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Mudd JC. Quantitative and Qualitative Distinctions between HIV-1 and SIV Reservoirs: Implications for HIV-1 Cure-Related Studies. Viruses 2024; 16:514. [PMID: 38675857 PMCID: PMC11054464 DOI: 10.3390/v16040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The persistence of the latent viral reservoir is the main hurdle to curing HIV-1 infection. SIV infection of non-human primates (NHPs), namely Indian-origin rhesus macaques, is the most relevant and widely used animal model to evaluate therapies that seek to eradicate HIV-1. The utility of a model ultimately rests on how accurately it can recapitulate human disease, and while reservoirs in the NHP model behave quantitatively very similar to those of long-term suppressed persons with HIV-1 (PWH) in the most salient aspects, recent studies have uncovered key nuances at the clonotypic level that differentiate the two in qualitative terms. In this review, we will highlight differences relating to proviral intactness, clonotypic structure, and decay rate during ART between HIV-1 and SIV reservoirs and discuss the relevance of these distinctions in the interpretation of HIV-1 cure strategies. While these, to some degree, may reflect a unique biology of the virus or host, distinctions among the proviral landscape in SIV are likely to be shaped significantly by the condensed timeframe of NHP studies. ART is generally initiated earlier in the disease course, and animals are virologically suppressed for shorter periods before receiving interventions. Because these are experimental variables dictated by the investigator, we offer guidance on study design for cure-related studies performed in the NHP model. Finally, we highlight the case of GS-9620 (Vesatolimod), an antiviral TLR7 agonist tested in multiple independent pre-clinical studies in which virological outcomes may have been influenced by study-related variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Mudd
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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2
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Lim SY, Lee J, Osuna CE, Vikhe P, Schalk DR, Chen E, Fray E, Kumar M, Schultz-Darken N, Rakasz E, Capuano S, Ladd RA, Gil HM, Evans DT, Jeng EK, Seaman M, Martin M, Van Dorp C, Perelson AS, Wong HC, Siliciano JD, Siliciano R, Safrit JT, Nixon DF, Soon-Shiong P, Nussenzweig M, Whitney JB. Induction of durable remission by dual immunotherapy in SHIV-infected ART-suppressed macaques. Science 2024; 383:1104-1111. [PMID: 38422185 PMCID: PMC11022498 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf7966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The eradication of the viral reservoir represents the major obstacle to the development of a clinical cure for established HIV-1 infection. Here, we demonstrate that the administration of N-803 (brand name Anktiva) and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) results in sustained viral control after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in simian-human AD8 (SHIV-AD8)-infected, ART-suppressed rhesus macaques. N-803+bNAbs treatment induced immune activation and transient viremia but only limited reductions in the SHIV reservoir. Upon ART discontinuation, viral rebound occurred in all animals, which was followed by durable control in approximately 70% of all N-803+bNAb-treated macaques. Viral control was correlated with the reprogramming of CD8+ T cells by N-803+bNAb synergy. Thus, complete eradication of the replication-competent viral reservoir is likely not a prerequisite for the induction of sustained remission after discontinuation of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yon Lim
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jina Lee
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christa E. Osuna
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pratik Vikhe
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dane R. Schalk
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Elsa Chen
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Emily Fray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mithra Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nancy Schultz-Darken
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Eva Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ruby A Ladd
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Hwi Min Gil
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - David T. Evans
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | - Michael Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Malcolm Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Alan S. Perelson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | | | - Janet D. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Michel Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James B. Whitney
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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3
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Koenig MR, Vazquez J, Leyva Jaimes FB, Mitzey AM, Stanic AK, Golos TG. Decidual leukocytes respond to African lineage Zika virus infection with mild anti-inflammatory changes during acute infection in rhesus macaques. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363169. [PMID: 38515747 PMCID: PMC10954895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) can be vertically transmitted during pregnancy resulting in a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The decidua is commonly found to be infected by ZIKV, yet the acute immune response to infection remains understudied in vivo. We hypothesized that in vivo African-lineage ZIKV infection induces a pro-inflammatory response in the decidua. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the decidua in pregnant rhesus macaques within the first two weeks following infection with an African-lineage ZIKV and compared our findings to gestationally aged-matched controls. Decidual leukocytes were phenotypically evaluated using spectral flow cytometry, and cytokines and chemokines were measured in tissue homogenates from the decidua, placenta, and fetal membranes. The results of this study did not support our hypothesis. Although ZIKV RNA was detected in the decidual tissue samples from all ZIKV infected dams, phenotypic changes in decidual leukocytes and differences in cytokine profiles suggest that the decidua undergoes mild anti-inflammatory changes in response to that infection. Our findings emphasize the immunological state of the gravid uterus as a relatively immune privileged site that prioritizes tolerance of the fetus over mounting a pro-inflammatory response to clear infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Koenig
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jessica Vazquez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Fernanda B. Leyva Jaimes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ann M. Mitzey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aleksandar K. Stanic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Thaddeus G. Golos
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Fuhrmann S, Reus B, Frey O, Pera A, Picker LJ, Kern F. Marked skewing of entire T-cell memory compartment occurs only in a minority of CMV-infected individuals and is unrelated to the degree of memory subset skewing among CMV-specific T-cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1258339. [PMID: 37954608 PMCID: PMC10639168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1258339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic CMV infection drives the clonal expansion and accumulation of terminally differentiated, dysfunctional CMV-specific T-cells. CMV infection also appears to accelerate the differentiation of non-CMV-specific T-cells; however, the extent of this phenomenon is unclear. Methods The distribution of CD4 and CD8 T-cells into four memory subsets determined by CD45RA and CCR7 expression was analyzed in 96 CMV-infected (CMV+) and 81 CMV-uninfected (CMV-) older individuals. In CMV+ individuals, the distribution of IFN-γ producing CMV-specific T-cells into the same subsets was analyzed following stimulation with 16 different CMV antigens using flowcytometry (intracellular cytokine staining). We used previously published results to extrapolate the relative size of the entire CMV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell response from the summated response to selected antigens. The T-cell memory subset distribution across all CMV antigen-induced responses (weighted mean) was then