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Chee YJ, Dalan R. Novel Therapeutics for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Look at the Past Decade and a Glimpse into the Future. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1386. [PMID: 39061960 PMCID: PMC11274090 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and kidney disease are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Globally, the incidence of T2DM continues to rise. A substantial increase in the burden of CVD and renal disease, alongside the socioeconomic implications, would be anticipated. Adopting a purely glucose-centric approach focusing only on glycemic targets is no longer adequate to mitigate the cardiovascular risks in T2DM. In the past decade, significant advancement has been achieved in expanding the pharmaceutical options for T2DM, with novel agents such as the sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) demonstrating robust evidence in cardiorenal protection. Combinatorial approaches comprising multiple pharmacotherapies combined in a single agent are an emerging and promising way to not only enhance patient adherence and improve glycemic control but also to achieve the potential synergistic effects for greater cardiorenal protection. In this review, we provide an update on the novel antidiabetic agents in the past decade, with an appraisal of the mechanisms contributing to cardiorenal protection. Additionally, we offer a glimpse into the landscape of T2DM management in the near future by providing a comprehensive summary of upcoming agents in early-phase trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jie Chee
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore;
| | - Rinkoo Dalan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore;
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
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Lehrstrand J, Davies WIL, Hahn M, Korsgren O, Alanentalo T, Ahlgren U. Illuminating the complete ß-cell mass of the human pancreas- signifying a new view on the islets of Langerhans. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3318. [PMID: 38632302 PMCID: PMC11024155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets of Langerhans play a pivotal role in regulating blood glucose homeostasis, but critical information regarding their mass, distribution and composition is lacking within a whole organ context. Here, we apply a 3D imaging pipeline to generate a complete account of the insulin-producing islets throughout the human pancreas at a microscopic resolution and within a maintained spatial 3D context. These data show that human islets are far more heterogenous than previously accounted for with regards to their size distribution and cellular make up. By deep tissue 3D imaging, this in-depth study demonstrates that 50% of the human insulin-expressing islets are virtually devoid of glucagon-producing α-cells, an observation with significant implications for both experimental and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Lehrstrand
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wayne I L Davies
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Max Hahn
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Alanentalo
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ahlgren
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Hill TG, Hill DJ. The Importance of Intra-Islet Communication in the Function and Plasticity of the Islets of Langerhans during Health and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4070. [PMID: 38612880 PMCID: PMC11012451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans are anatomically dispersed within the pancreas and exhibit regulatory coordination between islets in response to nutritional and inflammatory stimuli. However, within individual islets, there is also multi-faceted coordination of function between individual beta-cells, and between beta-cells and other endocrine and vascular cell types. This is mediated partly through circulatory feedback of the major secreted hormones, insulin and glucagon, but also by autocrine and paracrine actions within the islet by a range of other secreted products, including somatostatin, urocortin 3, serotonin, glucagon-like peptide-1, acetylcholine, and ghrelin. Their availability can be modulated within the islet by pericyte-mediated regulation of microvascular blood flow. Within the islet, both endocrine progenitor cells and the ability of endocrine cells to trans-differentiate between phenotypes can alter endocrine cell mass to adapt to changed metabolic circumstances, regulated by the within-islet trophic environment. Optimal islet function is precariously balanced due to the high metabolic rate required by beta-cells to synthesize and secrete insulin, and they are susceptible to oxidative and endoplasmic reticular stress in the face of high metabolic demand. Resulting changes in paracrine dynamics within the islets can contribute to the emergence of Types 1, 2 and gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Hill
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David J. Hill
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph’s Health Care, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada;
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Chang X, Liu X. MDIC3: Matrix decomposition to infer cell-cell communication. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 5:100911. [PMID: 38370122 PMCID: PMC10873161 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2023.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Crosstalk among cells is vital for maintaining the biological function and intactness of systems. Most existing methods for investigating cell-cell communications are based on ligand-receptor (L-R) expression, and they focus on the study between two cells. Thus, the final communication inference results are particularly sensitive to the completeness and accuracy of the prior biological knowledge. Because existing L-R research focuses mainly on humans, most existing methods can only examine cell-cell communication for humans. As far as we know, there is currently no effective method to overcome this species limitation. Here, we propose MDIC3 (matrix decomposition to infer cell-cell communication), an unsupervised tool to investigate cell-cell communication in any species, and the results are not limited by specific L-R pairs or signaling pathways. By comparing it with existing methods for the inference of cell-cell communication, MDIC3 obtained better performance in both humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai 364209, China
| | - Yuelei Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai 364209, China
| | - Xiao Chang
- Institute of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Miao JX, Xu JP, Wang R, Xu YX, Xu F, Wang CH, Yu C, Zhang DM, Su JB. Connections between body composition and dysregulation of islet α- and β-cells in type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:11. [PMID: 38191505 PMCID: PMC10775650 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accompanying islet α- and β-cell dysregulation in type 2 diabetes (T2D) at the microscopic scale, alterations in body composition at the macroscopic scale may affect the pathogenesis of T2D. However, the connections between body composition and islet α-cell and β-cell functions in T2D have not been thoroughly explored. METHODS For this cross-sectional study, we recruited a total of 729 Chinese Han patients with T2D in a consecutive manner. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure body composition, which included total bone-free mass, total fat and lean mass, trunk fat and lean mass and limb fat and lean mass. Every patient underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to simultaneously detect glucose, C-peptide and glucagon. The indices of islet α-cell function included fasting glucagon levels and the area under the curve of glucagon after a challenge (AUCglucagon), while the indices of β-cell function included the insulin sensitivity index derived from C-peptide (ISIC-peptide) and the area under the curve of C-peptide after a challenge (AUCC-peptide). RESULTS Among all patients, fat mass, especially trunk fat mass, was significantly correlated with ISIC-peptide and AUCC-peptide levels (r = - 0.330 and 0.317, respectively, p < 0.001), while lean mass, especially limb lean mass, was significantly correlated with fasting glucagon and AUCglucagon levels (r = - 0.196 and - 0.214, respectively, p < 0.001). Moreover, after adjusting for other relevant variables via multivariate linear regression analysis, increased trunk fat mass was independently associated with decreased ISIC-peptide (β = - 0.247, t = - 3.628, p < 0.001, partial R2 = 10.9%) and increased AUCC-peptide (β = 0.229, t = 3.581, p < 0.001, partial R2 = 8.2%), while decreased limb lean mass was independently associated with increased fasting glucagon (β = - 0.226, t = - 2.127, p = 0.034, partial R2 = 3.8%) and increased AUCglucagon (β = - 0.218, t = - 2.050, p = 0.041, partial R2 = 2.3%). Additionally, when separate analyses were performed with the same concept for both sexes, we found that increased trunk fat mass was still independently associated with decreased ISIC-peptide and increased AUCC-peptide, while decreased limb lean mass was still independently associated with increased fasting glucagon and AUCglucagon. CONCLUSIONS Increased trunk fat mass may partly account for decreased insulin sensitivity and increased insulin secretion, while decreased limb lean mass may be connected to increased fasting glucagon and postprandial glucagon secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xi Miao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yu-Xian Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jian-Bin Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Li Q, Zhang W, Han B, Wang YY, Wan H, Zhang M, Wang NJ, Lu YL. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Is Associated with Islet Homeostasis in Type-2 Diabetic Patients with Abdominal Obesity. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:919-926. [PMID: 37697161 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Islet α cells input is essential for insulin secretion from β cells. The present study aims to investigate the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and islet function homeostasis in type-2 diabetes (T2D) patients. METHODS A total of 4670 T2D patients from seven communities in Shanghai, China were enrolled. The anthropometric indices, biochemical parameters, serum 25(OH)D, and islet function [including C-peptide (C-p) and glucagon] were measured. RESULTS The fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glucagon, and C-p levels exhibited a significantly decreasing trend in T2D patients as the 25(OH)D levels increased. Next, the population was divided into two groups: abdominal obesity and non-abdominal obesity groups. After adjustment, the 25(OH)D level was found to be associated with HbA1c, glucagon, and homeostasis model assessment of β (HOMA-β) in the non-abdominal obesity group. There was a significant relationship between 25(OH)D and HbA1c, glucagon, HOMA-IR, baseline insulin or C-p in the abdominal obesity group. In the abdominal obesity group, the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and quantile regression revealed that 25(OH) D was obviously associated with glucagon and fasting C-p levels. In the abdominal obesity group, the moderate analysis revealed a significant interaction effect of 25(OH)D and glucagon on C-p (P=0.0124). Furthermore, the conditional indirect effect of 25(OH)D on the glucagon/C-p ratio was significantly lower at 1 standard deviation (SD) below the mean (P=0.0002), and lower at the mean of the course of diabetes (P=0.0007). CONCLUSION 25(OH)D was found to be negatively correlated to glucagon and C-p in T2D patients with abdominal obesity. The 25(OH)D influenced C-p in part by influencing glucagon. The effect of 25(OH)D on the glucagon/C-p ratio in T2D patients with abdominal obesity, in terms of islet homeostasis, is influenced by the course of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yu-Ying Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Heng Wan
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201700, China.
