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Ye Y, Tang L, Wang JS, Tang L, Ning X, Sun J, Sheng L, Sun X. Unexpected antagonism of deoxynivalenol and enniatins in intestinal toxicity through the Ras/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Toxicology 2024; 508:153928. [PMID: 39153657 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a kind of widespread traditional Fusarium mycotoxins in the environment, and its intestinal toxicity has received considerable attention. Recently, the emerging Fusarium mycotoxin enniatins (ENNs) have also been shown to frequently coexist with DON in animal feed and food with large consumption. However, the mechanism of intestinal damage caused by the two mycotoxins co-exposure remains unclear. In this study, Caco-2 cell line was used to investigate the combined toxicity and potential mechanisms of four representative ENNs (ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1) and DON. The results showed that almost all mixed groups showed antagonistic effects, particularly ENB at 1/4 IC50 (CI = 6.488). Co-incubation of ENNs mitigated the levels of signaling molecule levels disrupted by DON, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium mobilization (Ca2+), adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the mixed and ENB groups were significantly enriched in the Ras/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, including 28 up-regulated genes and 40 down-regulated genes. Quantitative real-time PCR further confirmed the lower expression of apoptotic gene in the mixed group, thereby reducing the cytotoxic effects caused by DON exposure. This study emphasizes that co-exposure of ENNs and DON reduces cytotoxicity by regulating the Ras/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Our results provide the first comprehensive evidence about the antagonistic toxicity of ENNs and DON on Caco-2 cells, and new insights into mechanisms investigated by transcriptomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Luyao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xiao Ning
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Lina Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing 214200, China.
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Qin Y, Zhou H, Yang Y, Guo T, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Ma L. Metabolome and Its Mechanism Profiling in the Synergistic Toxic Effects Induced by Co-Exposure of Tenuazonic Acid and Patulin in Caco-2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:319. [PMID: 39057959 PMCID: PMC11281550 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA), usually found in cereals, fruits, vegetables, oil crops, and their products, was classified as one of the highest public health problems by EFSA as early as 2011, but it has still not been regulated by legislation due to the limited toxicological profile. Moreover, it has been reported that the coexistence of TeA and patulin (PAT) has been found in certain agricultural products; however, there are no available data about the combined toxicity. Considering that the gastrointestinal tract is the physiological barrier of the body, it would be the first target site at which exogenous substances interact with the body. Thus, we assessed the combined toxicity (cell viability, ROS, CAT, and ATP) in Caco-2 cells using mathematical modeling (Chou-Talalay) and explored mechanisms using non-targeted metabolomics and molecular biology methods. It revealed that the co-exposure of TeA + PAT (12.5 μg/mL + 0.5 μg/mL) can induce enhanced toxic effects and more severe oxidative stress. Mechanistically, the lipid and amino acid metabolisms and PI3K/AKT/FOXO signaling pathways were mainly involved in the TeA + PAT-induced synergistic toxic effects. Our study not only enriches the scientific basis for the development of regulatory policies but also provides potential targets and treatment options for alleviating toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Qin
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yulian Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ting Guo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.Q.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.G.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Citrus Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Key Laboratory of Condiment Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Chongqing 401121, China
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Yuan S, Chen Y, Wen A, Liu Q, He Y, Yu H, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Xie Y, Yao W. Deciphering the interactions between altertoxins and glutenin based on molecular dynamic simulation: inspiration from detection. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38967243 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxin contamination of food has been gaining increasing attention. Hidden mycotoxins that interact with biological macromolecules in food could make the detection of mycotoxins less accurate, potentially leading to the underestimation of the total exposure risk. Interactions of the mycotoxins alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) with high-molecular glutenin were explored in this study. RESULTS The recovery rates of AOH and AME (1, 2, and 10 μg kg-1) in three types of grains (rice, corn, and wheat) were relatively low. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations indicated that AOH and AME bound to glutenin spontaneously. Hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking were the primary interaction forces at the binding sites. Alternariol with one additional hydroxyl group exhibited stronger binding affinity to glutenin than AME when analyzing average local ionization energy. The average interaction energy between AOH and glutenin was -80.68 KJ mol-1, whereas that of AME was -67.11 KJ mol-1. CONCLUSION This study revealed the mechanisms of the interactions between AOH (or AME) and high-molecular glutenin using MD and molecular docking. This could be useful in the development of effective methods to detect pollution levels. These results could also play an important role in the evaluation of the toxicological properties of bound altertoxins. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yulun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Aying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingrun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yingying He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Xu W, Liang J, Zhang J, Song Y, Zhao X, Liu X, Zhang H, Sui H, Ye J, Wu Y, Ji J, Ye Y, Sun X, Xu J, Bai L, Han X, Zhang L. Natural Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Beauvericin and Enniatins in Wheat Kernels from China. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:290. [PMID: 39057930 PMCID: PMC11280995 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A total of 769 wheat kernels collected from six provinces in China were analyzed for beauvericin (BEA) and four enniatins (ENNs), namely, ENA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1, using a solid phase extraction (SPE) technique with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results show that the predominant toxin was BEA, which had a maximum of 387.67 μg/kg and an average of 37.69 μg/kg. With regard to ENNs, the prevalence and average concentrations of ENB and ENB1 were higher than those of ENA and ENA1. The geographical distribution of BEA and ENNs varied. Hubei and Shandong exhibited the highest and lowest positive rates of BEA and ENNs (13.46% and 87.5%, respectively). However, no significant difference was observed among these six provinces. There was a co-occurrence of BEA and ENNs, and 42.26% of samples were simultaneously detected with two or more toxins. Moreover, a significant linear correlation in concentrations was observed between the four ENN analogs (r range: 0.75~0.96, p < 0.05). This survey reveals that the contamination and co-contamination of BEA and ENNs in Chinese wheat kernels were very common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
| | - Jiang Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
| | - Yan Song
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
| | - Xi Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
| | - Xiao Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
| | - Haixia Sui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
| | - Jin Ye
- National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100834, China; (J.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yu Wu
- National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100834, China; (J.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (Y.Y.); (X.S.)
| | - Jin Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
| | - Li Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
| | - Xiaomin Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China; (W.X.); (J.L.); (J.Z.); (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (X.L.); (H.Z.); (H.S.); (J.X.); (L.B.)
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de Sá SVM, Faria MA, Fernandes JO, Cunha SC. Investigating the individual and mixture cytotoxicity of co-occurring aflatoxin B1, enniatin B, and sterigmatocystin on gastric, intestinal, hepatic, and renal cellular models. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114640. [PMID: 38583501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the individual and combined effects of the mycotoxins, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Enniatin B (ENNB) and Sterigmatocystin (STG), on the cellular viability of gastric (NCI-N87), intestinal (Caco-2), hepatic (Hep-G2) and renal (Hek-293) cells, shedding light on synergistic or antagonistic effects using a constant ratio combination design proposed by Chou-Talalay. These toxins are prevalent in cereal-based foods, frequently consumed by children which raises concerns about their exposure to these mycotoxins. This population is particularly vulnerable to the effects of these toxins due to their underdeveloped organs and incompletely structured physiological processes. Results showed that ENB was the most toxic of the three mycotoxins across all cell lines, while STG and AFB1 showed lower toxicity. The combination of ENNB + STG was found to be the most potent in terms of binary mixtures. In regard to ternary combinations, Caco-2 cells are more sensitive to the tested mycotoxins, whereas NCI-N87 cells show lower levels of cell damage. Worrying dose reduction values (>10-fold) were found for ENNB in binary and ternary combinations at low exposure levels. These findings are significant for establishing initial reference values, which play a pivotal role in estimating reference doses that are subsequently incorporated into the broader risk assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia V M de Sá
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Faria
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Wang Y, Su B, Yan X, Geng C, Lian T, Li X, Xu Y, Li Y. Studies of Mycotoxins in Medicinal Plants Conducted Worldwide over the Last Decade: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Exposure Risk Assessment. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155367. [PMID: 38493720 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxins have been reported to be present in medicinal plants. With the growing usage of medicinal plants, contamination of mycotoxins has emerged as one of the biggest threats to global food hygiene and ecological environment, posing a severe threat to human health. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the mycotoxin prevalence and levels in medicinal plants and conduct a risk assessment by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A thorough search on Web of Science and PubMed was conducted for the last decade, resulting in 54 studies (meeting the inclusion criteria) with 2829 data items that were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS The combined prevalence of mycotoxins in medicinal plants was 1.7% (95% confidence interval, CI = 1.1% - 2.4%), with a mean mycotoxin concentration in medicinal plants of 3.551 µg/kg (95% CI = 3.461 - 3.641 µg/kg). Risk assessment results indicated that aflatoxins and ochratoxin A found in several medicinal plants posed a health risk to humans; additionally, emerging enniatins exhibited possible health risks. CONCLUSION Therefore, the study underlines the need for establishing stringent control measures to reduce the severity of mycotoxin contamination in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Buda Su
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xingxu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Chenlei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Tingting Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yubo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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7
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Sevarika M, Beccari G, Tini F, Ederli L, Bellezza I, Covarelli L, Romani R. Effect of the mycotoxins enniatin B and deoxynivalenol on the wheat aphid Sitobion avenae and on the predatory lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2991-2999. [PMID: 38312069 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium species are responsible for Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat, resulting in yield losses and mycotoxin contamination. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and enniatins (ENNs) are common mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, affecting plant, animal and human health. Although DON's effects have been widely studied, limited research has explored the impact of ENNs on insects. This study examines the influence of DON and enniatin B (ENB), both singularly and in combination, on the wheat aphid Sitobion avenae and one of its predators, the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. RESULTS When exposed to DON (100 mg L-1) or DON + ENB (100 mg L-1), S. avenae exhibited significantly increased mortality compared to the negative control. ENB (100 mg L-1) had no significant effect on aphid mortality. DON-treated aphids showed increasing mortality from 48 to 96 h. A dose-response relationship with DON revealed significant cumulative mortality starting at 25 mg L-1. By contrast, C. carnea larvae exposed to mycotoxins via cuticular application did not show significant differences in mortality when mycotoxins were dissolved in water but exhibited increased mortality with acetone-solubilized DON + ENB (100 mg L-1). Feeding C. carnea with aphids exposed to mycotoxins (indirect exposure) did not impact their survival or predatory activity. Additionally, the impact of mycotoxins on C. carnea was observed only with acetone-solubilized DON + ENB. CONCLUSIONS These findings shed light on the complex interactions involving mycotoxins, aphids and their predators, offering valuable insights for integrated pest management strategies. Further research should explore broader ecological consequences of mycotoxin contamination in agroecosystems. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Sevarika
