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Yared N, Papadopoulou M, Barennes P, Pham HP, Quiniou V, Netzer S, Kaminski H, Burguet L, Demeste A, Colas P, Mora-Charrot L, Rousseau B, Izotte J, Zouine A, Gauthereau X, Vermijlen D, Déchanet-Merville J, Capone M. Long-lived central memory γδ T cells confer protection against murine cytomegalovirus reinfection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1010785. [PMID: 38976755 PMCID: PMC11257398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of γδ TCR-bearing lymphocytes in immunological memory has gained increasing interest due to their functional duality between adaptive and innate immunity. γδ T effector memory (TEM) and central memory (TCM) subsets have been identified, but their respective roles in memory responses are poorly understood. In the present study, we used subsequent mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infections of αβ T cell deficient mice in order to analyze the memory potential of γδ T cells. As for CMV-specific αβ T cells, MCMV induced the accumulation of cytolytic, KLRG1+CX3CR1+ γδ TEM that principally localized in infected organ vasculature. Typifying T cell memory, γδ T cell expansion in organs and blood was higher after secondary viral challenge than after primary infection. Viral control upon MCMV reinfection was prevented when masking γδ T-cell receptor, and was associated with a preferential amplification of private and unfocused TCR δ chain repertoire composed of a combination of clonotypes expanded post-primary infection and, more unexpectedly, of novel expanded clonotypes. Finally, long-term-primed γδ TCM cells, but not γδ TEM cells, protected T cell-deficient hosts against MCMV-induced death upon adoptive transfer, probably through their ability to survive and to generate TEM in the recipient host. This better survival potential of TCM cells was confirmed by a detailed scRNASeq analysis of the two γδ T cell memory subsets which also revealed their similarity to classically adaptive αβ CD8 T cells. Overall, our study uncovered memory properties of long-lived TCM γδ T cells that confer protection in a chronic infection, highlighting the interest of this T cell subset in vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Yared
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Netzer
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hanna Kaminski
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Burguet
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Amandine Demeste
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pacôme Colas
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lea Mora-Charrot
- Bordeaux University, Service Commun des Animaleries, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Rousseau
- Bordeaux University, Service Commun des Animaleries, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julien Izotte
- Bordeaux University, Service Commun des Animaleries, Bordeaux, France
| | - Atika Zouine
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, FACSility, TBM Core, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Gauthereau
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, OneCell, RT-PCR and Single Cell Libraries, TBM Core, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO department, Walloon ExceLlence Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Julie Déchanet-Merville
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
| | - Myriam Capone
- Bordeaux University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ImmunoConcEpt, UMR 5164, ERL 1303, ImmunoConcEpt, Bordeaux, France
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2
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Sanchez Sanchez G, Emmrich S, Georga M, Papadaki A, Kossida S, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Vermijlen D. Invariant γδTCR natural killer-like effector T cells in the naked mole-rat. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4248. [PMID: 38762584 PMCID: PMC11102460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is a long-lived rodent species showing resistance to the development of cancer. Although naked mole-rats have been reported to lack natural killer (NK) cells, γδ T cell-based immunity has been suggested in this species, which could represent an important arm of the immune system for antitumor responses. Here, we investigate the biology of these unconventional T cells in peripheral tissues (blood, spleen) and thymus of the naked mole-rat at different ages by TCR repertoire profiling and single-cell gene expression analysis. Using our own TCR annotation in the naked mole-rat genome, we report that the γδ TCR repertoire is dominated by a public invariant Vγ4-2/Vδ1-4 TCR, containing the complementary-determining-region-3 (CDR3)γ CTYWDSNYAKKLF / CDR3δ CALWELRTGGITAQLVF that are likely generated by short-homology-repeat-driven DNA rearrangements. This invariant TCR is specifically found in γδ T cells expressing genes associated with NK cytotoxicity and is generated in both the thoracic and cervical thymus of the naked mole-rat until adult life. Our results indicate that invariant Vγ4-2/Vδ1-4 NK-like effector T cells in the naked mole-rat can contribute to tumor immunosurveillance by γδ TCR-mediated recognition of a common molecular signal.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mole Rats/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Sanchez Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Stephan Emmrich
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Maria Georga
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGenetics information system®, Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier (UM), Montpellier, France
| | - Ariadni Papadaki
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGenetics information system®, Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier (UM), Montpellier, France
| | - Sofia Kossida
- IMGT®, the international ImMunoGenetics information system®, Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier (UM), Montpellier, France
| | - Andrei Seluanov
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Vera Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center and Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium.
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3
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Nanda N, Alphonse MP. From Host Defense to Metabolic Signatures: Unveiling the Role of γδ T Cells in Bacterial Infections. Biomolecules 2024; 14:225. [PMID: 38397462 PMCID: PMC10886488 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The growth of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections necessitates focusing on host-derived immunotherapies. γδ T cells are an unconventional T cell subset, making up a relatively small portion of healthy circulating lymphocytes but a substantially increased proportion in mucosal and epithelial tissues. γδ T cells are activated and expanded in response to bacterial infection, having the capability to produce proinflammatory cytokines to recruit neutrophils and clear infection. They also play a significant role in dampening immune response to control inflammation and protecting the host against secondary challenge, making them promising targets when developing immunotherapy. Importantly, γδ T cells have differential metabolic states influencing their cytokine profile and subsequent inflammatory capacity. Though these differential metabolic states have not been well studied or reviewed in the context of bacterial infection, they are critical in understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of the host's innate immune response. Therefore, this review will focus on the context-specific host defense conferred by γδ T cells during infection with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin P. Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Liu J, Joseph S, Manohar K, Lee J, Brokaw JP, Shelley WC, Markel TA. Role of innate T cells in necrotizing enterocolitis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357483. [PMID: 38390341 PMCID: PMC10881895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a destructive gastrointestinal disease primarily affecting preterm babies. Despite advancements in neonatal care, NEC remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units worldwide and the etiology of NEC is still unclear. Risk factors for NEC include prematurity, very low birth weight, feeding with formula, intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial infection. A review of the literature would suggest that supplementation of prebiotics and probiotics prevents NEC by altering the immune responses. Innate T cells, a highly conserved subpopulation of T cells that responds quickly to stimulation, develops differently from conventional T cells in neonates. This review aims to provide a succinct overview of innate T cells in neonates, encompassing their phenotypic characteristics, functional roles, likely involvement in the pathogenesis of NEC, and potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Liu
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sharon Joseph
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Krishna Manohar
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jasmine Lee
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John P. Brokaw
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - W. Christopher Shelley
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Troy A. Markel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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5
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Hovav AH, Wilensky A. The role of the epithelial sentinels, Langerhans cells and γδT cells, in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38273461 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) arises in the oral epithelium, a tissue in which immune surveillance is mediated by its primary resident leukocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), and γδT cells. Under steady-state conditions, LCs and γδT cells play a critical role in maintaining oral mucosal homeostasis. As antigen-presenting cells of stratified epithelia, LCs respond to various challenges faced by the epithelium, orchestrating innate, and adaptive immune responses in order to resolve them. γδT cells also sense diverse epithelial insults and react rapidly through cytokine production and cytolytic activity. These epithelial sentinels are also considered to be the first leukocytes in the oral epithelium to encounter early carcinogenic events that have the potential of becoming OSCC. As evident in many malignancies, leukocyte populations help prevent cancer development although they also promote tumor progression. OSCC is no exception, as studies have reported both anti- and pro-tumor roles of LCs and γδT cells. In this review, we summarize the ontogeny of LCs and γδT cells in the oral epithelium and discuss their role in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi-Hai Hovav
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaf Wilensky
- Department of Periodontology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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6