| | - Ning-Jian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Ying-Li Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Zhang Y, Kirk CA, Tolbert MK, Steiner JM, Donohoe D, Murphy M, Springer C, Witzel-Rollins A. Impact of fatty acid composition on markers of exocrine pancreatic stimulation in dogs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290555. [PMID: 37624816 PMCID: PMC10456140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis in dogs is typically managed with a low-fat diet. Human research suggests that consumption of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) may lessen pancreatic enzyme release compared to consumption of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). Twelve healthy adult colony dogs were fed a meal of cod and rice with either 3% metabolizable energy (ME) fat (control), high MCT (25% ME MCT oil, 25% ME butter), high saturated LCFA (50% ME butter), or high unsaturated LCFA (50% ME canola oil) in a 4-period by 4-treatment crossover design. Serum concentrations of canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, gastrin, cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum activities of amylase and DGGR lipase (1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(69-methylresorufin) ester lipase) were measured at times 0 (fasted), 30, 120 and 180 minutes post-prandially. Following a 3-or 4-day wash-out period, each dog was assigned a new diet and the process was repeated for all treatments. Data were analyzed as a repeated-measures mixed model ANOVA. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were run using Tukey-Kramer adjusted p-values. Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to evaluate residual normality. All statistical assumptions were sufficiently met. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05. Of the markers tested, only serum triglyceride concentrations were affected by treatment, with consumption of high MCT resulting in lower triglycerides than both LCFA groups at times 120 and 180 minutes (P<0.0001). As expected, the high MCT group had higher triglycerides compared to the control group (P<0.0001). The type of dietary fat consumed had little acute impact on most markers of exocrine pancreatic stimulation in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Zhang
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Claudia A. Kirk
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - M. Katherine Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jörg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dallas Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maryanne Murphy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cary Springer
- Research Computing Support, Office of Information Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Angela Witzel-Rollins
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Knuth ER, Foster HR, Jin E, Merrins MJ. Leucine suppresses glucagon secretion from pancreatic islets by directly modulating α-cell cAMP. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.31.551113. [PMID: 37577685 PMCID: PMC10418066 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective Pancreatic islets are nutrient sensors that regulate organismal blood glucose homeostasis. Glucagon release from the pancreatic α-cell is important under fasted, fed, and hypoglycemic conditions, yet metabolic regulation of α-cells remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a previously unexplored role for physiological levels of leucine, which is classically regarded as a β-cell fuel, in the intrinsic regulation of α-cell glucagon release. Methods GcgCreERT:CAMPER and GcgCreERT:GCaMP6s mice were generated to perform dynamic, high-throughput functional measurements of α-cell cAMP and Ca2+ within the intact islet. Islet perifusion assays were used for simultaneous, time-resolved measurements of glucagon and insulin release from mouse and human islets. The effects of leucine were compared with glucose and the mitochondrial fuels 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH, non-metabolized leucine analog that activates glutamate dehydrogenase), α-ketoisocaproate (KIC, leucine metabolite), and methyl-succinate (complex II fuel). CYN154806 (Sstr2 antagonist), diazoxide (KATP activator, which prevents Ca2+-dependent exocytosis from α, β, and δ-cells), and dispersed α-cells were used to inhibit islet paracrine signaling and identify α-cell intrinsic effects. Results Mimicking the effect of glucose, leucine strongly suppressed amino acid-stimulated glucagon secretion. Mechanistically, leucine dose-dependently reduced α-cell cAMP at physiological concentrations, with an IC50 of 57, 440, and 1162 μM at 2, 6, and 10 mM glucose, without affecting α-cell Ca2+. Leucine also reduced α-cell cAMP in islets treated with Sstr2 antagonist or diazoxide, as well as dispersed α-cells, indicating an α-cell intrinsic effect. The effect of leucine was matched by KIC and the glutamate dehydrogenase activator BCH, but not methyl-succinate, indicating a dependence on mitochondrial anaplerosis. Glucose, which stimulates anaplerosis via pyruvate carboxylase, had the same suppressive effect on α-cell cAMP but with lower potency. Similarly to mouse islets, leucine suppressed glucagon secretion from human islets under hypoglycemic conditions. Conclusions These findings highlight an important role for physiological levels of leucine in the metabolic regulation of α-cell cAMP and glucagon secretion. Leucine functions primarily through an α-cell intrinsic effect that is dependent on glutamate dehydrogenase, in addition to the well-established α-cell regulation by β/δ-cell paracrine signaling. Our results suggest that mitochondrial anaplerosis-cataplerosis facilitates the glucagonostatic effect of both leucine and glucose, which cooperatively suppress α-cell tone by reducing cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Knuth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hannah R. Foster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Erli Jin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Matthew J. Merrins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Brown A, Tzanakakis ES. Mathematical modeling clarifies the paracrine roles of insulin and glucagon on the glucose-stimulated hormonal secretion of pancreatic alpha- and beta-cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1212749. [PMID: 37645413 PMCID: PMC10461634 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1212749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Blood sugar homeostasis relies largely on the action of pancreatic islet hormones, particularly insulin and glucagon. In a prototypical fashion, glucagon is released upon hypoglycemia to elevate glucose by acting on the liver while elevated glucose induces the secretion of insulin which leads to sugar uptake by peripheral tissues. This simplified view of glucagon and insulin does not consider the paracrine roles of the two hormones modulating the response to glucose of α- and β-cells. In particular, glucose-stimulated glucagon secretion by isolated α-cells exhibits a Hill-function pattern, while experiments with intact pancreatic islets suggest a 'U'-shaped response. Methods To this end, a framework was developed based on first principles and coupled to experimental studies capturing the glucose-induced response of pancreatic α- and β-cells influenced by the two hormones. The model predicts both the transient and steady-state profiles of secreted insulin and glucagon, including the typical biphasic response of normal β-cells to hyperglycemia. Results and discussion The results underscore insulin activity as a differentiating factor of the glucagon secretion from whole islets vs. isolated α-cells, and highlight the importance of experimental conditions in interpreting the behavior of islet cells in vitro. The model also reproduces the hyperglucagonemia, which is experienced by diabetes patients, and it is linked to a failure of insulin to inhibit α-cell activity. The framework described here is amenable to the inclusion of additional islet cell types and extrapancreatic tissue cells simulating multi-organ systems. The study expands our understanding of the interplay of insulin and glucagon for pancreas function in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aedan Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Emmanuel S. Tzanakakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- Pharmacology and Drug Development, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
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Ramanadham S, Turk J, Bhatnagar S. Noncanonical Regulation of cAMP-Dependent Insulin Secretion and Its Implications in Type 2 Diabetes. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:5023-5049. [PMID: 37358504 PMCID: PMC10809800 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and β-cell dysfunction in insulin resistance associated with obesity lead to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from β-cells occurs via a canonical pathway that involves glucose metabolism, ATP generation, inactivation of K ATP channels, plasma membrane depolarization, and increases in cytosolic concentrations of [Ca 2+ ] c . However, optimal insulin secretion requires amplification of GSIS by increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. The cAMP effectors protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange factor activated by cyclic-AMP (Epac) regulate membrane depolarization, gene expression, and trafficking and fusion of insulin granules to the plasma membrane for amplifying GSIS. The widely recognized lipid signaling generated within β-cells by the β-isoform of Ca 2+ -independent phospholipase A 2 enzyme (iPLA 2 β) participates in cAMP-stimulated insulin secretion (cSIS). Recent work has identified the role of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activated signaling by the complement 1q like-3 (C1ql3) secreted protein in inhibiting cSIS. In the IGT state, cSIS is attenuated, and the β-cell function is reduced. Interestingly, while β-cell-specific deletion of iPLA 2 β reduces cAMP-mediated amplification of GSIS, the loss of iPLA 2 β in macrophages (MØ) confers protection against the development of glucose intolerance associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO). In this article, we discuss canonical (glucose and cAMP) and novel noncanonical (iPLA 2 β and C1ql3) pathways and how they may affect β-cell (dys)function in the context of impaired glucose intolerance associated with obesity and T2D. In conclusion, we provide a perspective that in IGT states, targeting noncanonical pathways along with canonical pathways could be a more comprehensive approach for restoring β-cell function in T2D. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:5023-5049, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John Turk
