1
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Assmann AK, Winnicki V, Sugimura Y, Chekhoeva A, Barth M, Assmann A, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. Impact of PPAR-gamma activation on the durability of biological heart valve prostheses in hypercholesterolaemic rats. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CARDIO-THORACIC SURGERY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR CARDIO-THORACIC SURGERY 2022; 63:6984719. [PMID: 36629469 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypercholesterolaemia and obesity are risk factors for the development of calcified aortic valve disease and common comorbidities in respective patients. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation has been shown to reduce the progression of native aortic valve sclerosis, while its effect on bioprosthetic valve degeneration is yet unknown. This project aims to analyse the impact of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, on the degeneration of biological aortic valve conduits in an implantation model in obese and hypercholesterolaemic rats. METHODS Cryopreserved allogenic rat aortic valve conduits (n = 40) were infrarenally implanted into Wistar rats on high-fat (34.6%) diet. One cohort was treated with pioglitazone (75 mg/kg chow; n = 20, group PIO) and compared to untreated rats (n = 20, group control). After 4 or 12 weeks, conduits were explanted and analysed by (immuno-)histology and real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A significantly decreased intima hyperplasia occurred in group PIO compared to control after 4 (P = 0.014) and 12 weeks (P = 0.045). Calcification of the intima was significantly decreased in PIO versus control at 12 weeks (P = 0.0001). No significant inter-group differences were shown for media calcification after 4 and 12 weeks. Echocardiographically, significantly lower regurgitation through the implanted aortic valve conduit was observed in PIO compared to control after 4 (P = 0.018) and 12 weeks (P = 0.0004). Inflammatory activity was comparable between both groups. CONCLUSIONS Systemic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation decreases intima hyperplasia and subsequent intima calcification of cryopreserved allografts in obese, hypercholesterolaemic recipients. Additionally, it seems to inhibit functional impairment of the implanted aortic valve. Further preclinical studies are required to determine the long-term impact of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists on graft durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kathrin Assmann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Winnicki
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yukiharu Sugimura
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Agunda Chekhoeva
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mareike Barth
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Assmann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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2
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Heather LC, Hafstad AD, Halade GV, Harmancey R, Mellor KM, Mishra PK, Mulvihill EE, Nabben M, Nakamura M, Rider OJ, Ruiz M, Wende AR, Ussher JR. Guidelines on Models of Diabetic Heart Disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 323:H176-H200. [PMID: 35657616 PMCID: PMC9273269 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00058.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. As cardiovascular disease represents the number one cause of death in people with diabetes, there has been a major emphasis on understanding the mechanisms by which diabetes promotes cardiovascular disease, and how antidiabetic therapies impact diabetic heart disease. With a wide array of models to study diabetes (both type 1 and type 2), the field has made major progress in answering these questions. However, each model has its own inherent limitations. Therefore, the purpose of this guidelines document is to provide the field with information on which aspects of cardiovascular disease in the human diabetic population are most accurately reproduced by the available models. This review aims to emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of each model, and to highlight the practical challenges and technical considerations involved. We will review the preclinical animal models of diabetes (based on their method of induction), appraise models of diabetes-related atherosclerosis and heart failure, and discuss in vitro models of diabetic heart disease. These guidelines will allow researchers to select the appropriate model of diabetic heart disease, depending on the specific research question being addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne D Hafstad
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Tampa, Florida, United States
| | - Romain Harmancey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Paras K Mishra
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Erin E Mulvihill
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Miranda Nabben
- Departments of Genetics and Cell Biology, and Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, CARIM School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michinari Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Oliver J Rider
- University of Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam R Wende
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John R Ussher
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Ammanamanchi M, Maurer M, Hayenga HN. Inflammation Drives Stiffness Mediated Uptake of Lipoproteins in Primary Human Macrophages and Foam Cell Proliferation. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:3425-3437. [PMID: 34734362 PMCID: PMC8678330 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage to foam cell transition and their accumulation in the arterial intima are the key events that trigger atherosclerosis, a multifactorial inflammatory disease. Previous studies have linked arterial stiffness and cardiovascular disease and have highlighted the use of arterial stiffness as a potential early-stage marker. Yet the relationship between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis in terms of macrophage function is poorly understood. Thus, it is pertinent to understand the mechanobiology of macrophages to clarify their role in plaque advancement. We explore how substrate stiffness affects proliferation of macrophages and foam cells, traction forces exerted by macrophages and uptake of native and oxidized low-density lipoproteins. We demonstrate that stiffness influences foam cell proliferation under both naïve and inflammatory conditions. Naïve foam cells proliferated faster on the 4 kPa polyacrylamide gel and glass whereas under inflammatory conditions, maximum proliferation was recorded on glass. Macrophage and foam cell traction forces were positively correlated to the substrate stiffness. Furthermore, the influence of stiffness was demonstrated on the uptake of lipoproteins on macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide + interferon gamma. Cells on softer 1 kPa substrates had a significantly higher uptake of low-density lipoproteins and oxidized low-density lipoproteins compared to stiffer substrates. The results herein indicate that macrophage function is modulated by stiffness and help better understand ways in which macrophages and foam cells could contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasvini Ammanamanchi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, BSB 12.826, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Melanie Maurer
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Heather N Hayenga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, BSB 12.826, 800 W Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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4
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Assmann AK, Goschmer D, Sugimura Y, Chekhoeva A, Barth M, Assmann A, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. A Role for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Agonists in Counteracting the Degeneration of Cardiovascular Grafts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 79:e103-e115. [PMID: 34654784 PMCID: PMC8728763 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Aortic valve replacement for severe stenosis is a standard procedure in cardiovascular medicine. However, the use of biological prostheses has limitations especially in young patients because of calcifying degeneration, resulting in implant failure. Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist, was shown to decrease the degeneration of native aortic valves. In this study, we aim to examine the impact of pioglitazone on inflammation and calcification of aortic valve conduits (AoC) in a rat model. Cryopreserved AoC (n = 40) were infrarenally implanted into Wistar rats treated with pioglitazone (75 mg/kg chow; n = 20, PIO) or untreated (n = 20, controls). After 4 or 12 weeks, AoC were explanted and analyzed by histology, immunohistology, and polymerase chain reaction. Pioglitazone significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory markers and reduced the macrophage-mediated inflammation in PIO compared with controls after 4 (P = 0.03) and 12 weeks (P = 0.012). Chondrogenic transformation was significantly decreased in PIO after 12 weeks (P = 0.001). Calcification of the intima and media was significantly reduced after 12 weeks in PIO versus controls (intima: P = 0.008; media: P = 0.025). Moreover, echocardiography revealed significantly better functional outcome of the AoC in PIO after 12 weeks compared with control. Interestingly, significantly increased intima hyperplasia could be observed in PIO compared with controls after 12 weeks (P = 0.017). Systemic PPAR-gamma activation prevents inflammation as well as intima and media calcification in AoC and seems to inhibit functional impairment of the implanted aortic valve. To further elucidate the therapeutic role of PPAR-gamma regulation for graft durability, translational studies and long-term follow-up data should be striven for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kathrin Assmann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Daniel Goschmer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Yukiharu Sugimura
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Agunda Chekhoeva
