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Taylor R. Understanding the cause of type 2 diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:664-673. [PMID: 39038473 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has long been thought to have heterogenous causes, even though epidemiological studies uniformly show a tight relationship with overnutrition. The twin cycle hypothesis postulated that interaction of self-reinforcing cycles of fat accumulation inside the liver and pancreas, driven by modest but chronic positive calorie balance, could explain the development of type 2 diabetes. This hypothesis predicted that substantial weight loss would bring about a return to the non-diabetic state, permitting observation of the pathophysiology determining the transition. These changes were postulated to reflect the basic mechanisms of causation in reverse. A series of studies over the past 15 years has elucidated these underlying mechanisms. Together with other research, the interaction of environmental and genetic factors has been clarified. This knowledge has led to successful implementation of a national programme for remission of type 2 diabetes. This Review discusses the paucity of evidence for heterogeneity in causes of type 2 diabetes and summarises the in vivo pathophysiological changes, which cause this disease of overnutrition. Type 2 diabetes has a homogenous cause expressed in genetically heterogenous individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Taylor
- Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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2
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Chen Y, Liu L, Calhoun R, Cheng L, Merrick D, Steger DJ, Seale P. Transcriptional regulation of adipocyte lipolysis by IRF2BP2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.31.605689. [PMID: 39211193 PMCID: PMC11360913 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.31.605689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Adipocyte lipolysis controls systemic energy levels and metabolic homeostasis. Lipolysis is regulated by post-translational modifications of key lipolytic enzymes. However, less is known about the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate lipolysis. Here, we identify the transcriptional factor interferon regulatory factor-2 binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2) as a repressor of adipocyte lipolysis. Deletion of IRF2BP2 in primary human adipocytes increases lipolysis without affecting glucose uptake, whereas IRF2BP2 overexpression decreases lipolysis. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq analyses reveal that IRF2BP2 directly represses several lipolysis-related genes, including LIPE ( HSL , hormone sensitive lipase), which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in lipolysis. Adipocyte-selective deletion of Irf2bp2 in mice increases Lipe expression and free fatty acid levels, resulting in elevated adipose tissue inflammation and glucose intolerance. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that IRF2BP2 restrains adipocyte lipolysis and opens new avenues to target lipolysis for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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3
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Kolic J, Sun WG, Cen HH, Ewald JD, Rogalski JC, Sasaki S, Sun H, Rajesh V, Xia YH, Moravcova R, Skovsø S, Spigelman AF, Manning Fox JE, Lyon J, Beet L, Xia J, Lynn FC, Gloyn AL, Foster LJ, MacDonald PE, Johnson JD. Proteomic predictors of individualized nutrient-specific insulin secretion in health and disease. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1619-1633.e5. [PMID: 38959864 PMCID: PMC11250105 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Population-level variation and mechanisms behind insulin secretion in response to carbohydrate, protein, and fat remain uncharacterized. We defined prototypical insulin secretion responses to three macronutrients in islets from 140 cadaveric donors, including those with type 2 diabetes. The majority of donors' islets exhibited the highest insulin response to glucose, moderate response to amino acid, and minimal response to fatty acid. However, 9% of donors' islets had amino acid responses, and 8% had fatty acid responses that were larger than their glucose-stimulated insulin responses. We leveraged this heterogeneity and used multi-omics to identify molecular correlates of nutrient responsiveness, as well as proteins and mRNAs altered in type 2 diabetes. We also examined nutrient-stimulated insulin release from stem cell-derived islets and observed responsiveness to fat but not carbohydrate or protein-potentially a hallmark of immaturity. Understanding the diversity of insulin responses to carbohydrate, protein, and fat lays the groundwork for personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kolic
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - WenQing Grace Sun
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Haoning Howard Cen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica D Ewald
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason C Rogalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shugo Sasaki
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Surgery, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Han Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Varsha Rajesh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yi Han Xia
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Renata Moravcova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Søs Skovsø
- Valkyrie Life Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James Lyon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Leanne Beet
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis C Lynn
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Surgery, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wellcome Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Taylor R. The Whole Human Pancreas: An Understudied Organ in Diabetes. Diabetes 2024; 73:1043-1045. [PMID: 38900955 DOI: 10.2337/dbi23-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Taylor
- Magnetic Resonance Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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Kolic J, Sun WG, Cen HH, Ewald J, Rogalski JC, Sasaki S, Sun H, Rajesh V, Xia YH, Moravcova R, Skovsø S, Spigelman AF, Manning Fox JE, Lyon J, Beet L, Xia J, Lynn FC, Gloyn AL, Foster LJ, MacDonald PE, Johnson JD. Proteomic predictors of individualized nutrient-specific insulin secretion in health and disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.05.24.23290298. [PMID: 38496562 PMCID: PMC10942505 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.24.23290298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Population level variation and molecular mechanisms behind insulin secretion in response to carbohydrate, protein, and fat remain uncharacterized despite ramifications for personalized nutrition. Here, we define prototypical insulin secretion dynamics in response to the three macronutrients in islets from 140 cadaveric donors, including those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. While islets from the majority of donors exhibited the expected relative response magnitudes, with glucose being highest, amino acid moderate, and fatty acid small, 9% of islets stimulated with amino acid and 8% of islets stimulated with fatty acids had larger responses compared with high glucose. We leveraged this insulin response heterogeneity and used transcriptomics and proteomics to identify molecular correlates of specific nutrient responsiveness, as well as those proteins and mRNAs altered in type 2 diabetes. We also examine nutrient-responsiveness in stem cell-derived islet clusters and observe that they have dysregulated fuel sensitivity, which is a hallmark of functionally immature cells. Our study now represents the first comparison of dynamic responses to nutrients and multi-omics analysis in human insulin secreting cells. Responses of different people's islets to carbohydrate, protein, and fat lay the groundwork for personalized nutrition. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Deep phenotyping and multi-omics reveal individualized nutrient-specific insulin secretion propensity.
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Zou X, Ye S, Tan Y. Potential disease biomarkers for diabetic retinopathy identified through Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1339374. [PMID: 38274229 PMCID: PMC10808752 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1339374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision loss, has limited options for effective prevention and treatment. This study aims to utilize genomics and proteomics data to identify potential drug targets for DR. Methods We utilized plasma protein quantitative trait loci data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and the Icelandic Decoding Genetics Study for discovery and replication, respectively. Genetic associations with DR, including its subtypes, were derived from the FinnGen study. Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis estimated associations between protein levels and DR risk, complemented by colocalization analysis to examine shared causal variants. Results Our MR analysis identified significant associations of specific plasma proteins with DR and proliferative DR (PDR). Elevated genetically predicted levels of WARS (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.095-0.208, FDR = 1.31×10-4) and SIRPG (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.071-0.201, FDR = 1.46×10-2) were associated with higher DR risk, while increased levels of ALDOC (OR = 1.56; 95% CI = 0.246-0.637, FDR = 5.48×10-3) and SIRPG (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.068-0.208, FDR = 4.73×10-2) were associated with higher PDR risk. These findings were corroborated by strong colocalization evidence. Conclusions Our study highlights WARS, SIRPG, and ALDOC as significant proteins associated with DR and PDR, providing a basis for further exploration in drug development. Additional studies are needed to validate these proteins as disease biomarkers across diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Zou
- Changsha Aier Eye Hospital, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, China
| | - Suna Ye
- Senzhen Aier Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Postdoctoral Station of Clinical Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Bisht S, Singh MF. The triggering pathway, the metabolic amplifying pathway, and cellular transduction in regulation of glucose-dependent biphasic insulin secretion. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38196246 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2299920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Insulin secretion is a highly regulated process critical for maintaining glucose homeostasis. This abstract explores the intricate interplay between three essential pathways: The Triggering Pathway, The Metabolic Amplifying Pathway, and Cellular Transduction, in orchestrating glucose-dependent biphasic insulin secretion.Mechanism: During the triggering pathway, glucose metabolism in pancreatic beta-cells leads to ATP production, closing ATP-sensitive potassium channels and initiating insulin exocytosis. The metabolic amplifying pathway enhances insulin secretion via key metabolites like NADH and glutamate, enhancing calcium influx and insulin granule exocytosis. Additionally, the cellular transduction pathway involves G-protein coupled receptors and cyclic AMP, modulating insulin secretion.Result and Conclusion: These interconnected pathways ensure a dynamic insulin response to fluctuating glucose levels, with the initial rapid phase and the subsequent sustained phase. Understanding these pathways' complexities provides crucial insights into insulin dysregulation in diabetes and highlights potential therapeutic targets to restore glucose-dependent insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Bisht
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mamta F Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SBS University, Balawala, Uttarakhand, India
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Leung AKC, Wong AHC, Hon KL. Childhood Obesity: An Updated Review. Curr Pediatr Rev 2024; 20:2-26. [PMID: 35927921 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220801093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is an important and serious public health problem worldwide. OBJECTIVE This article aims to familiarize physicians with the evaluation, management, and prevention of childhood. METHODS A PubMed search was conducted in May, 2021, in Clinical Queries using the key terms "obesity" OR "obese". The search included clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, cohort studies, meta-analyses, observational studies, clinical guidelines, case reports, case series, and reviews. The search was restricted to English literature and children. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article. RESULTS Most obese children have exogenous obesity characterized by a growth rate for height above the 50th percentile, normal intelligence, normal genitalia, and lack of historical or physical evidence of an endocrine abnormality or a congenital syndrome. Obese children are at risk for dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, psychosocial disturbances, impaired quality of life, and shorter life expectancy. The multitude of serious comorbidities necessitates effective treatment modalities. Dietary modification, therapeutic exercise, and behavioral modification are the fundamentals of treatment. Pharmacotherapy and/or bariatric surgery should be considered for obese individuals who do not respond to the above measures and suffer from a serious comorbid condition. CONCLUSION Childhood obesity, once established, is often refractory to treatment. Most treatment programs lead to a brief period of weight loss, followed by rapid re-accumulation of the lost weight after the termination of therapy. As such, preventive activity is the key to solving the problem of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity can be prevented by promoting a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and lifestyle modification. Parents should be encouraged to get involved in school and community programs that improve their children's nutritional status and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, The Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alex H C Wong
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kam Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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Zhang L, Lin H, Yang X, Shi J, Sheng X, Wang L, Li T, Quan H, Zhai X, Li W. Effects of dapagliflozin monotherapy and combined aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115852. [PMID: 37944441 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent, chronic metabolic disease. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and aerobic exercise (AE) have shown promise in mitigating insulin resistance (IR) and T2DM. This study investigated the effects of dapagliflozin (Dapa) monotherapy and combined AE on mitochondrial quality control (MQC) in skeletal muscle and IR in T2DM rats. T2DM rats, induced by a high-fat diet/streptozotocin model, were randomly assigned to the following groups: T2DM+vehicle group (DMV), T2DM rats treated with Dapa (DMDa, 10 mg/kg/d), T2DM rats subjected to combined Dapa treatment and AE (DMDa+AE), and the standard control group (CON). Blood and skeletal muscle samples were collected after 6 weeks of intragastric administration and treadmill exercise. The results showed that DMDa monotherapy could reduce the accumulation of white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle lipid droplets and improve HOMA-IR. While the combined AE led to further reductions in subcutaneous white adipose tissue and fasting glucose levels, it did not confer additional benefits in terms of HOMA-IR. Furthermore, Dapa monotherapy enhanced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, NRF1, TFAM, and COX IV), mitochondrial dynamics (OPA1, DRP1, and MFN2), and mitophagy (PGAM5 and PINK1) related protein levels. Nevertheless, the combination of Dapa with AE treatment did not yield an additive effect. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of SGLT2 inhibitors, specifically Dapa, in ameliorating IR and maintaining MQC in skeletal muscle in rats with T2DM. However, combined AE did not produce an additive effect, indicating the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangzhi Zhang
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengjun Lin
- Department of Colorectal anal Surgery, Jinhua People's Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xudong Yang
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jipeng Shi
- Exercise Capacity Assessment and Promotion Research Center, School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiusheng Sheng
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Li
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Helong Quan
- Exercise Capacity Assessment and Promotion Research Center, School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Xia Zhai
- Medical Molecular Biology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Exercise and Metabolism Research Center, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China.