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sushant Bhatnagar
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Hædersdal S, Andersen A, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. Revisiting the role of glucagon in health, diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:321-335. [PMID: 36932176 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Insulin and glucagon exert opposing effects on glucose metabolism and, consequently, pancreatic islet β-cells and α-cells are considered functional antagonists. The intra-islet hypothesis has previously dominated the understanding of glucagon secretion, stating that insulin acts to inhibit the release of glucagon. By contrast, glucagon is a potent stimulator of insulin secretion and has been used to test β-cell function. Over the past decade, α-cells have received increasing attention due to their ability to stimulate insulin secretion from neighbouring β-cells, and α-cell-β-cell crosstalk has proven central for glucose homeostasis in vivo. Glucagon is not only the counter-regulatory hormone to insulin in glucose metabolism but also glucagon secretion is more susceptible to changes in the plasma concentration of certain amino acids than to changes in plasma concentrations of glucose. Thus, the actions of glucagon also include a central role in amino acid turnover and hepatic fat oxidation. This Review provides insights into glucagon secretion, with a focus on the local paracrine actions on glucagon and the importance of α-cell-β-cell crosstalk. We focus on dysregulated glucagon secretion in obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lastly, the future potential of targeting hyperglucagonaemia and applying dual and triple receptor agonists with glucagon receptor-activating properties in combination with incretin hormone receptor agonism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Hædersdal
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Andersen
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Al-Abdulla R, Ferrero H, Boronat-Belda T, Soriano S, Quesada I, Alonso-Magdalena P. Exploring the Effects of Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals on Pancreatic α-Cell Viability, Gene Expression and Function: A Screening Testing Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021044. [PMID: 36674557 PMCID: PMC9862653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to many environmental pollutants, some of which have been largely acknowledged as key factors in the development of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. These chemicals have been classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and, more recently, since they can interfere with metabolic functions, they have been renamed as metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs). MDCs are present in many consumer products, including food packaging, personal care products, plastic bottles and containers, and detergents. The scientific literature has ever-increasingly focused on insulin-releasing pancreatic β-cells as one of the main targets for MDCs. Evidence highlights that these substances may disrupt glucose homeostasis by altering pancreatic β-cell physiology. However, their potential impact on glucagon-secreting pancreatic α-cells remains poorly known despite the essential role that this cellular type plays in controlling glucose metabolism. In the present study, we have selected seven paradigmatic MDCs representing major toxic classes, including bisphenols, phthalates, perfluorinated compounds, metals, and pesticides. By using an in vitro cell-based model, the pancreatic α-cell line αTC1-9, we have explored the effects of these compounds on pancreatic α-cell viability, gene expression, and secretion. We found that cell viability was moderately affected after bisphenol-A (BPA), bisphenol-F (BPF), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) exposure, although cytotoxicity was relatively low. In addition, all bisphenols, as well as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2), promoted a marked decreased on glucagon secretion, together with changes in the expression of glucagon and/or transcription factors involved in cell function and identity, such as Foxo1 and Arx. Overall, our results indicated that most of the selected chemicals studied caused functional alterations in pancreatic α-cells. Moreover, we revealed, for the first time, their direct effects on key molecular aspects of pancreatic α-cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Al-Abdulla
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Hilda Ferrero
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Talía Boronat-Belda
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Sergi Soriano
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Iván Quesada
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Alonso-Magdalena
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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13
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Freyberg Z, Gittes GK. Roles of Pancreatic Islet Catecholamine Neurotransmitters in Glycemic Control and in Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Dysglycemia. Diabetes 2023; 72:3-15. [PMID: 36538602 PMCID: PMC9797319 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) are essential for a myriad of functions throughout the central nervous system, including metabolic regulation. These molecules are also present in the pancreas, and their study may shed light on the effects of peripheral neurotransmission on glycemic control. Though sympathetic innervation to islets provides NE that signals at local α-cell and β-cell adrenergic receptors to modify hormone secretion, α-cells and β-cells also synthesize catecholamines locally. We propose a model where α-cells and β-cells take up catecholamine precursors in response to postprandial availability, preferentially synthesizing DA. The newly synthesized DA signals in an autocrine/paracrine manner to regulate insulin and glucagon secretion and maintain glycemic control. This enables islets to couple local catecholamine signaling to changes in nutritional state. We also contend that the DA receptors expressed by α-cells and β-cells are targeted by antipsychotic drugs (APDs)-some of the most widely prescribed medications today. Blockade of local DA signaling contributes significantly to APD-induced dysglycemia, a major contributor to treatment discontinuation and development of diabetes. Thus, elucidating the peripheral actions of catecholamines will provide new insights into the regulation of metabolic pathways and may lead to novel, more effective strategies to tune metabolism and treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Freyberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - George K. Gittes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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14
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Xu L, Jois S, Cui H. Metformin and Gegen Qinlian Decoction boost islet α-cell proliferation of the STZ induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:193. [PMID: 35858880 PMCID: PMC9301855 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional Chinese medicine Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD), as well as metformin, had been reported with anti-diabetic effects in clinical practice. Objective To verify whether these two medicines effectively ameliorate hyperglycemia caused by deficiency of islet β-cell mass which occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Methods SD rats were injected with a single dose of STZ (55 mg/kg) to induce β-cell destruction. The rats were then divided into control, diabetes, GQD and metformin group. GQD and metformin groups were administered with GQD extract or metformin for 6 weeks. The islet α-cell or β-cell mass changes were tested by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining. The potential targets and mechanisms of GQD and metformin on cell proliferation were tested using in silico network pharmacology. Real-time PCR was performed to test the expression of islet cells related genes and targets related genes. Results Both GQD and metformin did not significantly reduce the FBG level caused by β-cell mass reduction, but alleviated liver and pancreas histopathology. Both GQD and metformin did not change the insulin positive cell mass but increased α-cell proliferation of the diabetic rats. Gene expression analysis showed that GQD and metformin significantly increased the targets gene cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) and insulin receptor substrate (Irs1) level. Conclusion This research indicates that GQD and metformin significantly increased the α-cell proliferation of β-cell deficiency induced diabetic rats by restoring Cdk4 and Irs1 gene expression.