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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de Sá SVM, Sousa Monteiro C, Fernandes JO, Pinto E, Faria MA, Cunha SC. Evaluating the human neurotoxicity and toxicological interactions impact of co-occurring regulated and emerging mycotoxins. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114239. [PMID: 38609220 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins can inflict harmful effects on diverse organs, and mounting evidence indicates their potential involvement in human neurodegenerative diseases. Given the common occurrence of these toxins in food, there is an increasing demand for a comprehensive assessment of their combined toxicity to enhance our understanding of their potential hazards. This research investigates mycotoxin exposure from widely consumed cereal-based products, including enniatin B (ENNB), sterigmatocystin (STG), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), cyclopiazonic acid (CPZ), citrinin (CIT), and ochratoxin A (OTA). Employing the median-effect equation based on Chou and Talalay's mass-action law, we assessed their cytotoxicity in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Notably, ENNB displayed the highest neurotoxicity (IC50 = 3.72 µM), followed by OTA (9.10 µM) and STG (9.99 µM). The combination of OTA + STG exhibited the highest toxicity (IC50 = 3.77 µM), while CPZ + CIT showed the least detrimental effect. Approximately 70 % of tested binary combinations displayed synergistic or additive effects, except for ENNB + STG, ENNB + AFB1, and CPZ + CIT, which showed antagonistic interactions. Intriguingly, the senary combination displayed moderate antagonism at the lowest exposure and moderate synergism at higher doses. OTA exhibited predominantly synergistic interactions, comprising approximately 90 %, a noteworthy finding considering its prevalence in food. Conversely, ENNB interactions tended to be antagonistic. The most remarkable synergy occurred in the STG and CIT combination, enabling a 50-fold reduction in CIT dosage for an equivalent toxic effect. These findings highlight the biological relevance of robust synergistic interactions, emphasizing the need to assess human exposure hazards accurately, particularly considering frequent mycotoxin co-occurrence in environmental and food settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia V M de Sá
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Sousa Monteiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Faria
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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9
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Shen H, Cai Y, Zhu K, Wang D, Yu R, Chen X. Enniatin B1 induces damage to Leydig cells via inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116116. [PMID: 38387140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Enniatin B1 (ENN B1) is a mycotoxin that can be found in various foods. However, whether ENN B1 is hazardous to the reproductive system is still elusive. Leydig cells are testosterone-generating cells that reside in the interstitial compartment between seminiferous tubules. Dysfunction of Leydig cells could result in male infertility. This study aimed to examine the toxicological effects of ENN B1 against TM3 Leydig cells. ENN B1 significantly inhibited cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. ENN B1 treatment also decreased the expression of functional genes in Leydig cells. Moreover, ENN B1 induced Leydig cells apoptosis and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, ENN B1 leads to the upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 in Leydig cells. In addition, ENN B1 inhibited the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which is critical for the induction of oxidative stress. Additionally, ENN B1 treatment repressed the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in Leydig cells. Rescue experiments showed that activation of STAT3 resulted in alleviation of ENN B1-induced damage in Leydig cells. Collectively, our study demonstrated that ENN B1 induced Leydig cell dysfunction via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Shen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yili Cai
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Keqi Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shanghai Houyu Medical Equiment Co., Ltd, China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningbo University, China.
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.
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10
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Hasuda AL, Bracarense APFRL. Toxicity of the emerging mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins: A mini-review. Toxicon 2024; 239:107534. [PMID: 38013058 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Beauvericin and enniatins, emerging mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium species, are natural contaminants of cereals and cereal products. These mycotoxins are cyclic hexadepsipeptides with ionophore properties and their toxicity mechanism is related to their ability to transport cations across the cell membrane. Beauvericin and enniatins are cytotoxic, as they decrease cell viability, promote cell cycle arrest, and increase apoptosis and the generation of reactive oxygen species in several cell lines. They also cause changes at the transcriptomic level and have immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Toxicokinetic results are scarce, and, despite its proven toxic effects in vitro, no regulation or risk assessment has yet been performed due to a lack of in vivo data. This mini-review aims to report the information available in the literature on studies of in vitro and in vivo toxic effects with beauvericin and enniatins, which are mycotoxins of increasing interest to animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lopes Hasuda
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Londrina State University, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula F R L Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Londrina State University, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
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11
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Louro H, Vettorazzi A, López de Cerain A, Spyropoulou A, Solhaug A, Straumfors A, Behr AC, Mertens B, Žegura B, Fæste CK, Ndiaye D, Spilioti E, Varga E, Dubreil E, Borsos E, Crudo F, Eriksen GS, Snapkow I, Henri J, Sanders J, Machera K, Gaté L, Le Hegarat L, Novak M, Smith NM, Krapf S, Hager S, Fessard V, Kohl Y, Silva MJ, Dirven H, Dietrich J, Marko D. Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:425-469. [PMID: 38147116 PMCID: PMC10794282 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous plant pathogens and saprophytes which are able to grow under varying temperature and moisture conditions as well as on a large range of substrates. A spectrum of structurally diverse secondary metabolites with toxic potential has been identified, but occurrence and relative proportion of the different metabolites in complex mixtures depend on strain, substrate, and growth conditions. This review compiles the available knowledge on hazard identification and characterization of Alternaria toxins. Alternariol (AOH), its monomethylether AME and the perylene quinones altertoxin I (ATX-I), ATX-II, ATX-III, alterperylenol (ALP), and stemphyltoxin III (STTX-III) showed in vitro genotoxic and mutagenic properties. Of all identified Alternaria toxins, the epoxide-bearing analogs ATX-II, ATX-III, and STTX-III show the highest cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potential in vitro. Under hormone-sensitive conditions, AOH and AME act as moderate xenoestrogens, but in silico modeling predicts further Alternaria toxins as potential estrogenic factors. Recent studies indicate also an immunosuppressive role of AOH and ATX-II; however, no data are available for the majority of Alternaria toxins. Overall, hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins focused, so far, primarily on the commercially available dibenzo-α-pyrones AOH and AME and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Limited data sets are available for altersetin (ALS), altenuene (ALT), and tentoxin (TEN). The occurrence and toxicological relevance of perylene quinone-based Alternaria toxins still remain to be fully elucidated. We identified data gaps on hazard identification and characterization crucial to improve risk assessment of Alternaria mycotoxins for consumers and occupationally exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriqueta Louro
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) and Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, UNAV-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- MITOX Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, UNAV-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anastasia Spyropoulou
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61, Attica, Greece
| | - Anita Solhaug
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO Box 64, 1431, Ås, Norway
| | - Anne Straumfors
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Cathrin Behr
- Department Food Safety, BfR, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrnstraße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Mertens
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Dieynaba Ndiaye
- INRS, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité pour la Prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre Lès Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Eliana Spilioti
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61, Attica, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Estelle Dubreil
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France
| | - Eszter Borsos
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Crudo
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Igor Snapkow
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jérôme Henri
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France
| | - Julie Sanders
- Department of Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 145 61, Attica, Greece
| | - Laurent Gaté
- INRS, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité pour la Prévention des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre Lès Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Le Hegarat
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna Pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicola M Smith
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Krapf
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Gydas Vei 8, 0363, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Hager
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306, Fougères, France
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Joseph-Von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Maria João Silva
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA) and Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Department of Chemical Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggate 8, 0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jessica Dietrich
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, BfR, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Zhou H, Yang Y, Kang Y, Guo T, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Ma L. Synergistic toxicity induced by the co-exposure of tenuazonic acid and patulin in Caenorhabditis elegans: Daf-16 plays an important regulatory role. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 270:115871. [PMID: 38141335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) and patulin (PAT), as the naturally occurring mycotoxins with various toxic effects, are often detected in environment and food chain, has attracted more and more attention due to their widespread and high contaminations as well as the coexistence, which leads to potential human and animals' risks. However, their combined toxicity has not been reported yet. In our study, C. elegans was used to evaluate the type of combined toxicity caused by TeA+PAT and its related mechanisms. The results showed that TeA and PAT can induce synergistic toxic effects based on Combination Index (CI) evaluation model (Chou-Talalay method), that is, the body length, brood size as well as the levels of ROS, CAT and ATP were significantly affected in TeA+PAT-treated group compared with those in TeA- or PAT-treated group. Besides, the expressions of oxidative (daf-2, daf-16, cyp-35a2, ctl-1, ctl-3, pmk-1, jnk-1, skn-1) and intestinal (fat-5, pod-2, egl-8, pkc-3, ajm-1, nhx-2) stress-related genes were disrupted, among which daf-16 displayed the most significant alternation. Further study on daf-16 gene defective C. elegans showed that the damages to the mutant nematodes were significantly attenuated. Since daf-2, daf-16, jnk-1 and pmk-1 are evolutionarily conserved, our findings could hint synergistic toxic effects of TeA+PAT on higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yulian Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Kang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ting Guo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China.