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Winstead M, Hill M, Amin Z, Lugt MV, Chen X, Szabolcs P. Graft-versus-host disease is associated with skewed γδ T-cell clonality after umbilical cord blood transplantation in children with nonmalignant diseases. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:1091-1100. [PMID: 37422745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The γδ T-cells (GDT) are a subpopulation of lymphocytes expressing a distinct T-cell receptor coded by the TRG and TRD genes. GDTs may have immunoregulatory function after stem cell transplantation (SCT), but the relationship between GDT clonality and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is not known. METHODS We prospectively studied spectratype complex complexity of TCR Vγ (γ) and TCR Vδ (δ) pre-SCT and at approximately day 100 and day 180 post-SCT in a cohort of immunocompetent children receiving allogeneic umbilical cord blood SCT for nonmalignant diseases, with identical reduced-intensity conditioning and aGVHD prophylaxis. RESULTS We studied 13 children undergoing SCT at a median age of 0.9 years (total range 0.4-16.6). In those with grade 0-1 aGVHD (N = 10), the spectratype complexity of most γ and δ genes was not significantly different from baseline at day 100 or day 180 post-SCT, and there was balanced expression of genes at the γ and δ loci. In those with grade 3 aGVHD (N = 3), spectratype complexity was significantly below baseline at day 100 and day 180, and there was relative overexpression of δ2. CD3+ cell counts were also lower in participants with grade 3 aGVHD. CONCLUSIONS Recovery of a polyclonal GDT repertoire is an early part of immunological recovery after SCT. γ and δ gene expression is balanced in young children before and after SCT. Severe aGVHD is associated with GDT oligoclonality post-SCT and with skewed expression of δ2, which has not been previously reported. This association may reflect aGVHD therapy or aGVHD-associated immune dysregulation. Further studies of GDT clonality during the early post-SCT period may establish whether abnormal GDT spectratype precedes the clinical manifestations of aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Winstead
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Memphis Hill
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zarreen Amin
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark Vander Lugt
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul Szabolcs
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapies, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Zlatareva I, Wu Y. Local γδ T cells: translating promise to practice in cancer immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:393-405. [PMID: 37311978 PMCID: PMC10403623 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid bench-to-bedside translation of basic immunology to cancer immunotherapy has revolutionised the clinical practice of oncology over the last decade. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting αβ T cells now offer durable remissions and even cures for some patients with hitherto treatment-refractory metastatic cancers. Unfortunately, these treatments only benefit a minority of patients and efforts to improve efficacy through combination therapies utilising αβ T cells have seen diminishing returns. Alongside αβ T cells and B cells, γδ T cells are a third lineage of adaptive lymphocytes. Less is known about these cells, and they remain relatively untested in cancer immunotherapy. Whilst preclinical evidence supports their utility, the few early-phase trials involving γδ T cells have failed to demonstrate convincing efficacy in solid cancers. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of how these cells are regulated, especially locally within tissues, and the potential for translation. In particular, we focus on the latest advances in the field of butyrophilin (BTN) and BTN-like (BTNL) regulation of γδ T cells and speculate on how these advances may address the limitations of historical approaches in utilising these cells, as well as how they may inform novel approaches in deploying these cells for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Zlatareva
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Yin Wu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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8
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Prinz I, Koenecke C. Antigen-specific γδ T cells contribute to cytomegalovirus control after stem cell transplantation. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102303. [PMID: 36947903 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells support the immunological control of viral infections, in particular during cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation in immunocompromised patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It is unclear how γδ T cells sense CMV-infection and whether this involves specific T cell receptor (TCR)-ligand interaction. Here we summarize recent findings that revealed an adaptive-like anti-CMV immune response of γδ T cells, characterized by acquisition of effector functions and long-lasting clonal expansion. We propose that rather CMV-induced self-antigen than viral antigens trigger γδ TCRs during CMV reactivation. Given that the TCRs of CMV-activated γδ T cells are often cross-reactive to tumor cells, these findings pinpoint γδ T cells and their γδ TCRs as attractive multipurpose tools for antiviral and antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany; Institute of Systems Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
| | - Christian Koenecke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany; Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, MHH, Germany
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9
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Sanchez Sanchez G, Tafesse Y, Papadopoulou M, Vermijlen D. Surfing on the waves of the human γδ T cell ontogenic sea. Immunol Rev 2023; 315:89-107. [PMID: 36625367 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While γδ T cells are present virtually in all vertebrates, there is a remarkable lack of conservation of the TRG and TRD loci underlying the generation of the γδ T cell receptor (TCR), which is associated with the generation of species-specific γδ T cells. A prominent example is the human phosphoantigen-reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset that is absent in mice. Murine γδ thymocyte cells were among the first immune cells identified to follow a wave-based layered development during embryonic and early life, and since this initial observation, in-depth insight has been obtained in their thymic ontogeny. By contrast, less is known about the development of human γδ T cells, especially regarding the generation of γδ thymocyte waves. Here, after providing an overview of thymic γδ wave generation in several vertebrate classes, we review the evidence for γδ waves in the human fetal thymus, where single-cell technologies have allowed the breakdown of human γδ thymocytes into functional waves with important TCR associations. Finally, we discuss the possible mechanisms contributing to the generation of waves of γδ thymocytes and their possible significance in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Sanchez Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Yohannes Tafesse
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
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10
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Kim AE, Nelson A, Stimpert K, Flyckt RL, Thirumavalavan N, Baker KC, Weinmann SC, Hoimes CJ. Minding the Bathwater: Fertility and Reproductive Toxicity in the Age of Immuno-Oncology. JCO Oncol Pract 2022; 18:815-822. [PMID: 36174117 PMCID: PMC10166412 DOI: 10.1200/op.22.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibition has resulted in significant efficacy across many cancer types, including melanoma. Melanoma is the second most common cancer among those of reproductive age, yet the reproductive toxicities of adjuvant and first-line immunotherapy are largely unknown.The normal innate and adaptive immune systems play a vital role in reproductive organ homeostasis of men and women and are essential for implantation, fertility, and a successful pregnancy. The programmed cell death-1 receptor/programmed cell death receptor ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway is essential in several aspects of fertility and pregnancy. Recent studies have largely focused on the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in fetomaternal tolerance, highlighting the importance of intact immune regulation in promoting a successful pregnancy.In this review, we describe a case of a reproductive-aged female with stage IIIC melanoma who sought guidance on family planning after pembrolizumab therapy. We discuss the known fertility-related toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the potential targets for reproductive toxicity in males and nonpregnant females, and the implications of anti-PD-1 therapy in relation to fetomaternal tolerance. Informed decision making will benefit from data and consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ariel Nelson
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Kyle Stimpert
- University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
- VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Nannan Thirumavalavan
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Sophia C. Weinmann
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Christopher J. Hoimes
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
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11
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Boehme L, Roels J, Taghon T. Development of γδ T cells in the thymus - A human perspective. Semin Immunol 2022; 61-64:101662. [PMID: 36374779 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are increasingly emerging as crucial immune regulators that can take on innate and adaptive roles in the defence against pathogens. Although they arise within the thymus from the same hematopoietic precursors as conventional αβ T cells, the development of γδ T cells is less well understood. In this review, we focus on summarising the current state of knowledge about the cellular and molecular processes involved in the generation of γδ T cells in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Boehme
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juliette Roels
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Identification of distinct functional thymic programming of fetal and pediatric human γδ thymocytes via single-cell analysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5842. [PMID: 36195611 PMCID: PMC9532436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental thymic waves of innate-like and adaptive-like γδ T cells have been described, but the current understanding of γδ T cell development is mainly limited to mouse models. Here, we combine single cell (sc) RNA gene expression and sc γδ T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing on fetal and pediatric γδ thymocytes in order to understand the ontogeny of human γδ T cells. Mature fetal γδ thymocytes (both the Vγ9Vδ2 and nonVγ9Vδ2 subsets) are committed to either a type 1, a type 3 or a type 2-like effector fate displaying a wave-like pattern depending on gestation age, and are enriched for public CDR3 features upon maturation. Strikingly, these effector modules express different CDR3 sequences and follow distinct developmental trajectories. In contrast, the pediatric thymus generates only a small effector subset that is highly biased towards Vγ9Vδ2 TCR usage and shows a mixed type 1/type 3 effector profile. Thus, our combined dataset of gene expression and detailed TCR information at the single-cell level identifies distinct functional thymic programming of γδ T cell immunity in human. Knowledge about the ontogeny of T cells in the thymus relies heavily on mouse studies because of difficulty to obtain human material. Here the authors perform a single cell analysis of thymocytes from human fetal and paediatric thymic samples to characterise the development of human γδ T cells in the thymus.