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mareike Barth
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Alexander Assmann
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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5
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Morris S, Cholan PM, Britton WJ, Oehlers SH. Glucose inhibits haemostasis and accelerates diet-induced hyperlipidaemia in zebrafish larvae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19049. [PMID: 34561530 PMCID: PMC8463691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia damages the microvasculature in part through the reduced recruitment of immune cells and interference with platelet signalling, leading to poor wound healing and accelerated lipid deposition in mammals. We investigated the utility of zebrafish larvae to model the effect of exogenous glucose on neutrophil and macrophage recruitment to a tail wound, wound-induced haemostasis, and chicken egg yolk feed challenge-induced hyperlipidaemia by supplementing larvae with exogenous glucose by immersion or injection. Neither method of glucose supplementation affected the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages following tail transection. Glucose injection reduced thrombocyte retention and fibrin plug formation while only thrombocyte retention was reduced by glucose immersion following tail transection. We observed accelerated lipid accumulation in glucose-injected larvae challenged with high fat chicken egg yolk feeding. Our study identifies conserved and divergent effects of high glucose on inflammation, haemostasis, and hyperlipidaemia in zebrafish larvae compared to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morris
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Pradeep Manuneedhi Cholan
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Stefan H Oehlers
- Tuberculosis Research Program at the Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology and Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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6
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Shrivastava AK, Thapa S, Shrestha L, Mehta RK, Gupta A, Koirala N. Phytochemical screening and the effect of
Trichosanthes dioica
in high‐fat diet induced atherosclerosis in Wistar rats. FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samul Thapa
- Department of Pharmacy Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Nepal
| | - Laxmi Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Nepal
| | - Roshan Kumar Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairahawa Nepal
| | - Anamika Gupta
- Era's Lucknow Medical College Era's University Lucknow India
| | - Niranjan Koirala
- Department of Natural Products Research Dr. Koirala Research Institute for Biotechnology and Biodiversity Kathmandu Nepal
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology University of Macau Macau China
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7
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Reddy MA, Amaram V, Das S, Tanwar VS, Ganguly R, Wang M, Lanting L, Zhang L, Abdollahi M, Chen Z, Wu X, Devaraj S, Natarajan R. lncRNA DRAIR is downregulated in diabetic monocytes and modulates the inflammatory phenotype via epigenetic mechanisms. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143289. [PMID: 33945509 PMCID: PMC8262346 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly implicated in the pathology of diabetic complications. Here, we examined the role of lncRNAs in monocyte dysfunction and inflammation associated with human type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). RNA sequencing analysis of CD14+ monocytes from patients with T2D versus healthy controls revealed downregulation of antiinflammatory and antiproliferative genes, along with several lncRNAs, including a potentially novel divergent lncRNA diabetes regulated antiinflammatory RNA (DRAIR) and its nearby gene CPEB2. High glucose and palmitic acid downregulated DRAIR in cultured CD14+ monocytes, whereas antiinflammatory cytokines and monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation upregulated DRAIR via KLF4 transcription factor. DRAIR overexpression increased antiinflammatory and macrophage differentiation genes but inhibited proinflammatory genes. Conversely, DRAIR knockdown attenuated antiinflammatory genes, promoted inflammatory responses, and inhibited phagocytosis. DRAIR regulated target gene expression through interaction with chromatin, as well as inhibition of the repressive epigenetic mark H3K9me2 and its corresponding methyltransferase G9a. Mouse orthologous Drair and Cpeb2 were also downregulated in peritoneal macrophages from T2D db/db mice, and Drair knockdown in nondiabetic mice enhanced proinflammatory genes in macrophages. Thus, DRAIR modulates the inflammatory phenotype of monocytes/macrophages via epigenetic mechanisms, and its downregulation in T2D may promote chronic inflammation. Augmentation of endogenous lncRNAs like DRAIR could serve as novel antiinflammatory therapies for diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marpadga A Reddy
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Vishnu Amaram
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Sadhan Das
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA.,Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinay Singh Tanwar
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Rituparna Ganguly
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Linda Lanting
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Lingxiao Zhang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Maryam Abdollahi
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rama Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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8
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Prilepskii AY, Serov NS, Kladko DV, Vinogradov VV. Nanoparticle-Based Approaches towards the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1056. [PMID: 33167402 PMCID: PMC7694323 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, being an inflammation-associated disease, represents a considerable healthcare problem. Its origin remains poorly understood, and at the same time, it is associated with extensive morbidity and mortality worldwide due to myocardial infarctions and strokes. Unfortunately, drugs are unable to effectively prevent plaque formation. Systemic administration of pharmaceuticals for the inhibition of plaque destabilization bears the risk of adverse effects. At present, nanoscience and, in particular, nanomedicine has made significant progress in both imaging and treatment of atherosclerosis. In this review, we focus on recent advances in this area, discussing subjects such as nanocarriers-based drug targeting principles, approaches towards the treatment of atherosclerosis, utilization of theranostic agents, and future prospects of nanoformulated therapeutics against atherosclerosis and inflammatory diseases. The focus is placed on articles published since 2015 with additional attention to research completed in 2019-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vladimir V. Vinogradov
- International Institute “Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies”, ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.Y.P.); (N.S.S.); (D.V.K.)
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9
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Hieronimus B, Medici V, Bremer AA, Lee V, Nunez MV, Sigala DM, Keim NL, Havel PJ, Stanhope KL. Synergistic effects of fructose and glucose on lipoprotein risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adults. Metabolism 2020; 112:154356. [PMID: 32916151 PMCID: PMC8744004 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose consumption increases risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. It is assumed that the effects of free sugars on risk factors are less potent because they contain less fructose. We compared the effects of consuming fructose, glucose or their combination, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), on cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS Adults (18-40 years; BMI 18-35 kg/m2) participated in a parallel, double-blinded dietary intervention during which beverages sweetened with aspartame, glucose (25% of energy requirements (ereq)), fructose or HFCS (25% and 17.5% ereq) were consumed for two weeks. Groups were matched for sex, baseline BMI and plasma lipid/lipoprotein concentrations. 24-h serial blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of intervention. Primary outcomes were 24-h triglyceride AUC, LDL-cholesterol (C), and apolipoprotein (apo)B. Interactions between fructose and glucose were assessed post hoc. FINDINGS 145 subjects (26.0 ± 5.8 years; body mass index 25.0 ± 3.7 kg/m2) completed the study. As expected, the increase of 24-h triglycerides compared with aspartame was highest during fructose consumption (25%: 6.66 mmol/Lx24h 95% CI [1.90 to 11.63], P = 0.0013 versus aspartame), intermediate during HFCS consumption (25%: 4.68 mmol/Lx24h 95% CI [-0.18 to 9.55], P = 0.066 versus aspartame) and lowest during glucose consumption. In contrast, the increase of LDL-C was highest during HFCS consumption (25%: 0.46 mmol/L 95% CI [0.16 to 0.77], P = 0.0002 versus aspartame) and intermediate during fructose consumption (25%: 0.33 mmol/L 95% CI [0.03 to 0.63], P = 0.023 versus aspartame), as was the increase of apoB (HFCS-25%: 0.108 g/L 95%CI [0.032 to 0.184], P = 0.001; fructose 25%: 0.072 g/L 95%CI [-0.004 to 0.148], P = 0.074 versus aspartame). The post hoc analyses showed significant interactive effects of fructose*glucose on LDL-C and apoB (both P < 0.01), but not on 24-h triglyceride (P = 0.340). CONCLUSION A significant interaction between fructose and glucose contributed to increases of lipoprotein risk factors when the two monosaccharides were co-ingested as HFCS. Thus, the effects of HFCS on lipoprotein risks factors are not solely mediated by the fructose content and it cannot be assumed that glucose is a benign component of HFCS. Our findings suggest that HFCS may be as harmful as isocaloric amounts of pure fructose and provide further support for the urgency to implement strategies to limit free sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hieronimus
- Max Rubner-Institut, Institute of Child Nutrition, Karlsruhe, Germany; Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America.