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Speck SL, Bhatt DP, Zhang Q, Adak S, Yin L, Dong G, Feng C, Zhang W, Ben Major M, Wei X, Semenkovich CF. Hepatic palmitoyl-proteomes and acyl-protein thioesterase protein proximity networks link lipid modification and mitochondria. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113389. [PMID: 37925639 PMCID: PMC10872372 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-protein thioesterases 1 and 2 (APT1 and APT2) reverse S-acylation, a potential regulator of systemic glucose metabolism in mammals. Palmitoylation proteomics in liver-specific knockout mice shows that APT1 predominates over APT2, primarily depalmitoylating mitochondrial proteins, including proteins linked to glutamine metabolism. miniTurbo-facilitated determination of the protein-protein proximity network of APT1 and APT2 in HepG2 cells reveals APT proximity networks encompassing mitochondrial proteins including the major translocases Tomm20 and Timm44. APT1 also interacts with Slc1a5 (ASCT2), the only glutamine transporter known to localize to mitochondria. High-fat-diet-fed male mice with dual (but not single) hepatic deletion of APT1 and APT2 have insulin resistance, fasting hyperglycemia, increased glutamine-driven gluconeogenesis, and decreased liver mass. These data suggest that APT1 and APT2 regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin signaling is functionally redundant. Identification of substrates and protein-protein proximity networks for APT1 and APT2 establishes a framework for defining mechanisms underlying metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Speck
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dhaval P Bhatt
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sangeeta Adak
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Li Yin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Guifang Dong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Chu Feng
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - M Ben Major
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaochao Wei
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Clay F Semenkovich
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Lin C, Li ZL, Cai XL, Hu SY, Lv F, Yang WJ, Ji LN. Indirect comparison of efficacy and safety of chiglitazar and thiazolidinedione in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1573-1584. [PMID: 37970134 PMCID: PMC10642417 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i10.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chiglitazar is an emerging pan-agonist of all peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR)-α, δ and γ, and has therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, to date, no clinical studies or meta-analyses have compared the efficacy and safety of chiglitazar and traditional PPAR-γ agonist thiazolidinediones (TZDs). A meta-analysis concerning this topic is therefore required. AIM To compare the efficacy and safety of chiglitazar and TZD in patients with T2D. METHODS PubMed, Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Reference Citation Analysis and Clinicaltrial.gov websites were searched from August 1994 to March 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of chiglitazar or TZD vs placebo in patients with T2D were included. Indirect comparisons and sensitivity analyses were implemented to evaluate multiple efficacy and safety endpoints of interest. RESULTS We included 93 RCTs that compared TZD with placebo and one that compared chiglitazar with placebo. For efficacy endpoints, the augmented dose of chig-litazar resulted in greater reductions in hemoglobin (Hb)A1c [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.15%, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.27 to -0.04%], triglycerides (WMD = -0.17 mmol/L, 95%CI: -0.24 to -0.11 mmol/L) and alanine aminotransferase (WMD = -5.25 U/L, 95%CI: -8.50 to -1.99 U/L), and a greater increase in homeostasis model assessment-β (HOMA-β) (WMD = 17.75, 95%CI: 10.73-24.77) when compared with TZD treatment. For safety endpoints, the risks of hypoglycemia, edema, bone fractures, upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and weight gain were all comparable between the augmented dose of chiglitazar and TZD. In patients with baseline HbA1c ≥ 8.5%, body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 or diabetes duration < 10 years, the HbA1c reduction and HOMA-β increase were more conspicuous for the augmented dose of chiglitazar compared with TZD. CONCLUSION Augmented dose of chiglitazar, a pan-activator of PPARs, may serve as an antidiabetic agent with preferable glycemic and lipid control, better β-cell function preserving capacity, and does not increase the risk of safety concerns when compared with TZD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zong-Lin Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Sui-Yuan Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Fang Lv
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wen-Jia Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Li-Nong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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Abdul-Ghani M, DeFronzo RA. Fasting Hyperinsulinemia and Obesity: Cause or Effect. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e1151-e1152. [PMID: 36947093 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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13
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Thakkar P, Pauza AG, Murphy D, Paton JFR. Carotid body: an emerging target for cardiometabolic co-morbidities. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:661-671. [PMID: 36999224 PMCID: PMC10988524 DOI: 10.1113/ep090090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Regarding the global metabolic syndrome crisis, this review focuses on common mechanisms for high blood sugar and high blood pressure. Connections are made between the homeostatic regulation of blood pressure and blood sugar and their dysregulation to reveal signalling mechanisms converging on the carotid body. What advances does it highlight? The carotid body plays a major part in the generation of excessive sympathetic activity in diabetes and also underpins diabetic hypertension. As treatment of diabetic hypertension is notoriously difficult, we propose that novel receptors within the carotid body may provide a novel treatment strategy. ABSTRACT The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is obligatory for health and survival. It relies on peripheral glucose sensing and signalling between the brain and peripheral organs via hormonal and neural responses that restore euglycaemia. Failure of these mechanisms causes hyperglycaemia or diabetes. Current anti-diabetic medications control blood glucose but many patients remain with hyperglycemic condition. Diabetes is often associated with hypertension; the latter is more difficult to control in hyperglycaemic conditions. We ask whether a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of glucose control could improve treatment of both diabetes and hypertension when they co-exist. With the involvement of the carotid body (CB) in glucose sensing, metabolic regulation and control of sympathetic nerve activity, we consider the CB as a potential treatment target for both diabetes and hypertension. We provide an update on the role of the CB in glucose sensing and glucose homeostasis. Physiologically, hypoglycaemia stimulates the release of hormones such as glucagon and adrenaline, which mobilize or synthesize glucose; however, these counter-regulatory responses were markedly attenuated after denervation of the CBs in animals. Also, CB denervation prevents and reverses insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. We discuss the CB as a metabolic regulator (not just a sensor of blood gases) and consider recent evidence of novel 'metabolic' receptors within the CB and putative signalling peptides that may control glucose homeostasis via modulation of the sympathetic nervous system. The evidence presented may inform future clinical strategies in the treatment of patients with both diabetes and hypertension, which may include the CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Thakkar
- Manaaki Manawa – the Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Audrys G. Pauza
- Manaaki Manawa – the Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Julian F. R. Paton
- Manaaki Manawa – the Centre for Heart Research, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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14
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Caratti G, Stifel U, Caratti B, Jamil AJM, Chung KJ, Kiehntopf M, Gräler MH, Blüher M, Rauch A, Tuckermann JP. Glucocorticoid activation of anti-inflammatory macrophages protects against insulin resistance. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2271. [PMID: 37080971 PMCID: PMC10119112 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37831-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) during obesity is linked to adipose tissue macrophage (ATM)-driven inflammation of adipose tissue. Whether anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids (GCs) at physiological levels modulate IR is unclear. Here, we report that deletion of the GC receptor (GR) in myeloid cells, including macrophages in mice, aggravates obesity-related IR by enhancing adipose tissue inflammation due to decreased anti-inflammatory ATM leading to exaggerated adipose tissue lipolysis and severe hepatic steatosis. In contrast, GR deletion in Kupffer cells alone does not alter IR. Co-culture experiments show that the absence of GR in macrophages directly causes reduced phospho-AKT and glucose uptake in adipocytes, suggesting an important function of GR in ATM. GR-deficient macrophages are refractory to alternative ATM-inducing IL-4 signaling, due to reduced STAT6 chromatin loading and diminished anti-inflammatory enhancer activation. We demonstrate that GR has an important function in macrophages during obesity by limiting adipose tissue inflammation and lipolysis to promote insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Caratti
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37LE, UK
| | - Ulrich Stifel
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bozhena Caratti
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ali J M Jamil
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kyoung-Jin Chung
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- SG Sepsis Research Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus H Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Rauch
- Molecular Endocrinology & Stem Cell Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Jan P Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Tao J, Guo P, Lai H, Peng H, Guo Z, Yuan Y, Yu X, Shen X, Liu J, Xier Z, Li G, Yang Y. TXLNG improves insulin resistance in obese subjects in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting ATF4 transcriptional activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 568-569:111928. [PMID: 37028586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity contributes to insulin resistance and dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells. Insulin promotes 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and facilitates glucose entry into muscle, adipose, and other tissues. In this study, differential gene expression was analyzed using four datasets, and taxilin gamma (TXLNG) was the only shared downregulated gene in all four datasets. TXLNG expression was significantly reduced in obese subjects according to online datasets and in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin-resistant (IR) mice according to experimental investigations. TXLNG overexpression significantly improved IR induced by HFD in mouse models by reducing body weight and epididymal adipose weight, decreasing mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and reducing adipocyte size. High-glucose/high-insulin-stimulated adipocytes exhibited decreased TXLNG and increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). IR significantly decreased glucose uptake, cell surface glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) levels, and Akt phosphorylation, while increasing the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in adipocytes. However, these changes were significantly reversed by TXLNG overexpression, while they were exacerbated by TXLNG knockdown. TXLNG overexpression had no effect on ATF4 protein levels, while ATF4 overexpression increased ATF4 protein levels. Furthermore, ATF4 overexpression notably abolished the improvements in IR adipocyte dysfunction caused by TXLNG overexpression. In conclusion, TXLNG improves IR in obese subjects in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting ATF4 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Peipei Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Hongmei Lai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Zitong Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Yujuan Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Zulipiyemu Xier
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China
| | - Yining Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, Xinjiang, No. 91 Tianchi Road, 830000, China.
