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Kunutsor SK, Zaccardi F, Balasubramanian VG, Gillies CL, Aroda VR, Seidu S, Davies MJ, Khunti K. Glycaemic control and macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials of novel glucose-lowering agents. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1837-1849. [PMID: 38379094 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
AIM Using a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of newer glucose-lowering agents [sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is)] in type 2 diabetes (T2D), we aimed to determine the macrovascular and microvascular outcomes of these agents and clarify the relationships between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction and risk of these outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Randomized controlled trials were identified from MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Library until September 2023. Study-specific hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled, and meta-regression was used to assess the relationships between outcomes and between trial arm HbA1c reductions. RESULTS Twenty unique CVOTs (six SGLT-2is, nine GLP-1RAs, five DPP-4is), based on 169 513 participants with T2D, were eligible. Comparing SGLT-2is, GLP-1RAs and DPP-4is with placebo, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) for 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events were 0.88 (0.82-0.94), 0.85 (0.79-0.92) and 1.00 (0.94-1.06), respectively. SGLT-2is and GLP-1RAs consistently reduced the risk of several macrovascular and microvascular complications, particularly kidney events. DPP-4is showed no macrovascular benefits. There was potential evidence of an inverse linear relationship between HbA1c reduction and 3-point major adverse cardiovascular event risk (estimated risk per 1% reduction in HbA1c: 0.84, 95% CI 0.67-1.06; p = .14; R2 = 14.2%), which was driven by the component of non-fatal stroke (R2 = 100.0%; p = .094). There were non-significant inverse linear relationships between HbA1c reduction and the risk of several vascular outcomes. CONCLUSIONS SGLT-2is and GLP-1RAs showed consistent risk reductions in macrovascular and microvascular outcomes. The vascular benefits of SGLT-2is and GLP-1RAs in patients with T2D extend beyond mere glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setor K Kunutsor
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Francesco Zaccardi
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Victoria G Balasubramanian
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Clare L Gillies
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Vanita R Aroda
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel Seidu
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Melanie J Davies
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Leicester Real World Evidence Unit, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
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Bai H, He N, Zhang Y, Ahmad A, Yang XX, Ma Y, Liang LJ. Quality of Life and Glucose Regulation in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Study in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:1267-1278. [PMID: 38496005 PMCID: PMC10944302 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s446387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective In this study, we aimed to evaluate the current status of the quality of life (QOL) of pediatric patients and plasma glucose concentration regulation in children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in the Ningxia Hui autonomous region. Methods The study involved children with T1DM admitted to the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University between October 2011 and October 2021. The children and their parents completed general information and quality of life (QOL) questionnaires. The regulation of plasma glucose concentration was assessed based on HbA1c levels, and plasma glucose and QOL-influencing components were investigated. Results Among the 136 pediatric patients diagnosed with T1DM, the mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level was recorded at 8.7% (7.2%, 10.5%). A breakdown of the patient cohort revealed that 44 patients (32.4%) demonstrated good regulation of plasma glucose, 33 patients (24.3%) exhibited acceptable glycemic control, and 59 patients (43.3%) displayed poor regulation of plasma glucose. The control of plasma glucose in pediatric patients diagnosed with T1DM was affected by the duration of the disease, the patient's age, the frequency of daily plasma glucose measurements, the use of CGM, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and the education level of the mother. The control of plasma glucose, dietary management, DKA, the ability to learn, and health education are interfering factors of quality of life in children diagnosed with T1DM. Effective control of plasma glucose may ensure the QOL in children with T1DM, and DKA was the risk factor for QOL. Conclusion In Ningxia, the regulation of plasma glucose in pediatric and adolescent patients with T1DM remains suboptimal, leading to poor QOL. There is a pressing need to enhance glucose regulation and QOL through comprehensive strategies, which include reinforced dietary management, rigorous monitoring of plasma glucose levels, and heightened health education levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na He
- PKUFH-NINGXIA Women Children’s Hospital, Yinchuan, 750001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University General Hospital, Yinchuan, 750004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aqsa Ahmad
- The First Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University General Hospital, Yinchuan, 750004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Xing Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University General Hospital, Yinchuan, 750004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Ma
- The First Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University General Hospital, Yinchuan, 750004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, People’s Republic of China
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Lussier ME, Gionfriddo MR, Graham JH, Wright EA. Factors Affecting Prescribing of Type 2 Diabetes Medications in Older Adults within an Integrated Healthcare System. J Gen Intern Med 2024; 39:195-200. [PMID: 37783983 PMCID: PMC10853133 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-023-08435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite type 2 diabetes guidelines recommending against the use of sulfonylureas in older adults and for the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2) and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP1s) in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and heart failure (HF), real-world guideline-concordant prescribing remains low. While some factors such as cost have been suggested, an in-depth analysis of the factors associated with guideline-concordant prescribing is warranted. OBJECTIVE To quantify the extent of guideline-concordant prescribing in an integrated health care delivery system and examine provider and patient level factors that influence guideline-concordant prescribing. DESIGN We performed a cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Participants were included if they had a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, were prescribed a second-line diabetes medication between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020 and were at least 65 years old at the time of this second-line prescription. MAIN MEASURES Our outcome of interest was guideline-concordant prescribing. The definition of guideline-concordant prescribing was based on American Diabetes Association and American Geriatric Society recommendations as well as expert consensus. Factors affecting guideline concordant prescribing included patient demographics and provider characteristics among others. KEY RESULTS We included 1,693 patients of which only 50% were prescribed guideline-concordant medications. In a subgroup of 843 patients with cardiorenal conditions, only 30% of prescriptions were guideline concordant. Prescribing of guideline-concordant prescriptions was more likely among pharmacists than physicians (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.19-1.51, p<0.001) and in endocrinology practices compared to primary care practices (RR 1.41 95% CI 1.16-1.72, p=0.007). Additionally, guideline concordant prescribing increased over time (42% in 2018 vs 53% in 2019 vs 53% in 2020, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Guideline-concordant prescribing remains low in older adults, especially among those with cardiorenal conditions. Future studies should examine barriers to prescribing guideline-concordant medications and interventions to improve guideline-concordant prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia E Lussier
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY, USA.
| | - Michael R Gionfriddo
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative, and Social Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jove H Graham
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Eric A Wright
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
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Shtoyko AN, Murphy MB, Harris JL, Toomey C, Phillips EM. Characterizing Prescribing Patterns of Diabetes Medications at an Adult Medicine Clinic: A Focus on Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors. Diabetes Spectr 2024; 37:180-185. [PMID: 38756431 PMCID: PMC11093767 DOI: 10.2337/ds22-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N. Shtoyko
- Department of Pharmacy, Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, NY
- Upstate Pharmacy Services Translational Research Team (UPSTART), Syracuse, NY
| | - Meaghan B. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacy, Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, NY
- Upstate Pharmacy Services Translational Research Team (UPSTART), Syracuse, NY
| | - Jenna L. Harris
- Department of Pharmacy, Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, NY
- Upstate Pharmacy Services Translational Research Team (UPSTART), Syracuse, NY
| | - Caitlin Toomey
- Department of Medicine, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Elizabeth M. Phillips
- Department of Pharmacy, Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, NY
- Upstate Pharmacy Services Translational Research Team (UPSTART), Syracuse, NY
- Wegmans School of Pharmacy, St. John Fisher University, Rochester, NY
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Wisniewski B, Smith E, Kaur J, Sherling C, Vanapalli S, Lussier M. Medicare formulary restrictions for glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors used in type 2 diabetes mellitus: 2019-2023. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2024; 30:34-42. [PMID: 38153863 PMCID: PMC10775775 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have proven benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus related to decreasing cardiovascular events and heart failure hospitalizations as well as preventing the progression of kidney disease. This led the American Diabetes Association (ADA) to update their guidelines in 2022 to recommend GLP1-RAs and SGLT2is as potential first-line options in patients with cardiorenal conditions. Formulary restrictions, such as step therapy and prior authorizations, can limit access to these beneficial medications. OBJECTIVE To evaluate trends in Medicare formulary restrictions of GLP1-RAs and SGLT2is following the recommendations by the ADA for first-line use. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Quarter 1 Medicare formulary restrictions on GLP1-RAs and SGLT2is from 2019 to 2023. We analyzed changes in formulary restrictions by year, before and after the ADA first-line recommendations, single vs combination products, and products with and without other indications on a medication level (ie, each unique National Drug Code number on each unique formulary) and formulary level (ie, any prior authorization or step therapy requirements yield formulary restriction). RESULTS We analyzed 12,212 unique Medicare formularies. GLP1-RAs were 12.5% less likely (relative risk [RR] = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.84-0.91; P < 0.001) and 33.2% less likely (RR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.60-0.74; P < 0.001) to have restrictions after the ADA guideline changes on a medication and formulary level, respectively. SGLT2is were 87.8% less likely (RR = 0.12; 95% CI = 0.11-0.13; P < 0.001) and 53.0% less likely (RR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.27-0.80; P = 0.005) to have restrictions after the ADA guideline changes on medication and formulary levels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Decreasing trends of medications and formularies with restrictions may indicate payers are recognizing GLP1-RAs and SGLT2is as potential first-line agents, aligning with ADA recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady Wisniewski
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY
| | - Eric Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY
| | - Jasmeen Kaur
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY
| | - Ciara Sherling
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY
| | - Shravani Vanapalli
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY
| | - Mia Lussier
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY
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Niloy KK, Lowe TL. Injectable systems for long-lasting insulin therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115121. [PMID: 37898336 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Insulin therapy is the mainstay to treat diabetes characterizedd by hyperglycemia. However, its short half-life of only 4-6 min limits its effectiveness in treating chronic diabetes. Advances in recombinant DNA technology and protein engineering have led to several insulin analogue products that have up to 42 h of glycemic control. However, these insulin analogues still require once- or twice-daily injections for optimal glycemic control and have poor patient compliance and adherence issues. To achieve insulin release for more than one day, different injectable delivery systems including microspheres, in situ forming depots, nanoparticles and composite systems have been developed. Several of these delivery systems have advanced to clinical trials for once-weekly insulin injection. This review comprehensively summarizes the developments of injectable insulin analogs and delivery systems covering the whole field of injectable long-lasting insulin technologies from prototype design, preclinical studies, clinical trials to marketed products for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Kulldeep Niloy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Tao L Lowe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Liang W, Lo SHS, Chow KM, Zhong J, Ni X. Perception of self-management and glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin injection therapy: A qualitative study. Prim Care Diabetes 2023; 17:587-594. [PMID: 37658019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to explore the experience of self-management and glycaemic control in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin injection therapy. METHODS A qualitative descriptive design was adopted with individual, semi-structured interviews. Participants were selected by purposive sampling. All face-to-face interviews were conducted between December 2020 and January 2021. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was used to analyse the interview data. RESULTS A total of 27 participants were recruited and individually interviewed. Three themes were generated: integrating insulin injection therapy into daily self-management; experiencing uncertainty when coping with suboptimal glycaemic control; and self-management programmes for optimal diabetes control. CONCLUSION All of our findings increase the understanding of self-management and glycaemic control in people with T2D receiving insulin injection therapy. Healthcare professionals should recognise the unmet needs of this cohort to promote their diabetes management. Appropriate and effective self-management programmes should be developed and implemented to alleviate the negative impacts of insulin injection therapy on diabetes management with consideration of cultural and personal context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suzanne Hoi Shan Lo
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ka Ming Chow
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Jie Zhong
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoying Ni
- Xidu Street Community Health Service Centre, Fengxian District, Shanghai, China