| | - Valentina Medici
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrew A Bremer
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America; Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Vivien Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Marinelle V Nunez
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Desiree M Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Nancy L Keim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America; United States Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Peter J Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Kimber L Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
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10
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Kramer F, Martinson AM, Papayannopoulou T, Kanter JE. Myocardial Infarction Does Not Accelerate Atherosclerosis in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:2133-2143. [PMID: 32694213 PMCID: PMC7506833 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to increasing the risk of an initial myocardial infarction (MI), diabetes increases the risk of a recurrent MI. Previous work suggests that an experimental MI can accelerate atherosclerosis via monocytosis. To test whether diabetes and experimental MI synergize to accelerate atherosclerosis, we performed ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery to induce experimental MI or sham surgery in nondiabetic and diabetic mice with preexisting atherosclerosis. All mice subjected to experimental MI had significantly reduced left ventricular function. In our model, in comparisons with nondiabetic sham mice, neither diabetes nor MI resulted in monocytosis. Neither diabetes nor MI led to increased atherosclerotic lesion size, but diabetes accelerated lesion progression, exemplified by necrotic core expansion. The necrotic core expansion was dependent on monocyte recruitment, as mice with myeloid cells deficient in the adhesion molecule integrin α4 were protected from necrotic core expansion. In summary, diabetes, but not MI, accelerates lesion progression, suggesting that the increased risk of recurrent MI in diabetes is due to a higher lesional burden and/or elevated risk factors rather than the acceleration of the underlying pathology from a previous MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Kramer
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Amy M Martinson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Thalia Papayannopoulou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jenny E Kanter
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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11
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Kanter JE, Hsu CC, Bornfeldt KE. Monocytes and Macrophages as Protagonists in Vascular Complications of Diabetes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 32118048 PMCID: PMC7033616 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide, vascular complications of diabetes are also on the rise. Diabetes results in an increased risk of macrovascular complications, with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) being the leading cause of death in adults with diabetes. The exact mechanisms for how diabetes promotes CVD risk are still unclear, although it is evident that monocytes and macrophages are key players in all stages of atherosclerosis both in the absence and presence of diabetes, and that phenotypes of these cells are altered by the diabetic environment. Evidence suggests that at least five pro-atherogenic mechanisms involving monocytes and macrophages contribute to the accelerated atherosclerotic lesion progression and hampered lesion regression associated with diabetes. These changes include (1) increased monocyte recruitment to lesions; (2) increased inflammatory activation; (3) altered macrophage lipid accumulation and metabolism; (4) increased macrophage cell death; and (5) reduced efferocytosis. Monocyte and macrophage phenotypes and mechanisms have been revealed mostly by different animal models of diabetes. The roles of specific changes in monocytes and macrophages in humans with diabetes remain largely unknown. There is an ongoing debate on whether the changes in monocytes and macrophages are caused by altered glucose levels, insulin deficiency or insulin resistance, lipid abnormalities, or combinations of these factors. Current research in humans and mouse models suggests that reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants is one important mechanism whereby diabetes adversely affects macrophages and promotes atherosclerosis and CVD risk. Although monocytes and macrophages readily respond to the diabetic environment and can be seen as protagonists in diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis, they are likely not instigators of the increased CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Kanter
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cheng-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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12
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Pennig J, Scherrer P, Gissler MC, Anto-Michel N, Hoppe N, Füner L, Härdtner C, Stachon P, Wolf D, Hilgendorf I, Mullick A, Bode C, Zirlik A, Goldberg IJ, Willecke F. Glucose lowering by SGLT2-inhibitor empagliflozin accelerates atherosclerosis regression in hyperglycemic STZ-diabetic mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17937. [PMID: 31784656 PMCID: PMC6884628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes worsens atherosclerosis progression and leads to a defect in repair of arteries after cholesterol reduction, a process termed regression. Empagliflozin reduces blood glucose levels via inhibition of the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) in the kidney and has been shown to lead to a marked reduction in cardiovascular events in humans. To determine whether glucose lowering by empagliflozin accelerates atherosclerosis regression in a mouse model, male C57BL/6J mice were treated intraperitoneally with LDLR- and SRB1- antisense oligonucleotides and fed a high cholesterol diet for 16 weeks to induce severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis progression. At week 14 all mice were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) injections. At week 16 a baseline group was sacrificed and displayed substantial atherosclerosis of the aortic root. In the remaining mice, plasma cholesterol was lowered by switching to chow diet and treatment with LDLR sense oligonucleotides to induce atherosclerosis regression. These mice then received either empagliflozin or vehicle for three weeks. Atherosclerotic plaques in the empagliflozin treated mice were significantly smaller, showed decreased lipid and CD68+ macrophage content, as well as greater collagen content. Proliferation of plaque resident macrophages and leukocyte adhesion to the vascular wall were significantly decreased in empagliflozin-treated mice. In summary, plasma glucose lowering by empagliflozin improves plaque regression in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pennig
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Scherrer
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Colin Gissler
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathaly Anto-Michel
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Hoppe
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Füner
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Härdtner
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Stachon
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adam Mullick
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Christoph Bode
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zirlik
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Willecke
- University Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Cardiology and Angiology I, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Klinik für Allgemeine und Interventionelle Kardiologie/Angiologie, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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13
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Flynn MC, Pernes G, Lee MKS, Nagareddy PR, Murphy AJ. Monocytes, Macrophages, and Metabolic Disease in Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:666. [PMID: 31249530 PMCID: PMC6584106 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease, in which macrophages are responsible for taking up these lipids and driving disease progression. Over the years, we and others have uncovered key pathways that regulate macrophage number/function and identified how metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, which are common risk factors for CVD, exacerbate these pathways. This ultimately accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis and hinders atherosclerotic regression. In this review, we discuss the different types of macrophages, from monocyte-derived macrophages, local macrophage proliferation, to macrophage-like vascular smooth muscle cells, that contribute to atherosclerosis as well as myeloid-derived suppressor cells that may have anti-atherogenic effects. We will also discuss how diabetes and obesity influence plaque macrophage accumulation and monocyte production (myelopoiesis) to promote atherogenesis as well as an exciting therapeutic target, S100A8/A9, which mediates myelopoiesis in response to both diabetes and obesity, shown to be effective in reducing atherosclerosis in pre-clinical models of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Flynn
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerard Pernes
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Man Kit Sam Lee
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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14
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Sajja AP, Dey AK, Guha A, Elnabawi Y, Joshi AA, Kalra A. SGLT-2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Agonists: First-Line Therapy for Diabetes With Established Cardiovascular Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2019; 24:422-427. [PMID: 31064213 DOI: 10.1177/1074248419838511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that diabetes represents a significant and largely modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is known to markedly increase the risk of CVD-with CVD accounting for 2 of every 3 deaths in patients with diabetes. It is suggested that once patients with diabetes develop clinical coronary disease, they have a grim prognosis. In 2008, the Food and Drug Association mandated the evidence of CV safety in any new diabetic therapy, leading to a multitude of large CV outcome trials to assess CV risk from these medications. However, several of these outcome trials with novel antidiabetic therapies have demonstrated not only safety but a clear and definite CV advantage in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this review, we discuss 2 relatively newer classes of diabetic drugs, sodium glucose cotransport 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, evaluate their efficacy in improving CV outcomes, and discuss the future of CV prevention with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna P Sajja
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amit K Dey
- 2 Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Avirup Guha
- 3 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Youssef Elnabawi
- 2 Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aditya A Joshi
- 2 Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ankur Kalra
- 3 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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15
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Murakami-Nishida S, Matsumura T, Senokuchi T, Ishii N, Kinoshita H, Yamada S, Morita Y, Nishida S, Motoshima H, Kondo T, Komohara Y, Araki E. Pioglitazone suppresses macrophage proliferation in apolipoprotein-E deficient mice by activating PPARγ. Atherosclerosis 2019; 286:30-39. [PMID: 31096071 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Local macrophage proliferation is linked to enhanced atherosclerosis progression. Our previous study found that troglitazone, a thiazolidinedione (TZD), suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-induced macrophage proliferation. However, its effects and mechanisms are unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of pioglitazone, another TZD, on macrophage proliferation. METHODS Normal chow (NC)- or high-fat diet (HFD)-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice were treated orally with pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (water) as a control. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were used in in vitro assays. RESULTS Atherosclerosis progression was suppressed in aortic sinuses of pioglitazone-treated Apoe-/- mice, which showed fewer proliferating macrophages in plaques. Pioglitazone suppressed Ox-LDL-induced macrophage proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. However, treatment with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) siRNA ameliorated pioglitazone-induced suppression of macrophage proliferation. Low concentrations (less than 100 μmol/L) of pioglitazone, which can suppress macrophage proliferation, activated PPARγ in macrophages, but did not induce macrophage apoptosis. Pioglitazone treatment did not induce TUNEL-positive cells in atherosclerotic plaques of aortic sinuses in Apoe-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone suppressed macrophage proliferation through PPARγ without inducing macrophage apoptosis. These findings imply that pioglitazone could prevent macrovascular complications in diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiko Murakami-Nishida