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13
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Addante-Moya LG, Abad-Fuentes A, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Mercader JV. Sensitive and selective alternariol analysis by a newly developed monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay. Talanta 2024; 267:125263. [PMID: 37816292 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Alternariol is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by Alternaria fungi. Nowadays, this mycotoxin can be found in many products of plant origin at concerning concentrations. The aim of the present study was to develop a highly sensitive and selective immunochemical method for the analysis of alternariol. To this end, hapten synthesis was carried out from the scratch and specific high-affinity monoclonal antibodies to alternariol were generated by using, for the first time, alternariol bioconjugates with unambiguous linker tethering sites. A novel indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that incorporated a rationally designed heterologous conjugate was developed. The optimized assay showed an outstanding half-maximal inhibition concentration for alternariol below 0.04 ng/mL, and no cross-reactivity with alternariol monomethyl ether was observed. Very good recovery values and coefficients of variation were obtained from the analysis of alternariol-fortified fruit and cereal flour samples. Finally, alternariol was quantitatively determined in pears that had been previously infected with Alternaria alternata, showing excellent correlation with liquid chromatography results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Addante-Moya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustí Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep V Mercader
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustí Escardino 7, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Castell A, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Palma-Manrique R, Campillo N, Torres C, Fenoll J, Viñas P. Evaluation of distribution of emerging mycotoxins in human tissues: applications of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:449-459. [PMID: 37987769 PMCID: PMC10761373 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a complete study of the distribution of emerging mycotoxins in the human body has been carried out. Specifically, the presence of enniatins (A, A1, B, B1) and beauvericin has been monitored in brain, lung, kidney, fat, liver, and heart samples. A unique methodology based on solid-liquid extraction (SLE) followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was proposed for the six different matrices. Mycotoxin isolation was performed by adding ultrapure water, acetonitrile, and sodium chloride to the tissue sample for SLE, while the DLLME step was performed using chloroform as extraction solvent. Subsequently, the analysis was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The proposed method allowed limits of quantification (LOQs) to be obtained in a range of 0.001-0.150 ng g-1, depending on the tissue and mycotoxin. The precision was investigated intraday and interday, not exceeding of 9.8% of relative standard deviation. In addition, trueness studies achieved 75 to 115% at a mycotoxin concentration of 25 ng g-1 and from 82 to 118% at 5 ng g-1. The application of this methodology to 26 forensic autopsies demonstrated the bioaccumulation of emerging mycotoxins in the human body since all mycotoxins were detected in tissues. Enniatin B (ENNB) showed a high occurrence, being detected in 100% of liver (7 ± 13 ng g-1) and fat samples (0.2 ± 0.8 ng g-1). The lung had a high incidence of all emerging mycotoxins at low concentrations, while ENNB, ENNB1, and ENNA1 were not quantifiable in heart samples. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins was also investigated, and statistical tests were applied to evaluate the distribution of these mycotoxins in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castell
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rosa Palma-Manrique
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Fenoll
- Murcia Institute of Agricultural and Alimentary Research and Development IMIDA, 30150, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
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15
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Novotna T, Sitarova B, Hoskova Z, Vaibarova V, Dzuman Z, Hajslova J, Skupien V, Svobodova Z. Tremorgenic mycotoxin poisoning in a dog: A case report. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:483-489. [PMID: 38303997 PMCID: PMC10828776 DOI: 10.17221/82/2023-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
An eleven-year-old Pit Bull Terrier was presented to the veterinary practice with an acute onset of whole-body seizures. The clinical signs developed in a garden where the dog was kept that morning. There was a suspicion of tremorgenic mycotoxin poisoning by compost as the dog had vomited parts of compost right before the onset of the seizures and there was a pile of compost located in the garden. The dog underwent immediate decontamination following supportive treatment and recovered fully within 24 h of intensive care. The samples of the vomit and parts of the compost were cultivated. In the sample of the vomit, Penicillium sp. was found. Subsequently, tremorgenic mycotoxins paxilline, penitrem A and roquefortine C were determined chromatographically at significant concentrations in the vomit and a growth medium with cultivated Penicillium sp. The aim of this work is to describe the complex therapeutic and diagnostic approach to the patient with a suspected tremorgenic mycotoxin poisoning where a combination of mycological and chromatographic analyses was used to confirm the diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of canine tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in the Czech Republic and the first reported case of paxilline poisoning in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Novotna
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- DRAVET, Veterinary Clinic, Drásov, Czech Republic
| | | | - Zlata Hoskova
- Veterinary Clinic with Emergency Service MVDr. Lubomír Hošek, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Vaibarova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Dzuman
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Skupien
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Svobodova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Stepanov AA, Vasilchenko AV, Vasilchenko AS. Subinhibitory effects of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol on filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad294. [PMID: 38086610 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Aspergillus fungi are common members of the soil microbiota. Some physiological and structural characteristics of Aspergillus species make them important participants in soil ecological processes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), a common metabolite of soil and rhizosphere bacteria, on the physiology of Aspergillus fumigatus. METHODS AND RESULTS Integrated analysis using microscopy, spectrophotometry, and liquid chromatography showed the following effects of 2,4-DAPG on Aspergillus physiology. It was found that A. fumigatus in the biofilm state is resistant to high concentrations of 2,4-DAPG. However, experimental exposure led to a depletion of the extracellular polymeric substance, changes in the structure of the cell wall of the mycelium (increase in the content of α- and β-glucans, chitin, and ergosterol), and conidia (decrease in the content of DHN-melanin). 2,4-DAPG significantly reduced the production of mycotoxins (gliotoxin and fumagillin) but increased the secretion of proteases and galactosaminogalactan. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the data obtained suggest that 2,4-DAPG-producing Pseudomonas bacteria are unlikely to directly eliminate A. fumigatus fungi, as they exhibit a high level of resistance when in the biofilm state. However, at low concentrations, 2,4-DAPG significantly alters the physiology of aspergilli, potentially reducing the adaptive and competitive capabilities of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom A Stepanov
- Laboratory of antimicrobial resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, Tyumen 625003, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Vasilchenko
- Laboratory of antimicrobial resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, Tyumen 625003, Russia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Ecology of Microorganisms, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Pushkin 196608, Russia
| | - Alexey S Vasilchenko
- Laboratory of antimicrobial resistance, Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Biology (X-BIO), Tyumen State University, Tyumen 625003, Russia
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Radić B, Radović R, Janić Hajnal E, Mandić A, Đekić S, Stojanović Z, Kos J. Moniliformin Occurrence in Serbian Maize over Four Years: Understanding Weather-Dependent Variability. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:634. [PMID: 37999497 PMCID: PMC10675640 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Moniliformin (MON) represents one of the most widespread emerging mycotoxins, whose presence in food and feed can potentially cause harmful effects on the health of both the public and animals. In order to investigate MON occurrence, a total of four hundred (n = 400) samples of unprocessed maize were sampled from different regions (Bačka, Banat, and Srem) of Serbia during a period of four years (2018-2021) and were analyzed using a validated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The influence of regional differences and variations from year to year in terms of weather conditions on the occurrence of MON was also assessed. The obtained validation parameters indicated that the LC-MS/MS method is applicable to the determination of MON in maize samples. It can be observed from the acquired findings that all samples were contaminated with MON, while concentration levels varied between the samples, especially from different sampling years. The maize samples showed the greatest levels of MON concentration during the dry and hot climatic conditions experienced in 2021. In maize samples harvested in the period 2018-2020, the MON concentration levels detected were about two to three times lower compared to the year 2021. Additionally, a comprehensive investigation into the correlation between weather conditions and the occurrence of MON in maize grown in Serbia was undertaken by reviewing the outcomes of research undertaken in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Radić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (E.J.H.); (A.M.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Radmila Radović
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (E.J.H.); (A.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Elizabet Janić Hajnal
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (E.J.H.); (A.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Anamarija Mandić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (E.J.H.); (A.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Sanja Đekić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Sudentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Zorica Stojanović
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Jovana Kos
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (E.J.H.); (A.M.); (J.K.)