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Azizogli AR, Vitti MR, Mishra R, Osorno L, Heffernan C, Kumar VA. Comparison of SGLT1, SGLT2, and Dual Inhibitor biological activity in treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2023; 6:2300143. [PMID: 38223846 PMCID: PMC10783160 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202300143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (T2D) is an emerging health burden in the USand worldwide, impacting approximately 15% of Americans. Current front-line therapeutics for T2D patients include sulfonylureas that act to reduce A1C and/or fasting blood glucose levels, or Metformin that antagonizes the action of glucagon to reduce hepatic glucose production. Next generation glucomodulatory therapeutics target members of the high-affinity glucose transporter Sodium-Glucose-Linked-Transporter (SGLT) family. SGLT1 is primarily expressed in intestinal epithelium, whose inhibition reduces dietary glucose uptake, whilst SGLT2 is highly expressed in kidney - regulating glucose reabsorption. A number of SGLT2 inhibitors are FDA approved whilst SGLT1 and dual SGLT1 & 2 inhibitor are currently in clinical trials. Here, we discuss and compare SGLT2, SGLT1, and dual inhibitors' biochemical mechanism and physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rahman Azizogli
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
| | - Michael R Vitti
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903
| | - Richa Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
| | - Laura Osorno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
| | - Corey Heffernan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
| | - Vivek A Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102
- Department of Endodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103
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Lauffenburger JC, Tesfaye H, Solomon DH, Antman EM, Glynn RJ, Lee SB, Tong A, Choudhry NK. Investigating the ability to adhere to cardiometabolic medications with different properties: a retrospective cohort study of >500 000 patients in the USA. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e075840. [PMID: 37949625 PMCID: PMC10649612 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Poor medication adherence remains highly prevalent and adversely affects health outcomes. Patients frequently describe properties of the pills themselves, like size and shape, as barriers, but this has not been evaluated objectively. We sought to determine the extent to which oral medication properties thought to be influential translate into lower objectively-measured adherence. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING US nationwide commercial claims database, 2016-2019. PARTICIPANTS Among patients initiating first-line hypertension, diabetes or hyperlipidaemia treatment based on clinical guidelines, we measured pill size, shape, colour and flavouring, number of pills/day and fixed-dose combination status as properties. OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes included discontinuation after the first fill (ie, never filling again over a minimum of 1-year follow-up) and long-term non-adherence (1-year proportion of days covered <0.80). We estimated associations between each property and outcomes, by therapeutic class (eg, statins), with multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Across 604 323 patients, 14.6% discontinued after filling once (ie, were non-persistent), and 54.0% were non-adherent over 1-year follow-up. Large pill size was associated with non-adherence, except for thiazides (eg, metformin adjusted OR (aOR): 1.12, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.18). Greater pill burden was associated with a higher risk of non-adherence across all classes (eg, metformin aOR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.53 to 1.64 for two pills/day). Taking less than one pill/day was also associated with higher risk of non-adherence and non-persistence (eg, non-persistence statin aOR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.20 to 1.38). Pill shape, colour, flavouring and combination status were associated with mixed effects across classes. CONCLUSIONS Pill burden and pill size are key properties affecting adherence for almost all classes; others, like size and combination, could modestly affect medication adherence. Clinical interventions could screen patients for potential intolerance to medication and potentially implement more convenient dosing schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Lauffenburger
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Healthcare Delivery Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen Tesfaye
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel H Solomon
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elliott M Antman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert J Glynn
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Su Been Lee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angela Tong
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Niteesh K Choudhry
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Healthcare Delivery Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bassand JP, Virdone S, Camm AJ, Fox KAA, Goldhaber SZ, Goto S, Haas S, Hacke W, Kayani G, Keltai M, Misselwitz F, Pieper KS, Turpie AGG, Verheugt FWA, Kakkar AK. Oral anticoagulation across diabetic subtypes in patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation: A report from the GARFIELD-AF registry. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:3040-3053. [PMID: 37435777 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to describe both management and prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF), overall as well as by antidiabetic treatment, and to assess the influence of oral anticoagulation (OAC) on outcomes by DM status. METHODS The study population comprised 52 010 newly diagnosed patients with AF, 11 542 DM and 40 468 non-DM, enrolled in the GARFIELD-AF registry. Follow-up was truncated at 2 years after enrolment. Comparative effectiveness of OAC versus no OAC was assessed by DM status using a propensity score overlap weighting scheme and weights were applied to Cox models. RESULTS Patients with DM [39.3% oral antidiabetic drug (OAD), 13.4% insulin ± OAD, 47.2% on no antidiabetic drug] had higher risk profile, OAC use, and rates of clinical outcomes compared with patients without DM. OAC use was associated in patients without DM and patients with DM with lower risk of all-cause mortality [hazard ratio 0.75 (0.69-0.83), 0.74 (0.64-0.86), respectively] and stroke/systemic embolism (SE) [0.69 (0.58-0.83), 0.70 (0.53-0.93), respectively]. The risk of major bleeding with OAC was similarly increased in patients without DM and those with DM [1.40 (1.14-1.71), 1.37 (0.99-1.89), respectively]. Patients with insulin-requiring DM had a higher risk of all-cause mortality and stroke/SE [1.91 (1.63-2.24)], [1.57 (1.06-2.35), respectively] compared with patients without DM, and experienced significant risk reductions of all-cause mortality and stroke/SE with OAC [0.73 (0.53-0.99); 0.50 (0.26-0.97), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS In both patients with DM and patients without DM with AF, OAC was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and stroke/SE. Patients with insulin-requiring DM derived significant benefit from OAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bassand
- University of Besançon Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK
| | | | - A John Camm
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group Molecular & Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Keith A A Fox
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Samuel Z Goldhaber
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shinya Goto
- Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sylvia Haas
- Formerly Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Matyas Keltai
- Hungarian Cardiovascular Institute, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Kunutsor SK, Khunti K, Seidu S. Racial, ethnic and regional differences in the effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. J R Soc Med 2023:1410768231198442. [PMID: 37734450 DOI: 10.1177/01410768231198442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cardiorenal protective effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-Is) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) across racial and ethnic groups are not well defined. By conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of all randomised, placebo-controlled, cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes trials (CVOTs), we aimed to compare racial/ethnic as well as regional patterns in the effects of SGLT2-Is and GLP1-RAs on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). DESIGN Trials were identified from MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and search of bibliographies to 7 July 2023. Setting North America, South/Central America, Europe (Eastern and Western), Asia, Australia-New Zealand (Pacific), Asia/Pacific, and Africa. SETTING North America, South/Central America, Europe (Eastern and Western), Asia, Australia-New Zealand (Pacific), Asia/Pacific, and Africa. PARTICIPANTS people with type 2 diabetes enrolled in cardiovascular outcome trials of SGLT2-Is and GLP1-RAs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes were (i) major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), (ii) composite CVD death/heart failure (HF) hospitalization; (iii) composite renal outcome; and (iv) their components. Study-specific hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled. RESULTS In total, 14 unique CVOTs (7 comparing SGLT2-Is vs placebo and 7 comparing GLP1-RAs vs placebo) were eligible. The proportion of participants enrolled in the trials ranged from 66.6-93.2% for White populations, 1.2-21.6% for Asian populations, 2.4-8.3% for Black populations and 0.9-23.1% for Other populations. The HR (95% CI) for MACE comparing SGLT2-Is vs placebo was 0.92 (0.86-0.98), 0.69 (0.53-0.92) and 0.70 (0.54-0.91) for White, Asian and Hispanic/Latino populations, respectively. Comparing GLP1-RAs vs placebo, the corresponding HR (95% CI) was 0.88 (0.80-0.97), 0.76 (0.63-0.93) and 0.82 (0.70-0.95), respectively. SGLT2-Is reduced the risk of all other cardiorenal outcomes in White and Asian populations, except for HF hospitalizations in Asians. No effects were observed in Black populations except for a reduced risk of HF hospitalizations by SGLT2-I. SGLT1-Is reduced the risk of composite CVD death/HF hospitalization in North America and Europe, whereas GLP1-RAs reduced the risk of MACE in Europe. GRADE certainty of evidence ranged from moderate to high. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be substantial racial/ethnic differences in the cardiorenal effects of SGLT2-Is and GLP1-RAs in patients with T2D, with consistent benefits observed among White and Asian populations and consistent lack of benefits in Black populations. Whether the differences are due to issues with under-representation of Black populations and low statistical power or racial/ethnic variations in the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of SGLT2-Is and GLP1-RAs need further investigation.PROSPERO Registration: CRD42023401734.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setor K Kunutsor
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4WP, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4WP, UK
| | - Samuel Seidu
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4WP, UK
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12
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Ding Q, Spatz ES, Bena JF, Morrison SL, Levay M, Lin H, Grey M, Edwards NE, Isaacs D, West L, Combs P, Albert NM. Association of SGLT-2 Inhibitors With Treatment Satisfaction and Diabetes-Specific and General Health Status in Adults With Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029058. [PMID: 37655510 PMCID: PMC10547320 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.029058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Background It is unknown if initiation of a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i) is associated with changes in patient-reported health status outside of clinical trials. Methods and Results Using a prospective observational study design, adults with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease were recruited from 14 US hospitals between November 2019 and December 2021 if they were new users of noninsulin antidiabetic medications. The primary outcome was change in 6-month diabetes treatment satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included diabetes-related symptom distress, diabetes-specific quality of life, and general health status for all patients and based on cardiovascular disease type. Inverse probability of treatment weight using propensity score was performed to compare outcome changes based on medication use. Of 887 patients (SGLT-2i: n=242) included in the inverse probability of treatment weight analyses, there was no difference in changes in treatment satisfaction in SGLT-2i users compared with other diabetes medication users (0.99 [95% CI, -0.14 to 2.13] versus 1.54 [1.08 to 2.00], P=0.38). Initiating an SGLT-2i versus other diabetes medications was associated with a greater reduction in ophthalmological symptoms (-3.09 [95% CI, -4.99 to -1.18] versus -0.38 [-1.54 to 0.77], P=0.018) but less improvement in hyperglycemia (1.08 [-2.63 to 4.79] versus -3.60 [-5.34 to -1.86], P=0.026). In subgroup analyses by cardiovascular disease type, SGLT-2i use was associated with a greater reduction in total diabetes symptom burden and neurological sensory symptoms in patients with heart failure. Conclusions Among patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, initiating an SGLT-2i was not associated with changes in diabetes treatment satisfaction, total diabetes symptoms, diabetes-specific quality of life, or general health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglan Ding
- College of Health and Human SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Erica S. Spatz
- Center for Outcomes Research and EvaluationYale‐New Haven HospitalNew HavenCTUSA
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - James F. Bena
- Quantitative Health SciencesCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | | | - Michelle Levay
- Nursing Research & InnovationCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - Haiqun Lin
- Rutgers University School of NursingNewarkNJUSA
| | | | - Nancy E. Edwards
- College of Health and Human SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Diana Isaacs
- Cleveland Clinic Endocrine Metabolic InstituteClevelandOHUSA
- Cleveland Clinic PharmacyClevelandOHUSA
| | | | - Pamela Combs
- Cleveland Clinic Endocrine Metabolic InstituteClevelandOHUSA
| | - Nancy M. Albert
- Nursing Research & InnovationCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
- Nursing Institute and Heart, Vascular, & Thoracic Institute, Cleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
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13
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Hong JH, Moon JS, Seong K, Lim S. Comparison of therapeutic efficacy and safety of sitagliptin, dapagliflozin, or lobeglitazone adjunct therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on sulfonylurea and metformin: Third agent study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 203:110872. [PMID: 37574137 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Compare the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin, dapagliflozin, and lobeglitazone in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes, despite metformin and sulfonylurea therapy. METHODS The study randomized patients into three groups, receiving sitagliptin 100 mg, dapagliflozin 10 mg, or lobeglitazone 0.5 mg daily (n = 26 each) and monitored changes in biochemical parameters and body composition for 24 months. The primary efficacy endpoint was changes in HbA1c at 24 months. RESULTS The mean change in HbA1c in the sitagliptin, dapagliflozin, and lobeglitazone groups was -0.81 ± 0.21%, -1.05 ± 0.70%, and -1.08 ± 0.98%, after 24 months. Dapagliflozin treatment significantly lowered systolic blood pressure by 5.5 mmHg and alanine aminotransferase levels. Dapagliflozin and lobeglitazone treatment significantly reduced proteinuria and insulin resistance. Dapagliflozin decreased whole body fat percentage by 1.2%, whereas sitagliptin and lobeglitazone increased it by 1.1% and 1.8%, respectively. Whole body muscle percentage increased in the dapagliflozin group and decreased in the lobeglitazone group. The safety profiles of the three treatments were comparable. CONCLUSIONS All three drugs displayed good glucose-lowering efficacy and comparable safety profiles. However, dapagliflozin therapy produced favorable changes in body composition. Dapagliflozin may be a suitable adjunct therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes seeking to improve their body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hwa Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Sung Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kayeon Seong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Lin HL, Mohamed Shukri FN, Yih ES, Sha GH, Jing GS, Jin GW, Hoong CW, Ying CQ, Panda BP, Candasamy M, Bhattamisra SK. Newer therapeutic approaches towards the management of diabetes mellitus: an update. Panminerva Med 2023; 65:362-375. [PMID: 31663302 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.19.03655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by an elevation of blood glucose levels, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The prevalence of the disease has been rapidly rising all over the globe at an alarming rate. Despite advances in the management of diabetes mellitus, it remains a growing epidemic that has become a significant public health burden due to its high healthcare costs and its complications. There is no cure has yet been found for the disease, however, treatment modalities include insulin and antidiabetic agents along with lifestyle modifications are still the mainstay of therapy for diabetes mellitus. The treatment spectrum for the management of diabetes mellitus has rapidly developed in recent years, with new class of therapeutics and expanded indications. This article focused on the emerging therapeutic approaches other than the conventional pharmacological therapies, which include stem cell therapy, gene therapy, siRNA, nanotechnology and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng L Lin