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Feng X, Wang J, Wang S, Wang Z, Wu S, Wei Y, Li L, Shen T, Chen Q. Correlation analysis of anthropometric indices and type 2 diabetes mellitus in residents aged 60 years and older. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1122509. [PMID: 37064684 PMCID: PMC10095560 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1122509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purposeIn recent years, the incidence of obesity in people aged 60 and over has increased significantly, and abdominal obesity has been recognized as an independent risk factor for diabetes. Aging causes physiologic decline in multiple body systems, leading to changes in obesity indicators such as BMI. At present, the relationship between abdominal obesity markers and Diabetes mellitus (DM) in people aged 60 years and older remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to study the correlation between anthropometric indices and diabetes and explore potential predictors.MethodsThe basic demographic information of participants aged 60 and above in Zhongshan City in 2020 was collected. Physical parameters, blood glucose and other biochemical indices were measured comprehensively. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between abdominal obesity indicators [Waist circumference, Neck Circumference, Waist-to-hip ratio, Chinese Visceral Obesity Index (CVAI), and visceral obesity index] and diabetes mellitus. ROC characteristic curve was used to analyze the predictive ability of abdominal obesity indicators to DM, and the non-restrictive cubic spline graph was used to visualize the screened obesity indicators and diabetes risk.ResultsAmong 9,519 participants, the prevalence of diabetes was 15.5%. Compared with low CVAI, High CVAI level was significantly associated with increased prevalence of DM in males and females (all p < 0.05), in males (OR, 2.226; 95%CI: 1.128–4.395), females (OR, 1.645; 95%CI: 1.013–2.669). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, there were gender differences between neck circumference and the prevalence of DM, and above-normal neck circumference in males was significantly associated with increased prevalence of DM (OR, 1.381; 95% CI: 1.091–1.747) (p < 0.05).ConclusionAmong these anthropometric indices, CVAI is consistent with the features of fat distribution in older individuals and shows superior discriminative power as a potential predictor of DM, compared to traditional anthropometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shupei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lvrong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianran Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingsong Chen, ; Tianran Shen,
| | - Qingsong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingsong Chen, ; Tianran Shen,
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17
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Arioglu-Inan E, Kayki-Mutlu G. Sex Differences in Glucose Homeostasis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 282:219-239. [PMID: 37439847 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism has been demonstrated to have an effect on various physiological functions. In this regard, researchers have investigated its impact on glucose homeostasis in both preclinical and clinical studies. Sex differences mainly arise from physiological factors such as sex hormones, body fat and muscle distribution, and sex chromosomes. The sexual dimorphism has also been studied in the context of diabetes. Reflecting the prevalence of the disease among the population, studies focusing on the sex difference in type 1 diabetes (T1D) are not common as the ones in type 2 diabetes (T2D). T1D is reported as the only major specific autoimmune disease that exhibits a male predominance. Clinical studies have demonstrated that impaired fasting glucose is more frequent in men whereas women more commonly exhibit impaired glucose tolerance. Understanding the sex difference in glucose homeostasis becomes more attractive when focusing on the findings that highlight sexual dimorphism on the efficacy or adverse effect profile of antidiabetic medications. Thus, in this chapter, we aimed to discuss the impact of sex on the glucose homeostasis both in health and in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Arioglu-Inan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gizem Kayki-Mutlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are essential to normal growth, metabolism, and body composition, but in acromegaly, excesses of these hormones strikingly alter them. In recent years, the use of modern methodologies to assess body composition in patients with acromegaly has revealed novel aspects of the acromegaly phenotype. In particular, acromegaly presents a unique pattern of body composition changes in the setting of insulin resistance that we propose herein to be considered an acromegaly-specific lipodystrophy. The lipodystrophy, initiated by a distinctive GH-driven adipose tissue dysregulation, features insulin resistance in the setting of reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and intra-hepatic lipid (IHL) but with lipid redistribution, resulting in ectopic lipid deposition in muscle. With recovery of the lipodystrophy, adipose tissue mass, especially that of VAT and IHL, rises, but insulin resistance is lessened. Abnormalities of adipose tissue adipokines may play a role in the disordered adipose tissue metabolism and insulin resistance of the lipodystrophy. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin and peptide Agouti-related peptide may also be affected by active acromegaly as well as variably by acromegaly therapies, which may contribute to the lipodystrophy. Understanding the pathophysiology of the lipodystrophy and how acromegaly therapies differentially reverse its features may be important to optimizing the long-term outcome for patients with this disease. This perspective describes evidence in support of this acromegaly lipodystrophy model and its relevance to acromegaly pathophysiology and the treatment of patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela U. Freda
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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19
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Tricò D, Mengozzi A, Baldi S, Bizzotto R, Olaniru O, Toczyska K, Huang GC, Seghieri M, Frascerra S, Amiel SA, Persaud S, Jones P, Mari A, Natali A. Lipid-induced glucose intolerance is driven by impaired glucose kinetics and insulin metabolism in healthy individuals. Metabolism 2022; 134:155247. [PMID: 35760117 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. We aimed to comprehensively examine the effects of hypertriglyceridemia on major glucose homeostatic mechanisms involved in diabetes progression. METHODS In this randomized, cross-over, single-blinded study, two dual-labeled, 3-hour oral glucose tolerance tests were performed during 5-hour intravenous infusions of either 20 % Intralipid or saline in 12 healthy subjects (age 27.9 ± 2.6 years, 11 men, BMI 22.6 ± 1.4 kg/m2) to evaluate lipid-induced changes in insulin metabolism and glucose kinetics. Insulin sensitivity, β cell secretory function, and insulin clearance were assessed by modeling glucose, insulin and C-peptide data. Intestinal glucose absorption, endogenous glucose production, and glucose clearance were assessed from glucose tracers. The effect of triglycerides on β-cell secretory function was examined in perifusion experiments in murine pseudoislets and human pancreatic islets. RESULTS Mild acute hypertriglyceridemia impaired oral glucose tolerance (mean glucose: +0.9 [0.3, 1.5] mmol/L, p = 0.008) and whole-body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index: -1.67 [-0.50, -2.84], p = 0.009). Post-glucose hyperinsulinemia (mean insulin: +99 [17, 182] pmol/L, p = 0.009) resulted from reduced insulin clearance (-0.16 [-0.32, -0.01] L min-1 m-2, p = 0.04) and enhanced hyperglycemia-induced total insulin secretion (+11.9 [1.1, 22.8] nmol/m2, p = 0.02), which occurred despite a decline in model-derived β cell glucose sensitivity (-41 [-74, -7] pmol min-1 m-2 mmol-1 L, p = 0.04). The analysis of tracer-derived glucose metabolic fluxes during lipid infusion revealed lower glucose clearance (-96 [-152, -41] mL/kgFFM, p = 0.005), increased 2-hour oral glucose absorption (+380 [42, 718] μmol/kgFFM, p = 0.04) and suppressed endogenous glucose production (-448 [-573, -123] μmol/kgFFM, p = 0.005). High-physiologic triglyceride levels increased acute basal insulin secretion in murine pseudoislets (+11 [3, 19] pg/aliquot, p = 0.02) and human pancreatic islets (+286 [59, 512] pg/islet, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our findings support a critical role for hypertriglyceridemia in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in otherwise healthy individuals and dissect the glucose homeostatic mechanisms involved, encompassing insulin sensitivity, β cell function and oral glucose absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Baldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Bizzotto
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Oladapo Olaniru
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Klaudia Toczyska
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Guo Cai Huang
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Seghieri
- Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Unit, "San Giovanni Di Dio" Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Frascerra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stephanie A Amiel
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shanta Persaud
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Jones
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Thomsen MN, Skytte MJ, Samkani A, Astrup A, Fenger M, Frystyk J, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Larsen TM, Madsbad S, Magkos F, Rehfeld JF, Haugaard SB, Krarup T. Weight loss improves β-cell function independently of dietary carbohydrate restriction in people with type 2 diabetes: A 6-week randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr 2022; 9:933118. [PMID: 36061897 PMCID: PMC9437620 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.933118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbohydrate restriction may benefit β-cell function and glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2D) but also leads to weight loss which in itself is beneficial. Methods In order to determine the additional effect of carbohydrate restriction in addition to a fixed body weight loss, we randomly assigned 72 adults with T2D and obesity (mean ± SD HbA1c 7.4 ± 0.7%, BMI 33 ± 5 kg/m2) to a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet (CRHP; energy percent from carbohydrate/protein/fat: 30/30/40) or an isocaloric conventional diabetes diet (CD; 50/17/33) for 6 weeks. All foods were provided free of charge and total energy intake was tailored individually, so both groups lost 6% of baseline body weight. Results Despite significantly greater reductions in HbA1c (mean [95% CI] −1.9 [−3.5, −0.3] mmol/mol) after 6 weeks, the CRHP diet neither improved glucose tolerance, β-cell response to glucose, insulin sensitivity, during a 4-h oral glucose tolerance test, nor basal proinsulin secretion when compared to the CD diet, but increased C-peptide concentration and insulin secretion rate (area under the curve [AUC] and peak) significantly more (~10%, P ≤ 0.03 for all). Furthermore, compared with the CD diet, the CRHP diet borderline increased basal glucagon concentration (16 [−0.1, 34]%, P = 0.05), but decreased glucagon net AUC (−2.0 [−3.4, −0.6] mmol/L ×240 min, P < 0.01), decreased basal triglyceride and total AUC (~20%, P < 0.01 for both), and increased gastric inhibitory polypeptide total AUC (14%, P = 0.01). Conclusion A moderately carbohydrate-restricted diet for 6 weeks decreased HbA1c but did not improve β-cell function or glucose tolerance beyond the effects of weight loss when compared with a conventional diabetes diet in people with T2D. Clinical trials registration www.Clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02472951.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads N. Thomsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Mads N. Thomsen
| | - Mads J. Skytte
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amirsalar Samkani