used to calculate memory subset proportions (in % of CD4 or CD8 T-cells) of CMV-specific and non-CMV-specific T-cells. These were compared to the corresponding proportions in CMV- individuals. Results Only a minority (20%-30%) of CMV+ individuals displayed overall proportions of terminally differentiated T-cell memory subsets above an upper outlier boundary defined in CMV- individuals. The calculated proportions of these subsets among non-CMV-specific T-cells in CMV+ individuals also exceeded the corresponding proportions in CMV- people, suggesting that their differentiation could be CMV-driven. In CMV+ people showing overall subset distributions within the outlier limits, the memory subset distributions of non-CMV-specific T-cells were more like those in CMV- people. Logistic regression revealed that CMV infection, age, and sex all had significant effects on one or more of the non-CMV-specific CD4 or CD8 T-cell memory subsets in CMV+ individuals, with CMV infection showing the strongest effect overall. Surprisingly, except for the CD45RA-/CCR7- CD4 T-cell subset, we only found weak correlations between corresponding memory subset proportions among all T-cells and CMV-specific T-cells. Conclusion Our analysis supports an effect of CMV infection on non-CMV-specific T-cells; however, it is limited to a minority of individuals and not closely related to the degree of memory subset differentiation of CMV-specific T-cells. We propose that unknown predisposing factors might determine to what extent CMV infection affects non-CMV-specific T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Fuhrmann
- Department for Hematopathology, Institute for Hematopathology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Reus
- Department of Informatics, School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Frey
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Alejandra Pera
- Immunology and Allergy Group, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Florian Kern
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Silvestri Y, Clemente F, Moschetti G, Maioli S, Carelli E, Espadas de Arias A, Torelli R, Longhi E, De Feo T, Crosti M, Sarnicola ML, Salvi M, Mantovani G, Arosio M, Bombaci M, Pesce E, Grifantini R, Abrignani S, Geginat J, Muller I. SARS-COV-2 specific t-cells in patients with thyroid disorders related to COVID-19 are enriched in the thyroid and acquire a tissue-resident memory phenotype. Clin Immunol 2023; 254:109684. [PMID: 37451415 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infections have been associated with the onset of thyroid disorders like classic subacute thyroiditis (SAT) or atypical SAT upon severe COVID disease (COV-A-SAT). Little is known about thyroid anti-viral immune responses. OBJECTIVES To define the role of T-cells in COV-A-SAT. METHODS T-cells from COV-A-SAT patients were analyzed by multi-dimensional flow cytometry, UMAP and DiffusionMap dimensionality reduction and FlowSOM clustering. T-cells from COVID-naïve healthy donors, patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (ATD) and with SAT following COVID vaccination were analyzed as controls. T-cells were analyzed four and eight months post-infection in peripheral blood and in thyroid specimen obtained by ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. SARS-COV2-specific T-cells were identified by cytokine production induced by SARS-COV2-derived peptides and with COVID peptide-loaded HLA multimers after HLA haplotyping. RESULTS COV-A-SAT was associated with HLA-DRB1*13 and HLA-B*57. COV-A-SAT patients contained activated Th1- and cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ effector cells four months post-infection, which acquired a quiescent memory phenotype after eight months. Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses were readily detectable in peripheral blood four months post-infection, but were reduced after eight months. CD4+ and CD8+ tissue-resident memory cells (TRM) were present in the thyroid, and circulating CXCR3+T-cells identified as their putative precursors. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells were enriched in the thyroid, and acquired a TRM phenotype eight months post-infection. CONCLUSIONS The association of COV-A-SAT with specific HLA haplotypes suggests a genetic predisposition and a key role for T-cells. COV-A-SAT is characterized by a prolonged systemic anti-viral effector T-cell response and the late generation of COVID-specific TRM in the thyroid target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Silvestri
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Clemente
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Moschetti
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Maioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Carelli
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Alejandro Espadas de Arias
- S.C. Trapianti Lombardia - NITp, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Sforza 35 c/o INGM, 20122 Milano, Iraly
| | - Rosanna Torelli
- S.C. Trapianti Lombardia - NITp, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Sforza 35 c/o INGM, 20122 Milano, Iraly
| | - Elena Longhi
- S.C. Trapianti Lombardia - NITp, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Sforza 35 c/o INGM, 20122 Milano, Iraly
| | - Tullia De Feo
- S.C. Trapianti Lombardia - NITp, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Sforza 35 c/o INGM, 20122 Milano, Iraly
| | | | | | - Mario Salvi
- Struttura Complessa Endocrinologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy; Struttura Complessa Endocrinologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maura Arosio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy; Struttura Complessa Endocrinologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Bombaci
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pesce
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata Grifantini
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Milan, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Muller
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy; Struttura Complessa Endocrinologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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6
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Larson EC, Ellis AL, Rodgers MA, Gubernat AK, Gleim JL, Moriarty RV, Balgeman AJ, Menezes YK, Ameel CL, Fillmore DJ, Pergalske SM, Juno JA, Maiello P, White AG, Borish HJ, Godfrey DI, Kent SJ, Ndhlovu LC, O’Connor SL, Scanga CA. Host Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Is Similar in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Infected, Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated and SIV-Naïve Juvenile Macaques. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0055822. [PMID: 37039653 PMCID: PMC10187125 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00558-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing HIV infection increases tuberculosis (TB) risk in children. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces, but does not abolish, this risk in children with HIV. The immunologic mechanisms involved in TB progression in both HIV-naive and HIV-infected children have not been explored. Much of our current understanding is based on human studies in adults and adult animal models. In this study, we sought to model childhood HIV/Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) coinfection in the setting of ART and characterize T cells during TB progression. Macaques equivalent to 4 to 8 year-old children were intravenously infected with SIVmac239M, treated with ART 3 months later, and coinfected with Mtb 3 months after initiating ART. SIV-naive macaques were similarly infected with Mtb alone. TB pathology and total Mtb burden did not differ between SIV-infected, ART-treated and SIV-naive macaques, although lung Mtb burden was lower in SIV-infected, ART-treated macaques. No major differences in frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and unconventional T cell subsets (Vγ9+ γδ T cells, MAIT cells, and NKT cells) in airways were observed between SIV-infected, ART-treated and SIV-naive macaques over the course of Mtb infection, with the exception of CCR5+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells which were slightly lower. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequencies did not differ in the lung granulomas. Immune checkpoint marker levels were similar, although ki-67 levels in CD8+ T cells were elevated. Thus, ART treatment of juvenile macaques, 3 months after SIV infection, resulted in similar progression of Mtb and T cell responses compared to Mtb in SIV-naive macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C. Larson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy L. Ellis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mark A. Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail K. Gubernat
