; University College London; London UK
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42
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Kohno D, Koike M, Ninomiya Y, Kojima I, Kitamura T, Yada T. Sweet Taste Receptor Serves to Activate Glucose- and Leptin-Responsive Neurons in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus and Participates in Glucose Responsiveness. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:502. [PMID: 27877104 PMCID: PMC5099526 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic feeding center plays an important role in energy homeostasis. In the feeding center, whole-body energy signals including hormones and nutrients are sensed, processed, and integrated. As a result, food intake and energy expenditure are regulated. Two types of glucose-sensing neurons exist in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC): glucose-excited neurons and glucose-inhibited neurons. While some molecules are known to be related to glucose sensing in the hypothalamus, the mechanisms underlying glucose sensing in the hypothalamus are not fully understood. The sweet taste receptor is a heterodimer of taste type 1 receptor 2 (T1R2) and taste type 1 receptor 3 (T1R3) and senses sweet tastes. T1R2 and T1R3 are distributed in multiple organs including the tongue, pancreas, adipose tissue, and hypothalamus. However, the role of sweet taste receptors in the ARC remains to be clarified. To examine the role of sweet taste receptors in the ARC, cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in isolated single ARC neurons were measured using Fura-2 fluorescent imaging. An artificial sweetener, sucralose at 10−5–10−2 M dose dependently increased [Ca2+]i in 12–16% of ARC neurons. The sucralose-induced [Ca2+]i increase was suppressed by a sweet taste receptor inhibitor, gurmarin. The sucralose-induced [Ca2+]i increase was inhibited under an extracellular Ca2+-free condition and in the presence of an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, nitrendipine. Sucralose-responding neurons were activated by high-concentration of glucose. This response to glucose was markedly suppressed by gurmarin. More than half of sucralose-responding neurons were activated by leptin but not ghrelin. Percentages of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons among sucralose-responding neurons and sweet taste receptor expressing neurons were low, suggesting that majority of sucralose-responding neurons are non-POMC neurons. These data suggest that sweet taste receptor-mediated cellular activation mainly occurs on non-POMC leptin-responding neurons and contributes to glucose responding. Endogenous sweet molecules including glucose may regulate energy homeostasis through sweet taste receptors on glucose-and leptin-responsive neurons in the ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kohno
- Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan; Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan
| | - Miho Koike
- Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Taste and Odor Sensing, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan; Monell Chemical Senses CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Itaru Kojima
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University Shimotsuke, Japan
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43
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Picard A, Soyer J, Berney X, Tarussio D, Quenneville S, Jan M, Grouzmann E, Burdet F, Ibberson M, Thorens B. A Genetic Screen Identifies Hypothalamic Fgf15 as a Regulator of Glucagon Secretion. Cell Rep 2016; 17:1795-1806. [PMID: 27829151 PMCID: PMC5120348 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia, which restores normal blood glucose levels to ensure sufficient provision of glucose to the brain, is critical for survival. To discover underlying brain regulatory systems, we performed a genetic screen in recombinant inbred mice for quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling glucagon secretion in response to neuroglucopenia. We identified a QTL on the distal part of chromosome 7 and combined this genetic information with transcriptomic analysis of hypothalami. This revealed Fgf15 as the strongest candidate to control the glucagon response. Fgf15 was expressed by neurons of the dorsomedial hypothalamus and the perifornical area. Intracerebroventricular injection of FGF19, the human ortholog of Fgf15, reduced activation by neuroglucopenia of dorsal vagal complex neurons, of the parasympathetic nerve, and lowered glucagon secretion. In contrast, silencing Fgf15 in the dorsomedial hypothalamus increased neuroglucopenia-induced glucagon secretion. These data identify hypothalamic Fgf15 as a regulator of glucagon secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Picard
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josselin Soyer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Berney
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Tarussio
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Quenneville
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Grouzmann
- Service de Biomédicine, Laboratoire des Catécholamines et Peptides, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Burdet
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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44