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Healthy Weight Center, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Mogens Fenger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M. Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Faidon Magkos
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F. Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen B. Haugaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thure Krarup
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Collins KA, Ross LM, Slentz CA, Huffman KM, Kraus WE. Differential Effects of Amount, Intensity, and Mode of Exercise Training on Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Homeostasis: A Narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:90. [PMID: 35834023 PMCID: PMC9283590 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As type 2 diabetes remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, identifying the most appropriate preventive treatment early in the development of disease is an important public health matter. In general, lifestyle interventions incorporating exercise and weight loss via caloric restriction improve cardiometabolic risk by impacting several key markers of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. However, variations in the effects of specific types of exercise interventions on these markers have led to conflicting results surrounding the optimal amount, intensity, and mode of exercise for optimal effects. Moreover, the addition of weight loss via caloric restriction to exercise interventions appears to differentially impact changes in body composition, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity compared to exercise alone. Determining the optimal amount, intensity, and mode of exercise having the most beneficial impact on glycemic status is both: (1) clinically important to provide guidelines for appropriate exercise prescription; and (2) physiologically important to understand the pathways by which exercise-with and without weight loss-impacts glycemic status to enhance precision lifestyle medicine. Thus, the purposes of this narrative review are to: (1) summarize findings from the three Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise (STRRIDE) randomized trials regarding the differential effects of exercise amount, intensity, and mode on insulin action and glucose homeostasis markers; and (2) compare the STRRIDE findings to other published dose-response exercise trials in order to piece together the various physiologic pathways by which specific exercise interventions-with or without weight loss-impact glycemic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Collins
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Leanna M Ross
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Cris A Slentz
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kim M Huffman
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William E Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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22
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Suleiman M, Marselli L, Cnop M, Eizirik DL, De Luca C, Femia FR, Tesi M, Del Guerra S, Marchetti P. The Role of Beta Cell Recovery in Type 2 Diabetes Remission. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7435. [PMID: 35806437 PMCID: PMC9267061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been considered a relentlessly worsening disease, due to the progressive deterioration of the pancreatic beta cell functional mass. Recent evidence indicates, however, that remission of T2D may occur in variable proportions of patients after specific treatments that are associated with recovery of beta cell function. Here we review the available information on the recovery of beta cells in (a) non-diabetic individuals previously exposed to metabolic stress; (b) T2D patients following low-calorie diets, pharmacological therapies or bariatric surgery; (c) human islets isolated from non-diabetic organ donors that recover from "lipo-glucotoxic" conditions; and (d) human islets isolated from T2D organ donors and exposed to specific treatments. The improvement of insulin secretion reported by these studies and the associated molecular traits unveil the possibility to promote T2D remission by directly targeting pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Suleiman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (L.M.); (C.D.L.); (M.T.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (L.M.); (C.D.L.); (M.T.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.C.); (D.L.E.)
- Division of Endocrinology, ULB Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.C.); (D.L.E.)
| | - Carmela De Luca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (L.M.); (C.D.L.); (M.T.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Francesca R. Femia
- Departmental Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Transplantation, AOUP Cisanello Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Marta Tesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (L.M.); (C.D.L.); (M.T.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Silvia Del Guerra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (L.M.); (C.D.L.); (M.T.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (L.M.); (C.D.L.); (M.T.); (S.D.G.)
- Departmental Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Transplantation, AOUP Cisanello Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
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23
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Kang H, You HJ, Lee G, Lee SH, Yoo T, Choi M, Joo SK, Park JH, Chang MS, Lee DH, Kim W, Ko G. Interaction effect between NAFLD severity and high carbohydrate diet on gut microbiome alteration and hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2078612. [PMID: 35634707 PMCID: PMC9154801 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2078612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with high carbohydrate (HC) intake. We investigated whether the relationship between carbohydrate intake and NAFLD is mediated by interactions between gut microbial modulation, impaired insulin response, and hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Stool samples were collected from 204 Korean subjects with biopsy-proven NAFLD (n = 129) and without NAFLD (n = 75). The gut microbiome profiles were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Study subjects were grouped by the NAFLD activity score (NAS) and percentage energy intake from dietary carbohydrate. Hepatic DNL-related transcripts were also analyzed (n = 90). Data from the Korean healthy twin cohort (n = 682), a large sample of individuals without NAFLD, were used for comparison and validation. A HC diet rather than a low carbohydrate diet was associated with the altered gut microbiome diversity according to the NAS. Unlike individuals from the twin cohort without NAFLD, the abundances of Enterobacteriaceae and Ruminococcaceae were significantly different among the NAS subgroups in NAFLD subjects who consumed an HC diet. The addition of these two microbial families, along with Veillonellaceae, significantly improved the diagnostic performance of the predictive model, which was based on the body mass index, age, and sex to predict nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the HC group. In the HC group, two crucial regulators of DNL (SIRT1 and SREBF2) were differentially expressed among the NAS subgroups. In particular, kernel causality analysis revealed a causal effect of the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae on SREBF2 upregulation and of the surrogate markers of insulin resistance on NAFLD activity in the HC group. Consuming an HC diet is associated with alteration in the gut microbiome, impaired glucose homeostasis, and upregulation of hepatic DNL genes, altogether contributing to NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyena Kang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea,Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea,Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Giljae Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyung Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kyung Joo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Soo Chang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Won Kim Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul07061, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea,Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea,Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,KoBioLabs Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea,GwangPyo Ko Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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24
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Small J, Joblin-Mills A, Carbone K, Kost-Alimova M, Ayukawa K, Khodier C, Dancik V, Clemons PA, Munkacsi AB, Wagner BK. Phenotypic Screening for Small Molecules that Protect β-Cells from Glucolipotoxicity. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1131-1142. [PMID: 35439415 PMCID: PMC9127801 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is marked by progressive β-cell failure, leading to loss of β-cell mass. Increased levels of circulating glucose and free fatty acids associated with obesity lead to β-cell glucolipotoxicity. There are currently no therapeutic options to address this facet of β-cell loss in obese type 2 diabetes patients. To identify small molecules capable of protecting β-cells, we performed a high-throughput screen of 20,876 compounds in the rat insulinoma cell line INS-1E in the presence of elevated glucose and palmitate. We found 312 glucolipotoxicity-protective small molecules (1.49% hit rate) capable of restoring INS-1E viability, and we focused on 17 with known biological targets. 16 of the 17 compounds were kinase inhibitors with activity against specific families including but not limited to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), PI-3 kinase (PI3K), Janus kinase (JAK), and Rho-associated kinase 2 (ROCK2). 7 of the 16 kinase inhibitors were PI3K inhibitors. Validation studies in dissociated human islets identified 10 of the 17 compounds, namely, KD025, ETP-45658, BMS-536924, AT-9283, PF-03814735, torin-2, AZD5438, CP-640186, ETP-46464, and GSK2126458 that reduced glucolipotoxicity-induced β-cell death. These 10 compounds decreased markers of glucolipotoxicity including caspase activation, mitochondrial depolarization, and increased calcium flux. Together, these results provide a path forward toward identifying novel treatments to preserve β-cell viability in the face of glucolipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnell
C. Small
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Chemistry
Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Aidan Joblin-Mills
- School
of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Kaycee Carbone
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Maria Kost-Alimova
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kumiko Ayukawa
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- JT
Pharmaceuticals Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Osaka, Japan
| | - Carol Khodier
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Vlado Dancik
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paul A. Clemons
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andrew B. Munkacsi
- School
of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Bridget K. Wagner
- Chemical
Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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25