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18
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Weaver AC, Weaver DM, Adams N, Yiannikouris A. Use of Yeast Cell Wall Extract for Growing Pigs Consuming Feed Contaminated with Mycotoxins below or above Regulatory Guidelines: A Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:596. [PMID: 37888627 PMCID: PMC10611179 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a random-effects meta-analysis, the performance of growing pigs under a mycotoxin challenge (MT) with or without supplementation of yeast cell wall extract (YCWE, Mycosorb®, Alltech Inc.) was evaluated. Both MT and YCWE were also compared to animal controls not receiving mycotoxins (CTRL). Meta-regression was used to further explore the impacts of MT at/below (category 1) or above (category 2) global regulatory guidelines. Following the screening, 23 suitable references (30 mycotoxin treatments) were used. Overall, MT lowered average daily gain (ADG, p < 0.001) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, p < 0.0001) from CTRL by -84 and -165 g, respectively. Inclusion of YCWE during mycotoxin challenges (YCWE+MT, average 2.1 kg/ton) tended to result in greater ADG (+17 g, p = 0.068) compared to MT treatments. The gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) was not impacted by MT or YCWE+MT. Further investigation by meta-regression revealed that pigs fed MT in category 1 had lower ADG (-78.5 g, p < 0.001) versus CTRL, while YCWE+MT had higher ADG (+48 g, p < 0.001) over MT and was similar to CTRL. The ADFI was not impacted, although YCWE+MT had ADFI values similar to the CTRL. In category 2, ADG and ADFI of pigs fed MT were lower than CTRL (-85.1 and -166 g, respectively, p < 0.0001), with a tendency for YCWE+MT to result in higher ADFI (+25.3 g, p = 0.062). In summary, the inclusion of YCWE provided benefits to performance during common mycotoxin challenge levels (at or below regulatory guidelines).
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Mihalache OA, De Boevre M, Dellafiora L, De Saeger S, Moretti A, Pinson-Gadais L, Ponts N, Richard-Forget F, Susca A, Dall’Asta C. The Occurrence of Non-Regulated Mycotoxins in Foods: A Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:583. [PMID: 37756008 PMCID: PMC10534703 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to provide an update on the occurrence and co-occurrence of selected non-regulated mycotoxins and provide an overview of current regulations. Fifteen non-regulated mycotoxins were found in 19 food categories worldwide. On top of that, 38 different combinations of non-regulated mycotoxins were found, with mixtures varying from binary combinations up to 12 mycotoxins. Taking into consideration the amount of evidence regarding the prevalence and co-occurrence of non-regulated mycotoxins, future steps should be taken considering continuous monitoring, scientific exchange, and generation of high-quality data. To enhance data quality, guidelines outlining the minimum quality criteria for both occurrence data and metadata are needed. By doing so, we can effectively address concerns related to the toxicity of non-regulated mycotoxins. Furthermore, obtaining more data concerning the co-occurrence of both regulated and non-regulated mycotoxins could aid in supporting multiple chemical risk assessment methodologies. Implementing these steps could bolster food safety measures, promote evidence-based regulations, and ultimately safeguard public health from the potential adverse effects of non-regulated mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.A.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.D.B.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Antonio Moretti
- ISPA-CNR—Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Laetitia Pinson-Gadais
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (L.P.-G.); (N.P.); (F.R.-F.)
| | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (L.P.-G.); (N.P.); (F.R.-F.)
| | - Florence Richard-Forget
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (L.P.-G.); (N.P.); (F.R.-F.)
| | - Antonia Susca
- ISPA-CNR—Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.A.M.); (L.D.)
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Andrade-Ochoa S, Sánchez-Aldana D, Rodríguez-Valdez LM, Nevárez-Moorillón GV. In vitro and Quantitative and Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) evaluation of the antifungal activity of terpenoid constituents of essential oils against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:156-169. [PMID: 37721910 PMCID: PMC10588966 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fungal genera Alternaria and Fusarium include human and plant pathogenic species. Several antifungals have been used for their control, but excessive use has contributed to resistance development in pathogens. An alternative to searching for and developing new antifungal agents is using essential oils and their main components, which have biological activities of interest in medicine and food production. OBJECTIVE To evaluate in vitro and in silico the antifungal activities of terpenoids against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum. MATERIALS AND METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of 27 constituents of essential oils used against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum were evaluated in vitro. In addition, using genetic algorithms, quantitative models of the structure-activity relationship were used to identify the structural and physicochemical properties related to antifungal activity. RESULTS The evaluated compounds proved to be effective antifungals. Thymol was the most active with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 91.6 ± 28.8 μg/ml for A. alternata and F. oxysporum. Quantitative structure-activity relationship models revealed the octanolwater cleavage ratio as the molecular property, and the phenols as the main functional group contributing to antifungal activity. CONCLUSION Terpenoids exhibit relevant antifungal activities that should be incorporated into the study of medicinal chemistry. Inclusion of in silico assays in the in vitro evaluation is a valuable tool in the search for and rational design of terpene derivatives as new potential antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Andrade-Ochoa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México.
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21
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Mao X, Chen W, Wu H, Shao Y, Zhu Y, Guo Q, Li Y, Xia L. Alternaria Mycotoxins Analysis and Exposure Investigation in Ruminant Feeds. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:495. [PMID: 37624252 PMCID: PMC10467096 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria mycotoxins are a class of important, agriculture-related hazardous materials, and their contamination in ruminant feeds and products might bring severe toxic effects to animals and even human beings. To control these hazardous compounds, a reliable and sensitive LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) method was established for simultaneous determination of six target Alternaria mycotoxins in ruminant feeds, including ALT (Altenuene), AME (Alternariol Monomethyl Ether), AOH (Alternariol), ATX-Ι (Altertoxins I), TeA (Tenuazonic Acid), and TEN (Tentoxin). This developed analytical method was used for the determination of the presence of these substances in cattle and sheep feeds in Xinjiang Province, China. The results revealed that Alternaria mycotoxins are ubiquitously detected in feed samples. Especially, AME, AOH, TeA, and TEN are the most frequently found mycotoxins with a positive rate over 40% and a concentration range of 4~551 µg/kg. The proposed method could be applied for exposure investigation of Alternaria mycotoxins in ruminant feeds and for the reduction in the health risk to animals and even consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (X.M.); (W.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Wanzhao Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (X.M.); (W.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Huimin Wu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (X.M.); (W.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Ying Shao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, China; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ya’ning Zhu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, China; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qingyong Guo
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (X.M.); (W.C.); (H.W.)
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, China; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lining Xia
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (X.M.); (W.C.); (H.W.)
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Hasuda AL, Person E, Khoshal A, Bruel S, Puel S, Oswald IP, Bracarense APFRL, Pinton P. Emerging mycotoxins induce hepatotoxicity in pigs' precision-cut liver slices and HepG2 cells. Toxicon 2023; 231:107195. [PMID: 37315815 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging mycotoxins are currently gaining more attention due to their high frequency of contamination in foods and grains. However, most data available in the literature are in vitro, with few in vivo results that prevent establishing their regulation. Beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs), emodin (EMO), apicidin (API) and aurofusarin (AFN) are emerging mycotoxins frequently found contaminating food and there is growing interest in studying their impact on the liver, a key organ in the metabolization of these components. We used an ex vivo model of precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) to verify morphological and transcriptional changes after acute exposure (4 h) to these mycotoxins. The human liver cell line HepG2 was used for comparison purposes. Most of the emerging mycotoxins were cytotoxic to the cells, except for AFN. In cells, BEA and ENNs were able to increase the expression of genes related to transcription factors, inflammation, and hepatic metabolism. In the explants, only ENN B1 led to significant changes in the morphology and expression of a few genes. Overall, our results demonstrate that BEA, ENNs, and API have the potential to be hepatotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lopes Hasuda
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil; TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Elodie Person
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Abdullah Khoshal
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Sandrine Bruel
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Puel
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Ana Paula F R L Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Philippe Pinton
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
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Kleber A, Gruber-Dorninger C, Platzer A, Payet C, Novak B. Effect of Fungicide Treatment on Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in French Wheat during a 4-Year Period. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:443. [PMID: 37505712 PMCID: PMC10467151 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat represents one of the most widely consumed cereals worldwide. Cultivated in winter and spring, it is vulnerable to an array of different pathogens, including fungi, which are managed largely through the in-field application of fungicides. During this study, a 4-year field investigation (2018-2021) was performed in France, aiming to assess the efficacy of fungicide treatment to reduce mycotoxin contamination in common and durum wheat. Several different commercially available fungicides were applied via sprayers. Concentrations of mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in wheat were determined using a multi-analyte liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry-based method. The highest contamination levels and strongest effects of fungicides were observed in 2018, followed by 2021. A significant fungicide-mediated reduction was observed for the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, nivalenol, and nivalenol-3-glucoside. Furthermore, fungicide treatment also reduced levels of culmorin and its hydroxy metabolites 5- and 15-hydroxy-culmorin, as well as aurofusarin. Interestingly, the Alternaria metabolite infectopyron was increased following fungicide treatment. In conclusion, fungicide treatment was effective in reducing mycotoxin levels in wheat. However, as complete prevention of mycotoxin contamination was not achieved, fungicide treatment should always be combined with other pre- and post-harvest mycotoxin mitigation strategies to improve food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kleber
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Alexander Platzer
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Barbara Novak
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