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Eric S Yih
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Grace H Sha
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Grace S Jing
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gan W Jin
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chow W Hoong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choong Q Ying
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bibhu P Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subrat K Bhattamisra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -
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15
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Wang K, Zhang Z, Hang J, Liu J, Guo F, Ding Y, Li M, Nie Q, Lin J, Zhuo Y, Sun L, Luo X, Zhong Q, Ye C, Yun C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Bao R, Pang Y, Wang G, Gonzalez FJ, Lei X, Qiao J, Jiang C. Microbial-host-isozyme analyses reveal microbial DPP4 as a potential antidiabetic target. Science 2023; 381:eadd5787. [PMID: 37535747 DOI: 10.1126/science.add5787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of how microbial proteins affect the host could yield deeper insights into gut microbiota-host cross-talk. We developed an enzyme activity-screening platform to investigate how gut microbiota-derived enzymes might influence host physiology. We discovered that dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is expressed by specific bacterial taxa of the microbiota. Microbial DPP4 was able to decrease the active glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and disrupt glucose metabolism in mice with a leaky gut. Furthermore, the current drugs targeting human DPP4, including sitagliptin, had little effect on microbial DPP4. Using high-throughput screening, we identified daurisoline-d4 (Dau-d4) as a selective microbial DPP4 inhibitor that improves glucose tolerance in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixing Nie
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Zhuo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xi Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qihang Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuyu Yun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Bao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases in State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanli Pang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Beijing, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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16
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Seneviratne O, Das AK, Chari S, Agu NN, Rashid SM, McCusker J, Franklin JS, Qi M, Bennett KP, Chen CH, Hendler JA, McGuinness DL. Semantically enabling clinical decision support recommendations. J Biomed Semantics 2023; 14:8. [PMID: 37464259 DOI: 10.1186/s13326-023-00285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical decision support systems have been widely deployed to guide healthcare decisions on patient diagnosis, treatment choices, and patient management through evidence-based recommendations. These recommendations are typically derived from clinical practice guidelines created by clinical specialties or healthcare organizations. Although there have been many different technical approaches to encoding guideline recommendations into decision support systems, much of the previous work has not focused on enabling system generated recommendations through the formalization of changes in a guideline, the provenance of a recommendation, and applicability of the evidence. Prior work indicates that healthcare providers may not find that guideline-derived recommendations always meet their needs for reasons such as lack of relevance, transparency, time pressure, and applicability to their clinical practice. RESULTS We introduce several semantic techniques that model diseases based on clinical practice guidelines, provenance of the guidelines, and the study cohorts they are based on to enhance the capabilities of clinical decision support systems. We have explored ways to enable clinical decision support systems with semantic technologies that can represent and link to details in related items from the scientific literature and quickly adapt to changing information from the guidelines, identifying gaps, and supporting personalized explanations. Previous semantics-driven clinical decision systems have limited support in all these aspects, and we present the ontologies and semantic web based software tools in three distinct areas that are unified using a standard set of ontologies and a custom-built knowledge graph framework: (i) guideline modeling to characterize diseases, (ii) guideline provenance to attach evidence to treatment decisions from authoritative sources, and (iii) study cohort modeling to identify relevant research publications for complicated patients. CONCLUSIONS We have enhanced existing, evidence-based knowledge by developing ontologies and software that enables clinicians to conveniently access updates to and provenance of guidelines, as well as gather additional information from research studies applicable to their patients' unique circumstances. Our software solutions leverage many well-used existing biomedical ontologies and build upon decades of knowledge representation and reasoning work, leading to explainable results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shruthi Chari
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St, 12180, Troy, NY, USA
| | | | - Sabbir M Rashid
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St, 12180, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jamie McCusker
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St, 12180, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jade S Franklin
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St, 12180, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Miao Qi
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St, 12180, Troy, NY, USA
| | | | | | - James A Hendler
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St, 12180, Troy, NY, USA
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17
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Shah M, Jan MS, Sadiq A, Khan S, Rashid U. SAR and lead optimization of (Z)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-3-(2-morpholinoacetyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione as a potential multi-target antidiabetic agent. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115591. [PMID: 37393789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
In case of metabolic disorder like Diabetes mellitus (DM), a number of key enzymes are abnormally expressed and hence they might be excellent targets for antidiabetic drug design. Multi-target design strategy has recently attracted great attention to treat challenging diseases. We have previously reported a vanillin-thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrid 3 as multitarget inhibitor of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, PTP-1B and DPP-4. The reported compound predominantly exhibited good in-vitro DPP-4 inhibition only. Current research describes the goal to optimize an early lead compound. The efforts were focused on enhancing the capability of manipulating multiple pathways at the same time for the treatment of diabetes. The central 5-benzylidinethiazolidine-2,4-dione for Lead compound (Z)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-3-(2-morpholinoacetyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (Z-HMMTD) was left unchanged. While East and West moieties were altered by the introduction of different building blocks conceived by using a number of rounds of predictive docking studies performed on X-ray crystal structures of four target enzymes. This systematic SAR led to the syntheses of new potent multi-target antidiabetic compounds 47-49 and 55-57 with many fold increase in the in-vitro potency compared to Z-HMMTD. The potent compounds showed good in-vitro and in-vivo safety profile. Compound 56 emerged excellent as glucose-uptake promotor via hemi diaphragm of the rat. Moreover, the compounds demonstrated antidiabetic activity in STZ-induced diabetic animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shah
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, Bacha Khan University, 24420, Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, 18000, Chakdara, KP, Pakistan
| | - Sara Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Umer Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
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18
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Fu EL, Patorno E, Everett BM, Vaduganathan M, Solomon SD, Levin R, Schneeweiss S, Desai RJ. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors vs. sitagliptin in heart failure and type 2 diabetes: an observational cohort study. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:2216-2230. [PMID: 37259575 PMCID: PMC10290872 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in patients with heart failure (HF) in routine clinical practice is not extensively studied. This study aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of SGLT2i vs. sitagliptin in older adults with HF and type 2 diabetes and to investigate whether there were any differences between agents within the SGLT2i class or for reduced and preserved ejection fraction. METHODS AND RESULTS Using Medicare claims data (April 2013 to December 2019), 16 253 SGLT2i initiators vs. 43 352 initiators of sitagliptin aged ≥65 years with type 2 diabetes and HF were included. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality, hospitalization for HF or urgent visit requiring intravenous diuretics; secondary outcomes included its individual components. Propensity score fine stratification weighted Cox regression was used to adjust for 100 pre-exposure characteristics. Mean age was 74 years; 49.8% were women. Initiation of SGLT2i vs. sitagliptin was associated with a lower risk of the primary composite outcome [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.72; 95% confidence interval 0.67-0.77]. The adjusted HRs were 0.70 (0.63-0.78) for all-cause mortality, 0.64 (0.58-0.70) for hospitalization for HF, and 0.77 (0.69-0.86) for urgent visit requiring intravenous diuretics. Similar associations with the primary composite outcome were observed for all three agents within the SGLT2i class, for reduced and preserved ejection fraction, and subgroups based on demographics, comorbidities, and other HF treatments. Bias-calibrated HRs for the primary endpoint using negative and positive control outcomes ranged between 0.81 and 0.89, suggesting that the observed benefit could not be fully explained by residual confounding. CONCLUSION In routine US clinical practice, SGLT2i demonstrated robust clinical effectiveness in older adults with HF and type 2 diabetes compared with sitagliptin, with no evidence of heterogeneity across the SGLT2i class or across ejection fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard L Fu
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St., BC-3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Elisabetta Patorno
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St., BC-3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Brendan M Everett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Muthiah Vaduganathan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Raisa Levin
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St., BC-3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Sebastian Schneeweiss
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St., BC-3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
| | - Rishi J Desai
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 1620 Tremont St., BC-3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA
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19
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Li H, Zhang L, Wang X, Wang W, Zhang J, Pan Q, Guo L. Direct medical cost and medications for patient of diabetes retinopathy in Beijing, China, 2016 to 2018. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023:110796. [PMID: 37355099 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Medications and costs of drug for diabetic retinopathy in outpatient in China have not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic drugs and medical costs of diabetic retinopathy patients in the Beijing medical insurance system, analyze the characteristics of outpatient treatment, and investigate the changes in the quantity and cost of hypoglycemic drugs from 2016 to 2018 METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study, including diabetic patients with outpatient records in Beijing medical insurance from 2016 to 2018. Data on oral hypoglycemic drugs , insulin and non-hypoglycemic drugs, complications, treatment strategies, and annual medical costs were recorded Results: A total of 2,853,036 diabetic patients in Beijing medical insurance were enrolled in this study. 4.19%-4.67% of patients were diagnosed with retinopathy. Patients with retinopathy have more diabetic complications (1.65±0.71 vs 0.18±0.44. pp<.0001),and use more drugs (5.11±2.60 vs 3.85±2.34, pp <.0001), the annual total drug cost is also higher (¥ 13836±11244 vs ¥ 10030±9375, pp <.0001). The numbers of medication in retinopathy patients increased(5.11±2.60 vs 4.95±2.57, pp <.0001), and the annual total drug cost (¥13836±11244 vs ¥15642±13344, pp <.0001)decreased in 2018 compared with 2016. CONCLUSIONS Patients with retinopathy were associated with more complications. Compared with patients without retinopathy, the number of medications and total medical costs were significantly increased. From 2016 to 2018, there was an increase in the number of medication treatments for patients with retinopathy, but a decrease in cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Lixin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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20
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Ouchi D, Giner-Soriano M, Vilaplana-Carnerero C, Monfa R, Torres F, Morros R. Longitudinal treatment patterns in patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Catalonia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 202:110777. [PMID: 37321303 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate initial and subsequent treatments prescribed to newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS Data from SIDIAP (Information System for Research in Primary Care) including all recorded incident T2DM patients in primary care between 2015 and 2020. We used descriptive statistics and different graphical techniques to describe the most frequent longitudinal patterns. RESULTS A total of 86,854 patients were included. 78.3% of the patients began treatment with a single metformin medication and 21.7% began with a combination therapy (CT). Metformin was the most frequent treatment as first and third-line therapy, while the CT of metformin with DPP4i or sulfonylurea was more prevalent as second-line. Most common first to third-line pattern was initial metformin for 15 months, adding a second antidiabetic in the second line, staying in CT for 6 months, and switching back to single metformin. Treatment patterns varied depending on HbA1c levels, with higher levels (>8%) being associated with changes to CT and lower levels with switches to monotherapy or temporary discontinuation. CONCLUSION The study described in detail the different treatment patterns in incident T2DM patients in Catalonia, its adherence to the guidelines, and how the changes are associated to the HbA1c dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ouchi
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.