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Lauritsen KM, Voigt JH, Pedersen SB, Hansen TK, Møller N, Jessen N, Gormsen LC, Søndergaard E. Effects of SGLT2 inhibition on lipid transport in adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210558. [PMID: 35234661 PMCID: PMC9066578 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SGLT2 inhibition induces an insulin-independent reduction in plasma glucose causing increased lipolysis and subsequent lipid oxidation by energy-consuming tissues. However, it is unknown whether SGLT2 inhibition also affects lipid storage in adipose tissue. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of SGLT2 inhibition on lipid storage and lipolysis in adipose tissue. We performed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover design of 4 weeks of empagliflozin 25 mg and placebo once-daily in 13 individuals with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin. Adipose tissue fatty acid uptake, lipolysis rate and clearance were measured by 11C-palmitate PET/CT. Adipose tissue glucose uptake was measured by 18F-FDG PET/CT. Protein and gene expression of pathways involved in lipid storage and lipolysis were measured in biopsies of abdominal s.c. adipose tissue. Subjects were weight stable, which allowed us to quantify the weight loss-independent effects of SGLT2 inhibition. We found that SGLT2 inhibition did not affect free fatty acids (FFA) uptake in abdominal s.c. adipose tissue but increased FFA uptake in visceral adipose tissue by 27% (P < 0.05). In addition, SGLT2 inhibition reduced GLUT4 protein (P = 0.03) and mRNA content (P = 0.01) in abdominal s.c. adipose tissue but without affecting glucose uptake. In addition, SGLT2 inhibition decreased the expression of genes involved in insulin signaling in adipose tissue. We conclude that SGLT2 inhibition reduces GLUT4 gene and protein expression in abdominal s.c. adipose tissue, which could indicate a rebalancing of substrate utilization away from glucose oxidation and lipid storage capacity through reduced glycerol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine M Lauritsen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Steen Bønløkke Pedersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Møller
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars C Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben Søndergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence should be addressed to E Søndergaard:
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26
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Espinoza-Derout J, Shao XM, Lao CJ, Hasan KM, Rivera JC, Jordan MC, Echeverria V, Roos KP, Sinha-Hikim AP, Friedman TC. Electronic Cigarette Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:879726. [PMID: 35463745 PMCID: PMC9021536 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.879726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes are the most frequently used tobacco product among adolescents. Despite the widespread use of e-cigarettes and the known detrimental cardiac consequences of nicotine, the effects of e-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system are not well-known. Several in vitro and in vivo studies delineating the mechanisms of the impact of e-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system have been published. These include mechanisms associated with nicotine or other components of the aerosol or thermal degradation products of e-cigarettes. The increased hyperlipidemia, sympathetic dominance, endothelial dysfunction, DNA damage, and macrophage activation are prominent effects of e-cigarettes. Additionally, oxidative stress and inflammation are unifying mechanisms at many levels of the cardiovascular impairment induced by e-cigarette exposure. This review outlines the contribution of e-cigarettes in the development of cardiovascular diseases and their molecular underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xuesi M. Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Candice J. Lao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kamrul M. Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Juan Carlos Rivera
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria C. Jordan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Research and Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, United States
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kenneth P. Roos
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amiya P. Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, United States
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27
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Increased of fasting active glucagon-like peptide-1 is associated with insulin resistance in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-021-00971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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28
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Bloomgarden Z. The world congress on insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (WCIRDC). J Diabetes 2022; 14:163-166. [PMID: 35191189 PMCID: PMC9060065 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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29
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Wagner R, Eckstein SS, Yamazaki H, Gerst F, Machann J, Jaghutriz BA, Schürmann A, Solimena M, Singer S, Königsrainer A, Birkenfeld AL, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Ullrich S, Heni M. Metabolic implications of pancreatic fat accumulation. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:43-54. [PMID: 34671102 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fat accumulation outside subcutaneous adipose tissue often has unfavourable effects on systemic metabolism. In addition to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which has received considerable attention, pancreatic fat has become an important area of research throughout the past 10 years. While a number of diagnostic approaches are available to quantify pancreatic fat, multi-echo Dixon MRI is currently the most developed method. Initial studies have shown associations between pancreatic fat and the metabolic syndrome, impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic fat is linked to reduced insulin secretion, at least under specific circumstances such as prediabetes, low BMI and increased genetic risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This Review summarizes the possible causes and metabolic consequences of pancreatic fat accumulation. In addition, potential therapeutic approaches for addressing pancreatic fat accumulation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wagner
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine S Eckstein
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hajime Yamazaki
- Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Community Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Felicia Gerst
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Assad Jaghutriz
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michele Solimena
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Molecular Diabetology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID), Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Singer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Ullrich
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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30
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Hamilton JS, Klett EL. Linoleic acid and the regulation of glucose homeostasis: A review of the evidence. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 175:102366. [PMID: 34763302 PMCID: PMC8691379 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of linoleic acid (LA, ω-6 18:2), the most common ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the Modern Western diet (MWD), has significantly increased over the last century in tandem with unprecedented incidence of chronic metabolic diseases like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although an essential fatty acid for health, LA was a very rare fatty acid in the diet of humans during their evolution. While the intake of other dietary macronutrients (carbohydrates like fructose) has also risen, diets rich in ω-6 PUFAs have been promoted in an effort to reduce cardiovascular disease despite unclear evidence as to how increased dietary LA consumption could promote a proinflammatory state and affect glucose metabolism. Current evidence suggests that sex, genetics, environmental factors, and disease status can differentially modulate how LA influences insulin sensitivity and peripheral glucose uptake as well as insulin secretion and pancreatic beta-cell function. Therefore, the aim of this review will be to summarize recent additions to our knowledge to refine the unique physiological and pathophysiological roles of LA in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob S Hamilton
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric L Klett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America.
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31
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Chueire VB, Muscelli E. Effect of free fatty acids on insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and incretin effect - a narrative review. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 65:24-31. [PMID: 33320449 PMCID: PMC10528699 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Deleterious effects of free fatty acids, FFAs, on insulin sensitivity are observed in vivo studies in humans. Mechanisms include impaired insulin signaling, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, but the effects on insulin secretion are less well known. Our aim was to review the relationship of increased FFAs with insulin resistance, secretion and mainly with the incretin effect in humans. Narrative review. Increased endogenous or administered FFAs induce insulin resistance. FFAs effects on insulin secretion are debatable; inhibition and stimulation have been reported, depending on the type and duration of lipids exposition and the study subjects. Chronically elevated FFAs seem to decrease insulin biosynthesis, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and β-cell glucose sensitivity. Lipids infusion decreases the response to incretins with unchanged incretin levels in volunteers with normal glucose tolerance. In contrast, FFAs reduction by acipimox did not restore the incretin effect in type-2 diabetes, probably due to the dysfunctional β-cell. Possible mechanisms of FFAs excess on incretin effect include reduction of the expression and levels of GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide-1) receptor, reduction of connexin-36 expression thus the coordinated secretory activity in response to GLP-1, and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) receptors downregulation in islets cells. Increased circulating FFAs impair insulin sensitivity. Effects on insulin secretion are complex and controversial. Deleterious effects on the incretin-induced potentiation of insulin secretion were reported. More investigation is needed to better understand the extent and mechanisms of β-cell impairment and insulin resistance induced by increased FFAs and how to prevent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bahdur Chueire
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Hospital da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil,
| | - Elza Muscelli
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Langlois A, Forterre A, Pinget M, Bouzakri K. Impact of moderate exercise on fatty acid oxidation in pancreatic β-cells and skeletal muscle. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1815-1825. [PMID: 33844166 PMCID: PMC8357749 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) play a crucial role in glycaemia regulation in healthy and metabolic disorders conditions through various mechanisms. FA oxidation is one of the processes involved in lipid metabolism and can be modulated by exercise. Nowadays, physical activity is known to be an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Moreover, its intensity, its duration, the sex-gender, the prandial state, exerkines… are as many parameters that can influence glycaemic control. However, the widely debated question is to determine the best type of exercise for patients with metabolic disorders. In this review, we will discuss the impact of exercise intensity, especially moderate activity, on glycaemic control by focussing on FA oxidation in pancreatic β-cells and skeletal muscle. Finally, thanks to all the recent data, we will determine whether moderate physical activity is a good therapeutic strategy and if FA oxidation represents a target of interest to treat diabetic, obese and insulin-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Langlois
- Centre Européen D'étude du Diabète, Unité Mixte de Recherche de L'Université de Strasbourg « Diabète et Thérapeutique », Strasbourg, France
| | - A Forterre
- Centre Européen D'étude du Diabète, Unité Mixte de Recherche de L'Université de Strasbourg « Diabète et Thérapeutique », Strasbourg, France
| | - M Pinget
- Centre Européen D'étude du Diabète, Unité Mixte de Recherche de L'Université de Strasbourg « Diabète et Thérapeutique », Strasbourg, France
| | - K Bouzakri
- Centre Européen D'étude du Diabète, Unité Mixte de Recherche de L'Université de Strasbourg « Diabète et Thérapeutique », Strasbourg, France.