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Arafa NMS, Marie MAS, AlAzimi SAM. Effect of canagliflozin and metformin on cortical neurotransmitters in a diabetic rat model. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 258:79-88. [PMID: 27566243 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid economic development in the Arabian Gulf has resulted in lifestyle changes that have increased the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, with the greatest increases observed in Kuwait. Dyslipidemia and diabetes are risk factors for disruptions in cortical neurotransmitter homeostasis. This study investigated the effect of the antidiabetic medications canagliflozin (CAN) and metformin (MET) on the levels of cortical neurotransmitters in a diabetic rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were assigned to the control (C) group, the diabetic group that did not receive treatment (D) or the diabetic group treated with either CAN (10 mg/kg) or MET (100 mg/kg) for 2 or 4 weeks. Blood and urine glucose levels and cortical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were assayed, and amino acid and monoamine levels were measured using HPLC. RESULTS The diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in AChE activity and a decrease in monoamine and amino acid neurotransmitter levels. In the CAN group, AChE was significantly lower than that in the D and D + MET groups after 2 weeks of treatment. In addition, a significant increase in some cortical monoamines and amino acids was observed in the D + MET and D + CAN groups compared with the D group. Histopathological analysis revealed the presence of severe focal hemorrhage, neuronal degeneration, and cerebral blood vessel congestion, with gliosis in the cerebrum of rats in the D group. The CAN-treated group exhibited severe cerebral blood vessel congestion after 2 weeks of treatment and focal gliosis in the cerebrum after 4 weeks of treatment. Focal gliosis in the cerebrum of rats in the MET-treated group was observed after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the effect of CAN and MET on neurotransmitters is potentially mediated by their antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects. In addition, the effects of CAN on neurotransmitters might be associated with its receptor activity, and the effect of MET on neurotransmitters might be associated with cerebral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia M S Arafa
- Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Jazan University, KSA & National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Department of Physiology, Egypt.
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De Backer I, Hussain SS, Bloom SR, Gardiner JV. Insights into the role of neuronal glucokinase. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E42-55. [PMID: 27189932 PMCID: PMC4967152 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00034.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase is a key component of the neuronal glucose-sensing mechanism and is expressed in brain regions that control a range of homeostatic processes. In this review, we detail recently identified roles for neuronal glucokinase in glucose homeostasis and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia and in regulating appetite. We describe clinical implications from these advances in our knowledge, especially for developing novel treatments for diabetes and obesity. Further research required to extend our knowledge and help our efforts to tackle the diabetes and obesity epidemics is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan De Backer
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sufyan S Hussain
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James V Gardiner
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Atageldiyeva K, Fujita Y, Yanagimachi T, Mizumoto K, Takeda Y, Honjo J, Takiyama Y, Abiko A, Makino Y, Haneda M. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and a Low Carbohydrate Diet Affect Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen Content Differently in the Kidney and the Liver of Non-Diabetic Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157672. [PMID: 27327650 PMCID: PMC4915669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A low carbohydrate diet (LCHD) as well as sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) may reduce glucose utilization and improve metabolic disorders. However, it is not clear how different or similar the effects of LCHD and SGLT2i are on metabolic parameters such as insulin sensitivity, fat accumulation, and especially gluconeogenesis in the kidney and the liver. We conducted an 8-week study using non-diabetic mice, which were fed ad-libitum with LCHD or a normal carbohydrate diet (NCHD) and treated with/without the SGLT-2 inhibitor, ipragliflozin. We compared metabolic parameters, gene expression for transcripts related to glucose and fat metabolism, and glycogen content in the kidney and the liver among the groups. SGLT2i but not LCHD improved glucose excursion after an oral glucose load compared to NCHD, although all groups presented comparable non-fasted glycemia. Both the LCHD and SGLT2i treatments increased calorie-intake, whereas only the LCHD increased body weight compared to the NCHD, epididimal fat mass and developed insulin resistance. Gene expression of certain gluconeogenic enzymes was simultaneously upregulated in the kidney of SGLT2i treated group, as well as in the liver of the LCHD treated group. The SGLT2i treated groups showed markedly lower glycogen content in the liver, but induced glycogen accumulation in the kidney. We conclude that LCHD induces deleterious metabolic changes in the non-diabetic mice. Our results suggest that SGLT2i induced gluconeogenesis mainly in the kidney, whereas for LCHD it was predominantly in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuralay Atageldiyeva