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15
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Merino B, Casanueva-Álvarez E, Quesada I, González-Casimiro CM, Fernández-Díaz CM, Postigo-Casado T, Leissring MA, Kaestner KH, Perdomo G, Cózar-Castellano I. Insulin-degrading enzyme ablation in mouse pancreatic alpha cells triggers cell proliferation, hyperplasia and glucagon secretion dysregulation. Diabetologia 2022; 65:1375-1389. [PMID: 35652923 PMCID: PMC9283140 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes is characterised by hyperglucagonaemia and perturbed function of pancreatic glucagon-secreting alpha cells but the molecular mechanisms contributing to these phenotypes are poorly understood. Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is present within all islet cells, mostly in alpha cells, in both mice and humans. Furthermore, IDE can degrade glucagon as well as insulin, suggesting that IDE may play an important role in alpha cell function in vivo. METHODS We have generated and characterised a novel mouse model with alpha cell-specific deletion of Ide, the A-IDE-KO mouse line. Glucose metabolism and glucagon secretion in vivo was characterised; isolated islets were tested for glucagon and insulin secretion; alpha cell mass, alpha cell proliferation and α-synuclein levels were determined in pancreas sections by immunostaining. RESULTS Targeted deletion of Ide exclusively in alpha cells triggers hyperglucagonaemia and alpha cell hyperplasia, resulting in elevated constitutive glucagon secretion. The hyperglucagonaemia is attributable in part to dysregulation of glucagon secretion, specifically an impaired ability of IDE-deficient alpha cells to suppress glucagon release in the presence of high glucose or insulin. IDE deficiency also leads to α-synuclein aggregation in alpha cells, which may contribute to impaired glucagon secretion via cytoskeletal dysfunction. We showed further that IDE deficiency triggers impairments in cilia formation, inducing alpha cell hyperplasia and possibly also contributing to dysregulated glucagon secretion and hyperglucagonaemia. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We propose that loss of IDE function in alpha cells contributes to hyperglucagonaemia in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Merino
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Elena Casanueva-Álvarez
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Iván Quesada
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M González-Casimiro
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Tamara Postigo-Casado
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Malcolm A Leissring
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine (UCI MIND), Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Germán Perdomo
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Irene Cózar-Castellano
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Wu Y, Wong CW, Chiles EN, Mellinger AL, Bae H, Jung S, Peterson T, Wang J, Negrete M, Huang Q, Wang L, Jang C, Muddiman DC, Su X, Williamson I, Shen X. Glycerate from intestinal fructose metabolism induces islet cell damage and glucose intolerance. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1042-1053.e6. [PMID: 35688154 PMCID: PMC9897509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fructose, especially in the context of a high-fat western diet, has been linked to type 2 diabetes. Although the effect of fructose on liver metabolism has been extensively studied, a significant portion of the fructose is first metabolized in the small intestine. Here, we report that dietary fat enhances intestinal fructose metabolism, which releases glycerate into the blood. Chronic high systemic glycerate levels induce glucose intolerance by slowly damaging pancreatic islet cells and reducing islet sizes. Our findings provide a link between dietary fructose and diabetes that is modulated by dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chi Wut Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eric N Chiles
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Allyson L Mellinger
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hosung Bae
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ted Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jamie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Marcos Negrete
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710004, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ian Williamson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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17
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Moullé VS. Autonomic control of pancreatic beta cells: What is known on the regulation of insulin secretion and beta-cell proliferation in rodents and humans. Peptides 2022; 148:170709. [PMID: 34896576 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion and pancreatic beta-cell proliferation are tightly regulated by several signals such as hormones, nutrients, and neurotransmitters. However, the autonomic control of beta cells is not fully understood. In this review, we describe mechanisms involved in insulin secretion as well as metabolic and mitogenic actions on its target tissues. Since pancreatic islets are physically connected to the brain by nerves, parasympathetic and sympathetic neurotransmitters can directly potentiate or repress insulin secretion and beta-cell proliferation. Finally, we highlight the role of the autonomic nervous system in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
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18
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Pablos M, Casanueva-Álvarez E, González-Casimiro CM, Merino B, Perdomo G, Cózar-Castellano I. Primary Cilia in Pancreatic β- and α-Cells: Time to Revisit the Role of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:922825. [PMID: 35832432 PMCID: PMC9271624 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.922825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a narrow organelle located at the surface of the cell in contact with the extracellular environment. Once underappreciated, now is thought to efficiently sense external environmental cues and mediate cell-to-cell communication, because many receptors, ion channels, and signaling molecules are highly or differentially expressed in primary cilium. Rare genetic disorders that affect cilia integrity and function, such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome and Alström syndrome, have awoken interest in studying the biology of cilium. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting emerging roles of primary cilium and cilia-mediated signaling pathways in the regulation of pancreatic β- and α-cell functions, and its implications in regulating glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pablos
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Pablos,
| | - Elena Casanueva-Álvarez
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos M. González-Casimiro
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Merino
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Germán Perdomo
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Irene Cózar-Castellano
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Langlois A, Dumond A, Vion J, Pinget M, Bouzakri K. Crosstalk Communications Between Islets Cells and Insulin Target Tissue: The Hidden Face of Iceberg. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:836344. [PMID: 35185804 PMCID: PMC8851682 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.836344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of insulin secretion is under control of a complex inter-organ/cells crosstalk involving various metabolites and/or physical connections. In this review, we try to illustrate with current knowledge how β-cells communicate with other cell types and organs in physiological and pathological contexts. Moreover, this review will provide a better understanding of the microenvironment and of the context in which β-cells exist and how this can influence their survival and function. Recent studies showed that β-cell insulin secretion is regulated also by a direct and indirect inter-organ/inter-cellular communication involving various factors, illustrating the idea of "the hidden face of the iceberg". Moreover, any disruption on the physiological communication between β-cells and other cells or organs can participate on diabetes onset. Therefore, for new anti-diabetic treatments' development, it is necessary to consider the entire network of cells and organs involved in the regulation of β-cellular function and no longer just β-cell or pancreatic islet alone. In this context, we discuss here the intra-islet communication, the β-cell/skeletal muscle, β-cell/adipose tissue and β-cell/liver cross talk.
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20
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Miranda C, Begum M, Vergari E, Briant LJB. Gap junction coupling and islet delta-cell function in health and disease. Peptides 2022; 147:170704. [PMID: 34826505 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islets contain beta-cells and alpha-cells, which are responsible for secreting two principal gluco-regulatory hormones; insulin and glucagon, respectively. However, they also contain delta-cells, a relatively sparse cell type that secretes somatostatin (SST). These cells have a complex morphology allowing them to establish an extensive communication network throughout the islet, despite their scarcity. Delta-cells are electrically excitable cells, and SST secretion is released in a glucose- and KATP-dependent manner. SST hyperpolarises the alpha-cell membrane and suppresses exocytosis. In this way, islet SST potently inhibits glucagon release. Recent studies investigating the activity of delta-cells have revealed they are electrically coupled to beta-cells via gap junctions, suggesting the delta-cell is more than just a paracrine inhibitor. In this Review, we summarize delta-cell morphology, function, and the role of SST signalling for regulating islet hormonal output. A distinguishing feature of this Review is that we attempt to use the discovery of this gap junction pathway, together with what is already known about delta-cells, to reframe the role of these cells in both health and disease. In particular, we argue that the discovery of gap junction communication between delta-cells and beta-cells provides new insights into the contribution of delta-cells to the islet hormonal defects observed in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This reappraisal of the delta-cell is important as it may offer novel insights into how the physiology of this cell can be utilised to restore islet function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Miranda
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, University of Göteborg, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Manisha Begum
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Metabolic Research Unit, University of Göteborg, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden; University of Skӧvde, Department of Infection Biology, Högskolevägen 1, 541 28, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Elisa Vergari
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX4 7LE, Oxford, UK
| | - Linford J B Briant
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, OX4 7LE, Oxford, UK; Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, OX1 3QD, Oxford, UK.