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Sehim AE, Abd Elghaffar RY, Emam AM, El-Desoukey TA. Evaluation of the efficacy of ozonated olive oil for controlling the growth of Alternaria alternata and its toxins. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17885. [PMID: 37483790 PMCID: PMC10359872 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxigenic fungi infect fruits and vegetables either during harvest or storage and create mycotoxins as secondary metabolites, which pose a serious threat to human and animal health throughout the food chain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect of OZO against the growth and spore germination of the Alternaria alternata fungal strain. Additionally, evaluation of the synthesis inhibition of Alternaria toxins (ATs), among which are alternariol (AOH), alternariol-9-methyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) in the potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium and orange fruit after harvest. The results indicated that the inhibition zone was 29.0 ± 1.2 mm at 20 mg/L of OZO. The MIC and MFC values were recorded at 0.186 and 1.57 mg/mL, respectively. In this regard, OZO prevented conidia germination at 98.8% with the treatment of 5 mg/mL. OZO at 20 mg/mL was efficacious in producing a high loss in ATs production in the PDB medium, reaching 73.4, 76, and 67.1% for AOH, AME, and TeA, respectively. In addition, OZO prevents the biosynthesis of AOH and AME during the storage of orange fruits compared with the positive control sample. In contrast, 20 mg/mL reduced TeA accumulation and the appearance of Alternaria brown spot (ABS) in orange. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that studies OZO to control ATs in vitro in orange fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira E. Sehim
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Amany M. Emam
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Tarek A. El-Desoukey
- Department of Food Toxicology and Contaminant, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Senatore MT, Prodi A, Tini F, Balmas V, Infantino A, Onofri A, Cappelletti E, Oufensou S, Sulyok M, Covarelli L, Beccari G. Different diagnostic approaches for the characterization of the fungal community and Fusarium species complex composition of Italian durum wheat grain and correlation with secondary metabolite accumulation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4503-4521. [PMID: 36828788 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of the fungal communities associated with durum wheat was assessed using different diagnostic approaches. Durum wheat grain samples were collected in three different Italian cultivation macro-areas (north, center and south). Fungal isolation was realized by potato dextrose agar (PDA) and by deep-freezing blotter (DFB). Identification of Fusarium isolates obtained from PDA was achieved by partial tef1α sequencing (PDA + tef1α), while those obtained from DFB were identified from their morphological characteristics (DFB + mc). The fungal biomass of eight Fusarium species was quantified in grains by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fungal secondary metabolites were analyzed in grains by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Correlations between Fusarium detection techniques (PDA + tef1α; DFB + mc and qPCR) and mycotoxins in grains were assessed. RESULTS Alternaria and Fusarium showed the highest incidence among the fungal genera developed from grains. Within the Fusarium community, PDA + tef1α highlighted that F. avenaceum and F. graminearum were the most represented members, while, DFB + mc detected a high presence of F. proliferatum. Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins, principally enniatins, were particularly present in the grain harvested in central Italy. Deoxynivalenol was mainly detected in northern-central Italy. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of the different diagnostic techniques of Fusarium detection highlighted that, for some species, qPCR was the best method of predicting their mycotoxin contamination in grains. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Senatore
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Prodi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Infantino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cappelletti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bionalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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26
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Marin DE, Taranu I. Using In Silico Approach for Metabolomic and Toxicity Prediction of Alternariol. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:421. [PMID: 37505690 PMCID: PMC10467053 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternariol is a metabolite produced by Alternaria fungus that can contaminate a variety of food and feed materials. The objective of the present paper was to provide a prediction of Phase I and II metabolites of alternariol and a detailed ADME/Tox profile for alternariol and its metabolites using an in silico working model based on the MetaTox, SwissADME, pKCMS, and PASS online computational programs. A number of 12 metabolites were identified as corresponding to the metabolomic profile of alternariol. ADME profile for AOH and predicted metabolites indicated a moderate or high intestinal absorption probability but a low probability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. In addition to cytotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, and endocrine disruptor effects, the computational model has predicted other toxicological endpoints for the analyzed compounds, such as vascular toxicity, haemato-toxicity, diarrhea, and nephrotoxicity. AOH and its metabolites have been predicted to act as a substrate for different isoforms of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes and to interact with the response to oxidative stress. In conclusion, in silico methods can represent a viable alternative to in vitro and in vivo tests for the prediction of mycotoxins metabolism and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ionelia Taranu
- National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, 077015 Balotesti, Romania;
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Ji X, Jin C, Xiao Y, Deng M, Wang W, Lyu W, Chen J, Li R, Li Y, Yang H. Natural Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Wheat Grains and Assessment of the Risks from Dietary Mycotoxins Exposure in China. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:389. [PMID: 37368690 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat grains are susceptible to contamination with various natural mycotoxins including regulated and emerging mycotoxins. This study surveyed the natural presence of regulated mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), and emerging mycotoxins such as beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs such as ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1) and Alternaria mycotoxins (i.e., alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN), and altenuene (ALT)) in wheat grains randomly collected from eight provinces across China in 2021. The results revealed that each wheat grain sample was detected with at least one type of mycotoxin. The detection rates of these mycotoxins ranged from 7.1% to 100%, with the average occurrence level ranging from 1.11 to 921.8 µg/kg. DON and TeA were the predominant mycotoxins with respect to both prevalence and concentration. Approximately 99.7% of samples were found to contain more than one toxin, and the co-occurrence of ten toxins (DON + ZEN + ENA + ENA1 + ENB + ENB1 + AME + AOH + TeA + TEN) was the most frequently detected combination. The dietary exposure to different mycotoxins among Chinese consumers aged 4-70 years was as follows: 0.592-0.992 µg/kg b.w./day for DON, 0.007-0.012 µg/kg b.w./day for ZEN, 0.0003-0.007 µg/kg b.w./day for BEA and ENNs, 0.223-0.373 µg/kg b.w./day for TeA, and 0.025-0.041 µg/kg b.w./day for TEN, which were lower than the health-based guidance values for each mycotoxin, with the corresponding hazard quotient (HQ) being far lower than 1, implying a tolerable health risk for Chinese consumers. However, the estimated dietary exposure to AME and AOH was in the range of 0.003-0.007 µg/kg b.w./day, exceeding the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) value of 0.0025 µg/kg b.w./day, demonstrating potential dietary risks for Chinese consumers. Therefore, developing practical control and management strategies is essential for controlling mycotoxins contamination in the agricultural systems, thereby ensuring public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Canghong Jin
- School of Computer and Computing Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Meihua Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiapeng Chen
- School of Computer and Computing Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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28
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De Felice B, Spicer LJ, Caloni F. Enniatin B1: Emerging Mycotoxin and Emerging Issues. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:383. [PMID: 37368684 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although over the last 10 years several studies have focused on the emerging mycotoxins known as enniatins (ENNs), there is still a lack of knowledge regarding their toxicological effects and the development of a correct risk assessment. This is especially true for enniatin B1 (ENN B1), considered the younger sister of the widely studied enniatin B (ENN B). ENN B1 has been found in several food commodities and, as with other mycotoxins, presents antibacterial and antifungal properties. On the other hand, ENN B1 has shown cytotoxic activity, impairment of the cell cycle, the induction of oxidative stress, and changes in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, as well as negative genotoxic and estrogenic effects. Overall, considering the paucity of information available regarding ENN B1, further studies are necessary to perform a risk assessment. This review summarizes information on the biological characteristics and toxicological effects of ENN B1 as well as the future challenges that this mycotoxin could present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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29
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Urbanek KA, Kowalska K, Habrowska-Górczyńska DE, Kozieł MJ, Domińska K, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Revealing the Role of Alternariol in the Local Steroidogenesis in Human Prostate Normal and Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119513. [PMID: 37298472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin alternariol (AOH) can be found in food products infected by Alternaria spp. and is considered an endocrine-disruptive mycotoxin. The main mechanism of AOH toxicity is associated with DNA damage and modulation of the inflammation process. Still, AOH is considered as one of the emerging mycotoxins. In this study, we have evaluated how AOH might affect the local steroidogenesis process in the prostate, in both normal and cancer cells. We have found that AOH itself modulates the cell cycle, inflammation, and apoptosis, rather than the steroidogenesis process in prostate cancer cells; however, in the presence of another steroidogenic agent, the influence on steroidogenesis is significant. Therefore, this is the first study to report the effect of AOH on local steroidogenesis in normal and prostate cancer cells. We postulate that AOH might modulate the release of the steroid hormones and expression of the key components by interfering with the steroidogenic pathway and might be considered a steroidogenesis-altering agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Anna Urbanek
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Kowalska
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Marta Justyna Kozieł
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Medical University of Lodz, BRaIn Laboratories, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
| | - Kamila Domińska
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wanda Piastowska-Ciesielska
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Cell Cultures and Genomic Analysis, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Medical University of Lodz, BRaIn Laboratories, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
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30
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Ojiro R, Okano H, Ozawa S, Yamagata H, Zou X, Tang Q, Jin M, Sasaki K, Yoshida T, Yoshinari T, Shibutani M. Pharmacokinetics and 28-day repeated-dose toxicity of enniatin B after oral administration in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 177:113814. [PMID: 37179047 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Enniatins are emerging mycotoxins that contaminate foods. The present study investigated the oral pharmacokinetics and 28-day repeated-dose oral toxicity of enniatin B (ENNB) in CD1 (ICR) mice. In the pharmacokinetic study, male mice received a single oral or intravenous dose of ENNB [30 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 1 mg/kg BW, respectively]. After oral dosing, ENNB exhibited 139.9% bioavailability, a 5.1-hr elimination half-life, 5.26% fecal excretion from 4 to 24 h post-dose, and upregulation of Cyp7a1, Cyp2a12, Cyp2b10, and Cyp26a1 in the liver 2 h post-dosing. In the 28-day toxicity study, ENNB was administered to male and female mice by oral gavage at 0, 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg BW/day. Females (7.5 and 30 mg/kg) showed dose-unrelated decreased food consumption without accompanying changes in clinical parameters. Males (30 mg/kg) showed low red blood cell counts and high blood urea nitrogen levels and absolute kidney weights; however, other related parameters including the histopathology of systemic organs/tissues were unchanged. These results suggest that ENNB may not induce toxicity after 28 days of oral administration in mice, despite high absorption. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of ENNB after 28 days of repeated oral doses was 30 mg/kg BW/day for both sexes of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Hiromu Okano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamagata
- Toxicology Division, Gotemba Laboratory, BoZo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka, 412-0039, Japan.
| | - Xinyu Zou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Meilan Jin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing, 400715, PR China.