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13
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Lingel I, Wilburn AN, Hargis J, McAlees JW, Laumonnier Y, Chougnet CA, Deshmukh H, König P, Lewkowich IP, Schmudde I. Prenatal antibiotics exposure does not influence experimental allergic asthma in mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:937577. [PMID: 36032166 PMCID: PMC9399857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.937577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in microbiome (dysbiosis) contribute to severity of allergic asthma. Preexisting epidemiological studies in humans correlate perinatal dysbiosis with increased long-term asthma severity. However, these studies cannot discriminate between prenatal and postnatal effects of dysbiosis and suffer from a high variability of dysbiotic causes ranging from antibiotic treatment, delivery by caesarian section to early-life breastfeeding practices. Given that maternal antibiotic exposure in mice increases the risk of newborn bacterial pneumonia in offspring, we hypothesized that prenatal maternal antibiotic-induced dysbiosis induces long-term immunological effects in the offspring that also increase long-term asthma severity. Therefore, dams were exposed to antibiotics (gentamycin, ampicillin, vancomycin) from embryonic day 15 until birth. Six weeks later, asthma was induced in the offspring by repeated applications of house dust mite extract. Airway function, cytokine production, pulmonary cell composition and distribution were assessed. Our study revealed that prenatally induced dysbiosis in mice led to an increase in pulmonary Th17+ non-conventional T cells with limited functional effect on airway resistance, pro-asthmatic Th2/Th17 cytokine production, pulmonary localization and cell-cell contacts. These data indicate that dysbiosis-related immune-modulation with long-term effects on asthma development occurs to a lesser extent prenatally and will allow to focus future studies on more decisive postnatal timeframes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Lingel
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Adrienne N. Wilburn
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Julie Hargis
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jaclyn W. McAlees
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Yves Laumonnier
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Hitesh Deshmukh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ian P. Lewkowich
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Inken Schmudde
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
- *Correspondence: Inken Schmudde,
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14
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Park JY, Won HY, DiPalma DT, Hong C, Park JH. Protein abundance of the cytokine receptor γc controls the thymic generation of innate-like T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:17. [PMID: 34971407 PMCID: PMC8754256 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Innate-like T (iT) cells comprise a population of immunoregulatory T cells whose effector function is imposed during their development in the thymus to provide protective immunity prior to antigen encounter. The molecular mechanism that drives the generation of iT cells remains unclear. Here, we report that the cytokine receptor γc plays a previously unappreciated role for thymic iT cells by controlling their cellular abundance, lineage commitment, and subset differentiation. As such, γc overexpression on thymocytes dramatically altered iT cell generation in the thymus, as it skewed the subset composition of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and promoted the generation of IFNγ-producing innate CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, we found that the γc-STAT6 axis drives the differentiation of IL-4-producing iNKT cells, which in turn induced the generation of innate CD8 T cells. Collectively, these results reveal a cytokine-driven circuity of thymic iT cell differentiation that is controlled by the abundance of γc proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Daehakno 101, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hee Yeun Won
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Devon T DiPalma
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Changwan Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 626-870, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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15
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Self-Centered Function of Adaptive Immunity in Regulation of Immune Responses and in Tolerance. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:7507459. [PMID: 34950737 PMCID: PMC8692046 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7507459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for common mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory conditions has crystalized the concept of continuous dual resetting of the immune repertoire (CDR) as a basic principle of the immune system function. Consequently, outlined was the first dynamic comprehensive picture of the immune system function. The goal of this study is to elaborate on regulation of immune responses and mechanisms of tolerance, particularly focusing on adaptive immunity. It is well established that the T/B cell repertoire is selected and maintained based on interactions with self. However, their activation also requires interaction with a self-specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) “code,” i.e., the context of MHC molecules. Therefore, not only repertoire selection and maintenance but also the T/B cell activation and function are self-centered. Thus, adaptive effectors may be primarily focused on the state of self and maintenance of integrity of the self, and only to a certain degree on elimination of the foreign. As examples of such function are used immunologically poorly understood MHC-disparate settings typical for transplantation and pregnancy. Transplantation represents an extreme setting of strong systemic compartment-level adaptive/MHC-restricted immune responses. Described are clinically identified conditions for operational tolerance of MHC-disparate tissues/living systems in allotransplantation, which are in line with the CDR-proposed self-centered regulatory role of T/B cells. In contrast, normal pregnancy is coexistence of semiallogeneic or entirely allogeneic mother and fetus, but without alloreactivity akin to transplantation settings. Presented data support the notion that maintenance of pregnancy is a process that relies predominantly on innate/MHC-independent immune mechanisms. By the inception of hemotrophic stage of pregnancy (second and third trimester), both mother and child are individual living systems, with established adaptive immune repertoires. Although mother-fetus interactions at that point become indirect systemic compartment-level communications, their interactions throughout gestation remain within the innate realm of molecular-level adaptations.
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16
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Martini F, Champagne E. The Contribution of Human Herpes Viruses to γδ T Cell Mobilisation in Co-Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122372. [PMID: 34960641 PMCID: PMC8704314 DOI: 10.3390/v13122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are activated in viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Among viruses that promote γδ T cell mobilisation in humans, herpes viruses (HHVs) occupy a particular place since they infect the majority of the human population and persist indefinitely in the organism in a latent state. Thus, other infections should, in most instances, be considered co-infections, and the reactivation of HHV is a serious confounding factor in attributing γδ T cell alterations to a particular pathogen in human diseases. We review here the literature data on γδ T cell mobilisation in HHV infections and co-infections, and discuss the possible contribution of HHVs to γδ alterations observed in various infectious settings. As multiple infections seemingly mobilise overlapping γδ subsets, we also address the concept of possible cross-protection.
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17
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Ullrich L, Lueder Y, Juergens AL, Wilharm A, Barros-Martins J, Bubke A, Demera A, Ikuta K, Patzer GE, Janssen A, Sandrock I, Prinz I, Rampoldi F. IL-4-Producing Vγ1 +/Vδ6 + γδ T Cells Sustain Germinal Center Reactions in Peyer's Patches of Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729607. [PMID: 34804014 PMCID: PMC8600568 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens. Germinal centers (GCs) in the Peyer's patches (PPs) of the small intestine are constantly generated through stimulation of the microbiota. In this study, we investigated the role of γδ T cells in the GC reactions in PPs. Most γδ T cells in PPs localized in the GCs and expressed a TCR composed of Vγ1 and Vδ6 chains. By using mice with partial and total γδ T cell deficiencies, we found that Vγ1+/Vδ6+ T cells can produce high amounts of IL-4, which drives the proliferation of GC B cells as well as the switch of GC B cells towards IgA. Therefore, we conclude that γδ T cells play a role in sustaining gut homeostasis and symbiosis via supporting the GC reactions in PPs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/microbiology
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/microbiology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice, Knockout
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Peyer's Patches/metabolism
- Peyer's Patches/microbiology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Salmonella Infections/immunology
- Salmonella Infections/metabolism
- Salmonella Infections/microbiology
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium/pathogenicity
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Ullrich
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvonne Lueder
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anja Bubke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abdi Demera
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Zhang T, Li Q, Li X, Kang L, Jiang Y, Sun Y. Characterization of the chicken T cell receptor γ repertoire by high-throughput sequencing. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:683. [PMID: 34548028 PMCID: PMC8456604 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of "γδ-high" species, chicken is an excellent model for the study of γδ T cells in non-mammalian animals. However, a comprehensive characterization of the TCRγδ repertoire is still missing in chicken. The objective of this study was to characterize the expressed TCRγ repertoire in chicken thymus using high-throughput sequencing. METHODS In this study, we first obtained the detailed genomic organization of the TCRγ locus of chicken based on the latest assembly of the red jungle fowl genome sequences (GRCg6a) and then characterized the TCRγ repertoire in the thymus of four chickens by using 5' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (5' RACE) along with high-throughput sequencing (HTS). RESULTS The chicken TCRγ locus contains a single Cγ gene, three functional Jγ segments and 44 Vγ segments that could be classified into six subgroups, each containing six, nineteen, nine, four, three and three members. Dot-plot analysis of the chicken TCRγ locus against itself showed that almost all the entire zone containing Vγ segments had arisen through tandem duplication events, and the main homology unit, containing 9 or 10 Vγ gene segments, has tandemly duplicated for four times. For the analysis of chicken TCRγ repertoire, more than 100,000 unique Vγ-region nucleotide sequences were obtained from the thymus of each chicken. After alignment to the germline Vγ and Jγ segments identified above, we found that the four chickens had similar repertoire profile of TCRγ. In brief, four Vγ segments (including Vγ3.7, Vγ2.13, Vγ1.6 and Vγ1.3) and six Vγ-Jγ pairs (including Vγ3.7-Jγ3, Vγ2.13-Jγ1, Vγ2.13-Jγ3, Vγ1.6-Jγ3, Vγ3.7-Jγ1 and Vγ1.6-Jγ1) were preferentially utilized by all four individuals, and vast majority of the unique CDR3γ sequences encoded 4 to 22 amino acids with mean 12.90 amino acids, which exhibits a wider length distribution and/or a longer mean length than CDR3γ of human, mice and other animal species. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we present the first in-depth characterization of the TCRγ repertoire in chicken thymus. We believe that these data will facilitate the studies of adaptive immunology in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Shandong Province, 271018, Taian City, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Shandong Province, 271018, Taian City, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Shandong Province, 271018, Taian City, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Shandong Province, 271018, Taian City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunliang Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Shandong Province, 271018, Taian City, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Shandong Province, 271018, Taian City, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Regulation and Functions of Protumoral Unconventional T Cells in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143578. [PMID: 34298791 PMCID: PMC8304984 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies on T cell biology in tumor immunity have focused on peptide-reactive conventional T cells that are restricted to polymorphic major histocompatibility complex molecules. However, emerging evidence indicated that unconventional T cells, including γδ T cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are also involved in tumor immunity. Unconventional T cells span the innate-adaptive continuum and possess the unique ability to rapidly react to nonpeptide antigens via their conserved T cell receptors (TCRs) and/or to activating cytokines to orchestrate many aspects of the immune response. Since unconventional T cell lineages comprise discrete functional subsets, they can mediate both anti- and protumoral activities. Here, we review the current understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of protumoral unconventional T cell subsets in the tumor environment. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of these deleterious subsets in solid cancers and why further feasibility studies are warranted.