| | - Maria Giner-Soriano
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Carles Vilaplana-Carnerero
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; Plataforma SCReN, UICEC IDIAPJGol, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Monfa
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; Plataforma SCReN, UICEC IDIAPJGol, Spain
| | - Ferran Torres
- Unitat de Bioestadística Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Rosa Morros
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; Plataforma SCReN, UICEC IDIAPJGol, Spain; Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Charytan DM, Mahaffey KW, Jardine MJ, Cannon CP, Neal B, Lambers Heerspink HJ, Agarwal R, Bakris GL, de Zeeuw D, Levin A, Pollock C, Zhang H, Zinman B, Rosenthal N, Perkovic V, Di Tanna GL, Yu J, Rogers K, Arnott C, Wheeler DC. Cardiorenal protective effects of canagliflozin in CREDENCE according to glucose lowering. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2023; 11:e003270. [PMID: 37311602 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Relationships between glycemic-lowering effects of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and impact on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed 4395 individuals with prebaseline and postbaseline hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) randomized to canagliflozin (n=2193) or placebo (n=2202) in The Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation trial. Effects on HbA1c were assessed using mixed models. Mediation of treatment effects by achieved glycemic control was analyzed using proportional hazards regression with and without adjustment for achieved HbA1c. End points included combined kidney or cardiovascular death, end-stage kidney disease or doubling of serum creatinine (primary trial outcome), and individual end point components. RESULTS HbA1c lowering was modified by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). For baseline eGFR 60-90, 45-59, and 30-44 mL/min/1.73 m2, overall HbA1c (canagliflozin vs placebo) decreased by -0.24%, -0.14%, and -0.08% respectively and likelihood of >0.5% decrease in HbA1c decreased with ORs of 1.47 (95% CI 1.27 to 1.67), 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) and 0.99 (0.83 to 1.18), respectively. Adjustment for postbaseline HbA1c marginally attenuated canagliflozin effects on primary and kidney composite outcomes: unadjusted HR 0.67 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.80) and 0.66 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.81); adjusted for week 13 HbA1c, HR 0.71 (95% CI 0.060 to 0.84) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.83). Results adjusted for time-varying HbA1c or HbA1c as a cubic spline were similar and consistent with preserved clinical benefits across a range of excellent and poor glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS The glycemic effects of canagliflozin are attenuated at lower eGFR but effects on kidney and cardiac end points are preserved. Non-glycemic effects may be primarily responsible for the kidney and cardioprotective benefits of canagliflozin.22.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth W Mahaffey
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Meg J Jardine
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Bruce Neal
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Dick de Zeeuw
- Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adeera Levin
- Nephrology, St. Paul's Hospital, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol Pollock
- Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division of Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Vlado Perkovic
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jie Yu
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kris Rogers
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clare Arnott
- The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Pham TK, Nguyen THT, Yi JM, Kim GS, Yun HR, Kim HK, Won JC. Evogliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy by alleviating cardiac lipotoxicity in db/db mice. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:767-778. [PMID: 37009790 PMCID: PMC10167305 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are glucose-lowering drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated whether evogliptin® (EVO), a DPP-4 inhibitor, could protect against diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and the underlying mechanisms. Eight-week-old diabetic and obese db/db mice were administered EVO (100 mg/kg/day) daily by oral gavage for 12 weeks. db/db control mice and C57BLKS/J as wild-type (WT) mice received equal amounts of the vehicle. In addition to the hypoglycemic effect, we examined the improvement in cardiac contraction/relaxation ability, cardiac fibrosis, and myocardial hypertrophy by EVO treatment. To identify the mechanisms underlying the improvement in diabetic cardiomyopathy by EVO treatment, its effect on lipotoxicity and the mitochondrial damage caused by lipid droplet accumulation in the myocardium were analyzed. EVO lowered the blood glucose and HbA1c levels and improved insulin sensitivity but did not affect the body weight or blood lipid profile. Cardiac systolic/diastolic function, hypertrophy, and fibrosis were improved in the EVO-treated group. EVO prevented cardiac lipotoxicity by reducing the accumulation of lipid droplets in the myocardium through suppression of CD36, ACSL1, FABP3, PPARgamma, and DGAT1 and enhancement of the phosphorylation of FOXO1, indicating its inhibition. The EVO-mediated improvement in mitochondrial function and reduction in damage were achieved through activation of PGC1a/NRF1/TFAM, which activates mitochondrial biogenesis. RNA-seq results for the whole heart confirmed that EVO treatment mainly affected the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to lipid metabolism. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that EVO improves cardiac function by reducing lipotoxicity and mitochondrial injury and provides a potential therapeutic option for DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong Kha Pham
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - To Hoai T Nguyen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Joo Mi Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Gwang Sil Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Rok Yun
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Smart Marine Therapeutic Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, South Korea.
| | - Jong Chul Won
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Seoul, South Korea
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23
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Mahmood R, Maccourtney D, Vashi M, Mohamed A. A Case of Metformin-Associated Lactic Acidosis. Cureus 2023; 15:e38222. [PMID: 37252492 PMCID: PMC10224792 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a US FDA-approved oral anti-hyperglycemic medication used to treat non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Metformin, a biguanide drug, works by reducing glucose production in the liver, decreasing intestinal absorption, and improving insulin sensitivity, leading to lower blood glucose levels. Metformin is generally considered to be a medication with a good safety profile and high tolerability. However, metformin therapy is associated with an uncommon but potentially serious complication known as metformin-associated lactic acidosis (MALA), which is marked by severe lactic acid accumulation in the bloodstream. This case introduces an elderly female with multiple comorbidities who presented with confusion, malaise, and lethargy. Her laboratory findings revealed acute renal failure, severe metabolic acidosis, and significantly elevated lactic acid levels consistent with sepsis and possibly MALA. Aggressive resuscitation with fluids and sodium bicarbonate was initiated. Antimicrobial drugs were started for urinary tract infections. She subsequently required endotracheal intubation with invasive ventilation, pressor support, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Her condition gradually improved over several days. The patient ultimately recovered, and at the time of discharge, metformin was discontinued, and a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor was initiated. This case underscores the relevance of MALA as a potential complication of metformin therapy, particularly in patients with underlying kidney disease or other risk factors. Timely detection and prompt management of MALA can prevent progression to a critical stage and thus avoid potentially fatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Mahmood
- Internal Medicine, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | | | - Megha Vashi
- Internal medicine, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Ayman Mohamed
- Internal Medicine, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, USA
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24
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Smith L, Von Wagner C, Kaushal A, Rafiq M, Lyratzopoulos G, Renzi C. The Role of Type 2 Diabetes in Patient Symptom Attribution, Help-Seeking, and Attitudes to Investigations for Colorectal Cancer Symptoms: An Online Vignette Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1668. [PMID: 36980553 PMCID: PMC10045970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) and advanced-stage cancer diagnosis. To help diagnose cancer earlier, this study aimed at examining whether diabetes might influence patient symptom attribution, help-seeking, and willingness to undergo investigations for possible CRC symptoms. METHODS A total of 1307 adults (340 with and 967 without diabetes) completed an online vignette survey. Participants were presented with vignettes describing new-onset red-flag CRC symptoms (rectal bleeding or a change in bowel habits), with or without additional symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. Following the vignettes, participants were asked questions on symptom attribution, intended help-seeking, and attitudes to investigations. RESULTS Diabetes was associated with greater than two-fold higher odds of attributing changes in bowel habits to medications (OR = 2.48; 95% Cl 1.32-4.66) and of prioritising diabetes-related symptoms over the change in bowel habits during medical encounters. Cancer was rarely mentioned as a possible explanation for the change in bowel habits, especially among diabetic participants (10% among diabetics versus 16% in nondiabetics; OR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.36-0.85). Among patients with diabetes, those not attending annual check-ups were less likely to seek help for red-flag cancer symptoms (OR = 0.23; 95% Cl 0.10-0.50). CONCLUSIONS Awareness of possible cancer symptoms was low overall. Patients with diabetes could benefit from targeted awareness campaigns emphasising the importance of discussing new symptoms such as changes in bowel habits with their doctor. Specific attention is warranted for individuals not regularly attending healthcare despite their chronic morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Smith
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (L.S.)
| | - Christian Von Wagner
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (L.S.)
| | - Aradhna Kaushal
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (L.S.)
| | - Meena Rafiq
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (L.S.)