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan; Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
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31
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Malir F, Pickova D, Toman J, Grosse Y, Ostry V. Hazard characterisation for significant mycotoxins in food. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:81-93. [PMID: 36930431 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
This review updates the current status of activities related to hazard characterisation for mycotoxins, with special reference to regulatory work accomplished within the European Union. Because the relevant information on these topics is widely scattered in the scientific literature, this review intends to provide a condensed overview on the most pertinent aspects. Human health risk assessment is a procedure to estimate the nature and potential for harmful effects of mycotoxins on human health due to exposure to them via contaminated food. This assessment involves hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, and risk characterisation. Mycotoxins covered in this review are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, cyclopiazonic acid, citrinin, trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2, and HT-2 toxins), fumonisins, zearalenone, patulin, and ergot alkaloids. For mycotoxins with clear genotoxic/carcinogenic properties, the focus is on the margin of exposure approach. One of its goals is to document predictive characterisation of the human hazard, based on studies in animals using conditions of low exposure. For the other, non-genotoxic toxins, individual 'no adverse effect levels' have been established, but structural analogues or modified forms may still complicate assessment. During the process of hazard characterisation, each identified effect is assessed for human relevance. The estimation of a 'safe dose' is the hazard characterisation endpoint. The final aim of all of these activities is to establish a system, which is able to minimise and control the risk for the consumer from mycotoxins in food. Ongoing research on mycotoxins constantly comes up with new findings, which may have to be implemented into this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Grosse
- The IARC Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research On Cancer (retired), Lyon, France
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health, Palackeho 3a, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
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32
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Romero Donato CJ, Nichea MJ, Cendoya E, Zachetti VGL, Ramirez ML. Interacting Abiotic Factors Affect Growth and Mycotoxin Production Profiles of Alternaria Section Alternaria Strains on Chickpea-Based Media. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040565. [PMID: 37111449 PMCID: PMC10144695 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickpea is susceptible to fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination. Argentina exports most of its chickpea production; thus, its quality is of concern. The Alternaria fungal genus was found to be prevalent in chickpea samples from Argentina. The species within this genus are able to produce mycotoxins, such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TA). In this context, we evaluated the effect of water activity (0.99, 0.98, 0.96, 0.95, 0.94, 0.92, and 0.90 aW), temperature (4, 15, 25, and 30 °C), incubation time (7, 14, 21, and 28 days), and their interactions on mycelial growth and AOH, AME, and TA production on chickpea-based medium by two A. alternata strains and one A. arborescens strain isolated from chickpea in Argentina. Maximum growth rates were obtained at the highest aW (0.99) and 25 °C, with growth decreasing as the aW of the medium and the temperature were reduced. A. arborescens grew significantly faster than A. alternata. Mycotoxin production was affected by both variables (aW and temperature), and the pattern obtained was dependent on the strains/species evaluated. In general, both A. alternata strains produced maximum amounts of AOH and AME at 30 °C and 0.99-0.98 aW, while for TA production, both strains behaved completely differently (maximum levels at 25 °C and 0.96 aW for one strain and 30 °C and 0.98 aW for the other). A. arborescens produced maximum amounts of the three toxins at 25 °C and 0.98 aW. Temperature and aW conditions for mycotoxin production were slightly narrower than those for growth. Temperature and aW conditions assayed are those found during chickpea grain development in the field, and also could be present during storage. This study provides useful data on the conditions representing a risk for contamination of chickpea by Alternaria toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy J Romero Donato
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología, (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María J Nichea
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología, (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología, (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanessa G L Zachetti
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología, (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María L Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología, (IMICO), CONICET-UNRC, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
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33
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Tebbi CK. Mycoviruses in Fungi: Carcinogenesis of Fungal Agents May Not Always Be Mycotoxin Related. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030368. [PMID: 36983536 PMCID: PMC10052198 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain viruses have been found to induce diverse biological pathways to carcinogenesis, evidenced by the presence of viral gene products in some tumors. Despite the fact that many fungal agents contain mycoviruses, until recently, their possible direct effects on human health, including carcinogenesis and leukemogenesis, had not been explored. In this regard, most studies of fungal agents have rightly concentrated on their mycotoxin formation and effects. Recently, the direct role of yeasts and fungi in the etiology of cancers, including leukemia, have been investigated. While greater attention has been placed on the carcinogenic effects of Candida, the role of filamentous fungi in carcinogenesis has also been explored. Recent findings from studies using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique indicate that the plasma of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) uniformly contains antibodies for a certain mycovirus-containing Aspergillus flavus, while controls are negative. The exposure of mononuclear leukocytes from patients with ALL in full remission, and long-term survivors, to the product of this organism was reported to result in the re-development of typical genetics and cell surface phenotypes characteristic of active ALL. Mycoviruses are known to be able to significantly alter the biological characteristics and functions of their host. The possible carcinogenic and leukemogenic role of mycoviruses, with and without their host, needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron K Tebbi
- Children's Cancer Research Group Laboratory, 13719 North Nebraska Avenue, Suite #108, Tampa, FL 33613-3305, USA
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34
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Jaster-Keller J, Müller MEH, El-Khatib AH, Lorenz N, Bahlmann A, Mülow-Stollin U, Bunzel M, Scheibenzuber S, Rychlik M, von der Waydbrink G, Weigel S. Root uptake and metabolization of Alternaria toxins by winter wheat plants using a hydroponic system. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:109-126. [PMID: 36929507 PMCID: PMC10181980 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous in the environment. Their mycotoxins can leach out of contaminated plants or crop debris into the soil entering the plant via the roots. We aim to evaluate the importance of this entry pathway and its contribution to the overall content of Alternaria toxins (ATs) in wheat plants to better understand the soil-plant-phytopathogen system. A hydroponic cultivation system was established and wheat plants were cultivated for up to two weeks under optimal climate conditions. One half of the plants was treated with a nutrient solution spiked with alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA), whereas the other half of the plants was cultivated without mycotoxins. Plants were harvested after 1 and 2 weeks and analyzed using a QuEChERS-based extraction and an in-house validated LC-MS/MS method for quantification of the ATs in roots, crowns, and leaves separately. ATs were taken up by the roots and transported throughout the plant up to the leaves after 1 as well as 2 weeks of cultivation with the roots showing the highest ATs levels followed by the crowns and the leaves. In addition, numerous AOH and AME conjugates like glucosides, malonyl glucosides, sulfates, and di/trihexosides were detected in different plant compartments and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first study demonstrating the uptake of ATs in vivo using a hydroponic system and whole wheat plants examining both the distribution of ATs within the plant compartments and the modification of ATs by the wheat plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jaster-Keller
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina E H Müller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed H El-Khatib
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicole Lorenz
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnold Bahlmann
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mülow-Stollin
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Current address: German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), South Campus, Adenauerring 20 A, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sophie Scheibenzuber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Grit von der Waydbrink
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weigel
- Department for Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max‑Dohrn‑Str. 8‑10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat: Biology, Modern Detection and Diagnosis and Integrated Disease Management. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030192. [PMID: 36977083 PMCID: PMC10053988 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a major threat for wheat production worldwide. Most reviews focus on Fusarium graminearum as a main causal agent of FHB. However, different Fusarium species are involved in this disease complex. These species differ in their geographic adaptation and mycotoxin profile. The incidence of FHB epidemics is highly correlated with weather conditions, especially rainy days with warm temperatures at anthesis and an abundance of primary inoculum. Yield losses due to the disease can reach up to 80% of the crop. This review summarizes the Fusarium species involved in the FHB disease complex with the corresponding mycotoxin profiles, disease cycle, diagnostic methods, the history of FHB epidemics, and the management strategy of the disease. In addition, it discusses the role of remote sensing technology in the integrated management of the disease. This technology can accelerate the phenotyping process in the breeding programs aiming at FHB-resistant varieties. Moreover, it can support the decision-making strategies to apply fungicides via monitoring and early detection of the diseases under field conditions. It can also be used for selective harvest to avoid mycotoxin-contaminated plots in the field.