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20
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Rahman Qazi K, Jensen GB, van der Heiden M, Björkander S, Marchini G, Jenmalm MC, Abrahamsson T, Sverremark-Ekström E. Extreme prematurity and sepsis strongly influence frequencies and functional characteristics of circulating γδ T and natural killer cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1294. [PMID: 34136218 PMCID: PMC8192243 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Extremely low gestational age neonates with extremely low birthweight (ELGAN/ELBW) are highly susceptible to infection. This is linked to their relatively immature immune system which is not yet fully compatible with an extra‐uterine environment. Here, we performed a longitudinal characterisation of unconventional T and natural killer (NK) cells in ELGAN/ELBW during their first months of life. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 97 ELGAN/ELBW at 14 and 28 days of life and at a time point corresponding to postmenstrual week 36 + 0. γδ T‐cell, NKT‐cell, mucosa‐associated invariant T‐cell and NK cell frequencies and characteristics were analysed by flow cytometry. As control, cells from 14‐day‐old full‐term (FT) infants were included. Results Extreme prematurity had significant bearing on γδ T‐cell and NK cell frequencies and characteristics. ELGAN/ELBW had significantly higher proportions of γδ T cells that were skewed towards effector and effector memory phenotypes, characteristics that were maintained throughout the study period. Expression of the gut homing receptor CCR9 was also more common in γδ T cells from ELGAN/ELBW. Conversely, NK cell frequencies were markedly lower and skewed towards a cytotoxic phenotype in the ELGAN/ELBW group at 14 days of age. Culture‐proven sepsis with an onset during the first 14 days after birth further manifested these differences in the γδ T‐ and NK cell populations at 14 days of age. Conclusion Prematurity strongly influences the levels of γδ T and NK cells, in particular in cases where sepsis debuts during the first 2 weeks of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Georg B Jensen
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Marieke van der Heiden
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sophia Björkander
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Giovanna Marchini
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Thomas Abrahamsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden.,Department of Paediatrics Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Eva Sverremark-Ekström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences The Wenner-Gren Institute Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
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21
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Tan L, Fichtner AS, Bruni E, Odak I, Sandrock I, Bubke A, Borchers A, Schultze-Florey C, Koenecke C, Förster R, Jarek M, von Kaisenberg C, Schulz A, Chu X, Zhang B, Li Y, Panzer U, Krebs CF, Ravens S, Prinz I. A fetal wave of human type 3 effector γδ cells with restricted TCR diversity persists into adulthood. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/58/eabf0125. [PMID: 33893173 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the mouse embryonic thymus produces distinct waves of innate effector γδ T cells. However, it is unclear whether this process occurs similarly in humans and whether it comprises a dedicated subset of innate-like type 3 effector γδ T cells. Here, we present a protocol for high-throughput sequencing of TRG and TRD pairs that comprise the clonal γδTCR. In combination with single-cell RNA sequencing, multiparameter flow cytometry, and TCR sequencing, we reveal a high heterogeneity of γδ T cells sorted from neonatal and adult blood that correlated with TCR usage. Immature γδ T cell clusters displayed mixed and diverse TCRs, but effector cell types segregated according to the expression of either highly expanded individual Vδ1+ TCRs or moderately expanded semi-invariant Vγ9Vδ2+ TCRs. The Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells shared expression of genes that mark innate-like T cells, including ZBTB16 (encoding PLZF), KLRB1, and KLRC1, but consisted of distinct clusters with unrelated Vγ9Vδ2+ TCR clones characterized either by TBX21, FCGR3A, and cytotoxicity-associated gene expression (type 1) or by CCR6, RORC, IL23R, and DPP4 expression (type 3). Effector γδ T cells with type 1 and type 3 innate T cell signatures were detected in a public dataset of early embryonic thymus organogenesis. Together, this study suggests that functionally distinct waves of human innate-like effector γδ T cells with semi-invariant Vγ9Vδ2+ TCR develop in the early fetal thymus and persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likai Tan
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Elena Bruni
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Ivan Odak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Bubke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Alina Borchers
- Translational Immunology, III. Department of Medicine, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schultze-Florey
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Koenecke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Jarek
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Constantin von Kaisenberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine TWINCORE, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine TWINCORE, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yang Li
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Medicine TWINCORE, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulf Panzer
- Translational Immunology, III. Department of Medicine, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian F Krebs
- Translational Immunology, III. Department of Medicine, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany. .,Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Classical MHC expression by DP thymocytes impairs the selection of non-classical MHC restricted innate-like T cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2308. [PMID: 33863906 PMCID: PMC8052364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional T cells are selected by peptide-MHC expressed by cortical epithelial cells in the thymus, and not by cortical thymocytes themselves that do not express MHC I or MHC II. Instead, cortical thymocytes express non-peptide presenting MHC molecules like CD1d and MR1, and promote the selection of PLZF+ iNKT and MAIT cells, respectively. Here, we report an inducible class-I transactivator mouse that enables the expression of peptide presenting MHC I molecules in different cell types. We show that MHC I expression in DP thymocytes leads to expansion of peptide specific PLZF+ innate-like (PIL) T cells. Akin to iNKT cells, PIL T cells differentiate into three functional effector subsets in the thymus, and are dependent on SAP signaling. We demonstrate that PIL and NKT cells compete for a narrow niche, suggesting that the absence of peptide-MHC on DP thymocytes facilitates selection of non-peptide specific lymphocytes.
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23
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Velardi E, Clave E, Arruda LCM, Benini F, Locatelli F, Toubert A. The role of the thymus in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and the recovery of the peripheral T-cell compartment. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:101-117. [PMID: 33416938 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the thymus represents the primary site of T-cell development, optimal thymic function is of paramount importance for the successful reconstitution of the adaptive immunity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Thymus involutes as part of the aging process and several factors, including previous chemotherapy treatments, conditioning regimen used in preparation to the allograft, occurrence of graft-versus-host disease, and steroid therapy that impair the integrity of the thymus, thus affecting its role in supporting T-cell neogenesis. Although the pathways governing its regeneration are still poorly understood, the thymus has a remarkable capacity to recover its function after damage. Measurement of both recent thymic emigrants and T-cell receptor excision circles is valuable tools to assess thymic output and gain insights on its function. In this review, we will extensively discuss available data on factors regulating thymic function after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, as well as the strategies and therapeutic approaches under investigation to promote thymic reconstitution and accelerate immune recovery in transplanted patients, including the use of cytokines, sex-steroid ablation, precursor T-cells, and thymus bioengineering. Although none of them is routinely used in the clinic, these approaches have the potential to enhance thymic function and immune recovery, not only in patients given an allograft but also in other conditions characterized by immune deficiencies related to a defective function of the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Velardi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emmanuel Clave
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Lucas C M Arruda
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Benini
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146, Rome, Italy.,Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, F-75010, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hopital Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
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24
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Wang SR, Zhong N, Zhang XM, Zhao ZB, Balderas R, Li L, Lian ZX. OMIP 071: A 31-Parameter Flow Cytometry Panel for In-Depth Immunophenotyping of Human T-Cell Subsets Using Surface Markers. Cytometry A 2020; 99:273-277. [PMID: 33219622 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dissecting the functional diversity of T cells is critical in elucidating mechanisms and in developing therapies for various diseases. Here, we designed a 31-parameter (29-color) panel to enable the characterization of T-cell subsets and immunophenotyping of the human peripheral blood and lymph nodes using cell surface staining. In addition to adaptive T-cell markers, TCR Vα24-Jα18, TCR γδ, TCR Vɑ7.2, and CD161 were included to identify iNKT, γδ T, and MAIT cells, respectively, which are innate-like T cells. C-X-C chemokine receptors (CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR6) and C-C motif chemokine receptors (CCR4, CCR6, CCR7) were included to enable the identification of Th cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17), Tfh cell subsets (Tfh1, Tfh2, Tfh17), and Th cells with specific homing capacities. Furthermore, in this panel, we also used markers for assessing cell differentiation (CD45RO, CD7), activation (CD57, CD95, HLA-DR) and the expression of some cosignaling molecules (PD-1, NKG2D, CD28). Particularly, CD69 and CD103 were included for the further analysis of tissue resident memory T (Trm) cells. This panel would enable the in-depth immunophenotyping of human T-cell subsets, and may be applied in the monitoring, prognosis, and mechanistic studies of various immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Rong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.,Center of Excellence, Becton Dickinson Medical Devices (Shanghai) Co., Ltd and South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Na Zhong
- Center of Excellence, Becton Dickinson Medical Devices (Shanghai) Co., Ltd and South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.,Becton Dickinson Medical Devices (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China
| | - Xin-Mei Zhang
- Center of Excellence, Becton Dickinson Medical Devices (Shanghai) Co., Ltd and South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.,Becton Dickinson Medical Devices (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.,Center of Excellence, Becton Dickinson Medical Devices (Shanghai) Co., Ltd and South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | | | - Liang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.,Center of Excellence, Becton Dickinson Medical Devices (Shanghai) Co., Ltd and South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Department of General Surgery, Guangzhou Digestive Disease Center, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510180, China.,Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.,Center of Excellence, Becton Dickinson Medical Devices (Shanghai) Co., Ltd and South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
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25
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Wang YJ, Zhang XL, Liu JX, Niu M, Jin XY, Yuan EW, Shi Y, Li WL, Xu FL. The association of γδ-T cells with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. Hum Immunol 2020; 82:54-59. [PMID: 33288226 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the survival rate of premature infants increases, the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic complication of premature infants, is also higher than before. The pathogenesis of BPD is complicated, and immune imbalance and inflammatory response may play important roles in it. OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation between lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood, especially γδ-T cells, and BPD of preterm infants. MATERIALS AND METHOD The study was carried out with the peripheral blood of premature infants (GA < 32 weeks, BW < 1500 g), which were collected at 24 h or 3-4 weeks after birth. The infants were divided into non-BPD groups and BPD groups that were classified as mild or moderate and severe in preterm infants based on the magnitude of respiratory support at 28 days age and 36 weeks postmenstrual age. The γδ-T, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and total lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS The percentages of T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood were not different between BPD and non-BPD within 24 h after birth. And no significant difference was found in T lymphocyte subsets among neonates with BPD of different severities. However, the infants who developed BPD had a significant increase in γδ-T cells compared to non-BPD ones within 3-4 weeks after birth. CONCLUSIONS It seems that γδ-T cells in peripheral blood are correlated with BPD. However, the causality of BPD and various lymphocytes remains unclear, which need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Juan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Department of Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jia-Xin Liu