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsumura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Senokuchi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Norio Ishii
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kinoshita
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, National Hospital Organization, Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sarie Yamada
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaro Morita
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nishida
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Motoshima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Eiichi Araki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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16
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Acharya P, Talahalli RR. Aging and Hyperglycemia Intensify Dyslipidemia-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Rats: Assessment of Restorative Potentials of ALA and EPA + DHA. Inflammation 2018; 42:946-952. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Katz LEL, Bacha F, Gidding SS, Weinstock RS, El ghormli L, Libman I, Nadeau KJ, Porter K, Marcovina S. Lipid Profiles, Inflammatory Markers, and Insulin Therapy in Youth with Type 2 Diabetes. J Pediatr 2018; 196:208-216.e2. [PMID: 29398050 PMCID: PMC6436626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Data regarding atherogenic dyslipidemia and the inflammation profile in youth with type 2 diabetes is limited and the effect of insulin therapy on these variables has not previously been studied in youth. We determined the impact of insulin therapy on lipid and inflammatory markers in youth with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. STUDY DESIGN In the Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) multicenter trial, 285 participants failed to sustain glycemic control on randomized treatment (primary outcome, glycated hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] at ≥8% for 6 months); 363 maintained glycemic control (never reached primary outcome). Statins were used for a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of ≥130 mg/dL. Upon reaching the primary outcome, insulin was started. Changes in lipids and inflammatory markers (slopes over time) were examined. RESULTS Progression of dyslipidemia was related to glycemic control. In those with the primary outcome, insulin therapy impacted HbA1c modestly, and dampened the increase in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total apolipoprotein B, although statin use increased from 8.6% to 22% year after the primary outcome. The increase in triglycerides and plasma nonesterified fatty acids stabilized after insulin was started, independent of HbA1c. There was an increase in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein that continued after insulin initiation, related to HbA1c and percent overweight. CONCLUSIONS Worsening dyslipidemia and inflammation over time raise concern regarding premature development of atherosclerosis in youth with type 2 diabetes. Insulin therapy has a limited benefit in the absence of glycemic control. Strategies to achieve better glycemic control are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00081328.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine E Levitt Katz
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 19104
| | - Fida Bacha
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Samuel S Gidding
- Nemours Cardiac Center, Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA 19803
| | - Ruth S Weinstock
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, USA 13210
| | - Laure El ghormli
- George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Rockville, Maryland, USA 20852
| | - Ingrid Libman
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 15224
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA 80045
| | - Kristin Porter
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 15224
| | - Santica Marcovina
- Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA 98109
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18
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Szpak D, Izem L, Verbovetskiy D, Soloviev DA, Yakubenko VP, Pluskota E. α Mβ 2 Is Antiatherogenic in Female but Not Male Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2426-2438. [PMID: 29459405 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory process characterized by monocyte recruitment into the arterial wall, their differentiation into macrophages, and lipid accumulation. Because integrin αMβ2 (CD11b/CD18) mediates multiple diverse functions of leukocytes, we examined its role in atherogenesis. αM-/-/ApoE-/- and ApoE-/- mice were fed a control or high fat diet for 3 or 16 wk to induce atherogenesis. Unexpectedly, αM deficiency accelerated development of atherosclerosis in female but not in male mice. The size of aortic root lesions was 3-4.5-fold larger in female αM-/-/ApoE-/- than in ApoE-/- mice. Monocyte and macrophage content within the lesions was increased 2.5-fold in female αM-/-/ApoE-/- mice due to enhanced proliferation. αMβ2 elimination promoted gender-dependent foam cell formation due to enhanced uptake of cholesterol by αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages. This difference was attributed to enhanced expression of lipid uptake receptors, CD36 and scavenger receptor A1 (SR-A1), in female mice. Macrophages from female αM-/-/ApoE-/- mice showed dramatically reduced expression of FoxM1 transcription factor and estrogen receptors (ER) α and β. As their antagonists inhibited the effect of 17β-estradiol (E2), E2 decreased CD36, SR-A1, and foam cell formation in ApoE-/- macrophages in an ERα- and ERβ-dependent manner. However, female αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages failed to respond to E2 and maintained elevated CD36, SR-A1, and lipid accumulation. FoxM1 inhibition in ApoE-/- macrophages reduced ERs and enhanced CD36 and SR-A1 expression, whereas FoxM1 overexpression in αM-/-/ApoE-/- macrophages reversed their proatherogenic phenotype. We demonstrate a new, surprising atheroprotective role of αMβ2 in female ApoE-/- mice. αMβ2 maintains ER expression in macrophages and E2-dependent inhibition of foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Szpak
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Lahoucine Izem
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
| | | | - Dmitry A Soloviev
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Valentin P Yakubenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614
| | - Elzbieta Pluskota
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195;
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19
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Li Q, Park K, Xia Y, Matsumoto M, Qi W, Fu J, Yokomizo H, Khamaisi M, Wang X, Rask-Madsen C, King GL. Regulation of Macrophage Apoptosis and Atherosclerosis by Lipid-Induced PKCδ Isoform Activation. Circ Res 2017; 121:1153-1167. [PMID: 28855204 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Activation of monocytes/macrophages by hyperlipidemia associated with diabetes mellitus and obesity contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. PKCδ (protein kinase C δ) expression and activity in monocytes were increased by hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus with unknown consequences to atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of PKCδ activation in macrophages on the severity of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS PKCδ expression and activity were increased in Zucker diabetic rats. Mice with selective deletion of PKCδ in macrophages were generated by breeding PKCδ flox/flox mice with LyzM-Cre and ApoE-/- mice (MPKCδKO/ApoE-/- mice) and studied in atherogenic (AD) and high-fat diet (HFD). Mice fed AD and HFD exhibited hyperlipidemia, but only HFD-fed mice had insulin resistance and mild diabetes mellitus. Surprisingly, MPKCδKO/ApoE-/- mice exhibited accelerated aortic atherosclerotic lesions by 2-fold versus ApoE-/- mice on AD or HFD. Splenomegaly was observed in MPKCδKO/ApoE-/- mice on AD and HFD but not on regular chow. Both the AD or HFD increased macrophage number in aortic plaques and spleen by 1.7- and 2-fold, respectively, in MPKCδKO/ApoE-/- versus ApoE-/- mice because of decreased apoptosis (62%) and increased proliferation (1.9-fold), and not because of uptake, with parallel increased expressions of inflammatory cytokines. Mechanisms for the increased macrophages in MPKCδKO/ApoE-/- were associated with elevated phosphorylation levels of prosurvival cell-signaling proteins, Akt and FoxO3a, with reduction of proapoptotic protein Bim associated with PKCδ induced inhibition of P85/PI3K. CONCLUSIONS Accelerated development of atherosclerosis induced by insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia may be partially limited by PKCδ isoform activation in the monocytes, which decreased its number and inflammatory responses in the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- From the Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Q.L., K.P., Y.X., W.Q., J.F., H.Y., M.K., X.W., C.R.-M., G.L.K.); Department of Research and Development, SunStar, Inc, Osaka, Japan (M.M.); and Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (W.Q.)
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- From the Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Q.L., K.P., Y.X., W.Q., J.F., H.Y., M.K., X.W., C.R.-M., G.L.K.); Department of Research and Development, SunStar, Inc, Osaka, Japan (M.M.); and Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (W.Q.)
| | - Yu Xia
- From the Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Q.L., K.P., Y.X., W.Q., J.F., H.Y., M.K., X.W., C.R.-M., G.L.K.); Department of Research and Development, SunStar, Inc, Osaka, Japan (M.M.); and Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (W.Q.)
| | - Motonobu Matsumoto
- From the Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Q.L., K.P., Y.X., W.Q., J.F., H.Y., M.K., X.W., C.R.-M., G.L.K.); Department of Research and Development, SunStar, Inc, Osaka, Japan (M.M.); and Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (W.Q.)
| | - Weier Qi
- From the Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Q.L., K.P., Y.X., W.Q., J.F., H.Y., M.K., X.W., C.R.-M., G.L.K.); Department of Research and Development, SunStar, Inc, Osaka, Japan (M.M.); and Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (W.Q.)
| | - Jialin Fu
- From the Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Q.L., K.P., Y.X., W.Q., J.F., H.Y., M.K., X.W., C.R.-M., G.L.K.); Department of Research and Development, SunStar, Inc, Osaka, Japan (M.M.); and Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (W.Q.)
| | - Hisashi Yokomizo
- From the Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Q.L., K.P., Y.X., W.Q., J.F., H.Y., M.K., X.W., C.R.-M., G.L.K.); Department of Research and Development, SunStar, Inc, Osaka, Japan (M.M.); and Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (W.Q.)
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- From the Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Q.L., K.P., Y.X., W.Q., J.F., H.Y., M.K., X.W., C.R.-M., G.L.K.); Department of Research and Development, SunStar, Inc, Osaka, Japan (M.M.); and Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (W.Q.)
| | - Xuanchun Wang
- From the Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Q.L., K.P., Y.X., W.Q., J.F., H.Y., M.K., X.W., C.R.-M., G.L.K.); Department of Research and Development, SunStar, Inc, Osaka, Japan (M.M.); and Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (W.Q.)
| | - Christian Rask-Madsen
- From the Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Q.L., K.P., Y.X., W.Q., J.F., H.Y., M.K., X.W., C.R.-M., G.L.K.); Department of Research and Development, SunStar, Inc, Osaka, Japan (M.M.); and Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (W.Q.)
| | - George L King
- From the Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Q.L., K.P., Y.X., W.Q., J.F., H.Y., M.K., X.W., C.R.-M., G.L.K.); Department of Research and Development, SunStar, Inc, Osaka, Japan (M.M.); and Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden (W.Q.).