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janelle L. Gleim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan V. Moriarty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexis J. Balgeman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yonne K. Menezes
- Department of Immunobiology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cassaundra L. Ameel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J. Fillmore
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Skyler M. Pergalske
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander G. White
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - H. Jacob Borish
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Centre Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Charles A. Scanga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Mattathil JG, Volz A, Onabajo OO, Maynard S, Bixler SL, Shen XX, Vargas-Inchaustegui D, Robert-Guroff M, Lebranche C, Tomaras G, Montefiori D, Sutter G, Mattapallil JJ. Direct intranodal tonsil vaccination with modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine protects macaques from highly pathogenic SIVmac251. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1264. [PMID: 36882405 PMCID: PMC9990026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a mucosally transmitted virus that causes immunodeficiency and AIDS. Developing efficacious vaccines to prevent infection is essential to control the epidemic. Protecting the vaginal and rectal mucosa, the primary routes of HIV entry has been a challenge given the significant compartmentalization between the mucosal and peripheral immune systems. We hypothesized that direct intranodal vaccination of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) such as the readily accessible palatine tonsils could overcome this compartmentalization. Here we show that rhesus macaques primed with plasmid DNA encoding SIVmac251-env and gag genes followed by an intranodal tonsil MALT boost with MVA encoding the same genes protects from a repeated low dose intrarectal challenge with highly pathogenic SIVmac251; 43% (3/7) of vaccinated macaques remained uninfected after 9 challenges as compared to the unvaccinated control (0/6) animals. One vaccinated animal remained free of infection even after 22 challenges. Vaccination was associated with a ~2 log decrease in acute viremia that inversely correlated with anamnestic immune responses. Our results suggest that a combination of systemic and intranodal tonsil MALT vaccination could induce robust adaptive and innate immune responses leading to protection from mucosal infection with highly pathogenic HIV and rapidly control viral breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffy G Mattathil
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Sean Maynard
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra L Bixler
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Deycmar S, Gomes B, Charo J, Ceppi M, Cline JM. Spontaneous, naturally occurring cancers in non-human primates as a translational model for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e005514. [PMID: 36593067 PMCID: PMC9808758 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) demands reliable preclinical models to successfully translate study findings to the clinics. Non-human primates (NHPs; here referring to rhesus and cynomolgus macaques) share broad similarities with humans including physiology, genetic homology, and importantly also immune cell populations, immune regulatory mechanisms, and protein targets for CIT. Furthermore, NHP naturally develop cancers such as colorectal and breast cancer with an incidence, pathology, and age pattern comparable to humans. Thus, these tumor-bearing monkeys (TBMs) have the potential to bridge the experimental gap between early preclinical cancer models and patients with human cancer.This review presents our current knowledge of NHP immunology, the incidence and features of naturally-occurring cancers in NHP, and recent TBM trials investigating CIT to provide a scientific rationale for this unique model for human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Deycmar
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bruno Gomes
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jehad Charo
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Ceppi
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- iTeos Therapeutics Inc, Watertown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Mark Cline
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Baliu-Piqué M, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM. Are homeostatic mechanisms aiding the reconstitution of the T-cell pool during lymphopenia in humans? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059481. [PMID: 36483556 PMCID: PMC9723355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A timely recovery of T-cell numbers following haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is essential for preventing complications, such as increased risk of infection and disease relapse. In analogy to the occurrence of lymphopenia-induced proliferation in mice, T-cell dynamics in humans are thought to be homeostatically regulated in a cell density-dependent manner. The idea is that T cells divide faster and/or live longer when T-cell numbers are low, thereby helping the reconstitution of the T-cell pool. T-cell reconstitution after HSCT is, however, known to occur notoriously slowly. In fact, the evidence for the existence of homeostatic mechanisms in humans is quite ambiguous, since lymphopenia is often associated with infectious complications and immune activation, which confound the study of homeostatic regulation. This calls into question whether homeostatic mechanisms aid the reconstitution of the T-cell pool during lymphopenia in humans. Here we review the changes in T-cell dynamics in different situations of T-cell deficiency in humans, including the early development of the immune system after birth, healthy ageing, HIV infection, thymectomy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We discuss to what extent these changes in T-cell dynamics are a side-effect of increased immune activation during lymphopenia, and to what extent they truly reflect homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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10
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Naganuma Y, Maeda M, Nakamura K, Fukahori H, Satake H, Murakami R, Hanaoka K, Higashi Y, Koyama H, Morokata T. Impacts of dosing and drug withdrawal period on tacrolimus-based triple therapy in a non-human primate renal transplantation model. Transpl Immunol 2022; 75:101704. [PMID: 36057381 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primate (NHP) renal transplantation models are widely used vivo models for researching new immunosuppressive therapies including allograft tolerance strategies. To enroll animals into a tolerance study, an immunosuppressive regimen that efficiently establishes stable renal function in NHPs is needed. Here, we assessed the effect of triple therapy comprising 2.0 mg/kg tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and a steroid and its success rate for achieving stable renal function. In addition, to predict the pathophysiological consequences of withdrawing immunosuppressants, an indispensable process after induction of tolerance, we also assessed changes in the stable renal state maintained by triple therapy after drug withdrawal. Six cynomolgus monkeys were used. The median survival time was >176 days over the dosing period and 45 days after drug withdrawal. The triple therapy successfully induced stable graft function without calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity in three of six recipients, although adopting trough-dependent tacrolimus dose adjustment rather than a preset dose regimen could improve on the present strategy. Further, drug withdrawal led to deterioration of renal function, de novo donor specific antibody production and increased the memory/naïve T cell ratio within two weeks post drug withdrawal. We expect that these findings contribute to establish one of the choices for animal model for evaluating future tolerance therapy for renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Naganuma