- Department of Neonatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Ming Niu
- Department of Neonatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xin-Yun Jin
- Department of Neonatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Department of Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - En-Wu Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wen-Li Li
- Department of Neonatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Fa-Lin Xu
- Department of Neonatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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26
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Papadopoulou M, Sanchez Sanchez G, Vermijlen D. Innate and adaptive γδ T cells: How, when, and why. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:99-116. [PMID: 33146423 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells comprise the third cell lineage of lymphocytes that use, like αβ T cells and B cells, V(D)J gene rearrangement with the potential to generate a highly diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. There is no obvious conservation of γδ T cell subsets (based on TCR repertoire and/or function) between mice and human, leading to the notion that human and mouse γδ T cells are highly different. In this review, we focus on human γδ T cells, building on recent studies using high-throughput sequencing to analyze the TCR repertoire in various settings. We make then the comparison with mouse γδ T cell subsets highlighting the similarities and differences and describe the remarkable changes during lifespan of innate and adaptive γδ T cells. Finally, we propose mechanisms contributing to the generation of innate versus adaptive γδ T cells. We conclude that key elements related to the generation of the γδ TCR repertoire and γδ T cell activation/development are conserved between human and mice, highlighting the similarities between these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Belgium
| | - Guillem Sanchez Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Belgium
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27
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Tieppo P, Papadopoulou M, Gatti D, McGovern N, Chan JKY, Gosselin F, Goetgeluk G, Weening K, Ma L, Dauby N, Cogan A, Donner C, Ginhoux F, Vandekerckhove B, Vermijlen D. The human fetal thymus generates invariant effector γδ T cells. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132616. [PMID: 31816633 PMCID: PMC7062527 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tieppo et al. show that the human fetal thymus generates invariant γδ T cells with programmed effector functions. This is due to an intrinsic property of fetal HSPCs caused by high expression of the RNA-binding protein Lin28b. In the mouse thymus, invariant γδ T cells are generated at well-defined times during development and acquire effector functions before exiting the thymus. However, whether such thymic programming and age-dependent generation of invariant γδ T cells occur in humans is not known. Here we found that, unlike postnatal γδ thymocytes, human fetal γδ thymocytes were functionally programmed (e.g., IFNγ, granzymes) and expressed low levels of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). This low level of TdT resulted in a low number of N nucleotide insertions in the complementarity-determining region-3 (CDR3) of their TCR repertoire, allowing the usage of short homology repeats within the germline-encoded VDJ segments to generate invariant/public cytomegalovirus-reactive CDR3 sequences (TRGV8-TRJP1-CATWDTTGWFKIF, TRDV2-TRDD3-CACDTGGY, and TRDV1-TRDD3-CALGELGD). Furthermore, both the generation of invariant TCRs and the intrathymic acquisition of effector functions were due to an intrinsic property of fetal hematopoietic stem and precursor cells (HSPCs) caused by high expression of the RNA-binding protein Lin28b. In conclusion, our data indicate that the human fetal thymus generates, in an HSPC/Lin28b-dependent manner, invariant γδ T cells with programmed effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Tieppo
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Deborah Gatti
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jerry K Y Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Françoise Gosselin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Weening
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauby
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Cogan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Catherine Donner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.,Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
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28
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Herrmann T, Karunakaran MM, Fichtner AS. A glance over the fence: Using phylogeny and species comparison for a better understanding of antigen recognition by human γδ T-cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:218-236. [PMID: 32981055 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Both, jawless and jawed vertebrates possess three lymphocyte lineages defined by highly diverse antigen receptors: Two T-cell- and one B-cell-like lineage. In both phylogenetic groups, the theoretically possible number of individual antigen receptor specificities can even outnumber that of lymphocytes of a whole organism. Despite fundamental differences in structure and genetics of these antigen receptors, convergent evolution led to functional similarities between the lineages. Jawed vertebrates possess αβ and γδ T-cells defined by eponymous αβ and γδ T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs). "Conventional" αβ T-cells recognize complexes of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and II molecules and peptides. Non-conventional T-cells, which can be αβ or γδ T-cells, recognize a large variety of ligands and differ strongly in phenotype and function between species and within an organism. This review describes similarities and differences of non-conventional T-cells of various species and discusses ligands and functions of their TCRs. A special focus is laid on Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells whose TCRs act as sensors for phosphorylated isoprenoid metabolites, so-called phosphoantigens (PAg), associated with microbial infections or altered host metabolism in cancer or after drug treatment. We discuss the role of butyrophilin (BTN)3A and BTN2A1 in PAg-sensing and how species comparison can help in a better understanding of this human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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29
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Ravens S, Fichtner AS, Willers M, Torkornoo D, Pirr S, Schöning J, Deseke M, Sandrock I, Bubke A, Wilharm A, Dodoo D, Egyir B, Flanagan KL, Steinbrück L, Dickinson P, Ghazal P, Adu B, Viemann D, Prinz I. Microbial exposure drives polyclonal expansion of innate γδ T cells immediately after birth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18649-18660. [PMID: 32690687 PMCID: PMC7414158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922588117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting at birth, the immune system of newborns and children encounters and is influenced by environmental challenges. It is still not completely understood how γδ T cells emerge and adapt during early life. Studying the composition of T cell receptors (TCRs) using next-generation sequencing (NGS) in neonates, infants, and children can provide valuable insights into the adaptation of T cell subsets. To investigate how neonatal γδ T cell repertoires are shaped by microbial exposure after birth, we monitored the γ-chain (TRG) and δ-chain (TRD) repertoires of peripheral blood T cells in newborns, infants, and young children from Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. We identified a set of TRG and TRD sequences that were shared by all children from Europe and Africa. These were primarily public clones, characterized by simple rearrangements of Vγ9 and Vδ2 chains with low junctional diversity and usage of non-TRDJ1 gene segments, reminiscent of early ontogenetic subsets of γδ T cells. Further profiling revealed that these innate, public Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells underwent an immediate TCR-driven polyclonal proliferation within the first 4 wk of life. In contrast, γδ T cells using Vδ1+ and Vδ3+TRD rearrangements did not significantly expand after birth. However, different environmental cues may lead to the observed increase of Vδ1+ and Vδ3+TRD sequences in the majority of African children. In summary, we show how dynamic γδ TCR repertoires develop directly after birth and present important differences among γδ T cell subsets.
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MESH Headings
- Africa South of the Sahara
- Bacteria/immunology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Europe
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Longitudinal Studies
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alina S Fichtner
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maike Willers
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dennis Torkornoo
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Pirr
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schöning
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Malte Deseke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Bubke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Beverly Egyir
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
- School of Health & Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Lars Steinbrück
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Dickinson
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Bright Adu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Dorothee Viemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- PRIMAL (priming immunity at the beginning of life) Consortium, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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30
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Papadopoulou M, Dimova T, Shey M, Briel L, Veldtsman H, Khomba N, Africa H, Steyn M, Hanekom WA, Scriba TJ, Nemes E, Vermijlen D. Fetal public Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expand and gain potent cytotoxic functions early after birth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18638-18648. [PMID: 32665435 PMCID: PMC7414170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922595117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are a major human blood γδ T cell population that respond in a T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent manner to phosphoantigens which are generated by a variety of microorganisms. It is not clear how Vγ9Vδ2 T cells react toward the sudden microbial exposure early after birth. We found that human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with a public/shared fetal-derived TCR repertoire expanded within 10 wk postpartum. Such an expansion was not observed in non-Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells, which possessed a private TCR repertoire. Furthermore, only the Vγ9Vδ2 T cells differentiated into potent cytotoxic effector cells by 10 wk of age, despite their fetal origin. Both the expansion of public fetal Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and their functional differentiation were not affected by newborn vaccination with the phosphoantigen-containing bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. These findings suggest a strong and early priming of the public fetal-derived Vγ9Vδ2 T cells promptly after birth, likely upon environmental phosphoantigen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- U-CRI, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Tanya Dimova
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Muki Shey
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Libby Briel
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Helen Veldtsman
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Nondumiso Khomba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Hadn Africa
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marcia Steyn
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Willem A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, South Africa
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- U-CRI, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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31
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Ma L, Phalke S, Stévigny C, Souard F, Vermijlen D. Mistletoe-Extract Drugs Stimulate Anti-Cancer Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061560. [PMID: 32604868 PMCID: PMC7349316 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human phosphoantigen-reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cells possess several characteristics, including MHC-independent recognition of tumor cells and potent killing potential, that make them attractive candidates for cancer immunotherapeutic approaches. Injectable preparations from the hemi-parasite plant Viscum album L. (European mistletoe) are commonly prescribed as complementary cancer therapy in European countries such as Germany, but their mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated in-depth the in vitro response of human T cells towards mistletoe-extract drugs by analyzing their functional and T-cell-receptor (TCR) response using flow cytometry and high-throughput sequencing respectively. Non-fermented mistletoe-extract drugs (AbnobaViscum), but not their fermented counterparts (Iscador), induced specific expansion of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells among T cells. Furthermore, AbnobaViscum rapidly induced the release of cytotoxic granules and the production of the cytokines IFNγ and TNFα in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. This stimulation of anti-cancer Vγ9Vδ2 T cells was mediated by the butyrophilin BTN3A, did not depend on the accumulation of endogenous phosphoantigens and involved the same Vγ9Vδ2 TCR repertoire as those of phosphoantigen-reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. These insights highlight Vγ9Vδ2 T cells as a potential target for mistletoe-extract drugs and their role in cancer patients receiving these herbal drugs needs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; (L.M.); (S.P.); (F.S.)