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Wan W, Jiang B, Sun L, Xu L, Xiao P. Metabolomics reveals that vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) prevents high-fat-diet-induced metabolism disorder by improving glucose homeostasis in rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182830. [PMID: 28813453 PMCID: PMC5558946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vine tea (VT), derived from Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) W.T. Wang, is an alternative tea that has been consumed widely in south China for hundreds of years. It has been shown that drinking VT on a daily basis improves hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. However, little is known about the preventive functions of VT for metabolic dysregulation and the potential pathological mechanisms involved. This paper elucidates the preventive effects of VT on the dysregulation of lipid and glucose metabolism using rats maintained on a high-fat-diet (HFD) in an attempt to explain the potential mechanisms involved. Methods Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into five groups: a group given normal rat chow and water (control group); a group given an HFD and water (HFD group); a group given an HFD and Pioglitazone (PIO group), 5 mg /kg; and groups given an HFD and one of two doses of VT: 500 mg/L or 2000 mg/L. After 8 weeks, changes in food intake, tea consumption, body weight, serum and hepatic biochemical parameters were determined. Moreover, liver samples were isolated for pathology histology and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomic research. Results VT reduced the serum levels of glucose and total cholesterol, decreased glucose area under the curve in the insulin tolerance test and visibly impaired hepatic lipid accumulation. Metabolomics showed that VT treatment modulated the contents of metabolic intermediates linked to glucose metabolism (including gluconeogenesis and glycolysis), the TCA cycle, purine metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Conclusion The current results demonstrate that VT may prevent metabolic impairments induced by the consumption of an HFD. These effects may be caused by improved energy-related metabolism (including gluconeogenesis, glycolysis and TCA cycle), purine metabolism and amino acid metabolism, and reduced lipid levels in the HFD-fed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Baoping Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Le Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lijia Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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21
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Antimetastatic effect of glycoprotein isolated from rice bran on colon 26-M3.1 cell line. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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22
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Qi W, Li Q, Liew CW, Rask-Madsen C, Lockhart SM, Rasmussen LM, Xia Y, Wang X, Khamaisi M, Croce K, King GL. SHP-1 activation inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal hyperplasia in a rodent model of insulin resistance and diabetes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:585-596. [PMID: 27933336 PMCID: PMC5672905 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Accelerated migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) enhances arterial restenosis after angioplasty in insulin resistance and diabetes. Elevation of Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) induces apoptosis in the microvasculature. However, the role of SHP-1 in intimal hyperplasia and restenosis has not been clarified in insulin resistance and diabetes. METHODS We used a femoral artery wire injury mouse model, rodent models with insulin resistance and diabetes, and patients with type 2 diabetes. Further, we modulated SHP-1 expression using a transgenic mouse that overexpresses SHP-1 in VSMCs (Shp-1-Tg). SHP-1 agonists were also employed to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of SHP-1 by oxidised lipids. RESULTS Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) exhibited increased femoral artery intimal hyperplasia and decreased arterial SHP-1 expression compared with mice fed a regular diet. Arterial SHP-1 expression was also decreased in Zucker fatty rats, Zucker diabetic fatty rats and in patients with type 2 diabetes. In primary cultured VSMCs, oxidised LDL suppressed SHP-1 expression by activating Mek-1 (also known as Map2k1) and increased DNA methylation of the Shp-1 promoter. VSMCs from Shp-1-Tg mice exhibited impaired platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation with a concomitant decrease in PDGF-stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration. Similarly, HFD-fed Shp-1-Tg mice and mice treated with the SHP-1 inducer, Icariside II, were protected from the development of intimal hyperplasia following wire injury. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Suppression of SHP-1 by oxidised lipids may contribute to the excessive VSMC proliferation, inflammatory cytokine production and intimal hyperplasia observed in arteries from diabetes and insulin resistance. Augmenting SHP-1 levels is a potential therapeutic strategy to maintain stent patency in patients with insulin resistance and diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Proliferation/physiology
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance/genetics
- Insulin Resistance/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Zucker
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Weier Qi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christian Rask-Madsen
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Samuel M Lockhart
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yu Xia
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xuanchun Wang
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kevin Croce
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George L King
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratories, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Mason RP, Sherratt SC. Omega-3 fatty acid fish oil dietary supplements contain saturated fats and oxidized lipids that may interfere with their intended biological benefits. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:425-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yu JY, Du M, Elliott MH, Wu M, Fu D, Yang S, Basu A, Gu X, Ma JX, Aston CE, Lyons TJ. Extravascular modified lipoproteins: a role in the propagation of diabetic retinopathy in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2016; 59:2026-35. [PMID: 27306616 PMCID: PMC4969344 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We aimed to determine whether plasma lipoproteins, after leakage into the retina and modification by glycation and oxidation, contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. METHODS To simulate permeation of plasma lipoproteins into retinal tissues, streptozotocin-induced mouse models of diabetes and non-diabetic mice were challenged with intravitreal injection of human 'highly-oxidised glycated' low-density lipoprotein (HOG-LDL), native- (N-) LDL, or the vehicle PBS. Retinal histology, electroretinography (ERG) and biochemical markers were assessed over the subsequent 14 days. RESULTS Intravitreal administration of N-LDL and PBS had no effect on retinal structure or function in either diabetic or non-diabetic animals. In non-diabetic mice, HOG-LDL elicited a transient inflammatory response without altering retinal function, but in diabetic mice it caused severe, progressive retinal injury, with abnormal morphology, ERG changes, vascular leakage, vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression, gliosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and propensity to apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Diabetes confers susceptibility to retinal injury imposed by intravitreal injection of modified LDL. The data add to the existing evidence that extravasated, modified plasma lipoproteins contribute to the propagation of diabetic retinopathy. Intravitreal delivery of HOG-LDL simulates a stress known to be present, in addition to hyperglycaemia, in human diabetic retinopathy once blood-retinal barriers are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Y Yu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Mei Du
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael H Elliott
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mingyuan Wu
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Dongxu Fu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Shihe Yang
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Arpita Basu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Xiaowu Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Christopher E Aston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Timothy J Lyons
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Abstract
The remarkable plasticity and plethora of biological functions performed by macrophages have enticed scientists to study these cells in relation to atherosclerosis for >50 years, and major discoveries continue to be made today. It is now understood that macrophages play important roles in all stages of atherosclerosis, from initiation of lesions and lesion expansion, to necrosis leading to rupture and the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, to resolution and regression of atherosclerotic lesions. Lesional macrophages are derived primarily from blood monocytes, although recent research has shown that lesional macrophage-like cells can also be derived from smooth muscle cells. Lesional macrophages take on different phenotypes depending on their environment and which intracellular signaling pathways are activated. Rather than a few distinct populations of macrophages, the phenotype of the lesional macrophage is more complex and likely changes during the different phases of atherosclerosis and with the extent of lipid and cholesterol loading, activation by a plethora of receptors, and metabolic state of the cells. These different phenotypes allow the macrophage to engulf lipids, dead cells, and other substances perceived as danger signals; efflux cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein; proliferate and migrate; undergo apoptosis and death; and secrete a large number of inflammatory and proresolving molecules. This review article, part of the Compendium on Atherosclerosis, discusses recent advances in our understanding of lesional macrophage phenotype and function in different stages of atherosclerosis. With the increasing understanding of the roles of lesional macrophages, new research areas and treatment strategies are beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Tabas
- From the Departments of Medicine (I.T.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York; and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (K.E.B.) and Department of Pathology (K.E.B.), UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- From the Departments of Medicine (I.T.), Anatomy and Cell Biology (I.T.), and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics (I.T.), Columbia University, New York; and the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (K.E.B.) and Department of Pathology (K.E.B.), UW Diabetes Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.
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Myeloid Cell Prostaglandin E2 Receptor EP4 Modulates Cytokine Production but Not Atherogenesis in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158316. [PMID: 27351842 PMCID: PMC4924840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with cardiovascular complications induced by atherosclerosis. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is often raised in states of inflammation, including diabetes, and regulates inflammatory processes. In myeloid cells, a key cell type in atherosclerosis, PGE2 acts predominately through its Prostaglandin E Receptor 4 (EP4; Ptger4) to modulate inflammation. The effect of PGE2-mediated EP4 signaling specifically in myeloid cells on atherosclerosis in the presence and absence of diabetes is unknown. Because diabetes promotes atherosclerosis through increased arterial myeloid cell accumulation, we generated a myeloid cell-targeted EP4-deficient mouse model (EP4M-/-) of T1DM-accelerated atherogenesis to investigate the relationship between myeloid cell EP4, inflammatory phenotypes of myeloid cells, and atherogenesis. Diabetic mice exhibited elevated plasma PGE metabolite levels and elevated Ptger4 mRNA in macrophages, as compared with non-diabetic littermates. PGE2 increased Il6, Il1b, Il23 and Ccr7 mRNA while reducing Tnfa mRNA through EP4 in isolated myeloid cells. Consistently, the stimulatory effect of diabetes on peritoneal macrophage Il6 was mediated by PGE2-EP4, while PGE2-EP4 suppressed the effect of diabetes on Tnfa in these cells. In addition, diabetes exerted effects independent of myeloid cell EP4, including a reduction in macrophage Ccr7 levels and increased early atherogenesis characterized by relative lesional macrophage accumulation. These studies suggest that this mouse model of T1DM is associated with increased myeloid cell PGE2-EP4 signaling, which is required for the stimulatory effect of diabetes on IL-6, markedly blunts the effect of diabetes on TNF-α and does not modulate diabetes-accelerated atherogenesis.