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Masashi Maeda
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Nakamura
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Fukahori
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Satake
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Ryuji Murakami
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kaori Hanaoka
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Higashi
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hironari Koyama
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Morokata
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
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11
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Hansen SG, Hancock MH, Malouli D, Marshall EE, Hughes CM, Randall KT, Morrow D, Ford JC, Gilbride RM, Selseth AN, Trethewy RE, Bishop LM, Oswald K, Shoemaker R, Berkemeier B, Bosche WJ, Hull M, Silipino L, Nekorchuk M, Busman-Sahay K, Estes JD, Axthelm MK, Smedley J, Shao D, Edlefsen PT, Lifson JD, Früh K, Nelson JA, Picker LJ. Myeloid cell tropism enables MHC-E-restricted CD8 + T cell priming and vaccine efficacy by the RhCMV/SIV vaccine. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabn9301. [PMID: 35714200 PMCID: PMC9387538 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn9301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The strain 68-1 rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV)-based vaccine for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) can stringently protect rhesus macaques (RMs) from SIV challenge by arresting viral replication early in primary infection. This vaccine elicits unconventional SIV-specific CD8+ T cells that recognize epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II and MHC-E instead of MHC-Ia. Although RhCMV/SIV vaccines based on strains that only elicit MHC-II- and/or MHC-Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells do not protect against SIV, it remains unclear whether MHC-E-restricted T cells are directly responsible for protection and whether these responses can be separated from the MHC-II-restricted component. Using host microRNA (miR)-mediated vector tropism restriction, we show that the priming of MHC-II and MHC-E epitope-targeted responses depended on vector infection of different nonoverlapping cell types in RMs. Selective inhibition of RhCMV infection in myeloid cells with miR-142-mediated tropism restriction eliminated MHC-E epitope-targeted CD8+ T cell priming, yielding an exclusively MHC-II epitope-targeted response. Inhibition with the endothelial cell-selective miR-126 eliminated MHC-II epitope-targeted CD8+ T cell priming, yielding an exclusively MHC-E epitope-targeted response. Dual miR-142 + miR-126-mediated tropism restriction reverted CD8+ T cell responses back to conventional MHC-Ia epitope targeting. Although the magnitude and differentiation state of these CD8+ T cell responses were generally similar, only the vectors programmed to elicit MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses provided protection against SIV challenge, directly demonstrating the essential role of these responses in RhCMV/SIV vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Meaghan H. Hancock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Emily E. Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Colette M. Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Kurt T. Randall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Julia C. Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M. Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Andrea N. Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Renee Espinosa Trethewy
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Lindsey M Bishop
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Brian Berkemeier
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - William J. Bosche
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael Hull
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Lorna Silipino
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Danica Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Jay A. Nelson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, 97006, USA
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12
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La Manna MP, Shekarkar Azgomi M, Tamburini B, Badami GD, Mohammadnezhad L, Dieli F, Caccamo N. Phenotypic and Immunometabolic Aspects on Stem Cell Memory and Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884148. [PMID: 35784300 PMCID: PMC9247337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system, smartly and surprisingly, saves the exposure of a particular pathogen in its memory and reacts to the pathogen very rapidly, preventing serious diseases.Immunologists have long been fascinated by understanding the ability to recall and respond faster and more vigorously to a pathogen, known as “memory”.T-cell populations can be better described by using more sophisticated techniques to define phenotype, transcriptional and epigenetic signatures and metabolic pathways (single-cell resolution), which uncovered the heterogeneity of the memory T-compartment. Phenotype, effector functions, maintenance, and metabolic pathways help identify these different subsets. Here, we examine recent developments in the characterization of the heterogeneity of the memory T cell compartment. In particular, we focus on the emerging role of CD8+ TRM and TSCM cells, providing evidence on how their immunometabolism or modulation can play a vital role in their generation and maintenance in chronic conditions such as infections or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pio La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mojtaba Shekarkar Azgomi
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bartolo Tamburini
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusto Davide Badami
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leila Mohammadnezhad
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico (A.O.U.P.) Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nadia Caccamo,
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13
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Bjornson-Hooper ZB, Fragiadakis GK, Spitzer MH, Chen H, Madhireddy D, Hu K, Lundsten K, McIlwain DR, Nolan GP. A Comprehensive Atlas of Immunological Differences Between Humans, Mice, and Non-Human Primates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867015. [PMID: 35359965 PMCID: PMC8962947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models are an integral part of the drug development and evaluation process. However, they are unsurprisingly imperfect reflections of humans, and the extent and nature of many immunological differences are unknown. With the rise of targeted and biological therapeutics, it is increasingly important that we understand the molecular differences in the immunological behavior of humans and model organisms. However, very few antibodies are raised against non-human primate antigens, and databases of cross-reactivity between species are incomplete. Thus, we screened 332 antibodies in five immune cell populations in blood from humans and four non-human primate species generating a comprehensive cross-reactivity catalog that includes cell type-specificity. We used this catalog to create large mass cytometry universal cross-species phenotyping and signaling panels for humans, along with three of the model organisms most similar to humans: rhesus and cynomolgus macaques and African green monkeys; and one of the mammalian models most widely used in drug development: C57BL/6 mice. As a proof-of-principle, we measured immune cell signaling responses across all five species to an array of 15 stimuli using mass cytometry. We found numerous instances of different cellular phenotypes and immune signaling events occurring within and between species, and detailed three examples (double-positive T cell frequency and signaling; granulocyte response to Bacillus anthracis antigen; and B cell subsets). We also explore the correlation of herpes simian B virus serostatus on the immune profile. Antibody panels and the full dataset generated are available online as a resource to enable future studies comparing immune responses across species during the evaluation of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela K. Fragiadakis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Data Science CoLab and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Matthew H. Spitzer
- Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Departments of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Deepthi Madhireddy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kelly Lundsten
- BioLegend Inc, Advanced Cytometry, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - David R. McIlwain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Garry P. Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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14
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Speranza E, Purushotham JN, Port JR, Schwarz B, Flagg M, Williamson BN, Feldmann F, Singh M, Pérez-Pérez L, Sturdevant GL, Roberts LM, Carmody A, Schulz JE, van Doremalen N, Okumura A, Lovaglio J, Hanley PW, Shaia C, Germain RN, Best SM, Munster VJ, Bosio CM, de Wit E. Age-related differences in immune dynamics during SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/4/e202101314. [PMID: 35039442 PMCID: PMC8807873 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased age is a risk factor for severe COVID-19. Multi-omics profiling in rhesus macaques suggests that aging may delay or impair cellular immune responses and the return to immune homeostasis. Advanced age is a key predictor of severe COVID-19. To gain insight into this relationship, we used the rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eight older and eight younger macaques were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. Animals were evaluated using viral RNA quantification, clinical observations, thoracic radiographs, single-cell transcriptomics, multiparameter flow cytometry, multiplex immunohistochemistry, cytokine detection, and lipidomics analysis at predefined time points in various tissues. Differences in clinical signs, pulmonary infiltrates, and virus replication were limited. Transcriptional signatures of inflammation-associated genes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 3 dpi revealed efficient mounting of innate immune defenses in both cohorts. However, age-specific divergence of immune responses emerged during the post-acute phase. Older animals exhibited sustained local inflammatory innate responses, whereas local effector T-cell responses were induced earlier in the younger animals. Circulating lipid mediator and cytokine levels highlighted increased repair-associated signals in the younger animals, and persistent pro-inflammatory responses in the older animals. In summary, despite similar disease outcomes, multi-omics profiling suggests that age may delay or impair antiviral cellular immune responses and delay efficient return to immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Speranza
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jyothi N Purushotham
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.,The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julia R Port
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Meaghan Flagg
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Brandi N Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Manmeet Singh
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Lizzette Pérez-Pérez
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Gail L Sturdevant
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Lydia M Roberts
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Aaron Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan E Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Patrick W Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Catharine M Bosio
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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15
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Sarfas C, White AD, Sibley L, Morrison AL, Gullick J, Lawrence S, Dennis MJ, Marsh PD, Fletcher HA, Sharpe SA. Characterization of the Infant Immune System and the Influence and Immunogenicity of BCG Vaccination in Infant and Adult Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:754589. [PMID: 34707617 PMCID: PMC8542880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.754589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is given as close to birth as possible to protect infants and children from severe forms of TB. However, BCG has variable efficacy and is not as effective against adult pulmonary TB. At present, most animal models used to study novel TB vaccine candidates rely on the use of adult animals. Human studies show that the infant immune system is different to that of an adult. Understanding how the phenotypic profile and functional ability of the immature host immune system compares to that of a mature adult, together with the subsequent BCG immune response, is critical to ensuring that new TB vaccines are tested in the most appropriate models. BCG-specific immune responses were detected in macaques vaccinated within a week of birth from six weeks after immunization indicating that neonatal macaques are able to generate a functional cellular response to the vaccine. However, the responses measured were significantly lower than those typically observed following BCG vaccination in adult rhesus macaques and infant profiles were skewed towards the activation and attraction of macrophages and monocytes and the synthesis in addition to release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. The frequency of specific immune cell populations changed significantly through the first three years of life as the infants developed into young adult macaques. Notably, the CD4:CD8 ratio significantly declined as the macaques aged due to a significant decrease in the proportion of CD4+ T-cells relative to a significant increase in CD8+ T-cells. Also, the frequency of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressing the memory marker CD95, and memory subset populations including effector memory, central memory and stem cell memory, increased significantly as animals matured. Infant macaques, vaccinated with BCG within a week of birth, possessed a significantly higher frequency of CD14+ classical monocytes and granulocytes which remained different throughout the first three years of life compared to unvaccinated age matched animals. These findings, along with the increase in monokines following vaccination in infants, may provide an insight into the mechanism by which vaccination with BCG is able to provide non-specific immunity against non-mycobacterial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sarfas
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D White
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Sibley
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra L Morrison
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie Gullick
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Lawrence
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Mike J Dennis
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Marsh
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A Fletcher
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A Sharpe
- National Infection Service, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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16
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Onabajo OO, Lewis MG, Mattapallil JJ. GALT CD4 +PD-1 hi T follicular helper (Tfh) cells repopulate after anti-retroviral therapy. Cell Immunol 2021; 366:104396. [PMID: 34157462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are characterized by dramatic alterations in the mucosal CD4 T cell compartment. Though viremia is effectively suppressed, and peripheral CD4 T cell numbers recover to near healthy levels after highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), some of the dysfunctional consequences of HIV infection continue to persist during therapy. We hypothesized that CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) cell deficiencies may play a role in this process. Using the macaque model we show that SIV infection was associated with a significant loss of Tfh cells in the GALT that drain the mesentery lining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Loss of Tfh cells significantly correlated with the depletion of the overall memory CD4 T cell compartment; most Tfh cells in the GALT expressed a CD95+CD28+ memory phenotype suggesting that infection of the memory compartment likely drives the loss of GALT Tfh cells during infection. Continuous anti-retroviral therapy (cART) was accompanied by a significant repopulation of Tfh cells in the GALT to levels similar to those of uninfected animals. Repopulating Tfh cells displayed significantly higher capacity to produce IL-21 as compared to SIV infected animals suggesting that cART fully restores Tfh cells that are functionally capable of supporting GC reactions in the GALT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Lin WHW, Moran E, Adams RJ, Sievers RE, Hauer D, Godin S, Griffin DE. A durable protective immune response to wild-type measles virus infection of macaques is due to viral replication and spread in lymphoid tissues. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/537/eaax7799. [PMID: 32238577 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax7799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with wild-type (WT) measles virus (MeV) is an important cause of childhood mortality that leads to lifelong protective immunity in survivors. WT MeV and the live-attenuated MeV used in the measles vaccine (LAMV) are antigenically similar, but the determinants of attenuation are unknown, and protective immunity induced by LAMV is less robust than that induced by WT MeV. To identify factors that contribute to these differences, we compared virologic and immunologic responses after respiratory infection of rhesus macaques with WT MeV or LAMV. In infected macaques, WT MeV replicated efficiently in B and T lymphocytes with spreading throughout lymphoid tissues resulting in prolonged persistence of viral RNA. In contrast, LAMV replicated efficiently in the respiratory tract but displayed limited spread to lymphoid tissue or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In vitro, WT MeV and LAMV replicated similarly in macaque primary respiratory epithelial cells and human lymphocytes, but LAMV-infected lymphocytes produced little virus. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-12, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), CCL2, CCL11, CXCL9, and CXCL11 increased in macaques after WT MeV but not LAMV infection. WT MeV infection induced more protective neutralizing, hemagglutinin-specific antibodies and bone marrow plasma cells than did LAMV infection, although numbers of MeV-specific IFN-γ- and IL-4-producing T cells were comparable. Therefore, MeV attenuation may involve altered viral replication in lymphoid tissue that limited spread and decreased the host antibody response, suggesting a link between lifelong protective immunity and the ability of WT MeV, but not LAMV, to spread in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsuan W Lin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eileen Moran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert J Adams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Robert E Sievers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Debra Hauer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Diane E Griffin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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18
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Gramatica A, Schwarzer R, Brantley W, Varco-Merth B, Sperber HS, Hull PA, Montano M, Migueles SA, Rosenthal D, Hogan LE, Johnson JR, Packard TA, Grimmett ZW, Herzig E, Besnard E, Nekorchuk M, Hsiao F, Deeks SG, Snape M, Kiernan B, Roan NR, Lifson JD, Estes JD, Picker LJ, Verdin E, Krogan NJ, Henrich TJ, Connors M, Ott M, Pillai SK, Okoye AA, Greene WC. Evaluating a New Class of AKT/mTOR Activators for HIV Latency Reversing Activity Ex Vivo and In Vivo. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02393-20. [PMID: 33536176 PMCID: PMC8103695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02393-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An ability to activate latent HIV-1 expression could benefit many HIV cure strategies, but the first generation of latency reversing agents (LRAs) has proven disappointing. We evaluated AKT/mTOR activators as a potential new class of LRAs. Two glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors (GSK-3i's), SB-216763 and tideglusib (the latter already in phase II clinical trials) that activate AKT/mTOR signaling were tested. These GSK-3i's reactivated latent HIV-1 present in blood samples from aviremic individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the absence of T cell activation, release of inflammatory cytokines, cell toxicity, or impaired effector function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes or NK cells. However, when administered in vivo to SIV-infected rhesus macaques on suppressive ART, tideglusib exhibited poor pharmacodynamic properties and resulted in no clear evidence of significant SIV latency reversal. Whether alternative pharmacological formulations or combinations of this drug with other classes of LRAs will lead to an effective in vivo latency-reversing strategy remains to be determined.IMPORTANCE If combined with immune therapeutics, latency reversing agents (LRAs) have the potential to reduce the size of the reservoir sufficiently that an engineered immune response can control the virus in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. We have identified a new class of LRAs that do not induce T-cell activation and that are able to potentiate, rather than inhibit, CD8+ T and NK cell cytotoxic effector functions. This new class of LRAs corresponds to inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3. In this work, we have also studied the effects of one member of this drug class, tideglusib, in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. When tested in vivo, however, tideglusib showed unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, which resulted in lack of SIV latency reversal. The disconnect between our ex vivo and in vivo results highlights the importance of developing next generation LRAs with pharmacological properties that allow systemic drug delivery in relevant anatomical compartments harboring latent reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gramatica
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Roland Schwarzer
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William Brantley
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin Varco-Merth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Hannah S Sperber
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
- Free University of Berlin, Institute of Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip A Hull
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mauricio Montano
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Migueles
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Danielle Rosenthal
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Louise E Hogan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas A Packard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zachary W Grimmett
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eytan Herzig
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Emilie Besnard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Feng Hsiao
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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19
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Strategies for Liver Transplantation Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052253. [PMID: 33668238 PMCID: PMC7956766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver transplant (LT) recipients require life-long immunosuppression (IS) therapy to preserve allograft function. The risks of chronic IS include an increased frequency of malignancy, infection, renal impairment, and other systemic toxicities. Despite advances in IS, long-term LT outcomes have not been improved over the past three decades. Standard-of-care (SoC) therapy can, in rare cases, lead to development of operational tolerance that permits safe withdrawal of maintenance IS. However, successful IS withdrawal cannot be reliably predicted and, in current prospective studies, is attempted several years after the transplant procedure, after considerable exposure to the cumulative burden of maintenance therapy. A recent pilot clinical trial in liver tolerance induction demonstrated that peri-transplant immunomodulation, using a regulatory T-cell (Treg) approach, can reduce donor-specific alloreactivity and allow early IS withdrawal. Herein we review protocols for active tolerance induction in liver transplantation, with a focus on identifying tolerogenic cell populations, as well as barriers to tolerance. In addition, we propose the use of novel IS agents to promote immunomodulatory mechanisms favoring tolerance. With numerous IS withdrawal trials underway, improved monitoring and use of novel immunomodulatory strategies will help provide the necessary knowledge to establish an active liver tolerance induction protocol for widespread use.