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
| | - Georgios Lyratzopoulos
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (L.S.)
| | - Cristina Renzi
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (L.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
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25
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Arnold SV, de Lemos JA, Zheng L, Rosenson RS, Ballantyne CM, Alam S, Bhatt DL, Cannon CP, Kosiborod M. Use of optimal medical therapy in patients with diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Insights from a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:1750-1757. [PMID: 36843558 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine improvement in the use of optimal medical therapy (OMT) for secondary prevention in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with ASCVD (coronary, cerebrovascular, peripheral) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol of 70 mg/dl or higher were enrolled from December 2016 to July 2018 from 107 US sites/physicians (47% cardiology, 41% primary care, 12% other) and prospectively followed for 2 years (current analysis restricted to subgroup with diabetes). OMT was defined as high-intensity lipid-lowering (high-intensity statin, any statin + ezetimibe, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor), antithrombotic (antiplatelet or anticoagulant), angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker/angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ACE-I/ARB/ARNI) (excluding glomerular filtration rate [GFR] < 30 ml/min/1.73m2 ) and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i)/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) (excluding GFR < 30 ml/min/1.73m2 and type 1 diabetes). RESULTS Among 1590 patients with ASCVD and diabetes (96% type 2 diabetes), 58% were on high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy at the end of follow-up, 87% antithrombotic, 71% ACE-I/ARB/ARNI and 17% SGLT2i/GLP-1 RA. Overall, 11% of patients received comprehensive OMT, which modestly improved over time (vs. 8% at baseline; P = .002). Patients treated by cardiologists (vs. non-cardiologists) were more likely to be on high-intensity lipid lowering, but less likely to be on an SGLT2i/GLP-1 RA, and thus had lower rates of composite OMT (7.8% vs. 13.7%, P < .001). In a hierarchical multivariable model, older age was associated with lower odds of OMT (OR 0.74 per 10 years, 95% CI 0.60-0.90), whereas private insurance (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.32-2.84) and coronary disease (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.01-2.61) were associated with higher odds. The median odds ratio was 1.82 (95% CI 1.03-7.32), indicating a moderate variability in OMT use, independent of patient factors. CONCLUSIONS We found suboptimal use of secondary prevention in US patients with ASCVD and diabetes, with minimal improvement over time. Further efforts are needed to improve the use of secondary prevention therapies in these patients with high residual risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne V Arnold
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - James A de Lemos
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Luke Zheng
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- The Cardiometabolic Disorders Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher P Cannon
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mikhail Kosiborod
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Gholami M, Klashami ZN, Ebrahimi P, Mahboobipour AA, Farid AS, Vahidi A, Zoughi M, Asadi M, Amoli MM. Metformin and long non-coding RNAs in breast cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:155. [PMID: 36849958 PMCID: PMC9969691 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer and cause of death in women. In recent years many studies investigated the association of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as novel genetic factors, on BC risk, survival, clinical and pathological features. Recent studies also investigated the roles of metformin treatment as the firstline treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) played in lncRNAs expression/regulation or BC incidence, outcome, mortality and survival, separately. This comprehensive study aimed to review lncRNAs associated with BC features and identify metformin-regulated lncRNAs and their mechanisms of action on BC or other types of cancers. Finally, metformin affects BC by regulating five BC-associated lncRNAs including GAS5, HOTAIR, MALAT1, and H19, by several molecular mechanisms have been described in this review. In addition, metformin action on other types of cancers by regulating ten lncRNAs including AC006160.1, Loc100506691, lncRNA-AF085935, SNHG7, HULC, UCA1, H19, MALAT1, AFAP1-AS1, AC026904.1 is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Gholami
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Nickhah Klashami
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pirooz Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata, Italy
| | | | - Amir Salehi Farid
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Vahidi
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Zoughi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Asadi
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa M Amoli
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Vasti EC, Basina M, Calma J, Maron DJ, Rodriguez F, Sandhu AT. Disparities in adoption of new diabetic therapies with cardiovascular benefits. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 196:110233. [PMID: 36581144 PMCID: PMC10234597 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.110233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP1a) have cardiovascular benefit, but adoption into clinical practice has been lagging. We aim to evaluate use of SGLT2i and GLP1a across socioeconomic strata (SES), medical risk as well as provider type. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of the prescription of SGLT2i or GLP1a within 12 months of clinic visit between January 1, 2018 and January 1, 2019 using de-identified claims data. The primary outcome was the composite of a medication fill of either an SGLT2i and/or GLP1a within 180 days of the index visit. RESULTS Of the total cohort, 125,636 (15.8 %) received either a GLP-1a or SGLT2i.The odds of prescription of either medication was 0.64 [p = 0.006)] in patients with heart failure. Patients who identified as Black, Hispanic or Asian had lower odds of the primary outcome [Black: (AOR 0.81, p < 0.000); Hispanic: (AOR 0.87, p < 0.000); Asian: (AOR 0.83, p < 0.000). The odds was higher for those treated by an endocrinologist versus primary care clinician [AOR 2.12, p < 0.000)]. CONCLUSIONS Prescriptionof SGLT2i or GLP1a was lower among patients with cardiovascular co-morbidities and those who identified as Black, Hispanic or Asian. Further efforts to minimize these disparities should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena C Vasti
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
| | - Marina Basina
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Calma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David J Maron
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Fatima Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alexander T Sandhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Palo Alto Veteran's Affairs Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Chen X, Jiang H, Li H, Kuang H, Chen L, Ma J, Zhang Q, Pan T, Yang W. Saxagliptin combined with additional oral antihyperglycaemic agents in drug-naive diabetic patients with high glycosylated haemoglobin: A 24-week, multicentre, randomized, open-label, active parallel-controlled group clinical trial in China (SUCCESS). Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:272-281. [PMID: 36099069 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor combined respectively with three oral antihyperglycaemic agents in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with high levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 30 December 2014 and 1 November 2017, a 24-week, multicentre, parallel-controlled study was performed on drug-naive T2DM patients. In total, 648 patients with 8.0% ≤ HbA1c ≤ 11.0%, aged 18-80 years and body mass index (BMI) 19-40 kg/m2 were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to receive saxagliptin (Saxa) combined with metformin (Met), acarbose (Aca) or gliclazide (Gli) modified release (MR) tablets (Saxa + Met, Saxa + Aca and Saxa + Gli). The primary outcome was the absolute change in HbA1c from baseline; secondary outcome was the percentage of patients achieving HbA1c <7.0% and ≤6.5%. RESULTS Each treatment arm contained 216 patients; overall, 583 completed the 24-week trial. At 24 weeks, the mean (95% confidence interval) change in HbA1c from baseline in Saxa + Met, Saxa + Aca and Saxa + Gli were, respectively: -2.9% [-3.1, -2.8]; -2.6% [-2.8, -2.5]; and -2.8% [-2.9, -2.6] (overall p = .04, Saxa + Aca vs. Saxa + Met, p = .010, Saxa + Gli vs. Saxa + Met, p = 0.18). At 24 weeks, 84.9%, 74.7% and 80.3% of participants were at HbA1c <7.0% (overall p = .05); and 72.6%, 59.8% and 63.3% were HbA1c ≤6.5% (overall p = 0.10). The rates of minor or symptomatic hypoglycaemia were very low. CONCLUSIONS Initial treatment with a DPP-4 inhibitor combined with Metform, alpha-glycosidase inhibitor or sulphonylurea was safe and effective for patients with newly diagnosed T2DM and high HbA1c. DPP-4 inhibitor combined with Met showed the best efficacy for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianrong Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Tamaki J, Ogawa S, Fujimori K, Ishii S, Nakatoh S, Okimoto N, Kamiya K, Iki M. Hip and vertebral fracture risk after initiating antidiabetic drugs in Japanese elderly: a nationwide study. J Bone Miner Metab 2023; 41:29-40. [PMID: 36517653 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-022-01372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to clarify the risks of initiating antidiabetic drugs for fractures using a nationwide health insurance claims database (NDBJ). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients aged ≥ 65 years initiating antidiabetic drugs at the outpatient department were enrolled after a 180-day period without prescribed antidiabetic drugs and followed with during 2012-2018 using NDBJ. The adjusted hazard risks (HRs) of each antidiabetic drug (thiazolidine, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 [DPP-4] inhibitor, sulfonylurea, glinide, and insulin) for fractures compared with biguanide were obtained adjusting for age, gender, polypharmacy, dementia, and the other antidiabetic drugs. RESULTS The DPP-4 inhibitor was the most often prescribed antidiabetic drug followed by biguanide with prescribed proportions of 71.7% and 12.9%. A total of 4,304 hip fractures and 9,388 vertebral fractures were identified among the 966,700 outpatient participants. Compared with biguanide, insulin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and DPP-4 inhibitor were related to increased hip fracture risks. Vertebral fracture risk was higher in outpatients prescribed with insulin, thiazolidine, and DPP-4 inhibitor compared with biguanide. Patients prescribed insulin for hip and vertebral fractures' adjusted HRs were 2.17 (95% CI 1.77-2.66) and 1.45 (95% CI 1.24-1.70), respectively. Those prescribed DPP-4 inhibitor for hip and vertebral fractures' adjusted HRs were 1.27 (95% CI 1.15-1.40) and 1.20 (95% CI 1.12-1.28), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Initiating insulin increased the risk of not only hip fractures but also vertebral fractures. Patients initiating antidiabetic drugs had increased risks of hip and vertebral fractures compared with those initiating biguanide independently for age, gender, polypharmacy, and dementia in the Japanese elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Tamaki
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, KindaiUniversity, 377-2 Oono-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Sumito Ogawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, GraduateSchoolofMedicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8511, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, KindaiUniversity, 377-2 Oono-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Fujimori
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, KindaiUniversity, 377-2 Oono-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Ishii
- Department of Regulatory Science, SchoolofPharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Horinouchi, Hachiouji, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, KindaiUniversity, 377-2 Oono-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakatoh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asahi General Hospital, 477 TomariShimo-Nikawa-gun, Asahimachi, 939-0798, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, KindaiUniversity, 377-2 Oono-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Okimoto
- Okimoto Clinic, 185-4 Kubi, Yutaka-machi, Kure, Hiroshima, 734-0304, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, KindaiUniversity, 377-2 Oono-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Kamiya
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-Machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iki
- Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Oono-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Database Japan-Osteoporosis Management (NDBJ-OS) Study Group, KindaiUniversity, 377-2 Oono-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
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Special Considerations for Management of Diabetes in Adult Patients with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Adv Med 2023; 2023:2955772. [PMID: 36755896 PMCID: PMC9902153 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2955772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic health condition that is very prevalent worldwide. It has been demonstrated that individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) are at a disproportionately high risk for developing diabetes. Persons with IDDs are estimated to be 2-3 times more likely to develop DM compared to the general population. The elevated risk of developing diabetes within the population of adults with IDDs is multifactorial and includes contributions from genetics, lifestyle, medication use and misuse, boundaries to appropriate medical care, a higher incidence of comorbid mental health disorders, and others. Further, inadequate screening for and management of diabetes for these patients results in heightened risk for adverse cardiovascular events and inferior health care outcomes. To improve patient outcomes for this unique patient population, health care providers need to be well trained in the optimal modalities of screening, diagnosis, and management of diabetes in adults with IDDs. This requires the development of effective diabetes intervention and health promotion programs aimed at patients with IDDs, utilizing a patient-centered approach to screening and management, and conducting further research to assess the impact of these interventions.