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Shirpoor A, Norouzi L, Nemati S, Khadem Ansari MH. Protective effect of vitamin E against diabetes-induced oxidized LDL and aorta cell wall proliferation in rat. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 19:117-23. [PMID: 25864817 PMCID: PMC4412923 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1449.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hyperlipidemia and oxidized-low-density lipoproteins (Ox-LDL) are important independent cardiovascular risk factors that have been shown to stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E on Ox-LDL, lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), and VSMC proliferation of rat aorta. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n = 32) were divided into four groups namely: sham (SH), control (C), non-treated diabetic, and vitamin E-treated diabetic (VETD) groups. Ox-LDL, lipid profile, CRP and VSMC proliferation of aorta were measured after 42 days. RESULTS The results revealed that along with a significant increase in VSMC proliferation, the amount of CRP, Ox-LDL, and lipid profiles in diabetic rats. VSMC proliferation was significantly ameliorated, and elevated CRP, Ox-LDL, and lipid profiles were also restored to those of shams in VETD. CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly support the idea that diabetes induces Ox-LDL-mediated oxidative stress and VSMC proliferation in aorta of rat and imply that vitamin E has a strong protective effect as an antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shirpoor
- Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Norouzi
- Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Samira Nemati
- Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Bossi F, Bernardi S, De Nardo D, Bramante A, Candido R, Carretta R, Fischetti F, Fabris B. Angiotensin 1-7 significantly reduces diabetes-induced leukocyte recruitment both in vivo and in vitro. Atherosclerosis 2015; 244:121-30. [PMID: 26630181 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have demonstrated that Ang1-7 has anti-inflammatory effects. Since the formation of Ang1-7 is significantly altered in the setting of diabetes, here we aimed to evaluate whether Ang1-7 infusion could ameliorate diabetes-induced leukocyte recruitment. METHODS Wild-type male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to the following groups: control + saline, control + Ang1-7, diabetes + saline, diabetes + Ang1-7. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Saline and Ang1-7 (576 μg/kg/day) were injected intraperitoneally daily. After 4 weeks leukocyte trafficking was studied in vivo by intravital microscopy in the mesenteric bed, where the expression of pro-oxidative, proinflammatory, and profibrotic molecules was also assessed. In parallel in vitro studies, HUVEC were grown in 5 mM, 22 mM, 30 mM, 40 mM, 50 mM, and 75 mM glucose media for 48 h, 72 h and 6 days and were treated either with placebo, or with Ang1-7, or with Ang1-7 and its inhibitor A779 in order to evaluate the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. We further studied leukocytes recruitment in vitro by evaluating PMN-HUVEC adhesion. RESULTS Ang1-7 prevented in vivo diabetes-induced leukocyte adhesion and extravasation, and it significantly reduced vascular hypertrophy and the other molecular changes due to diabetes. Ang 1-7 prevented also in vitro the hyperglycemia-induced increase of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 as well as the hyperglycemia-induced PMN adhesion. A779 inhibited Ang 1-7 effects. CONCLUSIONS Ang1-7 significantly reduced diabetes-induced leukocyte recruitment both in vivo and in vitro. These findings emphasize the potential utility of ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas repletion as a strategy to reduce diabetes-induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Bossi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Stella Bernardi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniele De Nardo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bramante
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Candido
- Centro Diabetologico ASS 1 Triestina, Via Puccini, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Renzo Carretta
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Fischetti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Bruno Fabris
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Teaching Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34100 Trieste, Italy
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Xiu F, Diao L, Qi P, Catapano M, Jeschke MG. Palmitate differentially regulates the polarization of differentiating and differentiated macrophages. Immunology 2015; 147:82-96. [PMID: 26453839 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue accumulation of M1 macrophages in patients with metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus has been well-documented. Interestingly, it is an accumulation of M2 macrophages that is observed in the adipose, liver and lung tissues, as well as in the circulation, of patients who have had major traumas such as a burn injury or sepsis; however, the trigger for the M2 polarization observed in these patients has not yet been identified. In the current study, we explored the effects of chronic palmitate and high glucose treatment on macrophage differentiation and function in murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages. We found that chronic treatment with palmitate decreased phagocytosis and HLA-DR expression in addition to inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Chronic palmitate treatment of bone marrows also led to M2 polarization, which correlated with the activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ signalling pathway. Furthermore, we found that chronic palmitate treatment increased the expression of multiple endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, including binding immunoglobulin protein. Preconditioning with the universal ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate attenuated ER stress signalling and neutralized the effect of palmitate, inducing a pro-inflammatory phenotype. We confirmed these results in differentiating human macrophages, showing an anti-inflammatory response to chronic palmitate exposure. Though alone it did not promote M2 polarization, hyperglycaemia exacerbated the effects of palmitate. These findings suggest that the dominant accumulation of M2 in adipose tissue and liver in patients with critical illness may be a result of hyperlipidaemia and hyperglycaemia, both components of the hypermetabolism observed in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Xiu
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Li Diao
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Qi
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Catapano
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Li M, Lin F, Lin Y, Peng W. Extracellular polysaccharide from Bordetella species reduces high glucose-induced macrophage apoptosis via regulating interaction between caveolin-1 and TLR4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:748-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bornfeldt KE. Uncomplicating the Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: The 2014 Edwin Bierman Award Lecture. Diabetes 2015; 64:2689-97. [PMID: 26207031 PMCID: PMC4512224 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The risk of cardiovascular events in humans increases in the presence of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, in large part due to exacerbated atherosclerosis. Genetically engineered mouse models have begun to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for diabetes-exacerbated atherosclerosis. Research on these mouse models has revealed that diabetes independently accelerates initiation and progression of lesions of atherosclerosis and also impairs the regression of lesions following aggressive lipid lowering. Myeloid cell activation in combination with proatherogenic changes allowing for increased monocyte recruitment into arteries of diabetic mice has emerged as an important mediator of the effects of diabetes on the three stages of atherosclerosis. The effects of diabetes on atherosclerosis appear to be dependent on an interplay between glucose and lipids, as well as other factors, and result in increased recruitment of monocytes into both progressing and regressing lesions of atherosclerosis. Importantly, some of the mechanisms revealed by mouse models are now being studied in human subjects. This Perspective highlights new mechanistic findings based on mouse models of diabetes-exacerbated atherosclerosis and discusses the relevance to humans and areas in which more research is urgently needed in order to lessen the burden of macrovascular complications of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition and Department of Pathology, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Ojiako OA, Chikezie PC, Ogbuji AC. Blood glucose level and lipid profile of alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations. J Tradit Complement Med 2015; 6:184-92. [PMID: 27114943 PMCID: PMC4833464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study sought to investigate the capacities of single and combinatorial herbal formulations of leaf extracts of Acanthus montanus, Asystasia gangetica, Emilia coccinea, and Hibiscus rosasinensis to reverse hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. Phytochemical composition of the herbal extracts, fasting plasma glucose concentration (FPGC), and serum lipid profile (SLP) of the rats were measured by standard methods. The relative abundance of phytochemicals in the four experimental leaf extracts was in the following order: flavonoids > alkaloids > saponins > tannins. Hyperglycemic rats (HyGR) treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence of reduced FPGC compared with the untreated HyGR and were normoglycemic (FPGC < 110.0 mg/dL). Similarly, HyGR treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence of readjustments in their SLPs. Generally, HyGR treated with triple herbal formulations (THfs) exhibited the highest atherogenic index compared with HyGR treated with single herbal formulations (SHfs), double herbal formulations (DHfs), and quadruple herbal formulation (QHf). The display of synergy or antagonism by the composite herbal extracts in ameliorating hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia depended on the type and number of individual herbal extract used in constituting the experimental herbal formulations. Furthermore, the capacities of the herbal formulations (SHfs, DHfs, THfs, and QHf) to exert glycemic control and reverse dyslipidemia did not follow predictable patterns in the animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okey A Ojiako
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Paul C Chikezie
- Department of Biochemistry, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Agomuo C Ogbuji
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Abia State Polytechnic, Aba, Nigeria
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Mason RP, Jacob RF. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits glucose-induced membrane cholesterol crystalline domain formation through a potent antioxidant mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:502-9. [PMID: 25449996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lipid oxidation leads to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and foam cell formation during atherogenesis. Glucose also contributes to lipid oxidation and promotes pathologic changes in membrane structural organization, including the development of cholesterol crystalline domains. In this study, we tested the comparative effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid indicated for the treatment of very high triglyceride (TG) levels, and other TG-lowering agents (fenofibrate, niacin, and gemfibrozil) on lipid oxidation in human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) as well as membrane lipid vesicles prepared in the presence of glucose (200 mg/dL). We also examined the antioxidant effects of EPA in combination with atorvastatin o-hydroxy (active) metabolite (ATM). Glucose-induced changes in membrane structural organization were measured using small angle x-ray scattering approaches and correlated with changes in lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) levels. EPA was found to inhibit LDL oxidation in a dose-dependent manner (1.0-10.0 µM) and was distinguished from the other TG-lowering agents, which had no significant effect as compared to vehicle treatment alone. Similar effects were observed in membrane lipid vesicles exposed to hyperglycemic conditions. The antioxidant activity of EPA, as observed in glucose-treated vesicles, was significantly enhanced in combination with ATM. Glucose treatment produced highly-ordered, membrane-restricted, cholesterol crystalline domains, which correlated with increased LOOH levels. Of the agents tested in this study, only EPA inhibited glucose-induced cholesterol domain formation. These data demonstrate that EPA, at pharmacologic levels, inhibits hyperglycemia-induced changes in membrane lipid structural organization through a potent antioxidant mechanism associated with its distinct, physicochemical interactions with the membrane bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Preston Mason
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA; Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA 01915 USA.