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Li Y, Shao Y, Zhu Y, Chen A, Qu J, Gao Y, Lu S, Luo P, Mao X. Temperature-dependent mycotoxins production investigation in Alternaria infected cherry by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 388:110070. [PMID: 36610234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
For temperature-dependent Alternaria mycotoxins production analysis, cherry samples were inoculated with Alternaria sp. and incubated at two different temperatures (4 °C and 25 °C). Six Alternaria mycotoxins, including altenuene (ALT), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), tenuazonic acid (TeA), and tentoxin (TEN), in cherries were detected with integrated visible data-processing tools. Maximum concentration of these mycotoxins reached 71,862.2 μg/kg at 25 °C. Notably, considerable amount of TeA (290.4 μg/kg) was detected at 4 °C, which indicated that low temperature is not a safe storage condition for fruits. A total of 102 compounds were detected with a neutral loss of 162.0528 Da, and TeA-glucose was identified in this work. Based on MS/MS cosine similarity, products were verified and annotated with feature based molecular networking (FBMN) in global natural products social networking (GNPS). The results showed Alternaria mycotoxins in cherry samples were mainly demethylation, hydrogenation, and dehydration. This work revealed the production of Alternaria mycotoxins in cherries under different storage temperature, which will provide theoretical basis for the control of mycotoxin contamination in food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Li
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Ying Shao
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Ya'ning Zhu
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Anqi Chen
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Jingyao Qu
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Yonglin Gao
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Sunan Lu
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Pengjie Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, PR China
| | - Xin Mao
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China.
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Emerging Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins in tomatoes and derived tomato products from the China market: Occurrence, methods of determination, and risk evaluation. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tian Y, Abdallah MF, De Boevre M, Audenaert K, Wang C, De Saeger S, Wu A. Deciphering Alternaria metabolic responses in microbial confrontation via an integrated mass spectrometric targeted and non-targeted strategy. Food Chem 2023; 404:134694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Delgado-Povedano MDM, Lara FJ, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM. Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis-time of flight mass spectrometry method to determine emerging mycotoxins. Talanta 2023; 253:123946. [PMID: 36167011 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enniatins (ENN) and beauvericin (BEA) are emerging mycotoxins that have been traditionally determined by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). However, to the best of our knowledge, no analytical methods based on capillary electrophoresis (CE)-MS/MS have been reported so far. Due to their non-polar nature, in this work, a non-aqueous CE (NACE) method coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight-MS is proposed for the first time to identify and quantify these mycotoxins. Determination was achieved in 4 min under optimum conditions: 40 mM ammonium acetate in 80:20 (v/v) acetonitrile-methanol (buffer), 30 kV (voltage), 80 cm (capillary length), 20 °C (capillary temperature) and 50 mbar × 30 s (injection). Higher selectivity can be achieved when compared with LC due to the formation of exclusive CE adducts such as [M + CH3CH2NH3]+. "All Ions" acquisition mode was selected as it allows the quantification of the usual ENNs, as well as the identity confirmation of less common ENNs. The method was validated for wheat samples, obtaining limits of quantification from 4.0 to 8.3 μg/kg depending on the emerging mycotoxin, recovery values higher than 87.4%, and intra- and inter-day precision values (RSDs) lower than 15.1% in all cases. Finally, 29 wheat samples were analyzed, finding 26 samples with concentrations of enniatin B higher than the limit of quantification (7.5-1480 μg/kg), 20 for enniatin B1 (5.2-550 μg/kg), 7 for enniatin A (10-55 μg/kg), 4 for enniatin A1 (12.6-77 μg/kg) and 5 for BEA (9.2-16.4 μg/kg). Moreover, two other ENNs were tentatively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Delgado-Povedano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Lara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Gavrilova OP, Gagkaeva TY, Orina AS, Gogina NN. Diversity of Fusarium Species and Their Mycotoxins in Cereal Crops from the Asian Territory of Russia. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2023; 508:9-19. [PMID: 37186044 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496622700156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Up-to-date information on the occurrence of Fusarium fungi and their mycotoxins in the grain of wheat, barley and oats grown in the Urals and West Siberia in 2018‒2019 is presented. Mycological analysis of grain revealed at least 16 species of Fusarium fungi. The F. sporotrichioides, F. avenaceum, F. poae, and F. anguioides were predominant, and the proportions of these species among all Fusarium fungi found in the grain were 31, 20, 19, and 13%, respectively. Fusarium graminearum and its mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) are often occurred in grain mycobiota of cereal crops on the territory of both the Urals and West Siberia. New records of fungal species that are rare in the Asian territory of Russia were detected: F. langsethiae and F. sibiricum, which are mainly producers of type A trichothecene mycotoxins, were found in the Kurgan and Kemerovo regions, respectively. In addition, F. globosum that is able to produce fumonisins was detected in Altai Krai and Omsk region. The diversity of Fusarium species was higher in wheat and barley grain samples than in oats. The HPLC-MS/MS method was used to analyse the content of 19 mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi. The highest diversity of mycotoxins was found in wheat grain (maximum 12), compared with oats (9) and barley (8). The T-2 and HT-2 toxins, DON, nivalenol, moniliformin (MON) and beauvericin (BEA) occurred more often in the grain samples, compared with other mycotoxins, but their amounts varied significantly, depending on the weather conditions in sampling year and the plant species. The average content of DON (maximum amount was 375 µg/kg) in wheat grain was 5 times higher than its average content in barley grain, and this mycotoxin was not detected in oat grain. The contamination with T-2 and HT-toxins (maximum amounts were 2652 μg/kg and 481 μg/kg, respectively), as well as with BEA (maximum amount was 49 μg/kg) was typical for barley and oat grain samples. The content of MON (maximum amount was 50 μg/kg) in the grain of three different small grain cereals was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Gavrilova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - T Yu Gagkaeva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A S Orina
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N N Gogina
- All-Russian Research and Technological Poultry Institute, Sergiev Posad, Moscow oblast, Russia
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Laut S, Poapolathep S, Piasai O, Sommai S, Boonyuen N, Giorgi M, Zhang Z, Fink-Gremmels J, Poapolathep A. Storage Fungi and Mycotoxins Associated with Rice Samples Commercialized in Thailand. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030487. [PMID: 36766016 PMCID: PMC9914209 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The study focused on the examination of the different fungal species isolated from commercial rice samples, applying conventional culture techniques, as well as different molecular and phylogenic analyses to confirm phenotypic identification. Additionally, the mycotoxin production and contamination were analyzed using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In total, 40 rice samples were obtained covering rice berry, red jasmine rice, brown rice, germinated brown rice, and white rice. The blotting paper technique applied on the 5 different types of rice samples detected 4285 seed-borne fungal infections (26.8%) for 16,000 rice grains. Gross morphological data revealed that 19 fungal isolates belonged to the genera Penicillium/Talaromyces (18 of 90 isolates; 20%) and Aspergillus (72 of 90 isolates; 80%). To check their morphologies, molecular data (fungal sequence-based BLAST results and a phylogenetic tree of the combined ITS, BenA, CaM, and RPB2 datasets) confirmed the initial classification. The phylogenic analysis revealed that eight isolates belonged to P. citrinum and, additionally, one isolate each belonged to P. chermesinum, A. niger, A. fumigatus, and A. tubingensis. Furthermore, four isolates of T. pinophilus and one isolate of each taxon were identified as Talaromyces (T. radicus, T. purpureogenum, and T. islandicus). The results showed that A. niger and T. pinophilus were two commonly occurring fungal species in rice samples. After subculturing, ochratoxin A (OTA), generated by T. pinophilus code W3-04, was discovered using LC-MS/MS. In addition, the Fusarium toxin beauvericin was detected in one of the samples. Aflatoxin B1 or other mycotoxins, such as citrinin, trichothecenes, and fumonisins, were detected. These preliminary findings should provide valuable guidance for hazard analysis critical control point concepts used by commercial food suppliers, including the analysis of multiple mycotoxins. Based on the current findings, mycotoxin analyses should focus on A. niger toxins, including OTA and metabolites of T. pinophilus (recently considered a producer of emerging mycotoxins) to exclude health hazards related to the traditionally high consumption of rice by Thai people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seavchou Laut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Saranya Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Onuma Piasai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sujinda Sommai
- Plant Microbe Interaction Research Team (APMT), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Nattawut Boonyuen
- Plant Microbe Interaction Research Team (APMT), National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-5797537
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Nie C, Geng X, Ouyang H, Wang L, Li Z, Wang M, Sun X, Wu Y, Qin Y, Xu Y, Tang X, Chen J. Abundant bacteria and fungi attached to airborne particulates in vegetable plastic greenhouses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159507. [PMID: 36257421 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of modern vegetable plastic greenhouses (VPGS) supplies more and more vegetables for food all over the world. The airborne bacteria and fungi induce more exposure opportunities for workers toiling in confined plastic greenhouses. Culture-independent approaches by qPCR and high-throughput sequencing technology were used to study the airborne particulates microbiota in typic VPGS in Shandong, a large base of vegetables in China. The result revealed the mean airborne bacteria concentrations reached 1.67 × 103 cells/m3 (PM2.5) and 2.38 × 103 cells/m3 (PM10), and the mean airborne fungal concentrations achieved 1.49 × 102 cells/m3 (PM2.5) and 3.19 × 102 cells/m3 (PM10) in VPGS. The predominant bacteria in VPGS included Ralstonia, Alcanivorax, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Acinetobacter. Botrytis, Alternaria, Fusarium, Sporobolomyces, and Cladosporium were frequently detected fungal genera in VPGS. A higher Chao1 of bacteria in PM10 was significantly different from PM2.5 in VPGS. The potential pathogens in VPGS include Raltonia picketti, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Bacillus anthracis, Botrytis cinerea, and Cladosporium sphaerospermum. The network analysis indicated that airborne microbiota was associated with soil microbiota which was affected by anthropologic activities. The predicted gene functions revealed that bacterial function mainly involved metabolism, neurodegenerative diseases, and fungal trophic mode dominated by Pathotroph-Saprotroph in VPGS. These findings unveiled airborne microbiomes in VPGS so that a strategy for improving air quality can be applied to safeguard health and vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliang Nie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xueyun Geng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Huiling Ouyang
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zongzhen Li
- Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yunhan Qin
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Youxin Xu
- Weifang University of Science and Technology, Weifang 262700, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xu Tang
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
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Metabolite Profiling and Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Hydroethanolic Leaf Extracts for Identification of Broad-Spectrum Pre and Postharvest Antifungal Agents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248903. [PMID: 36558036 PMCID: PMC9785509 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydroethanolic leaf extracts of 14 Iranian Zataria multiflora Boiss. populations were screened for their antifungal activity against five plant pathogenic fungi and metabolically profiled using a non-targeted workflow based on UHPLC/ESI-QTOFMS. Detailed tandem mass-spectrometric analyses of one of the most active hydroethanolic leaf extracts led to the annotation of 68 non-volatile semi-polar secondary metabolites, including 33 flavonoids, 9 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, 14 terpenoids, and 12 other metabolites. Rank correlation analyses using the abundances of the annotated metabolites in crude leaf extracts and their antifungal activity revealed four O-methylated flavones, two flavanones, two dihydroflavonols, five thymohydroquinone glycoconjugates, and five putative phenolic diterpenoids as putative antifungal metabolites. After bioassay-guided fractionation, a number of mono-, di- and tri-O-methylated flavones, as well as three of unidentified phenolic diterpenoids, were found in the most active subfractions. These metabolites are promising candidates for the development of new natural fungicides for the protection of agro-food crops.