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20
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Esaulova E, Das S, Singh DK, Choreño-Parra JA, Swain A, Arthur L, Rangel-Moreno J, Ahmed M, Singh B, Gupta A, Fernández-López LA, de la Luz Garcia-Hernandez M, Bucsan A, Moodley C, Mehra S, García-Latorre E, Zuniga J, Atkinson J, Kaushal D, Artyomov MN, Khader SA. The immune landscape in tuberculosis reveals populations linked to disease and latency. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:165-178.e8. [PMID: 33340449 PMCID: PMC7878437 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) latently infects approximately one-fourth of the world's population. The immune mechanisms that govern progression from latent (LTBI) to active pulmonary TB (PTB) remain poorly defined. Experimentally Mtb-infected non-human primates (NHP) mirror the disease observed in humans and recapitulate both PTB and LTBI. We characterized the lung immune landscape in NHPs with LTBI and PTB using high-throughput technologies. Three defining features of PTB in macaque lungs include the influx of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), an Interferon (IFN)-responsive macrophage population, and activated T cell responses. In contrast, a CD27+ Natural killer (NK) cell subset accumulated in the lungs of LTBI macaques. This NK cell population was also detected in the circulation of LTBI individuals. This comprehensive analysis of the lung immune landscape will improve the understanding of TB immunopathogenesis, providing potential targets for therapies and vaccines for TB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jose Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | - Amanda Swain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura Arthur
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bindu Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Ananya Gupta
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Luis Alejandro Fernández-López
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | - Maria de la Luz Garcia-Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Allison Bucsan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington 70112, Louisiana
| | - Chivonne Moodley
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington 70112, Louisiana
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington 70112, Louisiana
| | - Ethel García-Latorre
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica I, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | - Joaquin Zuniga
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas," Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico City 07320 Mexico
| | - Jeffrey Atkinson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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21
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T Cell Immunity against Influenza: The Long Way from Animal Models Towards a Real-Life Universal Flu Vaccine. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020199. [PMID: 33525620 PMCID: PMC7911237 DOI: 10.3390/v13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current flu vaccines rely on the induction of strain-specific neutralizing antibodies, which leaves the population vulnerable to drifted seasonal or newly emerged pandemic strains. Therefore, universal flu vaccine approaches that induce broad immunity against conserved parts of influenza have top priority in research. Cross-reactive T cell responses, especially tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract, provide efficient heterologous immunity, and must therefore be a key component of universal flu vaccines. Here, we review recent findings about T cell-based flu immunity, with an emphasis on tissue-resident memory T cells in the respiratory tract of humans and different animal models. Furthermore, we provide an update on preclinical and clinical studies evaluating T cell-evoking flu vaccines, and discuss the implementation of T cell immunity in real-life vaccine policies.
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22
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Le Hingrat Q, Sereti I, Landay AL, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. The Hitchhiker Guide to CD4 + T-Cell Depletion in Lentiviral Infection. A Critical Review of the Dynamics of the CD4 + T Cells in SIV and HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695674. [PMID: 34367156 PMCID: PMC8336601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell depletion is pathognomonic for AIDS in both HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. It occurs early, is massive at mucosal sites, and is not entirely reverted by antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly if initiated when T-cell functions are compromised. HIV/SIV infect and kill activated CCR5-expressing memory and effector CD4+ T-cells from the intestinal lamina propria. Acute CD4+ T-cell depletion is substantial in progressive, nonprogressive and controlled infections. Clinical outcome is predicted by the mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery during chronic infection, with no recovery occurring in rapid progressors, and partial, transient recovery, the degree of which depends on the virus control, in normal and long-term progressors. The nonprogressive infection of African nonhuman primate SIV hosts is characterized by partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell restoration, despite high viral replication. Complete, albeit very slow, recovery of mucosal CD4+ T-cells occurs in controllers. Early ART does not prevent acute mucosal CD4+ T-cell depletion, yet it greatly improves their restoration, sometimes to preinfection levels. Comparative studies of the different models of SIV infection support a critical role of immune activation/inflammation (IA/INFL), in addition to viral replication, in CD4+ T-cell depletion, with immune restoration occurring only when these parameters are kept at bay. CD4+ T-cell depletion is persistent, and the recovery is very slow, even when both the virus and IA/INFL are completely controlled. Nevertheless, partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery is sufficient for a healthy life in natural hosts. Cell death and loss of CD4+ T-cell subsets critical for gut health contribute to mucosal inflammation and enteropathy, which weaken the mucosal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, a major driver of IA/INFL. In turn, IA/INFL trigger CD4+ T-cells to become either viral targets or apoptotic, fueling their loss. CD4+ T-cell depletion also drives opportunistic infections, cancers, and comorbidities. It is thus critical to preserve CD4+ T cells (through early ART) during HIV/SIV infection. Even in early-treated subjects, residual IA/INFL can persist, preventing/delaying CD4+ T-cell restoration. New therapeutic strategies limiting mucosal pathology, microbial translocation and IA/INFL, to improve CD4+ T-cell recovery and the overall HIV prognosis are needed, and SIV models are extensively used to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- HIV Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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23