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Chadha M, Jain SM, Chawla R, Dharmalingam M, Chaudhury T, Talwalkar P, Tripathi S, Singh S, Gutch M, Dasgupta A. Evolution of Guideline Recommendations on Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Over the Last Two Decades: A Narrative Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2023; 19:e160123212777. [PMID: 36650625 PMCID: PMC10617785 DOI: 10.2174/1573399819666230116150205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been increasing worldwide. As the therapeutic options for type 2 diabetes mellitus have evolved over the last 2 decades, national and global guidelines related to type 2 diabetes mellitus pharmacotherapy issued by various organizations have tended to vary in their recommendations. This narrative review aimed to analyze the key recommendations by major global and national guidelines on the initiation of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus over the last 20 years. Strategies for insulin therapy for titration and intensification were also assessed. All guidelines recommend initiation of insulin (basal/ premixed/other formulations) when glycemic targets are not achieved despite lifestyle measures and oral antidiabetic drugs. In the recent decade, early initiation of insulin has been recommended when the glycated hemoglobin levels are >10% or blood glucose levels are ≥300 mg/dL (16.7 mmol/L). Initiation is recommended at a dose of 10 units or 0.1-0.2 U/kg. Titration is advised to achieve the optimal dosage, while intensification is recommended when glycemic targets are not achieved despite titrating to an acceptable level. Glucose monitoring at periodic intervals is recommended for adequate glycemic control. The guidelines further suggest that the choice of insulin should be individualized, considering the clinical status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The physicians as well as patients should be a part of the decisions made regarding the therapeutic choice of regimen, preparation, and delivery device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Chadha
- Department of Endocrinology, P.D. Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil M. Jain
- TOTALL Diabetes Hormone Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajeev Chawla
- Department of Endocrinology, North Delhi Diabetes Centre, Rohini, New Delhi, India
| | - Mala Dharmalingam
- Department of Endocrinology, MSR Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Sudhir Tripathi
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - S.K. Singh
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Gutch
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medanta Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arundhati Dasgupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Rudraksh Superspeciality Care, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
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Yang L, Rong GC, Wu QN. Diabetic foot ulcer: Challenges and future. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:1014-1034. [PMID: 36578870 PMCID: PMC9791573 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i12.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) have become one of the important causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes, and they are also a common cause of hospitalization, which places a heavy burden on patients and society. The prevention and treatment of DFUs requires multidisciplinary management. By controlling various risk factors, such as blood glucose levels, blood pressure, lipid levels and smoking cessation, local management of DFUs should be strengthened, such as debridement, dressing, revascularization, stem cell decompression and oxygen therapy. If necessary, systemic anti-infection treatment should be administered. We reviewed the progress in the clinical practice of treating DFUs in recent years, such as revascularization, wound repair, offloading, stem cell transplantation, and anti-infection treatment. We also summarized and prospectively analyzed some new technologies and measurements used in the treatment of DFUs and noted the future challenges and directions for the development of DFU treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Dazu Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, The People's Hospital of Dazu, Chongqing 402360, China
| | - Gui-Chuan Rong
- Department of Gynaecology, Dazu Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, The People's Hospital of Dazu, Chongqing 402360, China
| | - Qi-Nan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Dazu Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, The People's Hospital of Dazu, Chongqing 402360, China
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Medications Associated with Lower Mortality in a SARS-CoV-2 Positive Cohort of 26,508 Veterans. J Gen Intern Med 2022; 37:4144-4152. [PMID: 35768681 PMCID: PMC9243908 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-022-07701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive patients take commonly prescribed medications with properties which may affect mortality. OBJECTIVE Assess if common medications postulated to affect clinical outcomes are associated with mortality in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). DESIGN Observational national cohort analysis. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive 26,508 SARS-CoV-2 positive Veterans (7% of 399,290 tested from March 1 to September 10, 2020) constitute the study cohort. MAIN MEASURES The primary outcome was 30-day mortality from the first positive SARS-CoV-2 test date. In patients receiving medications or drug pairs within 2 weeks post-SARS-CoV-2 positive test, 30-day mortality was estimated as relative risk (RR) on the log-binomial scale or using multinomial models with and without adjusting for covariates. KEY RESULTS The 26,508 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were predominantly male (89%) and White (59%), and 82% were overweight/obese. Medications associated with decreased 30-day mortality risk included the following: metformin (aRR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.25-0.43), colchicine, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin II receptor blockers, statins, vitamin D, antihistamines, alpha-blockers, anti-androgens, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aRR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.61-0.78). The effect of co-prescribed medications on 30-day mortality risk revealed the lowest risk for combined statins and metformin (aRR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.15-0.31), followed by ACEi and statins (aRR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.18-0.35), ACEi and metformin (aRR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.17-0.40), antihistamines and NSAIDs (aRR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.32-0.52), and in men, combined alpha-blockers and anti-androgens (aRR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.42-0.64). CONCLUSIONS In this large national cohort, treatment of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients with individual or co-prescribed metformin and statins, ACEi and statins (or metformin) and other medications was associated with a markedly decreased 30-day mortality and can likely be continued safely. Clinical trials may assess their therapeutic benefit.
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Kularathne Y, Goh S, Pothiawala S. A rare case report of combined metformin-associated lactic acidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43162-022-00161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Triad of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) comprises of hyperglycemia with serum glucose > 11 mmol/L, high anion gap metabolic acidosis and ketonemia. Hyperlactemia is often noted in patients with DKA. Metformin use is one of the risk factors of hyperlactemia, resulting in high anion gap metabolic acidosis, known as metformin associated lactic acidosis (MALA). This report is of a 60-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus who presented with combined metformin-associated lactic acidosis MALA and DKA.
Case presentation
A 60-year-old diabetic female presented to the emergency department with complaints of abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. She was on metformin for the last 10 years, but despite compliance to medications, her HbA1c was 14.1. With an aim to improve her glycemic control, linagliptin 5 mg once a day was added 1 month ago. Initial investigations in ED including arterial blood gas analysis revealed metabolic acidosis, ketosis, hyperlactemia, and acute kidney injury. In view of metabolic acidosis and ketosis with elevated blood glucose level, she was diagnosed to have DKA. Compared to isolated DKA, patients with combined MALA and DKA have severe metabolic acidosis, a greater degree of hyperlactatemia but less extensive ketoacidosis. Hence, she was diagnosed to have combined MALA and DKA. She was admitted to intensive care unit and treated with intravenous fluids, insulin infusion, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Her metabolic acidosis, hyperlactemia, and kidney injury resolved and she was discharged well.
Conclusion
This report has shown the importance of rapid diagnosis and management of the rare and challenging diagnosis of combined MALA and DKA. The main goal of therapy is preventing hyperglycemia and ketosis, resolution of metabolic acidosis, and removal of accumulated metformin using intensive therapies like aggressive fluid resuscitation and early initiation of renal replacement therapy. Adjustment of dose of medications is needed to avoid this complication.
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Singh A, Aggarwal M, Garg R, Stevens T, Chahal P. Post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus: insight on optimal management with nutrition and lifestyle approaches. Ann Med 2022; 54:1776-1786. [PMID: 35786076 PMCID: PMC9254994 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis is the leading gastrointestinal cause of hospitalizations. There are multiple short- and long-term complications associated with pancreatitis. Post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus (PPDM) is one of the less explored complications of pancreatitis. Nonetheless, it has attracted considerable attention during the last decade. PPDM is now the second most common cause of new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM) in adults after type II DM surpassing type 1 DM. However, there exists a knowledge gap amongst practitioners regarding diagnosis, complications, and management of PPDM. In this narrative, we aim to provide a brief review regarding risks, diagnosis and management of PPDM with a special focus on dietary and lifestyle management strategies.KEY MESSAGESPost-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus (PPDM) is now the second most common cause of new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM) in adults after type II DM surpassing type 1 DM.New-onset diabetes in patients with pancreatitis could also be an early marker of occult pancreatic malignancy.Management of PPDM is complex and requires a team-based approach including gastroenterologists, endocrinologists, primary care physicians, nutritionists, and behavioural health specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Manik Aggarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rajat Garg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tyler Stevens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Prabhleen Chahal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Jaganjac M, Zarkovic N. Lipid Peroxidation Linking Diabetes and Cancer: The Importance of 4-Hydroxynonenal. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:1222-1233. [PMID: 36242098 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: It is commonly believed that diabetes mellitus may be associated with cancer. Hence, diabetic patients are at higher risk for hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer, but the mechanisms that may link these two severe diseases are not well understood. Recent Advances: A number of factors have been suggested to promote tumorigenesis in diabetic patients, including insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and elevated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which may also promote pro-oxidants, and thereby alter redox homeostasis. The consequent oxidative stress associated with lipid peroxidation appears to be a possible pathogenic link between cancer and diabetes. Critical Issues: Having summarized the above aspects of diabetes and cancer pathology, we propose that the major bioactive product of oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the reactive aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), which is also considered a second messenger of free radicals, may be the key pathogenic factor linking diabetes and cancer. Future Directions: Because the bioactivities of 4-HNE are cell-type and concentration-dependent, are often associated with inflammation, and are involved in signaling processes that regulate antioxidant activities, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, we believe that further research in this direction could reveal options for better control of diabetes and cancer. Controlling the production of 4-HNE to avoid its cytotoxicity to normal but not cancer cells while preventing its diabetogenic activities could be an important aspect of modern integrative biomedicine. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 1222-1233.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morana Jaganjac
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Neven Zarkovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abrahami D, Tesfaye H, Yin H, Vine S, Hicks B, Yu OH, Campeau L, Platt RW, Schneeweiss S, Patorno E, Azoulay L. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and the Short-term Risk of Bladder Cancer: An International Multisite Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:2907-2917. [PMID: 36170656 PMCID: PMC9998845 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, compared with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, are associated with an increased risk of early bladder cancer events. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a multisite, population-based, new-user, active comparator cohort study using the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink, Medicare fee-for-service, Optum's de-identifed Clinformatics Data Mart Database (CDM), and MarketScan Health databases from January 2013 through December 2020. We assembled two cohorts of adults with type 2 diabetes initiating 1) SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1RAs and 2) SGLT2 inhibitors or DPP-4 inhibitors. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of incident bladder cancer. The models were weighted using propensity score fine stratification. Site-specific HRs were pooled using random-effects models. RESULTS SGLT2 inhibitor (n = 453,560) and GLP-1RA (n = 375,997) users had a median follow-up ranging from 1.5 to 2.2 years. Overall, SGLT2 inhibitors were not associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer compared with GLP-1RAs (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81-1.00). Similarly, when compared with DPP-4 inhibitors (n = 853,186), SGLT2 inhibitors (n = 347,059) were not associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer (HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.91-1.09) over a median follow-up ranging from 1.6 to 2.6 years. Results were consistent across sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to previous randomized controlled trials, these findings indicate that the use of SGLT2 inhibitors is not associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer compared with GLP-1RAs or DPP-4 inhibitors. This should provide reassurance on the short-term effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on bladder cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Abrahami