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Lu C, Zhao Q, Wang D, Feng Y, Feng L, Li Z, Shi Q. Rab35 regulates insulin secretion via phogrin in pancreatic β cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 49:104-112. [PMID: 34448213 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of pancreatic β cell insulin secretion is related to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Rab proteins have been shown to be key players in insulin secretion by pancreatic β cells, and phogrin is a marker for the processes of exocytosis and insulin secretion. The purposes of this study were to clarify the regulatory role of Rab35 in insulin secretion and analyse the Rab35/phogrin interaction mechanism in β-TC-6 cells. We studied the effects of Rab35 gene overexpression and interference on insulin secretion and phogrin expression and levels in β-TC-6 cells. The Rab35/phogrin interaction was verified by GST pulldown, co-IP and co-localisation experiments. Here, we report that Rab35 is mainly distributed in the β-TC-6-cell plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Rab35 overexpression promotes insulin secretion and decreases phogrin expression in β-TC-6 cells, whereas its silencing significantly inhibits insulin secretion, promotes phogrin expression (p < 0.05) and causes phogrin redistribution. Furthermore, Rab35 silencing suppresses exocytosis of insulin. Rab35 interacts with phogrin, and both proteins co-localise in the plasma membranes and cytoplasm of β-TC-6 cells. Our study presents novel evidence that Rab35 regulates insulin secretion by inhibiting phogrin expression and causing intracellular phogrin redistribution in pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Lu
- Science and Education Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingtong Zhao
- Medical Centre of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Science and Education Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlu Feng
- South China Normal University Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lie Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zejian Li
- Medical Centre of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiping Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Reed J, Bain S, Kanamarlapudi V. A Review of Current Trends with Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology, Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Treatments and Future Perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:3567-3602. [PMID: 34413662 PMCID: PMC8369920 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s319895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which has currently become a global pandemic, is a metabolic disease largely characterised by impaired insulin secretion and action. Significant progress has been made in understanding T2D aetiology and pathogenesis, which is discussed in this review. Extrapancreatic pathology is also summarised, which demonstrates the highly multifactorial nature of T2D. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is an incretin hormone responsible for augmenting insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells during the postprandial period. Given that native GLP-1 has a very short half-life, GLP-1 mimetics with a much longer half-life have been developed, which are currently an effective treatment option for T2D by enhancing insulin secretion in patients. Interestingly, there is continual emerging evidence that these therapies alleviate some of the post-diagnosis complications of T2D. Additionally, these therapies have been shown to induce weight loss in patients, suggesting they could be an alternative to bariatric surgery, a procedure associated with numerous complications. Current GLP-1-based therapies all act as orthosteric agonists for the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Interestingly, it has emerged that GLP-1R also has allosteric binding sites and agonists have been developed for these sites to test their therapeutic potential. Recent studies have also demonstrated the potential of bi- and tri-agonists, which target multiple hormonal receptors including GLP-1R, to more effectively treat T2D. Improved understanding of T2D aetiology/pathogenesis, coupled with the further elucidation of both GLP-1 activity/targets and GLP-1R mechanisms of activation via different agonists, will likely provide better insight into the therapeutic potential of GLP-1-based therapies to treat T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Reed
- Institute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen Bain
- Institute of Life Science 1, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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Chen G, Li M, Wen X, Wang R, Zhou Y, Xue L, He X. Association Between Stress Hyperglycemia Ratio and In-hospital Outcomes in Elderly Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:698725. [PMID: 34355031 PMCID: PMC8329087 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.698725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds: Emerging evidence suggests that stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR), an index of relative stress hyperglycemia, is of great prognostic value in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but current evidence is limited in elderly patients. In this study, we aimed to assess whether SHR is associated with in-hospital outcomes in elderly patients with AMI. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients who were aged over 75 years and diagnosed with AMI were consecutively enrolled from 2015, January 1st to 2019, December 31th. Admission blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) during the index hospitalization were used to calculate SHR. Restricted quadratic splines, receiver-operating curves, and logistic regression were performed to evaluate the association between SHR and in-hospital outcomes, including in-hospital all-cause death and in-hospital major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) defined as a composite of all-cause death, cardiogenic shock, reinfarction, mechanical complications of MI, stroke, and major bleeding. Results: A total of 341 subjects were included in this study. Higher SHR levels were observed in patients who had MACCEs (n = 69) or death (n = 44) during hospitalization. Compared with a SHR value below 1.25, a high SHR was independently associated with in-hospital MACCEs (odds ratio [OR]: 2.945, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.626–5.334, P < 0.001) and all-cause death (OR: 2.871 95% CI: 1.428–5.772, P = 0.003) in univariate and multivariate logisitic analysis. This relationship increased with SHR levels based on a non-linear dose-response curve. In contrast, admission glucose was only associated with clinical outcomes in univariate analysis. In subgroup analysis, high SHR was significantly predictive of worse in-hospital clinical outcomes in non-diabetic patients (MACCEs: 2.716 [1.281–5.762], P = 0.009; all-cause death: 2.394 [1.040–5.507], P = 0.040), but the association was not significant in diabetic patients. Conclusion: SHR might serve as a simple and independent indicator of adverse in-hospital outcomes in elderly patients with AMI, especially in non-diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingmin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Wen
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangdong Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingling Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuyu He
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coronary Heart Disease Prevention, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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DI Giuseppe G, Ciccarelli G, Cefalo CM, Cinti F, Moffa S, Improta F, Capece U, Pontecorvi A, Giaccari A, Mezza T. Prediabetes: how pathophysiology drives potential intervention on a subclinical disease with feared clinical consequences. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2021; 46:272-292. [PMID: 34218657 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder whose rising incidence suggests the epidemic proportions of the disease. Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) and Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) - alone or combined - represent two intermediate metabolic condition between Normal Glucose Tolerance (NGT) and overt T2DM. Several studies have demonstrated that insulin resistance and beta-cell impairment can be identified even in normoglycemic prediabetic individuals. Worsening of these two conditions may lead to progression of IGT and/or IFG status to overt diabetes. Starting from these assumptions, it seems logical to suppose that interventions aimed at improving metabolic conditions, even in prediabetes, could represent an effective target to halt transition from IGT/IFG to manifest T2DM. Starting from pathophysiological knowledge, in this review we evaluate two possible interventions (lifestyle modifications and pharmacological agents) eligible as prediabetes therapy since they have been demonstrated to improve insulin resistance and beta-cell impairment. Detecting high-risk people and treating them could represent an effective strategy to slow down progression to overt diabetes, normalize glucose tolerance, and even prevent micro- and macrovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco DI Giuseppe
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gea Ciccarelli
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara M Cefalo
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cinti
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Moffa
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Improta
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Capece
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giaccari
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Mezza
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy - .,Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Rani L, Grewal AS, Sharma N, Singh S. Recent Updates on Free Fatty Acid Receptor 1 (GPR-40) Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:426-470. [PMID: 33100202 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201023141326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has enthused the development of new antidiabetic targets with low toxicity and long-term stability. In this respect, free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1), which is also recognized as a G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), is a novel target for the treatment of T2DM. FFAR1/GPR40 has a high level of expression in β-cells of the pancreas, and the requirement of glucose for stimulating insulin release results in immense stimulation to utilise this target in the medication of T2DM. METHODS The data used for this review is based on the search of several scienctific databases as well as various patent databases. The main search terms used were free fatty acid receptor 1, FFAR1, FFAR1 agonists, diabetes mellitus, G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40), GPR40 agonists, GPR40 ligands, type 2 diabetes mellitus and T2DM. RESULTS The present review article gives a brief overview of FFAR1, its role in T2DM, recent developments in small molecule FFAR1 (GPR40) agonists reported till now, compounds of natural/plant origin, recent patents published in the last few years, mechanism of FFAR1 activation by the agonists, and clinical status of the FFAR1/GPR40 agonists. CONCLUSION The agonists of FFAR1/GRP40 showed considerable potential for the therapeutic control of T2DM. Most of the small molecule FFAR1/GPR40 agonists developed were aryl alkanoic acid derivatives (such as phenylpropionic acids, phenylacetic acids, phenoxyacetic acids, and benzofuran acetic acid derivatives) and thiazolidinediones. Some natural/plant-derived compounds, including fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, isoquinoline, and indole alkaloids, were also reported as potent FFAR1 agonists. The clinical investigations of the FFAR1 agonists demonstrated their probable role in the improvement of glucose control. Though, there are some problems still to be resolved in this field as some FFAR1 agonists terminated in the late phase of clinical studies due to "hepatotoxicity." Currently, PBI-4050 is under clinical investigation by Prometic. Further investigation of pharmacophore scaffolds for FFAR1 full agonists as well as multitargeted modulators and corresponding clinical investigations will be anticipated, which can open up new directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Rani
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara University School of Basic Sciences, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Ma Y, Xiong J, Zhang X, Qiu T, Pang H, Li X, Zhu J, Wang J, Pan C, Yang X, Chu X, Yang B, Wang C, Zhang J. Potential biomarker in serum for predicting susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus: Free fatty acid 22:6. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:950-962. [PMID: 33068491 PMCID: PMC8169352 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus is closely linked to increased levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) in obese individuals, although which FFA is most associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus is unclear. This study aimed to identify the specific FFAs that best predict the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in obese individuals, and assess their potential application value. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants were divided into three groups: a normal weight group (n = 20), an obese group (n = 10) and a type 2 diabetes mellitus group (n = 10). FFAs in serum samples were determined by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis models were used to study the FFA profile among the three groups. RESULTS Compared with the normal weight group, 14 FFAs (C8:0/10:0/14:0/16:1/18:1/20:2/ 20:3 /20:4/ 20:5/ 22:6/7:0/9:0/11:0 and C13:0) were significantly increased in the obese group, and nine FFAs (C14:0, C18:1, C20:1, C 18:2, C20:2, C20:3, C18:3, C20:5 and C22:6) were significantly increased in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group. Subsequently, the Venn diagram results showed that six FFAs (C14:0, C18:1, C20:2, C20:3, C20:5 and C22:6) were significantly increased in both the obese and type 2 diabetes mellitus groups. Among these six, C22:6 was finally identified as an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, and had a great potential to predict the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (area under the curve 0.803). CONCLUSIONS C22:6 can be an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, and it has a great potential to predict the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Jianyu Xiong
- Department of GeneticsShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Xueting Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Tongtong Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Huai Pang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Jiaojiao Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Jingzhou Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Chongge Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Xiaolong Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Bingqi Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Cuizhe Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziChina
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic DiseaseShiheziChina
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Pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease: impact of SGLT2 inhibitors. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:319-334. [PMID: 33547417 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide; in the USA, it accounts for over 50% of individuals entering dialysis or transplant programmes. Unlike other complications of diabetes, the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease has failed to decline over the past 30 years. Hyperglycaemia is the primary aetiological factor responsible for the development of diabetic kidney disease. Once hyperglycaemia becomes established, multiple pathophysiological disturbances, including hypertension, altered tubuloglomerular feedback, renal hypoxia, lipotoxicity, podocyte injury, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy and increased activity of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger, contribute to progressive glomerular sclerosis and the decline in glomerular filtration rate. The quantitative contribution of each of these abnormalities to the progression of diabetic kidney disease, as well as their role in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, remains to be determined. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have a beneficial impact on many of these pathophysiological abnormalities; however, as several pathophysiological disturbances contribute to the onset and progression of diabetic kidney disease, multiple agents used in combination will likely be required to slow the progression of disease effectively.