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The production of nitric oxide, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in palmitate-stimulated PBMNCs is enhanced through hyperglycemia in diabetes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:479587. [PMID: 24803982 PMCID: PMC3997868 DOI: 10.1155/2014/479587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We examined nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, and TNF-α secretion from cultured palmitate-stimulated PBMNCs or in the plasma from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2MD) patients or nondiabetic (ND) controls. Free fatty acids (FFA) have been suggested to induce chronic low-grade inflammation, activate the innate immune system, and cause deleterious effects on vascular cells and other tissues through inflammatory processes. The levels of NO, IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA were higher in supernatant of palmitate stimulated blood cells (PBMNC) or from plasma from patients. The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that hyperglycemia in diabetes exacerbates in vitro inflammatory responses in PBMNCs stimulated with high levels of SFA (palmitate). These results suggest that hyperglycemia primes PBMNCs for NO, IL-6, and TNF-alpha secretion under in vitro FFA stimulation are associated with the secretion of inflammatory biomarkers in diabetes. A combined therapy targeting signaling pathways activated by hyperglycemia in conjunction with simultaneous control of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia would be suggested for controlling the progress of diabetic complications.
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Bornfeldt KE. 2013 Russell Ross memorial lecture in vascular biology: cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:705-14. [PMID: 24665124 PMCID: PMC3967130 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adults with diabetes mellitus are much more likely to have cardiovascular disease than those without diabetes mellitus. Genetically engineered mouse models have started to provide important insight into the mechanisms whereby diabetes mellitus promotes atherosclerosis. Such models have demonstrated that diabetes mellitus promotes formation of atherosclerotic lesions, progression of lesions into advanced hemorrhaged lesions, and that it prevents lesion regression. The proatherosclerotic effects of diabetes mellitus are driven in part by the altered function of myeloid cells. The protein S100A9 and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products are important modulators of the effect of diabetes mellitus on myelopoiesis, which might promote monocyte accumulation in lesions. Furthermore, myeloid cell expression of the enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1), which converts long-chain fatty acids into their acyl-CoA derivatives, has emerged as causal to diabetes mellitus-induced lesion initiation. The protective effects of myeloid ACSL1-deficiency in diabetic mice, but not in nondiabetic mice, indicate that myeloid cells are activated by diabetes mellitus through mechanisms that play minor roles in the absence of diabetes mellitus. The roles of reactive oxygen species and insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis are also discussed, primarily in relation to endothelial cells. Translational studies addressing whether the mechanisms identified in mouse models are equally important in humans with diabetes mellitus will be paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Bornfeldt
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and Department of Pathology, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Murphy
- From the Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (A.J.M.); Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (A.J.M.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.R.T.)
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From proliferation to proliferation: monocyte lineage comes full circle. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:137-48. [PMID: 24435095 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are mononuclear circulating phagocytes that originate in the bone marrow and give rise to macrophages in peripheral tissue. For decades, our understanding of monocyte lineage was bound to a stepwise model that favored an inverse relationship between cellular proliferation and differentiation. Sophisticated molecular and surgical cell tracking tools have transformed our thinking about monocyte topo-ontogeny and function. Here, we discuss how recent studies focusing on progenitor proliferation and differentiation, monocyte mobilization and recruitment, and macrophage differentiation and proliferation are reshaping knowledge of monocyte lineage in steady state and disease.
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Xiu F, Stanojcic M, Diao L, Jeschke MG. Stress hyperglycemia, insulin treatment, and innate immune cells. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:486403. [PMID: 24899891 PMCID: PMC4034653 DOI: 10.1155/2014/486403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia (HG) and insulin resistance are the hallmarks of a profoundly altered metabolism in critical illness resulting from the release of cortisol, catecholamines, and cytokines, as well as glucagon and growth hormone. Recent studies have proposed a fundamental role of the immune system towards the development of insulin resistance in traumatic patients. A comprehensive review of published literatures on the effects of hyperglycemia and insulin on innate immunity in critical illness was conducted. This review explored the interaction between the innate immune system and trauma-induced hypermetabolism, while providing greater insight into unraveling the relationship between innate immune cells and hyperglycemia. Critical illness substantially disturbs glucose metabolism resulting in a state of hyperglycemia. Alterations in glucose and insulin regulation affect the immune function of cellular components comprising the innate immunity system. Innate immune system dysfunction via hyperglycemia is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality in critical illness. Along with others, we hypothesize that reduction in morbidity and mortality observed in patients receiving insulin treatment is partially due to its effect on the attenuation of the immune response. However, there still remains substantial controversy regarding moderate versus intensive insulin treatment. Future studies need to determine the integrated effects of HG and insulin on the regulation of innate immunity in order to provide more effective insulin treatment regimen for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Xiu
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room D704, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mile Stanojcic
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room D704, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
| | - Li Diao
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room D704, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
| | - Marc G. Jeschke
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Room D704, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Marc G. Jeschke:
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Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN APPLIED BASIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-8035-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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PI3K p110γ deletion attenuates murine atherosclerosis by reducing macrophage proliferation but not polarization or apoptosis in lesions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72674. [PMID: 23991137 PMCID: PMC3750002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease regulated by infiltrating monocytes and T cells, among other cell types. Macrophage recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions is controlled by monocyte infiltration into plaques. Once in the lesion, macrophage proliferation in situ, apoptosis, and differentiation to an inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory phenotype (M2) are involved in progression to advanced atherosclerotic lesions. We studied the role of phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) p110γ in the regulation of in situ apoptosis, macrophage proliferation and polarization towards M1 or M2 phenotypes in atherosclerotic lesions. We analyzed atherosclerosis development in LDLR−/−p110γ+/− and LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice, and performed expression and functional assays in tissues and primary cells from these and from p110γ+/− and p110γ−/− mice. Lack of p110γ in LDLR−/− mice reduces the atherosclerosis burden. Atherosclerotic lesions in fat-fed LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice were smaller than in LDLR−/−p110γ+/− controls, which coincided with decreased macrophage proliferation in LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mouse lesions. This proliferation defect was also observed in p110γ−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) stimulated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and was associated with higher intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. In contrast, T cell proliferation was unaffected in LDLR−/−p110γ−/− mice. Moreover, p110γ deficiency did not affect macrophage polarization towards the M1 or M2 phenotypes or apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques, or polarization in cultured BMM. Our results suggest that higher cAMP levels and the ensuing inhibition of macrophage proliferation contribute to atheroprotection in LDLR−/− mice lacking p110γ. Nonetheless, p110γ deletion does not appear to be involved in apoptosis, in macrophage polarization or in T cell proliferation.
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Fenyo IM, Gafencu AV. The involvement of the monocytes/macrophages in chronic inflammation associated with atherosclerosis. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1376-84. [PMID: 23886694 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive chronic disease of large and medium arteries, characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Monocytes and macrophages are key factors in lesion development, participating to the processes that mediate the progression of the atherosclerotic plaque (lipid accumulation, secretion of pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic factors, extracellular matrix remodeling). The recruitment of the monocytes in the vascular wall represents a hallmark in the pathology of the atherosclerotic lesion. Monocyte adhesion and transmigration are dependent on the complementary adhesion molecules expressed on the endothelial surface, whose expression is modulated by chemical mediators. The atherosclerotic plaque is characterized by a heterogeneous population of macrophages reflecting the complexity and diversity of the micro-environment to which cells are exposed after entering the arterial wall. Within the atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages differentiate, proliferate and undergo apoptosis. Taking into account that their behavior has a direct and critical influence on all lesional stages, the development of therapeutic approaches to target monocytes/macrophages in the atherosclerotic plaque became a focal interest point for researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Madalina Fenyo
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
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Kiss E, Kränzlin B, Wagenblaβ K, Bonrouhi M, Thiery J, Gröne E, Nordström V, Teupser D, Gretz N, Malle E, Gröne HJ. Lipid droplet accumulation is associated with an increase in hyperglycemia-induced renal damage: prevention by liver X receptors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:727-41. [PMID: 23318573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a frequent component of the metabolic disorder of diabetic patients contributing to organ damage. Herein, in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient hyperlipidemic and streptozotozin-induced diabetic mice, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia acted reciprocally, accentuating renal injury and altering renal function. In hyperglycemic-hyperlipidemic kidneys, the accumulation of Tip47-positive lipid droplets in glomeruli, tubular epithelia, and macrophages was accompanied by the concomitant presence of the oxidative stress markers xanthine oxidoreductase and nitrotyrosine, findings that could also be evidenced in renal biopsy samples of diabetic patients. As liver X receptors (LXRα,β) regulate genes linked to lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis and inhibit inflammatory gene expression in macrophages, the effects of systemic and macrophage-specific LXR activation were analyzed on renal damage in hyperlipidemic-hyperglycemic mice. LXR stimulation by GW3965 up-regulated genes involved in cholesterol efflux and down-regulated proinflammatory/profibrotic cytokines, inhibiting the pathomorphology of diabetic nephropathy, renal lipid accumulation, and improving renal function. Xanthine oxidoreductase and nitrotyrosine levels were reduced. In macrophages, GW3965 or LXRα overexpression significantly suppressed glycated or acetylated low-density lipoprotein-induced cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Specifically, in mice, transgenic expression of LXRα in macrophages significantly ameliorated hyperlipidemic-hyperglycemic nephropathy. The results demonstrate the presence of lipid droplet-induced oxidative mechanisms and the pathophysiologic role of macrophages in diabetic kidneys and indicate the potent regulatory role of LXRs in preventing renal damage in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kiss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Alireza S, Leila N, Siamak S, Mohammad-Hasan KA, Behrouz I. Effects of vitamin E on pathological changes induced by diabetes in rat lungs. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 185:593-9. [PMID: 23247385 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-fourmale rats were divided into three groups: Control (C), non-treated diabetic (NTD), and vitamin E-treated diabetic (VETD) groups. After 6 weeks, we evaluated the changes in the alveolar epithelium, alveolar septum thickness, Hcy, and cathepsin G levels in the lung tissue and plasma serine protease inhibitor levels.The results revealed a significant increase in alveolar septum thickness, a high number of type II pneumocytes, high number of glycogen granules, increased vascular elastic membrane thickness, and increased Hcy and cathepsin G levels in the diabetic rats. Plasma level of serine protease inhibitors showed a significant decrease in the NTD animals. The vitamin E-treated rats showed significant amelioration of lung tissue changes, as well as restoration of high cathepsin G, Hcy levels, and serine protease inhibitors when compared to the control rats. These results suggest that diabetes induces lung tissue changes that may be stimulated by Hcy and cathepsin G mediated oxidative stress by, and protective effect could be achieved by using vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirpoor Alireza
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia Medical University, Urmia, Iran.