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Helen Tesfaye
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hui Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Seanna Vine
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Blánaid Hicks
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, U.K
| | - Oriana H.Y. Yu
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lysanne Campeau
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Urology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert W. Platt
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sebastian Schneeweiss
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elisabetta Patorno
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Laurent Azoulay
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Lyu B, Sang Y, Selvin E, Chang AR, Alexander GC, Cohen CM, Coresh J, Shalev V, Chodick G, Karasik A, Carrero JJ, Fu EL, Xu Y, Grams ME, Shin JI. Pharmacologic Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in the U.S., Sweden, and Israel. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:2926-2934. [PMID: 36282149 PMCID: PMC9763031 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize and compare glucose-lowering medication use in type 2 diabetes in the U.S., Sweden, and Israel, including adoption of newer medications and prescribing patterns. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from the U.S., the Stockholm CREAtinine Measurements (SCREAM) project from Sweden, and Maccabi Healthcare Services (Maccabi) from Israel. Specific pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes between 2007 and 2018 was examined. RESULTS Use of glucose-lowering medications among patients with type 2 diabetes was substantially lower in NHANES and SCREAM than in Maccabi (66.0% in NHANES, 68.4% in SCREAM, and 88.1% in Maccabi in 2017-2018). Among patients who took at least one glucose-lowering medication in 2017-2018, metformin use was also lower in NHANES and SCREAM (74.1% in NHANES, 75.9% in SCREAM, and 92.6% in Maccabi) whereas sulfonylureas use was greater in NHANES (31.5% in NHANES, 16.0% in SCREAM, and 14.9% in Maccabi). Adoption of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) was slower in NHANES and SCREAM than in Maccabi. History of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, reduced kidney function, or albuminuria was not consistently associated with greater use of SGLT2i or glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA) across the three countries. CONCLUSIONS There were substantial differences in real-world use of glucose-lowering medications across the U.S., Sweden, and Israel, with more optimal pharmacologic management in Israel. Variation in access to care and medication cost across countries may have contributed to these differences. SGLT2i and GLP1RA use in patients at high risk was limited in all three countries during this time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beini Lyu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Sang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alex R. Chang
- Geisinger Kidney Health Research Institute, Danville, PA
| | - G. Caleb Alexander
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Cheli Melzer Cohen
- Maccabi Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Varda Shalev
- Maccabi Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gabriel Chodick
- Maccabi Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avraham Karasik
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Endocrinology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Juan-Jesus Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edouard L. Fu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Morgan E. Grams
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Division of Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jung-Im Shin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Yang Y, Hou XY, Ge W, Wang X, Xu Y, Chen W, Tian Y, Gao H, Chen Q. Machine-learning models utilizing CYP3A4*1G show improved prediction of hypoglycemic medication in Type 2 diabetes. Per Med 2022; 20:27-37. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2022-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness and side effects of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication are related to individual genetic background. SNPs CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 were introduced to machine-learning models to improve the performance of T2D medication prediction. Two multilabel classification models, ML-KNN and WRank-SVM, trained with clinical data and CYP3A4/ CYP2C19 SNPs were evaluated. Prediction performance was evaluated with Hamming loss, one-error, coverage, ranking loss and average precision. The average precision of ML-KNN and WRank-SVM using clinical data was 92.74% and 92.9%, respectively. Combined with CYP2C19*2*3, the average precision dropped to 88.84% and 89.93%, respectively. While combined with CYP3A4*1G, the average precision was enhanced to 97.96% and 97.82%, respectively. Results suggest that CYP3A4*1G can improve the performance of ML-KNN and WRank-SVM models in predicting T2D medication performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Translational Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xing-yun Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Weiqing Ge
- Department of Information, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xinye Wang
- School of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yitian Xu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yaping Tian
- Translational Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Huafang Gao
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing,100081, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Translational Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
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Shah AS, Zeitler PS, Wong J, Pena AS, Wicklow B, Arslanian S, Chang N, Fu J, Dabadghao P, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Urakami T, Craig ME. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:872-902. [PMID: 36161685 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2018 ISPAD guidelines on this topic, follow-up of large cohorts from around the globe have continued informing the current incidence and prevalence of co-morbidities and complications in young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D). This chapter focuses on the risk factors, diagnosis and presentation of youth-onset T2D, the initial and subsequent management of youth-onset T2D, and management of co-morbidities and complications. We include key updates from the observational phase of the multi-center Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) clinical trial, the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) study and new data from the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) study, a head-to-head comparison of youth onset vs adult-onset T2D. We also include an expanded section on risk factors associated with T2D, algorithms and tables for treatment, management, and assessment of co-morbidities and complications, and sections on recently approved pharmacologic therapies for the treatment of youth-onset T2D, social determinants of health, and settings of care given COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Shah
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Philip S Zeitler
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Colorado and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jencia Wong
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexia S Pena
- The University of Adelaide, Robinson Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brandy Wicklow
- Division of Endocrinology, Winnipeg Children's Hospital and University of Manitoba, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Silva Arslanian
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes Mellitus, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nancy Chang
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Junfen Fu
- Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Preeti Dabadghao
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Orit Pinhas-Hamiel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Tatsuhiko Urakami
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria E Craig
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics & Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of NSW Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Amputation Risk, and Fracture Risk. Heart Fail Clin 2022; 18:645-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Jardel HV, Engel LS, Lawrence KG, Stewart PA, Stenzel MR, Curry MD, Kwok RK, Sandler DP. The association between oil spill cleanup-related total hydrocarbon exposure and diabetes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113591. [PMID: 35661735 PMCID: PMC9267393 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although evidence suggests relationships between some crude oil components and glycemic dysregulation, no studies have examined oil spill-related chemical exposures in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) risk. This study examined the relationship between total hydrocarbon (THC) exposure among workers involved in the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill and risk of DM up to 6 years afterward. METHODS Participants comprised 2660 oil-spill cleanup or response workers in the prospective GuLF Study who completed a clinical exam and had no self-reported DM diagnosis prior to the spill. Maximum THC exposure was estimated with a job-exposure matrix based on interview data and personal measurements taken during cleanup operations. We defined incident DM by self-reported physician diagnosis of DM, antidiabetic medication use, or a measured hemoglobin A1c value ≥ 6.5%. We used log binomial regression to estimate risk ratios (RRs) for DM across ordinal categories of THC exposure. The fully adjusted model controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, employment status, and health insurance status. We also stratified on clinical body mass index categories. RESULTS We observed an exposure-response relationship between maximum daily ordinal THC exposure level and incident DM, especially among overweight participants. RRs among overweight participants were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.37, 2.69), 1.46 (95% CI: 0.54, 3.92), and 2.11 (95% CI: 0.78, 5.74) for exposure categories 0.30-0.99 ppm, 1.00-2.99 ppm, and ≥3.00 ppm, respectively (ptrend = 0.03). CONCLUSION We observed suggestively increasing DM risk with increasing THC exposure level among overweight participants, but not among normal weight or obese participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Jardel
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - L S Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K G Lawrence
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - P A Stewart
- Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC North Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - M R Stenzel
- Exposure Assessment Applications LLC Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - M D Curry
- Social and Scientific Systems, Inc., a DLH Holding Company Durham, NC, USA
| | - R K Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Office of the Director, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D P Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Zargar AH, Kalra S, K M PK, Murthy S, Negalur V, Rajput R, Rastogi A, Saboo B, Sharma SK, Sahay R, Aravind SR, Shaikh S, Tiwaskar M, Ingole S, Kamble S. Rising cost of insulin: A deterrent to compliance in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102528. [PMID: 35863268 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The rapid increase in burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), poses a huge medico-economic challenge, especially when the cost of care is funded by out-of-pocket expenses. The aim of this review is to highlight various issues associated with rising cost of insulin, prevalence of cost-related insulin underuse, insulin related cost-saving behaviors, and viable solutions for the benefit of patients with T2DM receiving insulin. METHODS Electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) from 2000 to 2020 were searched using the key terms uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, insulin therapy, glycemic control, direct cost, indirect cost, out-of-pocket expenses, cost-related insulin underuse, cost-saving behaviors, and biosimilar insulin in developed countries and India. RESULTS In majority of the patients with T2DM on monotherapy, addition of another oral antidiabetic agent is required. Despite these measures, the target glycemic goals are not achieved in majority of the patients resulting in various complications. These complications can be prevented and target glycemic goals can be achieved with early initiation of insulin therapy. However, rising cost is a major deterrent to the lifelong use of insulin. This results in non-compliance and further deterioration of glycemic control. Recently, biosimilar insulins have revolutionized the management of T2DM and look promising from the economic point of view. CONCLUSIONS Biosimilar insulins are likely to further enhance the compliance of patients and should be used whenever feasible in patients with DM. However, the patient, along with prescriber should be allowed to make shared, informed decisions regarding the insulin they wish to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hamid Zargar
- Centre for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, Gulshan Nagar, Chanpora, Srinagar, 190015, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Bharati Hospital, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Prasanna Kumar K M
- Centre for Diabetes & Endocrine Care & Diabetacare, Kalyan Nagar Post, Bangalore, 560043, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sreenivasa Murthy
- Lifecare Hospital and Research Centre, Sahakaranagara, Bangalore, 560092, Karnataka, India.
| | - Vijay Negalur
- Dr Negalur's Diabetes & Thyroid Specialty Centre, Gloria Chambers, Thane, 400603, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Rajesh Rajput
- Department of Endocrinology, PGIMS Rohtak, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Ashu Rastogi
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Banshi Saboo
- Dia Care (Diabetes Care & Hormone Clinic), Department of Diabetology, Near Nehru Nagar Circle, Ahmedabad, Gujrat, India.
| | | | - Rakesh Sahay
- Department of Endocrinology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, 500095, Telangana, India.
| | - S R Aravind
- Diacon Hospital, Rajajinagar, Bangalore, 560019, Karnataka, India.
| | - Shehla Shaikh
- K.G.N. Clinic, Patel Arcade, Nagpada Junction, Mumbai, 400008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Mangesh Tiwaskar
- Department of Medicine, Shilpa Medical Research Centre, Dahisar East, Mumbai, 400068, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Shahu Ingole
- Department of Medical Affairs, Wockhardt Towers Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra (East), Mumbai, 400051, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Sanjay Kamble
- Department of Medical Affairs, Wockhardt Towers Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra (East), Mumbai, 400051, Maharashtra, India.