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21
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Chai S, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Carr RD, Zheng Y, Rajpathak S, Ji L. Effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on postprandial glucagon level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:994944. [PMID: 36313782 PMCID: PMC9597445 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.994944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hyperglucagonemia occurs in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this meta-analysis, we summarized the effects of DPP4 inhibitors on glucagon levels in patients with T2DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the influence of DPP4 inhibitors on circulating glucagon levels with placebo or other oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in patients with T2DM were identified by searches of Medline (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), and CENTER (Cochrane Library). Only studies reporting changes in glucagon level presented as total area under the curve (AUCglucagon) using a meal or oral glucose tolerance test were included. Results were combined using a random-effects model that incorporated potential heterogeneity among the included studies. RESULTS A total of 36 RCTs with moderate to high quality were included. Overall, the numbers of T2DM patients included for the meta-analyses comparing DPP4 inhibitors with placebo and other OADs were 4266 and 1652, respectively. Compared to placebo, DPP4 inhibitors significantly reduced circulating glucagon levels (standard mean difference [SMD]: -0.32, 95% CI: -0.40 to -0.24, P<0.001; I2 = 28%). Analysis of subgroups revealed that study characteristics had no significant effect on results, such as study design (parallel group or crossover), number of patients, mean patient age, proportion of men, baseline HbA1c, duration of diabetes, background therapy, treatment duration, or methods for glucagon measurement (all P for subgroup differences >0.05). Moreover, DPP4 inhibitors significantly reduced glucagon levels compared to other OADs (SMD: -0.35, 95% CI: -0.53 to -0.16, P<0.001; I2 = 66%), and the reduction in glucagon was greater in comparison with insulin secretagogues than in comparison with non-insulin secretagogues (P for subgroup difference =0.03). SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://inplasy.com/, identifier INPLASY202280104. CONCLUSIONS DPP4 inhibitors are effective at reducing the circulating postprandial glucagon level in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyu Chai
- Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) Global Medical Affairs, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) China, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruya Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) Global Medical Affairs, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) China, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) Global Medical Affairs, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) China, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard David Carr
- Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, UK and Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Yiman Zheng
- Merck Research Laboratories (MRL) Global Medical Affairs, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) China, Shanghai, China
| | - Swapnil Rajpathak
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, United States
| | - Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, People’s Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linong Ji,
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22
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Abstract
Intra-islet communication via electrical, paracrine and autocrine signals, is highly dependent on the organization of cells within the islets and is key for an adequate response to changes in blood glucose and other stimuli. In spite of the fact that relevant structural differences between mouse and human islet architectures have been described, the functional implications of these differences remain only partially understood. In this work, aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between structural and functional properties of pancreatic islets, we reconstructed human and mice islets in order to perform a structural comparison based on both morphologic and network-derived metrics. According to our results, human islets constitute a more efficient network from a connectivity viewpoint, mainly due to the higher proportion of heterotypic contacts between islet cells in comparison to mice islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo J. Félix-Martínez
- Cátedras CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México City, México
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México City, México
- CONTACT Gerardo J. Félix-Martínez Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina 09340, México City, México
| | - J. R. Godínez-Fernández
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México City, México
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23
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Dos Santos T, Galipeau M, Schukarucha Gomes A, Greenberg M, Larsen M, Lee D, Maghera J, Mulchandani CM, Patton M, Perera I, Polishevska K, Ramdass S, Shayeganpour K, Vafaeian K, Van Allen K, Wang Y, Weisz T, Estall JL, Mulvihill EE, Screaton RA. Islet Biology during COVID-19: Progress and Perspectives. Can J Diabetes 2021; 46:419-427. [PMID: 35589534 PMCID: PMC8608413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had significant impact on research directions and productivity in the past 2 years. Despite these challenges, since 2020, more than 2,500 peer-reviewed articles have been published on pancreatic islet biology. These include updates on the roles of isocitrate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and incretin hormones in insulin secretion, as well as the discovery of inceptor and signalling by circulating RNAs. The year 2020 also brought advancements in in vivo and in vitro models, including a new transgenic mouse for assessing beta-cell proliferation, a “pancreas-on-a-chip” to study glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and successful genetic editing of primary human islet cells. Islet biologists evaluated the functionality of stem-cell–derived islet-like cells coated with semipermeable biomaterials to prevent autoimmune attack, revealing the importance of cell maturation after transplantation. Prompted by observations that COVID-19 symptoms can worsen for people with obesity or diabetes, researchers examined how islets are directly affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Herein, we highlight novel functional insights, technologies and therapeutic approaches that emerged between March 2020 and July 2021, written for both scientific and lay audiences. We also include a response to these advancements from patient stakeholders, to help lend a broader perspective to developments and challenges in islet research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Dos Santos
- Alberta Diabetes Institute & Department of Pharmacology, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Galipeau
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Cardiometabolic Disease Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Amanda Schukarucha Gomes
- Alberta Diabetes Institute & Department of Pharmacology, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Daniel Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jasmine Maghera
- Alberta Diabetes Institute & Department of Pharmacology, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Megan Patton
- Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ineli Perera
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kateryna Polishevska
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Kasra Shayeganpour
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Kyle Van Allen
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yufeng Wang
- University Health Network, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Weisz
- Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Cardiometabolic Disease Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- Energy Substrate Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Screaton
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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24
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Buckels EJ, Bloomfield FH, Oliver MH, Spiroski AM, Harding JE, Jaquiery AL. Sexually dimorphic changes in the endocrine pancreas and skeletal muscle in young adulthood following intra-amniotic IGF-I treatment of growth-restricted fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E530-E542. [PMID: 34459219 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00111.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with decreased insulin secretory capacity and decreased insulin sensitivity in muscle in adulthood. We investigated whether intra-amniotic IGF-I treatment in late gestation mitigated the adverse effects of FGR on the endocrine pancreas and skeletal muscle at 18 mo of age. Singleton-bearing ewes underwent uterine artery embolization between 103 and 107 days of gestational age, followed by 5 once-weekly intra-amniotic injections of 360-µg IGF-I (FGRI) or saline (FGRS) and were compared with an unmanipulated control group (CON). We measured offspring pancreatic endocrine cell mass and pancreatic and skeletal muscle mRNA expression at 18 mo of age (n = 7-9/sex/group). Total α-cell mass was increased ∼225% in FGRI males versus CON and FGRS males, whereas β-cell mass was not different between groups of either sex. Pancreatic mitochondria-related mRNA expression was increased in FGRS females versus CON (NRF1, MTATP6, UCP2), and FGRS males versus CON (TFAM, NRF1, UCP2) but was largely unchanged in FGRI males versus CON. In skeletal muscle, mitochondria-related mRNA expression was decreased in FGRS females versus CON (PPARGC1A, TFAM, NRF1, UCP2, MTATP6), FGRS males versus CON (NRF1 and UCP2), and FGRI females versus CON (TFAM and UCP2), with only MTATP6 expression decreased in FGRI males versus CON. Although the window during which IGF-I treatment was delivered was limited to the final 5 wk of gestation, IGF-I therapy of FGR altered the endocrine pancreas and skeletal muscle in a sex-specific manner in young adulthood.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with compromised metabolic function throughout adulthood. Here, we explored the long-term effects of fetal IGF-I therapy on the adult pancreas and skeletal muscle. This is the first study demonstrating that IGF-I therapy of FGR has sex-specific long-term effects at both the tissue and molecular level on metabolically active tissues in adult sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Buckels