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Swati Phalke
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; (L.M.); (S.P.); (F.S.)
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Caroline Stévigny
- RD3 Department-Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium;
| | - Florence Souard
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; (L.M.); (S.P.); (F.S.)
- DPM UMR 5063, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium; (L.M.); (S.P.); (F.S.)
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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32
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Human γδ TCR Repertoires in Health and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040800. [PMID: 32225004 PMCID: PMC7226320 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires of γδ T cells are very different to those of αβ T cells. While the theoretical TCR repertoire diversity of γδ T cells is estimated to exceed the diversity of αβ T cells by far, γδ T cells are still understood as more invariant T cells that only use a limited set of γδ TCRs. Most of our current knowledge of human γδ T cell receptor diversity builds on specific monoclonal antibodies that discriminate between the two major subsets, namely Vδ2+ and Vδ1+ T cells. Of those two subsets, Vδ2+ T cells seem to better fit into a role of innate T cells with semi-invariant TCR usage, as compared to an adaptive-like biology of some Vδ1+ subsets. Yet, this distinction into innate-like Vδ2+ and adaptive-like Vδ1+ γδ T cells does not quite recapitulate the full diversity of γδ T cell subsets, ligands and interaction modes. Here, we review how the recent introduction of high-throughput TCR repertoire sequencing has boosted our knowledge of γδ T cell repertoire diversity beyond Vδ2+ and Vδ1+ T cells. We discuss the current understanding of clonal composition and the dynamics of human γδ TCR repertoires in health and disease.
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Abstract
To successfully withstand a wide variety of microbial and mechanical challenges, the immune system of the oral mucosa is composed of tissue-resident and specially recruited leukocytes. These leukocytes facilitate the establishment and maintenance of local homeostasis but are also capable to cause oral pathologies when are unrestrained. γδT cells represent an important tissue-resident innate T-cell population in various mucosal and nonmucosal barrier tissues, in which they are ideally located to assist in immunosurveillance, tissue repair, and homeostasis. Whereas most works studying γδT cells were focused on tissues such as the skin and intestine, these cells in the oral mucosa were only recently thoroughly studied. The findings obtained by those studies appear to be both complementary and contradicting, likely reflecting differences in the experimental settings and the type of transgenic mouse modalities employed by each study. Nevertheless, oral γδT cells were shown to consist of developmentally distinct tissue-resident Vγ6 cells and circulating Vγ1 and Vγ4 subsets that are independently maintained in the oral mucosa. In the gingiva, a particularly challenging barrier tissue due to its proximity to the dental plaque, γδT cells are strategically positioned close to the plaque and represent the major source of IL-17. While this suggests that γδT cells might be involved in controlling the dental biofilm, conflicting data were reported in this regard. In vivo studies have shown that γδT cells either play a protective role during age-associated bone loss or, alternatively, have no impact in this process. Also, recent reports suggested opposing data concerning the impact of γδT cells in experimental periodontitis based on the ligature model. This review summarizes and discusses the most up-to-date literature on oral γδT cells, providing a balanced perspective regarding our current understanding on the development of oral γδT cells and their role under physiologic conditions and certain oral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Hovav
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - O Barel
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - I Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
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34
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Fichtner AS, Bubke A, Rampoldi F, Wilharm A, Tan L, Steinbrück L, Schultze-Florey C, von Kaisenberg C, Prinz I, Herrmann T, Ravens S. TCR repertoire analysis reveals phosphoantigen-induced polyclonal proliferation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in neonates and adults. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1023-1032. [PMID: 32064671 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ma0120-427rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vγ9Vδ2 T cell subset is the major γδ T cell subset in human peripheral blood and has the unique ability to contribute to immune surveillance by detecting pyrophosphorylated metabolites of isoprenoid synthesis, termed phosphoantigens (pAgs). Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are first detected at midgestation and show postnatal expansion. Interestingly, neonatal Vγ9Vδ2 T cells display a higher TCR repertoire diversity with more public clonotypes and lower pAg responsiveness than in adults. Notably, it is not known whether postnatal changes occur by TCR-dependent reactivity to pAg exposure. Here, we applied next-generation sequencing of γδ TCR repertoires to understand potential differences in the pAg-mediated response of neonatal and adult Vγ9Vδ2 T cells at the level of the expressed γδ TCR. We observed a polyclonal pAg-induced response of neonatal and adult Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, albeit neonatal γδ T cells showed less in vitro pAg responsiveness. Neonatal Vγ9Vδ2 T cells displayed a less pronounced bias for Jδ1 usage and a more frequent use of Jδ2 or Jδ3 that remained stable after pAg exposure. In addition, public and private Vδ2 TRD clones took part in the polyclonal pAg-induced response in neonates and adults. In conclusion, adult and neonatal Vγ9Vδ2 T cells both undergo polyclonal pAg-induced proliferation, whereas especially adult Vγ9Vδ2 T cells display a high stability at the level of the expressed TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Fichtner
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Bubke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Likai Tan
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Steinbrück
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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35
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Lee HW, Chung YS, Kim TJ. Heterogeneity of Human γδ T Cells and Their Role in Cancer Immunity. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e5. [PMID: 32158593 PMCID: PMC7049581 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The γδ T cells are unconventional lymphocytes that function in both innate and adaptive immune responses against various intracellular and infectious stresses. The γδ T cells can be exploited as cancer-killing effector cells since γδ TCRs recognize MHC-like molecules and growth factor receptors that are upregulated in cancer cells, and γδ T cells can differentiate into cytotoxic effector cells. However, γδ T cells may also promote tumor progression by secreting IL-17 or other cytokines. Therefore, it is essential to understand how the differentiation and homeostasis of γδ T cells are regulated and whether distinct γδ T cell subsets have different functions. Human γδ T cells are classified into Vδ2 and non-Vδ2 γδ T cells. The majority of Vδ2 γδ T cells are Vγ9δ2 T cells that recognize pyrophosphorylated isoprenoids generated by the dysregulated mevalonate pathway. In contrast, Vδ1 T cells expand from initially diverse TCR repertoire in patients with infectious diseases and cancers. The ligands of Vδ1 T cells are diverse and include the growth factor receptors such as endothelial protein C receptor. Both Vδ1 and Vδ2 γδ T cells are implicated to have immunotherapeutic potentials for cancers, but the detailed elucidation of the distinct characteristics of 2 populations will be required to enhance the immunotherapeutic potential of γδ T cells. Here, we summarize recent progress regarding cancer immunology of human γδ T cells, including their development, heterogeneity, and plasticity, the putative mechanisms underlying ligand recognition and activation, and their dual effects on tumor progression in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yun Shin Chung
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
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36
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van der Heiden M, Björkander S, Rahman Qazi K, Bittmann J, Hell L, Jenmalm MC, Marchini G, Vermijlen D, Abrahamsson T, Nilsson C, Sverremark‐Ekström E. Characterization of the γδ T-cell compartment during infancy reveals clear differences between the early neonatal period and 2 years of age. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:79-87. [PMID: 31680329 PMCID: PMC7003854 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are unconventional T cells that function on the border of innate and adaptive immunity. They are suggested to play important roles in neonatal and infant immunity, although their phenotype and function are not fully characterized in early childhood. We aimed to investigate γδ T cells in relation to age, prematurity and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Therefore, we used flow cytometry to characterize the γδ T-cell compartment in cord blood and peripheral blood cells from 14-day-, 2-year- and 5-year-old children, as well as in peripheral blood samples collected at several time points during the first months of life from extremely premature neonates. γδ T cells were phenotypically similar at 2 and 5 years of age, whereas cord blood was divergent and showed close proximity to γδ T cells from 14-day-old neonates. Interestingly, 2-year-old children and adults showed comparable Vδ2+ γδ T-cell functionality toward both microbial and polyclonal stimulations. Importantly, extreme preterm birth compromised the frequencies of Vδ1+ cells and affected the functionality of Vδ2+ γδ T cells shortly after birth. In addition, CMV infection was associated with terminal differentiation of the Vδ1+ compartment at 2 years of age. Our results show an adult-like functionality of the γδ T-cell compartment already at 2 years of age. In addition, we demonstrate an altered γδ T-cell phenotype early after birth in extremely premature neonates, something which could possible contribute to the enhanced risk for infections in this vulnerable group of children.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/immunology
- Child Development
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature/growth & development
- Infant, Premature/immunology
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke van der Heiden
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Sophia Björkander
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Khaleda Rahman Qazi
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Julia Bittmann
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Lena Hell
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Maria C Jenmalm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Giovanna Marchini
- Department of Women's and Children's HealthKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical ImmunologyUniversité Libre de BruxellesBruxellesBelgium
| | - Thomas Abrahamsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of PaediatricsLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Caroline Nilsson
- Sachs’ Children and Youth HospitalSödersjukhusetStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical Science and EducationSödersjukhusetKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Eva Sverremark‐Ekström