- Division of Metabolism an Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Fujita
- Division of Metabolism an Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tsuyoshi Yanagimachi
- Division of Metabolism an Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizumoto
- Division of Metabolism an Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Takeda
- Division of Metabolism an Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jun Honjo
- Division of Metabolism an Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yumi Takiyama
- Division of Metabolism an Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsuko Abiko
- Division of Metabolism an Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuichi Makino
- Division of Metabolism an Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masakazu Haneda
- Division of Metabolism an Biosystemic Science, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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Yamazaki Y, Harada S, Wada T, Yoshida S, Tokuyama S. Sodium transport through the cerebral sodium-glucose transporter exacerbates neuron damage during cerebral ischaemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:922-31. [PMID: 27139580 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We recently demonstrated that the cerebral sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) is involved in postischaemic hyperglycaemia-induced exacerbation of cerebral ischaemia. However, the associated SGLT-mediated mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, we examined the involvement of cerebral SGLT-induced excessive sodium ion influx in the development of cerebral ischaemic neuronal damage. METHODS [Na+]i was estimated according to sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate fluorescence. In the in vitro study, primary cortical neurons were prepared from fetuses of ddY mice. Primary cortical neurons were cultured for 5 days before each treatment with reagents, and these survival rates were assessed using biochemical assays. In in vivo study, a mouse model of focal ischaemia was generated using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). KEY FINDINGS In these experiments, treatment with high concentrations of glucose induced increment in [Na+]i, and this phenomenon was suppressed by the SGLT-specific inhibitor phlorizin. SGLT-specific sodium ion influx was induced using a-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (a-MG) treatments, which led to significant concentration-dependent declines in neuronal survival rates and exacerbated hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal cell death. Moreover, phlorizin ameliorated these effects. Finally, intracerebroventricular administration of a-MG exacerbated the development of neuronal damage induced by MCAO, and these effects were ameliorated by the administration of phlorizin. CONCLUSIONS Hence, excessive influx of sodium ions into neuronal cells through cerebral SGLT may exacerbate the development of cerebral ischaemic neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Yamazaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Wada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yoshida
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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Otero-Rodiño C, Velasco C, Álvarez-Otero R, López-Patiño MA, Míguez JM, Soengas JL. In vitro evidence supports the presence of glucokinase-independent glucosensing mechanisms in hypothalamus and hindbrain of rainbow trout. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1750-9. [PMID: 27026717 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.137737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously obtained evidence in rainbow trout for the presence and response to changes in circulating levels of glucose (induced by intraperitoneal hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic treatments) of glucosensing mechanisms based on liver X receptor (LXR), mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to increased expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), and sweet taste receptor in the hypothalamus, and on sodium/glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT-1) in hindbrain. However, these effects of glucose might be indirect. Therefore, we evaluated the response of parameters related to these glucosensing mechanisms in a first experiment using pooled sections of hypothalamus and hindbrain incubated for 6 h at 15°C in modified Hanks' medium containing 2, 4 or 8 mmol l(-1) d-glucose. The responses observed in some cases were consistent with glucosensing capacity. In a second experiment, pooled sections of hypothalamus and hindbrain were incubated for 6 h at 15°C in modified Hanks' medium with 8 mmol l(-1) d-glucose alone (control) or containing 1 mmol l(-1) phloridzin (SGLT-1 antagonist), 20 µmol l(-1) genipin (UCP2 inhibitor), 1 µmol l(-1) trolox (ROS scavenger), 100 µmol l(-1) bezafibrate (T1R3 inhibitor) and 50 µmol l(-1) geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (LXR inhibitor). The response observed in the presence of these specific inhibitors/antagonists further supports the proposal that critical components of the different glucosensing mechanisms are functioning in rainbow trout hypothalamus and hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Otero-Rodiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo E-36310, Spain
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo E-36310, Spain
| | - Rosa Álvarez-Otero
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo E-36310, Spain
| | - Marcos A López-Patiño