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Shirpoor A, Khadem Ansari MH, Heshmatian B, Ilkhanizadeh B, Noruzi L, Abdollahzadeh N, Saboory E. Decreased blood pressure with a corresponding decrease in adhesive molecules in diabetic rats caused by vitamin E administration. J Diabetes 2012; 4:362-8. [PMID: 22236396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2012.00184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is one of the important clinical problems of diabetic cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin E on blood pressure parameters and adhesive molecule amounts in diabetic rats. METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (each of n = 8): the controls (C), non-treated diabetic (NTD), and vitamin E treated diabetic (VETD) groups. A single intraperitoneal injection of buffered streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) in cold sodium citrate (pH 4.5) was used to induce diabetes. The VETD group received 300 mg of vitamin E daily intragastrically for 6 weeks. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, as well as the dicrotic pressure, crest time, systolic and diastolic periods, and plasma levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin were measured after 6 weeks. RESULTS The results revealed that there was a significant increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, mean arterial pressure, crest time, systolic duration, and the amount of sICAM-1 and E-selectin in diabetic rats. There was no significant difference in the heart rate or cardiac cyclic duration among the different groups. Significant improvement of blood pressure parameters as well as attenuation of the elevated ICAM-1 and E-selectin amounts was found in the vitamin E treated group. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that vitamin E significantly improved blood pressure elevation in diabetic rats and that these effects could be associated with reducing adhesive molecule and antioxidant properties of vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shirpoor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia Medical University, Urmia, Iran.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis is driven by cardiovascular risk factors that cause the recruitment of circulating immune cells beneath the vascular endothelium. Infiltrated monocytes differentiate into different macrophage subtypes with protective or pathogenic activities in vascular lesions. We discuss current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that regulate lesional macrophage proliferation and apoptosis, two processes that occur during atherosclerosis development and regulate the number and function of macrophages within the atherosclerotic plaque. RECENT FINDINGS Lesional macrophages in early phases of atherosclerosis limit disease progression by phagocytizing modified lipoproteins, cellular debris and dead cells that accumulate in the plaque. However, macrophages in advanced lesions contribute to a maladaptive, nonresolving inflammatory response that can lead to life-threatening acute thrombotic diseases (myocardial infarction or stroke). Macrophage-specific manipulation of genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis modulates lesional macrophage accumulation and atherosclerosis burden in mouse models, and studies are beginning to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. SUMMARY Despite recent advances in our understanding of macrophage proliferation and apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques, it remains unclear whether manipulating these processes will be beneficial or harmful. Advances in these areas may translate into more efficient therapies for the prevention and treatment of atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Andrés
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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Zamora C, Cantó E, Nieto JC, Angels Ortiz M, Juarez C, Vidal S. Functional consequences of CD36 downregulation by TLR signals. Cytokine 2012; 60:257-65. [PMID: 22795952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TLR recognition activates the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and it also modulates the expression of crucial molecules involved in phagocytosis and antimicrobial activity. Scavenger receptors can act as TLR co-receptors or facilitate antigen loading. However, it remains unknown whether TLR can modulate the expression of these scavenger receptors. We stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with TLR2 (Pam3CSK4 and FSL1) and TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then analyzed CD36 expression on different monocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry. TLR2 and TLR4 ligands can downregulate CD36 on the surface of monocytes, guiding the protein to intracellular compartments. Even though TLR-activation induced TNFα, IL-10 and IL-6 production, only recombinant TNFα was able to downregulate CD36. Neutralizing anti-TNFα antibodies showed that the Pam3CSK4 and FSL1-induced downregulation was partially mediated by TNFα but not by IL-6 or IL-10. However, LPS-induced downregulation could have also been caused by direct TLR4 targeting and signaling, and/or mediated by other unknown factors. CD36 downregulation reduced the capability of monocytes to phagocyte apoptotic neutrophils. In conclusion, modulation of scavenger receptor expression by TLR targeting on monocytes has functional consequences. Characterization this complex regulation may help us to understand this innate response and develop specific therapeutic drugs for each mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zamora
- Department of Immunology, Institut Recerca Hospital S. Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Wang X, Liu X, Kishimoto C, Yuan Z. The role of Fcγ receptors in atherosclerosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:609-16. [PMID: 22688821 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.011373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is widely considered to be an immune-mediated process. Fcγ receptors (Fcγ Rs) contribute to the regulation of a multitude of immune and inflammatory responses and are implicated in human atherosclerotic lesions. Major cell types involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis express Fcγ Rs and their proatherogenic ligands such as immune complexes and C-reactive protein, which act to activate Fcγ R signaling pathways. This review summarizes recent significant progress addressing the multifaceted roles of Fcγ Rs in atherogenesis which comes from the studies of Fcγ R-deficient animal models, clinical investigations and in vitro molecular and cellular studies. These new findings help us appreciate the emerging role of Fcγ Rs in atherosclerosis, and suggest Fcγ Rs as a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, China
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Geloen A, Helin L, Geeraert B, Malaud E, Holvoet P, Marguerie G. CD36 inhibitors reduce postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and protect against diabetic dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37633. [PMID: 22662181 PMCID: PMC3360746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD36 is recognized as a lipid and fatty acid receptor and plays an important role in the metabolic syndrome and associated cardiac events. The pleiotropic activity and the multiple molecular associations of this scavenger receptor with membrane associated molecules in different cells and tissues have however questioned its potential as a therapeutic target. The present study shows that it is possible to identify low molecular weight chemicals that can block the CD36 binding and uptake functions. These inhibitors were able to reduce arterial lipid deposition, fatty acid intestinal transit, plasma concentration of triglycerides and glucose, to improve insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance and to reduce the plasma concentration of HbAc1 in different and independent rodent models. Correlation between the anti-CD36 activity of these inhibitors and the known pathophysiological activity of this scavenger receptor in the development of atherosclerosis and diabetes were observed at pharmacological doses. Thus, CD36 might represent an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Geloen
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN laboratory, Lyon University, INSA-Lyon, IMBL Villeurbanne, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Benjamine Geeraert
- Atherosclerosis and Metabolism Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Paul Holvoet
- Atherosclerosis and Metabolism Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Schaffer SW, Jong CJ, Mozaffari M. Role of oxidative stress in diabetes-mediated vascular dysfunction: unifying hypothesis of diabetes revisited. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 57:139-49. [PMID: 22480621 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is recognized as a key participant in the development of diabetic complications in the vasculature. One of the seminal studies advancing the role of oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells proposed that oxidative stress-mediated diversion of glycolytic intermediates into pathological pathways was a key underlying element in the development of diabetic complications. It is widely recognized that flux through glycolysis slows during diabetes. However, several bottlenecks develop in the glycolytic pathway, including glucose transport, phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase. Of these limiting steps in glycolysis, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is most sensitive to oxidative stress, leading to the hypothesis that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate inactivation by ribosylation underlies the diversion of glycolytic intermediates into pathological pathways. However, recent studies question the mechanism underlying the effect of reactive oxygen species on key enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. The present review critiques the major premises of the hypothesis and concludes that further study of the role of oxidative stress in the development of diabetes-mediated vasculature dysfunction is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Schaffer
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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