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe Wenner‐Gren InstituteStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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Papadopoulou M, Tieppo P, McGovern N, Gosselin F, Chan JKY, Goetgeluk G, Dauby N, Cogan A, Donner C, Ginhoux F, Vandekerckhove B, Vermijlen D. TCR Sequencing Reveals the Distinct Development of Fetal and Adult Human Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:1468-1479. [PMID: 31413106 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoantigen-reactive Vγ9Vδ2 T cells represent the main innate human γδ T cell subset and dominate the fetal and adult peripheral blood γδ T cell repertoire. It has been hypothesized that adult blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells find their origin in the fetus like it is established for mouse innate γδ T cells. To address this issue, we analyzed the CDR3 of the TCR of human blood and thymic Vγ9Vδ2 T cells from fetal until adult life. We first identified key differences in the CDR3 repertoire of fetal and adult blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, including in CDR3 features important for phosphoantigen reactivity. Next, we showed that most of these key adult CDR3 features were already present in the postnatal thymus and were further enhanced upon selection in vitro by the microbial-derived phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate. Finally, we demonstrated that the generation of a fetal-type or adult-type Vγ9Vδ2 CDR3 repertoire is determined by the fetal and postnatal nature of the hematopoietic stem and precursor cell. Thus, our data indicate that fetal blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells find their origin in the fetal thymus whereas adult blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are generated to a large degree independently after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Paola Tieppo
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Françoise Gosselin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jerry K Y Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 229899 Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauby
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Cogan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Catherine Donner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138648 Singapore
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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38
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Tan L, Sandrock I, Odak I, Aizenbud Y, Wilharm A, Barros-Martins J, Tabib Y, Borchers A, Amado T, Gangoda L, Herold MJ, Schmidt-Supprian M, Kisielow J, Silva-Santos B, Koenecke C, Hovav AH, Krebs C, Prinz I, Ravens S. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Identifies the Adaptation of Scart1+ Vγ6+ T Cells to Skin Residency as Activated Effector Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3657-3671.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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39
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Ferreira FM, Palle P, Vom Berg J, Prajwal P, Laman JD, Buch T. Bone marrow chimeras-a vital tool in basic and translational research. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:889-896. [PMID: 31028417 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow chimeras are used routinely in immunology research as well as in other fields of biology. Here, we provide a concise state-of-the-art review about the types of chimerisms that can be achieved and the type of information that each model generates. We include separate sections for caveats and future developments. We provide examples from the literature in which different types of chimerism were employed to answer specific questions. While simple bone marrow chimeras allow to dissect the role of genes in distinct cell populations such as the hematopoietic cells versus non-hematopoietic cells, mixed bone marrow chimeras can provide detailed information about hematopoietic cell types and the intrinsic and extrinsic roles of individual genes. The advantages and caveats of bone marrow chimerism for the study of microglia are addressed, as well as alternatives to irradiation that minimize blood-brain-barrier disruption. Elementary principles are introduced and their potential is exemplified through summarizing recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa M Ferreira
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Johannes Vom Berg
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Prajwal Prajwal
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
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40
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McCallion O, Hester J, Issa F. Deciphering the Contribution of γδ T Cells to Outcomes in Transplantation. Transplantation 2018; 102:1983-1993. [PMID: 29994977 PMCID: PMC6215479 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subpopulation of lymphocytes expressing heterodimeric T-cell receptors composed of γ and δ chains. They are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous, innate yet also adaptive in behavior, and exhibit diverse activities spanning immunosurveillance, immunomodulation, and direct cytotoxicity. The specific responses of γδ T cells to allografts are yet to be fully elucidated with evidence of both detrimental and tolerogenic roles in different settings. Here we present an overview of γδ T-cell literature, consider ways in which their functional heterogeneity contributes to the outcomes after transplantation, and reflect on methods to harness their beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McCallion
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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41
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Park C, Kim TJ. Expansion and Sub-Classification of T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses to Encompass the Role of Innate-Like T Cells in Antibody Responses. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e34. [PMID: 30402329 PMCID: PMC6215906 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to T cell-dependent (TD) Ab responses, T cells can also regulate T cell-independent (TI) B cell responses in the absence of a specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and antigenic peptide-based interaction between T and B cells. The elucidation of T cells capable of supporting TI Ab responses is important for understanding the cellular mechanism of different types of TI Ab responses. Natural killer T (NKT) cells represent 1 type of helper T cells involved in TI Ab responses and more candidate helper T cells responsible for TI Ab responses may also include γδ T cells and recently reported B-1 helper CD4+ T cells. Marginal zone (MZ) B and B-1 cells, 2 major innate-like B cell subsets considered to function independently of T cells, interact with innate-like T cells. Whereas MZ B and NKT cells interact mutually for a rapid response to blood-borne infection, peritoneal memory phenotype CD49dhighCD4+ T cells support natural Ab secretion by B-1 cells. Here the role of innate-like T cells in the so-called TI Ab response is discussed. To accommodate the involvement of T cells in the TI Ab responses, we suggest an expanded classification of TD Ab responses that incorporate cognate and non-cognate B cell help by innate-like T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanho Park
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea.,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
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42
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Willcox CR, Davey MS, Willcox BE. Development and Selection of the Human Vγ9Vδ2 + T-Cell Repertoire. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1501. [PMID: 30013562 PMCID: PMC6036166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2+ lymphocytes are among the first T-cells to develop in the human fetus and are the predominant peripheral blood γδ T-cell population in most adults. Capable of broad polyclonal responses to pyrophosphate antigens (pAg), they are implicated in immunity to a diverse range of infections. Previously Vγ9Vδ2+ development was thought to involve postnatal selection and amplification of public Vγ9 clonotypes in response to microbial stimuli. However, recent data indicate the Vγ9Vδ2+ T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, which is generated early in gestation, is dominated by public Vγ9 clonotypes from birth. These chains bear highly distinct features compared to Vγ9 chains from Vδ1+ T-cells, due either to temporal differences in recombination of each subset and/or potentially prenatal selection of pAg-reactive clonotypes. While these processes result in a semi-invariant repertoire featuring Vγ9 sequences preconfigured for pAg recognition, alterations in TCRδ repertoires between neonate and adult suggest either peripheral selection of clonotypes responsive to microbial antigens or altered postnatal thymic output of Vγ9Vδ2+ T-cells. Interestingly, some individuals demonstrate private Vγ9Vδ2+ expansions with distinct effector phenotypes, suggestive of selective expansion in response to microbial stimulation. The Vγ9Vδ2+ T-cell subset, therefore, exhibits many features common to mouse γδ T-cell subsets, including early development, a semi-invariant TCR repertoire, and a reliance on butyrophilin-like molecules in antigen recognition. However, importantly Vγ9Vδ2+ T-cells retain TCR sensitivity after acquiring an effector phenotype. We outline a model for Vγ9Vδ2+ T-cell development and selection involving innate prenatal repertoire focusing, followed by postnatal repertoire shifts driven by microbial infection and/or altered thymic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie R Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin S Davey
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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43
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Ugur M, Kaminski A, Pabst O. Lymph node γδ and αβ CD8 + T cells share migratory properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8986. [PMID: 29895956 PMCID: PMC5997669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During immune responses, T cells differentiate into subsets with different functions and migratory properties. Here we characterize migratory behavior of endogenous αβ CD8+ and γδ T cells in lymph nodes by long-term tracking following in vivo photoconversion. We identified subsets of γδ T cells with distinct circulation kinetics that closely mirrored migratory subsets of αβ CD8+ T cells. Notably, αβ CD8+ and γδ T cells both comprised resident populations which stayed in lymph nodes for 4 weeks without circulation or proliferation. Furthermore, in contrast to the common conception, we observed that central memory αβ CD8+ T cells circulate with slower kinetics than naïve cells. Our results show that, similar to αβ T cells, γδ T cells can acquire distinct migratory properties during their development and differentiation and reveal unexpected intricacies of T cell migratory patterns.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Milas Ugur
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Kaminski
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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44
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Kreslavsky T, Wong JB, Fischer M, Skok JA, Busslinger M. Control of B-1a cell development by instructive BCR signaling. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:24-31. [PMID: 29414528 PMCID: PMC5943138 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B-1a cells remain one of the most enigmatic lymphocyte subsets. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the development of these cells and their regulation by the transcription factors Bhlhe41 and Arid3a as well as by the RNA-binding protein Lin28b. A large body of literature supports an instructive role of BCR signaling in B-1a cell development and lineage commitment, which is initiated only after signaling from an autoreactive BCR. While both fetal and adult hematopoiesis can generate B-1a cells, the contribution of adult hematopoiesis to the B-1a cell compartment is low under physiological conditions. We discuss several models that can reconcile the instructive role of BCR signaling with this fetal bias in B-1a cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Kreslavsky
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jason B Wong
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical Center, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane A Skok
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical Center, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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45