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Pradhan R, Patorno E, Tesfaye H, Schneeweiss S, Yin H, Franklin J, Pawar A, Santella C, Yu OHY, Renoux C, Azoulay L. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Risk of Anaphylactic Reaction Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Multisite Population-Based Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:1352-1367. [PMID: 35136902 PMCID: PMC9989345 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Case reports and a pharmacovigilance analysis have linked glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) with anaphylactic reactions, but real-world evidence for this possible association is lacking. Using databases from the United Kingdom (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) and the United States (Medicare, Optum (Optum, Inc., Eden Prairie, Minnesota), and IBM MarketScan (IBM, Armonk, New York)), we employed a new-user, active comparator study design wherein initiators of GLP-1 RAs were compared with 2 different active comparator groups (initiators of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and initiators of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors) between 2007 and 2019. Propensity score fine stratification weighted Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for an anaphylactic reaction. Database-specific HRs were pooled using random-effects models. Compared with the use of DPP-4 inhibitors (n = 1,641,520), use of GLP-1 RAs (n = 324,098) generated a modest increase in the HR for anaphylactic reaction, with a wide 95% CI (36.9 per 100,000 person-years vs. 32.1 per 100,000 person-years, respectively; HR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.42). Compared with SGLT-2 inhibitors (n = 366,067), GLP-1 RAs (n = 259,929) were associated with a 38% increased risk of anaphylactic reaction (40.7 per 100,000 person-years vs. 29.4 per 100,000 person-years, respectively; HR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.87). In this large, multisite population-based cohort study, GLP-1 RAs were associated with a modestly increased risk of anaphylactic reaction when compared with DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurent Azoulay
- Correspondence to Dr. Laurent Azoulay, Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, 3755 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Suite H425.1, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada (e-mail: )
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Shubrook JH, Radin M, Ali SN, Chubb B, DiPietrantonio K, Collings H, Wyn R, Smith M. Preference for Type 2 Diabetes Therapies in the United States: A Discrete Choice Experiment. Adv Ther 2022; 39:4114-4130. [PMID: 35797004 PMCID: PMC9402769 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition associated with substantial clinical and economic burden. As multiple therapeutic options are available, patient preferences on treatment characteristics are key in T2DM therapeutic decision-making. This study aimed to determine the preferences of US patients with T2DM for therapies recommended for first pharmacologic intensification after metformin. Methods As part of a discrete choice experiment, an online survey was designed using literature review and qualitative interview findings. Eligibility was met by US patients with T2DM who were aged 18 years or older with an HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. Anonymized therapy profiles were created from six antidiabetic therapies including oral and injectable semaglutide, dulaglutide, empagliflozin, sitagliptin, and thiazolidinediones. Results Eligible patients (n = 500) had a mean HbA1c of 7.4%, and a mean BMI of 32.0 kg/m2, the majority of which (72.2%) were injectable-naïve. The treatment characteristic with greatest importance was mode and frequency of administration (35.5%), followed by body weight change (29.2%), cardiovascular event risk (19.1%), hypoglycemic event risk (9.9%), and HbA1c change (6.5%). An oral semaglutide-like profile was preferred by 91.9–70.1% of respondents depending on the comparator agent, and preference was significant in each comparison (p < 0.05); an injectable semaglutide-like profile was preferred by 89.3–55.7% of respondents in each comparison depending on the comparator agent. Conclusion Patients with T2DM in the USA are significantly more likely to prefer oral or injectable semaglutide-like profiles over those of key comparators from the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, and thiazolidinedione classes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12325-022-02181-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Shubrook
- Primary Care Department, Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | | | - Sarah N Ali
- Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Plainsboro, NJ, USA
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Delgado E, Jódar E, Mezquita-Raya P, Moreno-Pérez Ó. Benefits of SGLT2i for the Treatment of Heart Failure Irrespective of Diabetes Diagnosis: A State-of-the-Art Review. Diabetes Ther 2022; 13:19-34. [PMID: 35704165 PMCID: PMC9198410 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-022-01278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with heart failure (HF) has remained high despite advances in therapy. Furthermore, HF-associated risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is even higher than in patients without T2D owing to the strong reciprocal relationship between conditions. However, until recently, no therapy to treat patients with diabetes also reduced cardiovascular risks related to HF. Recent clinical studies (DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved, SOLOIST-WHF trial) and meta-analysis have demonstrated that sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are among the first antidiabetic drugs capable of reducing cardiovascular risks related to HF and improving the prognosis of patients with and without diabetes. Their pleiotropic mechanisms of action place them at the intersection of hemodynamic, metabolic, and neurohumoral pathways, with clear advantages for treating these patients independent of its glucose-lowering effect. Moreover, the benefits of SGLT2i were consistent across the cardiorenal continuum in different populations and clinical settings, which has led to different guidelines introducing SGLT2i as a first-line treatment for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elías Delgado
- Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Esteban Jódar
- Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition Department, University Hospital Quiron Salud Madrid, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Mezquita-Raya
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Torrecárdenas University Hospital, Almería, Spain
- Biomedical Research Unit, Torrecárdenas University Hospital, Almería, Spain
| | - Óscar Moreno-Pérez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain.
- Clinical Medicine Department, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain.
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Anti-Diabetic Effects of Cucurbitacins from Ibervillea lindheimeri on Induced Mouse Diabetes. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3379557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mexico has a great tradition of using medicinal plants against diabetes. For example, species from the genus Ibervillea traditionally known as “wereque” in Mexican popular medicine have a long ethnobotanical history as anti-diabetic agents. Previous studies by our group indicated that ethyl acetate extract from Ibervillea lindheimeri (I. lindheimeri) roots reduced glucose in mice with chemically induced diabetes. In this work, the primary metabolites of the ethyl acetate extract of I. lindheimeri; 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D (1); 2-O-β glucopyranosyl-23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D (2), and acetylated compounds (3) and (4) obtained from 1 and 2, respectively, were evaluated as anti-hyperglycemic agents in a murine model of chemically induced diabetes. Our results showed that cucurbitacins 1, 2, and 4 reduced glycemia in diabetic CD1 mice compared to the control diabetic group. In addition, the results suggest that compounds 1, 2, and 4 promote glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) translocation to the plasma membrane (PM) mainly in epididymal adipose tissue (EAT), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in soleus muscle (SM) or dual activation of AMPK, and protein kinase B (AKT) in EAT in an insulin-independent manner when compared to controls. All results together indicate that the isolated cucurbitacins are responsible for the anti-diabetic properties of I. lindheimeri acting predominantly on adipose tissue and call attention to this species as a new source of anti-diabetic compounds.
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Khera R, Schuemie MJ, Lu Y, Ostropolets A, Chen R, Hripcsak G, Ryan PB, Krumholz HM, Suchard MA. Large-scale evidence generation and evaluation across a network of databases for type 2 diabetes mellitus (LEGEND-T2DM): a protocol for a series of multinational, real-world comparative cardiovascular effectiveness and safety studies. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057977. [PMID: 35680274 PMCID: PMC9185490 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapeutic options for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have expanded over the last decade with the emergence of cardioprotective novel agents, but without such data for older drugs, leaving a critical gap in our understanding of the relative effects of T2DM agents on cardiovascular risk. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The large-scale evidence generations across a network of databases for T2DM (LEGEND-T2DM) initiative is a series of systematic, large-scale, multinational, real-world comparative cardiovascular effectiveness and safety studies of all four major second-line anti-hyperglycaemic agents, including sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor and sulfonylureas. LEGEND-T2DM will leverage the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) community that provides access to a global network of administrative claims and electronic health record data sources, representing 190 million patients in the USA and about 50 million internationally. LEGEND-T2DM will identify all adult, patients with T2DM who newly initiate a traditionally second-line T2DM agent. Using an active comparator, new-user cohort design, LEGEND-T2DM will execute all pairwise class-versus-class and drug-versus-drug comparisons in each data source, producing extensive study diagnostics that assess reliability and generalisability through cohort balance and equipoise to examine the relative risk of cardiovascular and safety outcomes. The primary cardiovascular outcomes include a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events and a series of safety outcomes. The study will pursue data-driven, large-scale propensity adjustment for measured confounding, a large set of negative control outcome experiments to address unmeasured and systematic bias. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study ensures data safety through a federated analytic approach and follows research best practices, including prespecification and full disclosure of results. LEGEND-T2DM is dedicated to open science and transparency and will publicly share all analytic code from reproducible cohort definitions through turn-key software, enabling other research groups to leverage our methods, data and results to verify and extend our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Khera
- Section of Cardiovascular Medine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Martijn J Schuemie
- Department of Epidemiology Analytics, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuan Lu
- Section of Cardiovascular Medine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anna Ostropolets
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - RuiJun Chen
- Department of Translational Data Science and Informatics, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George Hripcsak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patrick B Ryan
- Department of Epidemiology Analytics, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harlan M Krumholz
- Section of Cardiovascular Medine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Salt Lake City, Utan, USA
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Wolf RM, Cheng P, Gal RL, Beaulieu LC, Kollman C, Isganaitis E, Magge S, Mastrandrea LD, Klingensmith GJ, Tamborlane W, Van Name M. Youth with type 2 diabetes have a high rate of treatment failure after discontinuation of insulin: A Pediatric Diabetes Consortium study. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:439-446. [PMID: 35138021 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is commonly used to reverse gluco-toxicity in youth with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D), but many are subsequently weaned off insulin. We analyzed Pediatric Diabetes Consortium (PDC) data to determine how long glycemic control is maintained after termination of initial insulin treatment. Youth with T2D who had previously been on insulin but were on either an intensive lifestyle intervention alone or metformin alone upon enrollment in the PDC T2D Registry were studied (N = 183). The primary outcome was time to treatment failure, defined by need to restart insulin or metformin or another diabetes medication. Data were analyzed using logistic regression to assess risk factors for treatment failure. Of the 183 participants studied (mean age 15 years, diabetes duration 1.7 years), 54% experienced treatment failure (median follow-up time 1.7 years). In the subgroup on metformin monotherapy (N = 140), 45% subsequently required restart of insulin. Moreover, of participants in the subgroup treated with an intensive lifestyle intervention alone (N = 43), 81% restarted insulin or were treated with metformin or other diabetes medication. In both groups, median time to treatment failure was 1.2 years. Higher HbA1c at enrollment was significantly associated with treatment failure (p < 0.001). Youth with T2D who are initially treated with insulin have a high rate of treatment failure when switched to intensive lifestyle alone or metformin alone. Our data highlight the severe and progressive nature of youth onset T2D, hence patients should be monitored closely for deteriorating glycemic control after being weaned off insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa M Wolf
- The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peiyao Cheng
- Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Robin L Gal
- Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Craig Kollman
- Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Elvira Isganaitis
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheela Magge
- The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucy D Mastrandrea
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Georgeanna J Klingensmith
- Department of Pediatrics, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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50
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Limonte CP, Hall YN, Trikudanathan S, Tuttle KR, Hirsch IB, de Boer IH, Zelnick LR. Prevalence of SGLT2i and GLP1RA use among US adults with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2022; 36:108204. [PMID: 35537891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine national prevalence of sodium-glucose contransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP1RA) use among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We studied adults with T2DM and eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 who participated in the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), focusing on the 2017-2020 examination cycle, a key time period prior to widespread dissemination of pivotal trial results and corresponding clinical practice guidelines. We tested prevalence of SGLT2i and GLP1RA use among subgroups based on demographic variables and relevant comorbidities, including chronic kidney disease (CKD), congestive heart failure (CHF), and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We compared use of SGLT2i and GLP1RA to other glucose-lowering medications and assessed trends from prior NHANES cycles. RESULTS Among 1375 participants studied in 2017-2020, mean age was 60 years, 46% were women, 13% self-identified as non-Hispanic Black, 10% self-identified as Mexican American, 37% had CKD, 8.5% had CHF, and 23% had ASCVD. The prevalence of SGLT2i and GLP1RA use was 5.8% and 4.4%, respectively. Among adults with CKD, CHF, or ASCVD, SGLT2i were used by 7.7% and GLP1RA were used by 3.5%. Differences in SGLT2i or GLP1RA use were observed by age, race, ethnicity, health insurance status, body mass index, and by whether a single healthcare provider was identified as responsible for diabetes management. Biguanides, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, and insulin were used more frequently than SGLT2i or GLP1RA. Prevalence of SGLT2i but not GLP1RA use increased significantly from 2013-2014 to 2017-2020. CONCLUSIONS SGLT2i and GLP1RA use is low among adults with T2DM, including among those with strong indications. Enhanced implementation of these agents is crucial to improving kidney and cardiovascular outcomes and mitigating health disparities in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P Limonte
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Yoshio N Hall
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Subbulaxmi Trikudanathan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Katherine R Tuttle
- Providence Health Care, Spokane, WA, United States of America; Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology and Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Irl B Hirsch
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Leila R Zelnick
- Kidney Research Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
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