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark H Oliver
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jane E Harding
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne L Jaquiery
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Walker JT, Saunders DC, Brissova M, Powers AC. The Human Islet: Mini-Organ With Mega-Impact. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:605-657. [PMID: 33844836 PMCID: PMC8476939 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet-including its structure, cell composition, development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key discoveries about human islets over the past century, we describe new research approaches and technologies that are being used to study human islets and how these are providing insight into human islet physiology and pathophysiology. We also describe changes or adaptations in human islets in response to physiologic challenges such as pregnancy, aging, and insulin resistance and discuss islet changes in human diabetes of many forms. We outline current and future interventions being developed to protect, restore, or replace human islets. The review also highlights unresolved questions about human islets and proposes areas where additional research on human islets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Diane C Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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26
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Ng XW, Chung YH, Piston DW. Intercellular Communication in the Islet of Langerhans in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2191-2225. [PMID: 34190340 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Blood glucose homeostasis requires proper function of pancreatic islets, which secrete insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from the β-, α-, and δ-cells, respectively. Each islet cell type is equipped with intrinsic mechanisms for glucose sensing and secretory actions, but these intrinsic mechanisms alone cannot explain the observed secretory profiles from intact islets. Regulation of secretion involves interconnected mechanisms among and between islet cell types. Islet cells lose their normal functional signatures and secretory behaviors upon dispersal as compared to intact islets and in vivo. In dispersed islet cells, the glucose response of insulin secretion is attenuated from that seen from whole islets, coordinated oscillations in membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ activity, as well as the two-phase insulin secretion profile, are missing, and glucagon secretion displays higher basal secretion profile and a reverse glucose-dependent response from that of intact islets. These observations highlight the critical roles of intercellular communication within the pancreatic islet, and how these communication pathways are crucial for proper hormonal and nonhormonal secretion and glucose homeostasis. Further, misregulated secretions of islet secretory products that arise from defective intercellular islet communication are implicated in diabetes. Intercellular communication within the islet environment comprises multiple mechanisms, including electrical synapses from gap junctional coupling, paracrine interactions among neighboring cells, and direct cell-to-cell contacts in the form of juxtacrine signaling. In this article, we describe the various mechanisms that contribute to proper islet function for each islet cell type and how intercellular islet communications are coordinated among the same and different islet cell types. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:2191-2225, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue W Ng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yong H Chung
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David W Piston
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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27
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Wang H, Cao J, Su JB, Wang XQ, Wang X, Zhang DM, Wang XH. Serum fatty acid-binding protein 4 levels and responses of pancreatic islet β-cells and α-cells in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:70. [PMID: 34174950 PMCID: PMC8234651 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), as an intracellular lipid chaperone and adipokine, was reported to be related to the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic complications, but its association with pancreatic islet β-cell and α-cell functions has not been fully elucidated. So the present study was to investigate the serum FABP4 levels and responses of islet β-cells and α-cells in patients with T2D. METHODS 115 patients with T2D and 89 healthy controls (HC), who received serum FABP4 levels test, were recruited to participate in this study. Moreover, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in T2D patients to evaluate islet β-cell and α-cell functions. Systemic insulin sensitivity and overall insulin secretion of islet β-cell function were assessed by Matsuda index using C peptide (ISIM-cp) and ratio of the area under the C peptide curve to the glucose curve (AUCcp/glu) during OGTT, respectively. Fasting glucagon (Gluca0min) and postchallenge glucagon assessed by the area under the glucagon curve (AUCgluca) were determined during OGTT to evaluate islet α-cell function. And other various clinical variables were also measured in all participants. Skewed variables were natural log-transformed (ln), such as lnFABP4. RESULTS The serum FABP4 levels in T2D patients were significantly higher than those in HC (p < 0.05). And after partially adjusting for fasting plasma glucose, serum lnFABP4 levels were negatively correlated with lnISIM-cp (r = - 0.332, p < 0.001) and positively correlated with lnAUCcp/glu (r = 0.324, p < 0.001), lnGluca0min (r = 0.200, p = 0.040) and lnAUCgluca (r = 0.311, p < 0.001), respectively, in patients with T2D. Furthermore, when multiple linear regression analyses were applied to adjust for other various clinical variables, serum lnFABP4 levels were found to remain associated with lnISIM-cp (β = - 0.296, t = - 2.900, p = 0.005), lnAUCcp/glu (β = 0.223, t = 2.038, p = 0.046), lnGluca0min (β = 0.272, t = 2.330, p = 0.024) and lnAUCgluca (β = 0.341, t = 3.065, p = 0.004), respectively. CONCLUSION Increased serum FABP4 levels were closely associated with blunted insulin sensitivity, increased insulin secretion, and elevated fasting and postchallenge glucagon levels in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Jian-bin Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Xue-qin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Dong-mei Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001 China
| | - Xiao-hua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Haierxiang North Road, Nantong, 226001 China
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28
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Inoue R, Nishiyama K, Li J, Miyashita D, Ono M, Terauchi Y, Shirakawa J. The Feasibility and Applicability of Stem Cell Therapy for the Cure of Type 1 Diabetes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071589. [PMID: 34202521 PMCID: PMC8304653 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy using islet-like insulin-producing cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells has the potential to allow patients with type 1 diabetes to withdraw from insulin therapy. However, several issues exist regarding the use of stem cell therapy to treat type 1 diabetes. In this review, we will focus on the following topics: (1) autoimmune responses during the autologous transplantation of stem cell-derived islet cells, (2) a comparison of stem cell therapy with insulin injection therapy, (3) the impact of the islet microenvironment on stem cell-derived islet cells, and (4) the cost-effectiveness of stem cell-derived islet cell transplantation. Based on these various viewpoints, we will discuss what is required to perform stem cell therapy for patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Inoue
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; (R.I.); (K.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Kuniyuki Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; (R.I.); (K.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinghe Li
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; (R.I.); (K.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Daisuke Miyashita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (D.M.); (M.O.); (Y.T.)
| | - Masato Ono
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (D.M.); (M.O.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yasuo Terauchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (D.M.); (M.O.); (Y.T.)
| | - Jun Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Japan; (R.I.); (K.N.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-27-220-8850
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29
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Laurenti MC, Matveyenko A, Vella A. Measurement of Pulsatile Insulin Secretion: Rationale and Methodology. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070409. [PMID: 34206296 PMCID: PMC8305896 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are responsible for the synthesis and exocytosis of insulin in response to an increase in circulating glucose. Insulin secretion occurs in a pulsatile manner, with oscillatory pulses superimposed on a basal secretion rate. Insulin pulses are a marker of β-cell health, and secretory parameters, such as pulse amplitude, time interval and frequency distribution, are impaired in obesity, aging and type 2 diabetes. In this review, we detail the mechanisms of insulin production and β-cell synchronization that regulate pulsatile insulin secretion, and we discuss the challenges to consider when measuring fast oscillatory secretion in vivo. These include the anatomical difficulties of measuring portal vein insulin noninvasively in humans before the hormone is extracted by the liver and quickly removed from the circulation. Peripheral concentrations of insulin or C-peptide, a peptide cosecreted with insulin, can be used to estimate their secretion profile, but mathematical deconvolution is required. Parametric and nonparametric approaches to the deconvolution problem are evaluated, alongside the assumptions and trade-offs required for their application in the quantification of unknown insulin secretory rates from known peripheral concentrations. Finally, we discuss the therapeutical implication of targeting impaired pulsatile secretion and its diagnostic value as an early indicator of β-cell stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello C. Laurenti
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (M.C.L.); (A.M.)
- Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (M.C.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (M.C.L.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-507-255-6515; Fax: +1-507-255-4828
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30
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Sun ZY, Yu TY, Jiang FX, Wang W. Functional maturation of immature β cells: A roadblock for stem cell therapy for type 1 diabetes. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:193-207. [PMID: 33815669 PMCID: PMC8006013 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by the specific destruction of pancreatic islet β cells and is characterized as the absolute insufficiency of insulin secretion. Current insulin replacement therapy supplies insulin in a non-physiological way and is associated with devastating complications. Experimental islet transplantation therapy has been proven to restore glucose homeostasis in people with severe T1DM. However, it is restricted by many factors such as severe shortage of donor sources, progressive loss of donor cells, high cost, etc. As pluripotent stem cells have the potential to give rise to all cells including islet β cells in the body, stem cell therapy for diabetes has attracted great attention in the academic community and the general public. Transplantation of islet β-like cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has the potential to be an excellent alternative to islet transplantation. In stem cell therapy, obtaining β cells with complete insulin secretion in vitro is crucial. However, after much research, it has been found that the β-like cells obtained by in vitro differentiation still have many defects, including lack of adult-type glucose stimulated insulin secretion, and multi-hormonal secretion, suggesting that in vitro culture does not allows for obtaining fully mature β-like cells for transplantation. A large number of studies have found that many transcription factors play important roles in the process of transforming immature to mature human islet β cells. Furthermore, PDX1, NKX6.1, SOX9, NGN3, PAX4, etc., are important in inducing hPSC differentiation in vitro. The absent or deficient expression of any of these key factors may lead to the islet development defect in vivo and the failure of stem cells to differentiate into genuine functional β-like cells in vitro. This article reviews β cell maturation in vivo and in vitro and the vital roles of key molecules in this process, in order to explore the current problems in stem cell therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ting-Yan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fang-Xu Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China.
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31
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Campbell-Thompson M, Butterworth EA, Boatwright JL, Nair MA, Nasif LH, Nasif K, Revell AY, Riva A, Mathews CE, Gerling IC, Schatz DA, Atkinson MA. Islet sympathetic innervation and islet neuropathology in patients with type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6562. [PMID: 33753784 PMCID: PMC7985489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of glucagon secretion in type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves hypersecretion during postprandial states, but insufficient secretion during hypoglycemia. The sympathetic nervous system regulates glucagon secretion. To investigate islet sympathetic innervation in T1D, sympathetic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) axons were analyzed in control non-diabetic organ donors, non-diabetic islet autoantibody-positive individuals (AAb), and age-matched persons with T1D. Islet TH axon numbers and density were significantly decreased in AAb compared to T1D with no significant differences observed in exocrine TH axon volume or lengths between groups. TH axons were in close approximation to islet α-cells in T1D individuals with long-standing diabetes. Islet RNA-sequencing and qRT-PCR analyses identified significant alterations in noradrenalin degradation, α-adrenergic signaling, cardiac β-adrenergic signaling, catecholamine biosynthesis, and additional neuropathology pathways. The close approximation of TH axons at islet α-cells supports a model for sympathetic efferent neurons directly regulating glucagon secretion. Sympathetic islet innervation and intrinsic adrenergic signaling pathways could be novel targets for improving glucagon secretion in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Campbell-Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Butterworth
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - J Lucas Boatwright
- Bioinformatics Core, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Malavika A Nair
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lith H Nasif
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kamal Nasif
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Andy Y Revell
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Alberto Riva
- Bioinformatics Core, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ivan C Gerling
- Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Desmond A Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Abstract
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an important peptide hormone secreted by L-cells in the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrients. It is produced by the differential cleavage of the proglucagon peptide. GLP-1 elicits a wide variety of physiological responses in many tissues that contribute to metabolic homeostasis. For these reasons, therapies designed to either increase endogenous GLP-1 levels or introduce exogenous peptide mimetics are now widely used in the management of diabetes. In addition to GLP-1 production from L-cells, recent reports suggest that pancreatic islet alpha cells may also synthesize and secrete GLP-1. Intra-islet GLP-1 may therefore play an unappreciated role in islet health and glucose regulation, suggesting a potential functional paracrine role for islet-derived GLP-1. In this review, we assess the current literature from an islet-centric point-of-view to better understand the production, degradation, and actions of GLP-1 within the endocrine pancreas in rodents and humans. The relevance of intra-islet GLP-1 in human physiology is discussed regarding the potential role of intra-islet GLP-1 in islet health and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre CRCHUM, Montréal, Canada
| | - Janyne Johnson
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peter E. Light
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- CONTACT Peter E. Light Alberta Diabetes Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 2E1, Canada
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Fontaine AK, Ramirez DG, Littich SF, Piscopio RA, Kravets V, Schleicher WE, Mizoguchi N, Caldwell JH, Weir RFF, Benninger RKP. Optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic fibers for the modulation of insulin and glycemia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3670. [PMID: 33574598 PMCID: PMC7878862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83361-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated stimulation of endocrine pancreas function by vagal nerve electrical stimulation. While this increases insulin secretion, expected concomitant reductions in circulating glucose do not occur. A complicating factor is the non-specific nature of electrical nerve stimulation. Optogenetic tools, however, provide the potential for cell-type specific neural stimulation using genetic targeting and/or spatially shaped excitation light. Here, we demonstrate light-activated stimulation of the endocrine pancreas by targeting parasympathetic (cholinergic) axons. In a mouse model expressing ChannelRhodopsin2 (ChR2) in cholinergic cells, serum insulin and glucose were measured in response to (1) ultrasound image-guided optical stimulation of axon terminals in the pancreas or (2) optical stimulation of axons of the cervical vagus nerve. Measurements were made in basal-glucose and glucose-stimulated conditions. Significant increases in plasma insulin occurred relative to controls under both pancreas and cervical vagal stimulation, while a rapid reduction in glycemic levels were observed under pancreatic stimulation. Additionally, ultrasound-based measurements of blood flow in the pancreas were increased under pancreatic stimulation. Together, these results demonstrate the utility of in-vivo optogenetics for studying the neural regulation of endocrine pancreas function and suggest its therapeutic potential for the control of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun K Fontaine
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA.
- Biomechatronics Development Laboratory, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA.
| | - David G Ramirez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes - Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA
| | - Samuel F Littich
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA
- Biomechatronics Development Laboratory, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA
| | - Robert A Piscopio
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes - Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA
| | - Vira Kravets
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes - Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA
| | | | - Naoko Mizoguchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sciences, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan
| | - John H Caldwell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA
| | - Richard F Ff Weir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA
- Biomechatronics Development Laboratory, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA
| | - Richard K P Benninger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA.
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes - Anschutz Medical Campus, Boulder, USA.