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo E-36310, Spain
| | - Jesús M Míguez
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo E-36310, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo E-36310, Spain
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Glucose Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier: Function, Regulation and Gateways for Drug Delivery. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1046-1077. [PMID: 26801191 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glucose transporters (GLUTs) at the blood-brain barrier maintain the continuous high glucose and energy demands of the brain. They also act as therapeutic targets and provide routes of entry for drug delivery to the brain and central nervous system for treatment of neurological and neurovascular conditions and brain tumours. This article first describes the distribution, function and regulation of glucose transporters at the blood-brain barrier, the major ones being the sodium-independent facilitative transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3. Other GLUTs and sodium-dependent transporters (SGLTs) have also been identified at lower levels and under various physiological conditions. It then considers the effects on glucose transporter expression and distribution of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia associated with diabetes and oxygen/glucose deprivation associated with cerebral ischemia. A reduction in glucose transporters at the blood-brain barrier that occurs before the onset of the main pathophysiological changes and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease is a potential causative effect in the vascular hypothesis of the disease. Mutations in glucose transporters, notably those identified in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome, and some recreational drug compounds also alter the expression and/or activity of glucose transporters at the blood-brain barrier. Approaches for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier include the pro-drug strategy whereby drug molecules are conjugated to glucose transporter substrates or encapsulated in nano-enabled delivery systems (e.g. liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles) that are functionalised to target glucose transporters. Finally, the continuous development of blood-brain barrier in vitro models is important for studying glucose transporter function, effects of disease conditions and interactions with drugs and xenobiotics.
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Schier LA, Spector AC. Behavioral Evidence for More than One Taste Signaling Pathway for Sugars in Rats. J Neurosci 2016; 36:113-24. [PMID: 26740654 PMCID: PMC4701954 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3356-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By conventional behavioral measures, rodents respond to natural sugars, such as glucose and fructose, as though they elicit an identical perceptual taste quality. Beyond that, the metabolic and sensory effects of these two sugars are quite different. Considering the capacity to immediately respond to the more metabolically expedient sugar, glucose, would seem advantageous for energy intake, the present experiment assessed whether experience consuming these two sugars would modify taste-guided ingestive responses to their yet unknown distinguishing orosensory properties. One group (GvF) had randomized access to three concentrations of glucose and fructose (0.316, 0.56, 1.1 m) in separate 30-min single access training sessions, whereas control groups received equivalent exposure to the three glucose or fructose concentrations only, or remained sugar naive. Comparison of the microstructural licking patterns for the two sugars revealed that GvF responded more positively to glucose (increased total intake, increased burst size, decreased number of pauses), relative to fructose, across training. As training progressed, GvF rats began to respond more positively to glucose in the first minute of the session when intake is principally taste-driven. During post-training brief-access taste tests, GvF rats licked more for glucose than for fructose, whereas the other training groups did not respond differentially to the two sugars. Additional brief access testing showed that this did not generalize to Na-saccharin or galactose. Thus, in addition to eliciting a common taste signal, glucose and fructose produce distinct signals that are apparently rendered behaviorally relevant and hedonically distinct through experience. The taste pathway(s) underlying this remain to be identified. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The T1R2+T1R3 heterodimer is thought by many to be the only taste receptor for sugars. Although most sugars have been conventionally shown to correspondingly produce a unitary taste percept (sweet), there is reason to question this model. Here, we demonstrate that rats that repeatedly consumed two metabolically distinct sugars (glucose and fructose), and thus have had the opportunity to associate the tastes of these sugars with their differential postoral consequences, initially respond identically to the orosensory properties of the two sugars but eventually respond more positively to glucose. Thus, in addition to the previously identified common taste pathway, glucose and fructose must engage distinct orosensory pathways, the underlying molecular and neural mechanisms of which now await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Schier
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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