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Occurrence and Determination of Alternaria Mycotoxins Alternariol, Alternariol Monomethyl Ether, and Tentoxin in Wheat Grains by QuEChERS Method. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110791. [PMID: 36422965 PMCID: PMC9695878 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alternaria mycotoxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tentoxin (TEN) are mycotoxins, which can contaminate cereal-based raw materials. Today, wheat is one of the most important crops in temperate zones, and it is in increasing demand in the Western Balkans countries that are urbanizing and industrializing. This research aimed to investigate the occurrence and determine the concentration of Alternaria mycotoxins AOH, AME, and TEN in wheat samples from the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Albania, harvested in the year 2020 in the period between 15 June and 15 July. A total of 80 wheat grain samples, 40 from each country, were analyzed by an QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method. From the obtained results, it can be seen that the mean concentration of AOH was 3.3 µg/kg and AME was 2.2 µg/kg in wheat samples from Serbia, while TEN from both Serbia and Albania was under the limit of quantification (<LOQ). The maximum of AOH and AME mycotoxins was recorded only in wheat grain samples collected in the Republic of Serbia (5.3 and 2.3 µg/kg). In conclusion, Alternaria mycotoxins have concentrations above the LOQ, which could be potentially considered a health hazard to both humans and animals.
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Bryła M, Pierzgalski A, Zapaśnik A, Uwineza PA, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Modrzewska M, Waśkiewicz A. Recent Research on Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize—A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213465. [PMID: 36360078 PMCID: PMC9659149 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most susceptible crops to pathogenic fungal infections, and in particular to the Fusarium species. Secondary metabolites of Fusarium spp.—mycotoxins are not only phytotoxic, but also harmful to humans and animals. They can cause acute or chronic diseases with various toxic effects. The European Union member states apply standards and legal regulations on the permissible levels of mycotoxins in food and feed. This review summarises the most recent knowledge on the occurrence of toxic secondary metabolites of Fusarium in maize, taking into account modified forms of mycotoxins, the progress in research related to the health effects of consuming food or feed contaminated with mycotoxins, and also the development of biological methods for limiting and/or eliminating the presence of the same in the food chain and in compound feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Pierzgalski
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zapaśnik
- Department of Microbiology, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pascaline Aimee Uwineza
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Modrzewska
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-848-78-41
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Aichinger G, Pahlke G, Puntscher H, Groestlinger J, Grabher S, Braun D, Tillmann K, Plasenzotti R, Del Favero G, Warth B, Höger H, Marko D. Markers for DNA damage are induced in the rat colon by the Alternaria toxin altertoxin-II, but not a complex extract of cultured Alternaria alternata. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:977147. [PMID: 36353200 PMCID: PMC9638006 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.977147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins produced by Alternaria spp. act genotoxic in cell-based studies, but data on their toxicity in vivo is scarce and urgently required for risk assessment. Thus, male Sprague-Dawley rats received single doses of a complex Alternaria toxin extract (CE; 50 mg/kg bw), altertoxin II (ATX-II; 0.21 mg/kg bw) or vehicle by gavage, one of the most genotoxic metabolites in vitro and were sacrificed after 3 or 24 h, respectively. Using SDS-PAGE/Western Blot, a significant increase of histone 2a.X phosphorylation and depletion of the native protein was observed for rats that were exposed to ATX-II for 24 h. Applying RT-PCR array technology we identified genes of interest for qRT-PCR testing, which in turn confirmed an induction of Rnf8 transcription in the colon of rats treated with ATX-II for 3 h and CE for 24 h. A decrease of Cdkn1a transcription was observed in rats exposed to ATX-II for 24 h, possibly indicating tissue repair after chemical injury. In contrast to the observed response in the colon, no markers for genotoxicity were induced in the liver of treated animals. We hereby provide the first report of ATX-II as a genotoxicant in vivo. Deviating results for similar concentrations of ATX-II in a natural Alternaria toxin mixture argue for substantial mixture effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Aichinger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gudrun Pahlke
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Puntscher
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Groestlinger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Grabher
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Braun
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Tillmann
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberto Plasenzotti
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Höger
- Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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47
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Fliszár-Nyúl E, Bock I, Csepregi R, Szente L, Szabó I, Csenki Z, Poór M. Testing the protective effects of cyclodextrins vs. alternariol-induced acute toxicity in HeLa cells and in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103965. [PMID: 36031178 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH) is a mycotoxin produced by Alternaria fungi, it appears as a contaminant in tomatoes, grains, and grapes. The chronic exposure to AOH may cause carcinogenic and xenoestrogenic effects. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides, they form host-guest complexes with apolar molecules. In this study, the interactions of AOH with CD monomers and polymers were examined employing fluorescence spectroscopy. Thereafter, the protective effects of certain CDs vs. AOH-induced toxicity were investigated on HeLa cells and on zebrafish embryos. Our major observations are the following: (1) Sugammadex forms highly stable complex with AOH (K = 4.8 ×104 L/mol). (2) Sugammadex abolished the AOH-induced toxicity in HeLa cells, while native β-CD did not show relevant protective effect. (3) Each CD tested decreased the AOH-induced mortality and sublethal adverse effects in zebrafish embryos: Interestingly, native β-CD showed the strongest protective impact in this model. (4) CD technology may be suitable to relieve AOH-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Illés Bock
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary.
| | - Rita Csepregi
- Lab-on-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 13, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Szente
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin Research & Development Laboratory, Ltd., Illatos út 7, Budapest H-1097, Hungary.
| | - István Szabó
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
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48
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Oueslati S, Ben Yakhlef S, Vila-Donat P, Pallarés N, Ferrer E, Barba F, Berrada H. Multi-mycotoxin determination in coffee beans marketed in Tunisia and the associated dietary exposure assessment. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Augustin Mihalache O, Dellafiora L, Dall'Asta C. A systematic review of natural toxins occurrence in plant commodities used for plant-based meat alternatives production. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Cardoso de Oliveira R, Mendonça CMN, Verissimo NV, de Almeida SRY, Correa B, Watanabe I, de Souza de Azevedo PO, de Souza Oliveira RP. Evaluating the potential of
Pediococcus pentosaceus
as a biocontrol agent against tenuazonic acid‐producing
Alternaria alternata
on livestock feeds. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3020-3029. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.15746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Biomolecules, Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carlos Miguel Nobrega Mendonça
- Laboratory of Microbial Biomolecules, Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Nathalia Vieira Verissimo
- Laboratory of Microbial Biomolecules, Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Benedito Correa
- Laboratory of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi, Department of Microbiology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ii‐Sei Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute University of São Paulo Brazil
| | - Pamela Oliveira de Souza de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Microbial Biomolecules, Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- SAZ Animal Nutrition São Paulo Brazil
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