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Weitz J, Menegaz D, Caicedo A. Deciphering the Complex Communication Networks That Orchestrate Pancreatic Islet Function. Diabetes 2021; 70:17-26. [PMID: 33355306 PMCID: PMC7881851 DOI: 10.2337/dbi19-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are clusters of hormone-secreting endocrine cells that rely on intricate cell-cell communication mechanisms for proper function. The importance of multicellular cooperation in islet cell physiology was first noted nearly 30 years ago in seminal studies showing that hormone secretion from endocrine cell types is diminished when these cells are dispersed. These studies showed that reestablishing cellular contacts in so-called pseudoislets caused endocrine cells to regain hormone secretory function. This not only demonstrated that cooperation between islet cells is highly synergistic but also gave birth to the field of pancreatic islet organoids. Here we review recent advances related to the mechanisms of islet cell cross talk. We first describe new developments that revise current notions about purinergic and GABA signaling in islets. Then we comment on novel multicellular imaging studies that are revealing emergent properties of islet communication networks. We finish by highlighting and discussing recent synthetic approaches that use islet organoids of varied cellular composition to interrogate intraislet signaling mechanisms. This reverse engineering of islets not only will shed light on the mechanisms of intraislet signaling and define communication networks but also may guide efforts aimed at restoring islet function and β-cell mass in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Weitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Danusa Menegaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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35
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Jackson IJ, Puttabyatappa M, Anderson M, Muralidharan M, Veiga-Lopez A, Gregg B, Limesand S, Padmanabhan V. Developmental programming: Prenatal testosterone excess disrupts pancreatic islet developmental trajectory in female sheep. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110950. [PMID: 32726642 PMCID: PMC7609617 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal testosterone (T)- treated female sheep manifest juvenile insulin resistance, post-pubertal increase in insulin sensitivity and return to insulin resistance during adulthood. Since compensatory hyperinsulinemia is associated with insulin resistance, altered pancreatic islet ontogeny may contribute towards metabolic defects. To test this, pregnant sheep were treated with or without T propionate from days 30-90 of gestation and pancreas collected from female fetuses at gestational day 90 and female offspring at 21 months-of-age. Uterine (maternal) and umbilical (fetal) arterial blood insulin/glucose ratios were determined at gestational day 90. The morphological and functional changes in pancreatic islet were assessed through detection of 1) islet hormones (insulin, glucagon) and apoptotic beta cells at fetal day 90 and 2) islet hormones (insulin, glucagon and somatostatin), and pancreatic lipid and collagen accumulation in adults. At gestational day 90, T-treatment led to maternal but not fetal hyperinsulinemia, decrease in pancreatic/fetal weight ratio and alpha cells, and a trend for increase in beta cell apoptosis in fetal pancreas. Adult prenatal T-treated female sheep manifested 1) significant increase in beta cell size and a tendency for increase in insulin and somatostatin stained area and proportion of beta cells in the islet; and 2) significant increase in pancreatic islet collagen and a tendency towards increased lipid accumulation. Gestational T-treatment induced changes in pancreatic islet endocrine cells during both fetal and adult ages track the trajectory of hyperinsulinemic status with the increase in adult pancreatic collagen accumulation indicative of impending beta cell failure with chronic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | | | - Miranda Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Meha Muralidharan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Brigid Gregg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sean Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
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36
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Almaça J, Caicedo A, Landsman L. Beta cell dysfunction in diabetes: the islet microenvironment as an unusual suspect. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2076-2085. [PMID: 32894318 PMCID: PMC7655222 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells in different tissues, including endocrine cells in the pancreas, live in complex microenvironments that are rich in cellular and acellular components. Intricate interactions with their microenvironment dictate most cellular properties, such as their function, structure and size, and maintain tissue homeostasis. Pancreatic islets are populated by endocrine, vascular and immune cells that are immersed in the extracellular matrix. While the intrinsic properties of beta cells have been vastly investigated, our understanding of their interactions with their surroundings has only recently begun to unveil. Here, we review current research on the interplay between the islet cellular and acellular components, and the role these components play in beta cell physiology and pathophysiology. Although beta cell failure is a key pathomechanism in diabetes, its causes are far from being fully elucidated. We, thus, propose deleterious alterations of the islet niche as potential underlying mechanisms contributing to beta cell failure. In sum, this review emphasises that the function of the pancreatic islet depends on all of its components. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Almaça
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10th avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1580 NW 10th avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Limor Landsman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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37
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Abstract
The islet of Langerhans is a complex endocrine micro-organ consisting of a multitude of endocrine and non-endocrine cell types. The two most abundant and prominent endocrine cell types, the beta and the alpha cells, are essential for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. While the beta cell produces insulin, the only blood glucose-lowering hormone of the body, the alpha cell releases glucagon, which elevates blood glucose. Under physiological conditions, these two cell types affect each other in a paracrine manner. While the release products of the beta cell inhibit alpha cell function, the alpha cell releases factors that are stimulatory for beta cell function and increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research into the regulation of beta cell function by alpha cells, focusing on the effect of alpha cell-secreted factors, such as glucagon and acetylcholine. The consequences of differences in islet architecture between species on the interplay between alpha and beta cells is also discussed. Finally, we give a perspective on the possibility of using an in vivo imaging approach to study the interactions between human alpha and beta cells under in vivo conditions. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Moede
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Sjukhuset L1:03, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ingo B Leibiger
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Sjukhuset L1:03, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Sjukhuset L1:03, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Huang H, Bader TN, Jin S. Signaling Molecules Regulating Pancreatic Endocrine Development from Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5867. [PMID: 32824212 PMCID: PMC7461594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death globally. Currently, the donor pancreas is the only source of human islets, placing extreme constraints on supply. Hence, it is imperative to develop renewable islets for diabetes research and treatment. To date, extensive efforts have been made to derive insulin-secreting cells from human pluripotent stem cells with substantial success. However, the in vitro generation of functional islet organoids remains a challenge due in part to our poor understanding of the signaling molecules indispensable for controlling differentiation pathways towards the self-assembly of functional islets from stem cells. Since this process relies on a variety of signaling molecules to guide the differentiation pathways, as well as the culture microenvironments that mimic in vivo physiological conditions, this review highlights extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, signaling molecules, and microenvironments facilitating the generation of biologically functional pancreatic endocrine cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Signaling pathways involved in stepwise differentiation that guide the progression of stem cells into the endocrine lineage are also discussed. The development of protocols enabling the generation of islet organoids with hormone release capacities equivalent to native adult islets for clinical applications, disease modeling, and diabetes research are anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (H.H.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Taylor N. Bader
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (H.H.); (T.N.B.)
| | - Sha Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (H.H.); (T.N.B.)
- Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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39
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Wang L, Zhu L, Meister J, Bone DBJ, Pydi SP, Rossi M, Wess J. Use of DREADD Technology to Identify Novel Targets for Antidiabetic Drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:421-440. [PMID: 32746768 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030220-121042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form a superfamily of plasma membrane receptors that couple to four major families of heterotrimeric G proteins, Gs, Gi, Gq, and G12. GPCRs represent excellent targets for drug therapy. Since the individual GPCRs are expressed by many different cell types, the in vivo metabolic roles of a specific GPCR expressed by a distinct cell type are not well understood. The development of designer GPCRs known as DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by a designer drug) that selectively couple to distinct classes of heterotrimeric G proteins has greatly facilitated studies in this area. This review focuses on the use of DREADD technology to explore the physiological and pathophysiological roles of distinct GPCR/G protein cascades in several metabolically important cell types. The novel insights gained from these studies should stimulate the development of GPCR-based treatments for major metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Lu Zhu
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Jaroslawna Meister
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Derek B J Bone
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Sai P Pydi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Mario Rossi
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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40
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Hartig SM, Cox AR. Paracrine signaling in islet function and survival. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:451-467. [PMID: 32067063 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet is a dense cellular network comprised of several cell types with endocrine function vital in the control of glucose homeostasis, metabolism, and feeding behavior. Within the islet, endocrine hormones also form an intricate paracrine network with supportive cells (endothelial, neuronal, immune) and secondary signaling molecules regulating cellular function and survival. Modulation of these signals has potential consequences for diabetes development, progression, and therapeutic intervention. Beta cell loss, reduced endogenous insulin secretion, and dysregulated glucagon secretion are hallmark features of both type 1 and 2 diabetes that not only impact systemic regulation of glucose, but also contribute to the function and survival of cells within the islet. Advancing research and technology have revealed new islet biology (cellular identity and transcriptomes) and identified previously unrecognized paracrine signals and mechanisms (somatostatin and ghrelin paracrine actions), while shifting prior views of intraislet communication. This review will summarize the paracrine signals regulating islet endocrine function and survival, the disruption and dysfunction that occur in diabetes, and potential therapeutic targets to preserve beta cell mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Hartig
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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