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Nazmi A, Albertsson AM, Rocha-Ferreira E, Zhang X, Vontell R, Zelco A, Rutherford M, Zhu C, Nilsson G, Mallard C, Hagberg H, Lai JCY, Leavenworth JW, Wang X. Lymphocytes Contribute to the Pathophysiology of Neonatal Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2018; 9:159. [PMID: 29615958 PMCID: PMC5868390 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is the most common form of preterm brain injury affecting the cerebral white matter. This type of injury involves a multiphase process and is induced by many factors, including hypoxia–ischemia (HI) and infection. Previous studies have suggested that lymphocytes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of brain injury, and the aim of this study was to determine the contribution of lymphocyte subsets to preterm brain injury. Methods Immunohistochemistry on brain sections from neonatal mice was performed to evaluate the extent of brain injury in wild-type and T cell and B cell-deficient neonatal mice (Rag1−/− mice) using a mouse model of HI-induced preterm brain injury. Flow cytometry was performed to determine the presence of different types of immune cells in mouse brains following HI. In addition, immunostaining for CD3 T cells and CD20 B cells was performed on postmortem preterm human infant brains with PVL. Results Mature lymphocyte-deficient Rag1−/− mice showed protection from white matter loss compared to wild type mice as indicated by myelin basic protein immunostaining of mouse brains. CD3+ T cells and CD20+ B cells were observed in the postmortem preterm infant brains with PVL. Flow cytometry analysis of mouse brains after HI-induced injury showed increased frequency of CD3+ T, αβT and B cells at 7 days after HI in the ipsilateral (injured) hemisphere compared to the contralateral (control, uninjured) hemisphere. Conclusion Lymphocytes were found in the injured brain after injury in both mice and humans, and lack of mature lymphocytes protected neonatal mice from HI-induced brain white matter injury. This finding provides insight into the pathology of perinatal brain injury and suggests new avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshed Nazmi
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maj Albertsson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Regina Vontell
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aura Zelco
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mary Rutherford
- Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gisela Nilsson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jianmei W Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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46
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Ravens S, Hengst J, Schlapphoff V, Deterding K, Dhingra A, Schultze-Florey C, Koenecke C, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H, Prinz I. Human γδ T Cell Receptor Repertoires in Peripheral Blood Remain Stable Despite Clearance of Persistent Hepatitis C Virus Infection by Direct-Acting Antiviral Drug Therapy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:510. [PMID: 29616028 PMCID: PMC5864898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells can contribute to clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection but also mediate liver inflammation. This study aimed to understand the clonal distribution of γδ T cells in peripheral blood of chronic HCV patients and following HCV clearance by interferon-free direct-acting antiviral drug therapies. To this end, γδ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires were monitored by mRNA-based next-generation sequencing. While the percentage of Vγ9+ T cells was higher in patients with elevated liver enzymes and a few expanded Vδ3 clones could be identified in peripheral blood of 23 HCV-infected non-cirrhotic patients, overall clonality and complexity of γδ TCR repertoires were largely comparable to those of matched healthy donors. Monitoring eight chronic HCV patients before, during and up to 1 year after therapy revealed that direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drug therapies induced only minor alterations of TRG and TRD repertoires of Vγ9+ and Vγ9- cells. Together, we show that peripheral γδ TCR repertoires display a high stability (1) by chronic HCV infection in the absence of liver cirrhosis and (2) by HCV clearance in the course of DAA drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Hengst
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Schlapphoff
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja Deterding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Akshay Dhingra
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Schultze-Florey
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Koenecke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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47
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Vermijlen D, Gatti D, Kouzeli A, Rus T, Eberl M. γδ T cell responses: How many ligands will it take till we know? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 84:75-86. [PMID: 29402644 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells constitute a sizeable and non-redundant fraction of the total T cell pool in all jawed vertebrates, but in contrast to conventional αβ T cells they are not restricted by classical MHC molecules. Progress in our understanding of the role of γδ T cells in the immune system has been hampered, and is being hampered, by the considerable lack of knowledge regarding the antigens γδ T cells respond to. The past few years have seen a wealth of data regarding the TCR repertoires of distinct γδ T cell populations and a growing list of confirmed and proposed molecules that are recognised by γδ T cells in different species. Yet, the physiological contexts underlying the often restricted TCR usage and the chemical diversity of γδ T cell ligands remain largely unclear, and only few structural studies have confirmed direct ligand recognition by the TCR. We here review the latest progress in the identification and validation of putative γδ T cell ligands and discuss the implications of such findings for γδ T cell responses in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium.
| | - Deborah Gatti
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Ariadni Kouzeli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Teja Rus
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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48
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Turner JE, Becker M, Mittrücker HW, Panzer U. Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes in the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 29:389-399. [PMID: 29093030 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become evident that nonlymphoid tissues are populated by distinct subsets of innate and adaptive lymphocytes that are characterized by minimal exchange with recirculating counterparts. Especially at barrier sites, such as the skin, gut, and lung, these tissue-resident lymphocyte populations are ideally positioned to quickly respond to pathogens and other environmental stimuli. The kidney harbors several classes of innate and innate-like lymphocytes that have been described to contribute to this tissue-resident population in other organs, including innate lymphoid cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, and γδ T cells. Additionally, a substantial proportion of the adaptive lymphocytes that are found in the kidney displays a surface phenotype suggestive of tissue residency, such as CD69+CD4+ T cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of tissue-resident lymphocyte populations, review the available evidence for the existence of these populations in the kidney, and discuss the potential physiologic and pathophysiologic roles thereof in kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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49
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Van Hede D, Polese B, Humblet C, Wilharm A, Renoux V, Dortu E, de Leval L, Delvenne P, Desmet CJ, Bureau F, Vermijlen D, Jacobs N. Human papillomavirus oncoproteins induce a reorganization of epithelial-associated γδ T cells promoting tumor formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9056-E9065. [PMID: 29073102 PMCID: PMC5664550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1712883114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that γδ T cells protect against the formation of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in several models. However, the role of γδ T cells in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated uterine cervical SCC, the third-leading cause of death by cancer in women, is unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of γδ T cells in a transgenic mouse model of carcinogenesis induced by HPV16 oncoproteins. Surprisingly, γδ T cells promoted the development of HPV16 oncoprotein-induced lesions. HPV16 oncoproteins induced a decrease in epidermal Skint1 expression and the associated antitumor Vγ5+ γδ T cells, which were replaced by γδ T-cell subsets (mainly Vγ6+ γδlowCCR2+CCR6-) actively producing IL-17A. Consistent with a proangiogenic role, γδ T cells promoted the formation of blood vessels in the dermis underlying the HPV-induced lesions. In human cervical biopsies, IL-17A+ γδ T cells could only be observed at the cancer stage (SCC), where HPV oncoproteins are highly expressed, supporting the clinical relevance of our observations in mice. Overall, our results suggest that HPV16 oncoproteins induce a reorganization of the local epithelial-associated γδ T-cell subpopulations, thereby promoting angiogenesis and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Van Hede
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Barbara Polese
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Chantal Humblet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Virginie Renoux
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Estelle Dortu
- Experimental Pathology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Pathologie Clinique, Institut Universitaire de Pathologie, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Experimental Pathology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe J Desmet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bureau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium;
- Institute for Medical Immunology, ULB, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Jacobs
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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50
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Roy S, Bag AK, Singh RK, Talmadge JE, Batra SK, Datta K. Multifaceted Role of Neuropilins in the Immune System: Potential Targets for Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1228. [PMID: 29067024 PMCID: PMC5641316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRPs) are non-tyrosine kinase cell surface glycoproteins expressed in all vertebrates and widely conserved across species. The two isoforms, such as neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and neuropilin-2 (NRP2), mainly act as coreceptors for class III Semaphorins and for members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of molecules and are widely known for their role in a wide array of physiological processes, such as cardiovascular, neuronal development and patterning, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, as well as various clinical disorders. Intriguingly, additional roles for NRPs occur with myeloid and lymphoid cells, in normal physiological as well as different pathological conditions, including cancer, immunological disorders, and bone diseases. However, little is known concerning the molecular pathways that govern these functions. In addition, NRP1 expression has been characterized in different immune cellular phenotypes including macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cell subsets, especially regulatory T cell populations. By contrast, the functions of NRP2 in immune cells are less well known. In this review, we briefly summarize the genomic organization, structure, and binding partners of the NRPs and extensively discuss the recent advances in their role and function in different immune cell subsets and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohini Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Arup K Bag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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