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40
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Wang W, Zhong X, Guo J. Role of 2‑series prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:114. [PMID: 33907839 PMCID: PMC8083810 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, metabolic syndromes are emerging as global epidemics, whose incidence are increasing annually. However, the efficacy of therapy does not increase proportionately with the increased morbidity. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are two common metabolic syndromes that are closely associated. The pathogenic mechanisms of T2DM and NAFLD have been studied, and it was revealed that insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation markedly contribute to the development of these two diseases. The 2-series prostaglandins (PGs), a subgroup of eicosanoids, including PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α and PGI2, are converted from arachidonic acid catalyzed by the rate-limiting enzymes cyclooxygenases (COXs). Considering their wide distribution in almost every tissue, 2-series PG pathways exert complex and interlinked effects in mediating pancreatic β-cell function and proliferation, insulin sensitivity, fat accumulation and lipolysis, as well as inflammatory processes. Previous studies have revealed that metabolic disturbances, such as hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, can be improved by treatment with COX inhibitors. At present, an accumulating number of studies have focused on the roles of 2-series PGs and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndromes, particularly T2DM and NAFLD. In the present review, the role of 2-series PGs in the highly intertwined pathogenic mechanisms of T2DM and NAFLD was discussed, and important therapeutic strategies based on targeting 2-series PG pathways in T2DM and NAFLD treatment were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
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41
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Henquin JC. Glucose-induced insulin secretion in isolated human islets: Does it truly reflect β-cell function in vivo? Mol Metab 2021; 48:101212. [PMID: 33737253 PMCID: PMC8065218 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes always involves variable degrees of β-cell demise and malfunction leading to insufficient insulin secretion. Besides clinical investigations, many research projects used rodent islets to study various facets of β-cell pathophysiology. Their important contributions laid the foundations of steadily increasing numbers of experimental studies resorting to isolated human islets. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review, based on an analysis of data published over 60 years of clinical investigations and results of more recent studies in isolated islets, addresses a question of translational nature. Does the information obtained in vitro with human islets fit with our knowledge of insulin secretion in man? The aims are not to discuss specificities of pathways controlling secretion but to compare qualitative and quantitative features of glucose-induced insulin secretion in isolated human islets and in living human subjects. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Much of the information gathered in vitro can reliably be translated to the in vivo situation. There is a fairly good, though not complete, qualitative and quantitative coherence between insulin secretion rates measured in vivo and in vitro during stimulation with physiological glucose concentrations, but the concordance fades out under extreme conditions. Perplexing discrepancies also exist between insulin secretion in subjects with Type 2 diabetes and their islets studied in vitro, in particular concerning the kinetics. Future projects should ascertain that the experimental conditions are close to physiological and do not alter the function of normal and diabetic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Henquin
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Benito-Vicente A, Jebari-Benslaiman S, Galicia-Garcia U, Larrea-Sebal A, Uribe KB, Martin C. Molecular mechanisms of lipotoxicity-induced pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 359:357-402. [PMID: 33832653 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), a heterogeneous disorder derived from metabolic dysfunctions, leads to a glucose overflow in the circulation due to both defective insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance. One of the critical risk factor for T2D is obesity, which represents a global epidemic that has nearly tripled since 1975. Obesity is characterized by chronically elevated free fatty acid (FFA) levels, which cause deleterious effects on glucose homeostasis referred to as lipotoxicity. Here, we review the physiological FFA roles onto glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and the pathological ones affecting many steps of the mechanisms and modulation of GSIS. We also describe in vitro and in vivo experimental evidences addressing lipotoxicity in β-cells and the role of saturation and chain length of FFA on the potency of GSIS stimulation. The molecular mechanisms underpinning lipotoxic-β-cell dysfunction are also reviewed. Among them, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, impaired autophagy and β-cell dedifferentiation. Finally therapeutic strategies for the β-cells dysfunctions such as the use of metformin, glucagon-like peptide 1, thiazolidinediones, anti-inflammatory drugs, chemical chaperones and weight are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Benito-Vicente
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Biofisika Institute (University of Basque Country and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV/EHU, CSIC)), Leioa, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Shifa Jebari-Benslaiman
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Biofisika Institute (University of Basque Country and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV/EHU, CSIC)), Leioa, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Unai Galicia-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Biofisika Institute (University of Basque Country and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV/EHU, CSIC)), Leioa, Spain; Department of Molecular Biophysics, Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia, Leioa, Spain
| | - Asier Larrea-Sebal
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Biofisika Institute (University of Basque Country and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV/EHU, CSIC)), Leioa, Spain; Department of Molecular Biophysics, Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia, Leioa, Spain
| | - Kepa B Uribe
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Cesar Martin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Biofisika Institute (University of Basque Country and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV/EHU, CSIC)), Leioa, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
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de Lima Ramaldes LA, Dos Santos SS, de Sa JR, Dualib PM, Dib SA. The first series of cases of ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (flatbush diabetes) in Brazilian adults. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 65:231-236. [PMID: 33905625 PMCID: PMC10065323 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (KPD) is an emerging form of diabetes mellitus characterized by unprovoked ketoacidosis, absence of autoimmunity and beta-cell dysfunction. The KPD may improve after initial glycemic compensation and evolve to exogenous insulin independence, most cases were observed in populations with African or Hispanic backgrounds. We reviewed the literature on KPD and, to date, only one case of KPD has been described in Brazil's multi-ethnic population. A group of adult Brazilian KPD patients without autoimmunity and insulinopenia was identified for this study. We report a retrospective study of four KPD cases (3 males) evaluated in southeast Brazil, the patients were overweight or obese, age between the third and fifth decades of life, had a family history of type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia (809.5 ± 344.2 mg/dL), acidosis (pH 7.21 ± 0.07; normal range (nr): 7.35-7.45 and bicarbonate 9.1 ± 6.2; nr: 22-26 mEq/mL), ketonuria (142.5 ± 114.4 mg/dL; nr: absence), absence of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD-65), and beta-cell function reserve (C-peptide 1.19 ± 0.53 ng/mL - nr: 1.1-4.4 ng/mL) on diagnosis. After glycemic compensation, there was increase of C-peptide (2.21 ± 0.41) indicating the recovery of beta-cell function and the time to insulin independence was 7.7 ± 3.5 months. They evolved after the period of glucotoxicity with insulin withdrawal and could be treated with oral antidiabetic therapy. This is the first case series of KPD described in Brazil being characterized by ketoacidosis at diagnosis, absence of autoimmunity, recovery of beta-cell function and insulin independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Aparecida de Lima Ramaldes
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Centro de Diabetes, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil,
| | - Sarah Simaan Dos Santos
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Centro de Diabetes, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - João Roberto de Sa
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Centro de Diabetes, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Médici Dualib
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Centro de Diabetes, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Sérgio Atala Dib
- Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Centro de Diabetes, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Van Schaik L, Kettle C, Green R, Irving HR, Rathner JA. Effects of Caffeine on Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Metabolic Homeostasis: A Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:621356. [PMID: 33613184 PMCID: PMC7889509 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.621356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism on understanding energy balance in humans is a relatively new and exciting field of research. The pathogenesis of obesity can be largely explained by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, but the underlying mechanisms are far more complex. Traditional non-selective sympathetic activators have been used to artificially elevate energy utilization, or suppress appetite, however undesirable side effects are apparent with the use of these pharmacological interventions. Understanding the role of BAT, in relation to human energy homeostasis has the potential to dramatically offset the energy imbalance associated with obesity. This review discusses paradoxical effects of caffeine on peripheral adenosine receptors and the possible role of adenosine in increasing metabolism is highlighted, with consideration to the potential of central rather than peripheral mechanisms for caffeine mediated BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Research on the complex physiology of adipose tissue, the embryonic lineage and function of the different types of adipocytes is summarized. In addition, the effect of BAT on overall human metabolism and the extent of the associated increase in energy expenditure are discussed. The controversy surrounding the primary β-adrenoceptor involved in human BAT activation is examined, and suggestions as to the lack of translational findings from animal to human physiology and human in vitro to in vivo models are provided. This review compares and distinguishes human and rodent BAT effects, thus developing an understanding of human BAT thermogenesis to aid lifestyle interventions targeting obesity and metabolic syndrome. The focus of this review is on the effect of BAT thermogenesis on overall metabolism, and the potential therapeutic effects of caffeine in increasing metabolism via its effects on BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Van Schaik
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney Green
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Rathner
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ross LM, Slentz CA, Zidek AM, Huffman KM, Shalaurova I, Otvos JD, Connelly MA, Kraus VB, Bales CW, Houmard JA, Kraus WE. Effects of Amount, Intensity, and Mode of Exercise Training on Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in the STRRIDE Randomized Trials. Front Physiol 2021; 12:626142. [PMID: 33613319 PMCID: PMC7892901 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.626142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Index (LP-IR) and Diabetes Risk Index are novel spectroscopic multimarkers of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes risk. As the Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise (STRRIDE) randomized trials have previously demonstrated the ability of exercise training to improve traditional markers of insulin action, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of exercise amount, intensity, and mode on LP-IR and the Diabetes Risk Index. Methods A total of 503 adults with dyslipidemia [STRRIDE I (n = 194), STRRIDE AT/RT (n = 139)] or prediabetes [STRRIDE-PD (n = 170)] were randomized to control or one of 10 exercise interventions, ranging from doses of 8–23 kcal/kg/week; intensities of 50–75% V̇O2peak; and durations of 6–8 months. Two groups included resistance training and one included dietary intervention (7% weight loss goal). Fasting plasma samples were obtained at baseline and 16–24 h after the final exercise bout. LP-IR, the Diabetes Risk Index, and concentrations of the branched chain amino acids valine and leucine were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. LP-IR and the Diabetes Risk Index scores range from 0–100 and 1–100, respectively (greater scores indicate greater risk). Paired t-tests determined significance within groups (p < 0.05). Results After training, six exercise groups significantly improved LP-IR (ranging from −4.4 ± 8.2 to −12.4 ± 14.1), and four exercise groups significantly improved the Diabetes Risk Index (ranging from −2.8 ± 8.2 to −8.3 ± 10.4). The most beneficial interventions for both LP-IR and the Diabetes Risk Index were low amount/moderate intensity aerobic, aerobic plus resistance, and aerobic plus diet. Summary Multiple exercise interventions improved LP-IR and the Diabetes Risk Index. In those with dyslipidemia, adding resistance to aerobic training elicited a synergistic effect on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes risk. In individuals with prediabetes, combining a dietary intervention and weight loss with aerobic training resulted in the most robust type 2 diabetes risk improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna M Ross
- Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cris A Slentz
- Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alyssa M Zidek
- Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kim M Huffman
- Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Irina Shalaurova
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - James D Otvos
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Margery A Connelly
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings (LabCorp), Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Connie W Bales
- Center for the Study of Aging, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - William E Kraus
- Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Li Q, Zhao M, Wang Y, Zhong F, Liu J, Gao L, Zhao J. Associations Between Serum Free Fatty Acid Levels and Incident Diabetes in a 3-Year Cohort Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:2743-2751. [PMID: 34168474 PMCID: PMC8216696 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s302681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High circulating free fatty acid (FFA) is associated with the development of diabetes. This study was designed to evaluate longitudinal associations between FFA levels, changes in FFA levels, and mean FFA levels and incident diabetes. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS This 3-year cohort study was conducted in Ningyang between 2011 and 2014. Serum FFA, fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured at baseline and at the end of follow-up. A multivariate stepwise logistic regression model was used to evaluate associations between serum FFA levels in various groups and the risk of incident diabetes. RESULTS Of the 2905 individuals without baseline diabetes, 290 developed diabetes by the 3-year follow-up. With increasing baseline FFA levels, the mean FPG, 2hPG, and HbA1c levels, and the prevalence of diabetes at the end of follow-up increased. The trend of FPG and HbA1c increase was not statistically significant. Higher baseline FFA levels were not significantly associated with greater risk of incident diabetes. However, longitudinal changes in serum FFA levels showed that individuals with serum FFA levels from normal to high (OR = 2.956, 95% CI: 2.089-4.184) or from high to high (OR = 3.343, 95% CI: 2.300-4.857) had greater risk of incident diabetes compared with those with normal to normal FFA levels. Similarly, individuals with ΔFFA ≥ 0 mmol/L (OR = 1.762, 95% CI: 1.373-2.262) or high mean serum FFA levels (OR = 2.120, 95% CI: 1.620-2.775) were at higher risk of incident diabetes than those with ΔFFA < 0 mmol/L or normal mean serum FFA levels. CONCLUSION The longitudinal status of serum FFA levels, including chronic increases and sustained high levels, was more closely associated with high risk of incident diabetes than was high baseline FFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Scientific Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jiajun Zhao Tel +86 15168889899 Email
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Merovci A, Tripathy D, Chen X, Valdez I, Abdul-Ghani M, Solis-Herrera C, Gastaldelli A, DeFronzo RA. Effect of Mild Physiologic Hyperglycemia on Insulin Secretion, Insulin Clearance, and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Glucose-Tolerant Subjects. Diabetes 2021; 70:204-213. [PMID: 33033064 PMCID: PMC7881846 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of sustained physiologic increase of ∼50 mg/dL in plasma glucose concentration on insulin secretion in normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) subjects. Twelve NGT subjects without family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; FH-) and 8 NGT with family history of T2DM (FH+) received an oral glucose tolerance test and two-step hyperglycemic clamp (100 and 300 mg/dL) followed by intravenous arginine bolus before and after 72-h glucose infusion. Fasting plasma glucose increased from 94 ± 2 to 142 ± 4 mg/dL for 72 h. First-phase insulin secretion (0-10 min) increased by 70%, while second-phase insulin secretion during the first (10-80 min) and second (90-160 min) hyperglycemic clamp steps increased by 3.8-fold and 1.9-fold, respectively, following 72 h of physiologic hyperglycemia. Insulin sensitivity during hyperglycemic clamp declined by ∼30% and ∼55% (both P < 0.05), respectively, during the first and second hyperglycemic clamp steps. Insulin secretion/insulin resistance (disposition) index declined by 60% (second clamp step) and by 62% following arginine (both P < 0.005) following 72-h glucose infusion. The effect of 72-h glucose infusion on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity was similar in subjects with and without FH of T2DM. Following 72 h of physiologic hyperglycemia, metabolic clearance rate of insulin was markedly reduced (P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that sustained physiologic hyperglycemia for 72 h 1) increases absolute insulin secretion but impairs β-cell function, 2) causes insulin resistance, and 3) reduces metabolic clearance rate of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Merovci
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Devjit Tripathy
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
- Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Heath Care System, Foundation for Advancing Veterans' Health Research, San Antonio, TX
| | - Xi Chen
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ivan Valdez
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Muhammad Abdul-Ghani
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Carolina Solis-Herrera
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
- Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Heath Care System, Foundation for Advancing Veterans' Health Research, San Antonio, TX
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Bioactive Agent Discovery from the Natural Compounds for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Rat Model. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235713. [PMID: 33287318 PMCID: PMC7731446 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a well-known chronic metabolic disease that poses a long-term threat to human health and is characterized by a relative or absolute lack of insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) typically affects many metabolic pathways, resulting in β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, abnormal blood glucose levels, inflammatory processes, excessive oxidative reactions, and impaired lipid metabolism. It also leads to diabetes-related complications in many organ systems. Antidiabetic drugs have been approved for the treatment of hyperglycemia in T2DM; these are beneficial for glucose metabolism and promote weight loss, but have the risk of side effects, such as nausea or an upset stomach. A wide range of active components, derived from medicinal plants, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenol, quinones, and terpenoids may act as alternative sources of antidiabetic agents. They are usually attributed to improvements in pancreatic function by increasing insulin secretions or by reducing the intestinal absorption of glucose. Ease of availability, low cost, least undesirable side effects, and powerful pharmacological actions make plant-based preparations the key player of all available treatments. Based on the study of therapeutic reagents in the pathogenesis of humans, we use the appropriate animal models of T2DM to evaluate medicinal plant treatments. Many of the rat models have characteristics similar to those in humans and have the advantages of ease of genetic manipulation, a short breeding span, and access to physiological and invasive testing. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiological status of T2DM rat models and focus on several bioactive compounds from herbal medicine with different functional groups that exhibit therapeutic potential in the T2DM rat models, in turn, may guide future approach in treating diabetes with natural drugs.
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Marselli L, Piron A, Suleiman M, Colli ML, Yi X, Khamis A, Carrat GR, Rutter GA, Bugliani M, Giusti L, Ronci M, Ibberson M, Turatsinze JV, Boggi U, De Simone P, De Tata V, Lopes M, Nasteska D, De Luca C, Tesi M, Bosi E, Singh P, Campani D, Schulte AM, Solimena M, Hecht P, Rady B, Bakaj I, Pocai A, Norquay L, Thorens B, Canouil M, Froguel P, Eizirik DL, Cnop M, Marchetti P. Persistent or Transient Human β Cell Dysfunction Induced by Metabolic Stress: Specific Signatures and Shared Gene Expression with Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108466. [PMID: 33264613 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell failure is key to type 2 diabetes (T2D) onset and progression. Here, we assess whether human β cell dysfunction induced by metabolic stress is reversible, evaluate the molecular pathways underlying persistent or transient damage, and explore the relationships with T2D islet traits. Twenty-six islet preparations are exposed to several lipotoxic/glucotoxic conditions, some of which impair insulin release, depending on stressor type, concentration, and combination. The reversal of dysfunction occurs after washout for some, although not all, of the lipoglucotoxic insults. Islet transcriptomes assessed by RNA sequencing and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis identify specific pathways underlying β cell failure and recovery. Comparison of a large number of human T2D islet transcriptomes with those of persistent or reversible β cell lipoglucotoxicity show shared gene expression signatures. The identification of mechanisms associated with human β cell dysfunction and recovery and their overlap with T2D islet traits provide insights into T2D pathogenesis, fostering the development of improved β cell-targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy.
| | - Anthony Piron
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Maikel L Colli
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Xiaoyan Yi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Amna Khamis
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille 59000, France
| | - Gaelle R Carrat
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College, London, UK; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy; School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; Centre for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Ugo Boggi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy; Division of General and Transplant Surgery, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Paolo De Simone
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy; Division of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Cisanello University Hospital, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Tata
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Miguel Lopes
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Daniela Nasteska
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Carmela De Luca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Marta Tesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Pratibha Singh
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Daniela Campani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and the Critical Areas, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Anke M Schulte
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Diabetes Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michele Solimena
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Peter Hecht
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Diabetes Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille 59000, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium; WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Division of Endocrinology, ULB Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, ULB Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, and AOUP Cisanello University Hospital, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy.
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FIB-4 index is a marker for a subsequent decrease in insulin secretion in a non-diabetic Japanese population. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15814. [PMID: 32978491 PMCID: PMC7519131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with a high risk of type 2 diabetes (DM), therefore, early diagnosis of NAFLD is important to prevent incident DM. FIB-4 index, a biomarker, often used to evaluate severity of NAFLD, may be useful to evaluate risk for incident DM in ordinary clinical setting. Here, we determined the association of FIB-4 index with changes in indices representing glucose metabolism with aging in a non-diabetic population. From among the participants of the population-based Iwaki study of Japanese people conducted during 2014-2017, 1,268 non-diabetic individuals with complete data sets (age: 51.4 ± 15.9 years; men/women: 485/773) were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. In addition, of the participants, 439 who attended consecutive appointments between 2014 and 2017 were enrolled in a longitudinal study that aimed to evaluate the changes in insulin secretion and resistance with aging (age: 53.1 ± 13.7 years; men/women: 178/261). The cross-sectional study showed significant correlations of FIB-4 index with homeostasis model of assessment (HOMA) indices, even after adjustment for multiple factors (HOMA-β: β = - 0.254, p < 0.001; HOMA-R: β = - 0.247, p < 0.001). The longitudinal study showed a significant association between FIB-4 index and the change in HOMA-β (p < 0.001) but not HOMA-R (p = 0.639) during the 3-year study period. Use of the optimal cut-off value of the FIB-4 index for the prediction of decreased insulin secretion (HOMA-β < 30), determined using receiver operating characteristic analysis (1.592), showed that individuals at risk had a hazard ratio of 2.22 (confidence interval 1.17-4.06) for decreased insulin secretion, after adjustment for confounders. FIB-4 index may represent a useful predictor of a subsequent decrease in insulin secretion, at least in a non-diabetic Japanese population.
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