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Shanmugasundaram U, Bucsan AN, Ganatra SR, Ibegbu C, Quezada M, Blair RV, Alvarez X, Velu V, Kaushal D, Rengarajan J. Pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis control associates with CXCR3- and CCR6-expressing antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 cell recruitment. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137858. [PMID: 32554933 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific (M. tuberculosis-specific) T cell responses associated with immune control during asymptomatic latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remain poorly understood. Using a nonhuman primate aerosol model, we studied the kinetics, phenotypes, and functions of M. tuberculosis antigen-specific T cells in peripheral and lung compartments of M. tuberculosis-infected asymptomatic rhesus macaques by longitudinally sampling blood and bronchoalveolar lavage, for up to 24 weeks postinfection. We found substantially higher frequencies of M. tuberculosis-specific effector and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ in the airways compared with peripheral blood, and these frequencies were maintained throughout the study period. Moreover, M. tuberculosis-specific IL-17+ and IL-17+IFN-γ+ double-positive T cells were present in the airways but were largely absent in the periphery, suggesting that balanced mucosal Th1/Th17 responses are associated with LTBI. The majority of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells that homed to the airways expressed the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and coexpressed CCR6. Notably, CXCR3+CD4+ cells were found in granulomatous and nongranulomatous regions of the lung and inversely correlated with M. tuberculosis burden. Our findings provide insights into antigen-specific T cell responses associated with asymptomatic M. tuberculosis infection that are relevant for developing better strategies to control TB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shashank R Ganatra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melanie Quezada
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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24
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White AD, Sarfas C, Sibley LS, Gullick J, Clark S, Rayner E, Gleeson F, Català M, Nogueira I, Cardona PJ, Vilaplana C, Dennis MJ, Williams A, Sharpe SA. Protective Efficacy of Inhaled BCG Vaccination Against Ultra-Low Dose Aerosol M. tuberculosis Challenge in Rhesus Macaques. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050394. [PMID: 32344890 PMCID: PMC7284565 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten million cases of tuberculosis (TB) were reported in 2018 with a further 1.5 million deaths attributed to the disease. Improved vaccination strategies are urgently required to tackle the ongoing global TB epidemic. In the absence of a validated correlate of protection, highly characterised pre-clinical models are required to assess the protective efficacy of new vaccination strategies. In this study, we demonstrate the application of a rhesus macaque ultra-low dose (ULD) aerosol M. tuberculosis challenge model for the evaluation of TB vaccination strategies by directly comparing the immunogenicity and efficacy of intradermal (ID) and aerosol BCG vaccination delivered using a portable vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN). Aerosol- and ID-delivered Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induced comparable frequencies of IFN-γ spot forming units (SFU) measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by ELISpot, although the induction of IFN-γ SFU was significantly delayed following aerosol immunisation. This delayed response was also apparent in an array of secreted pro-inflammatory and chemokine markers, as well as in the frequency of antigen-specific cytokine producing CD4 and CD8 T-cells measured by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Interrogation of antigen-specific memory T-cell phenotypes revealed that vaccination-induced CD4 and CD8 T-cell populations primarily occupied the central memory (TCM) and transitional effector memory (TransEM) phenotype, and that the frequency of CD8 TCM and TransEM populations was significantly higher in aerosol BCG-vaccinated animals in the week prior to M. tuberculosis infection. The total and lung pathology measured following M. tuberculosis challenge was significantly lower in vaccinated animals relative to the unvaccinated control group and pathology measured in extra-pulmonary tissues was significantly reduced in aerosol BCG-vaccinated animals, relative to the ID-immunised group. Similarly, significantly fewer viable M. tuberculosis CFU were recovered from the extra-pulmonary tissues of aerosol BCG-vaccinated macaques relative to unvaccinated animals. In this study, a rhesus macaque ULD M. tuberculosis aerosol challenge model was applied as a refined and sensitive system for the evaluation of TB vaccine efficacy and to confirm that aerosol BCG vaccination delivered by portable VMN can confer a significant level of protection that is equivalent, and by some measures superior, to intradermal BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. White
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (C.S.); (L.S.S.); (J.G.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (M.J.D.); (A.W.); (S.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-198-061-2100
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (C.S.); (L.S.S.); (J.G.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (M.J.D.); (A.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Laura S. Sibley
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (C.S.); (L.S.S.); (J.G.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (M.J.D.); (A.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Jennie Gullick
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (C.S.); (L.S.S.); (J.G.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (M.J.D.); (A.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Simon Clark
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (C.S.); (L.S.S.); (J.G.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (M.J.D.); (A.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Emma Rayner
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (C.S.); (L.S.S.); (J.G.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (M.J.D.); (A.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | | | - Martí Català
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Isabel Nogueira
- Servei de Radiodiagnòstic, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, 08916 Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.-J.C.); (C.V.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0. 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.-J.C.); (C.V.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0. 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mike J. Dennis
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (C.S.); (L.S.S.); (J.G.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (M.J.D.); (A.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Ann Williams
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (C.S.); (L.S.S.); (J.G.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (M.J.D.); (A.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sally A. Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (C.S.); (L.S.S.); (J.G.); (S.C.); (E.R.); (M.J.D.); (A.W.); (S.A.S.)
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25
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Pollara J, Edwards RW, Jha S, Lam CYK, Liu L, Diedrich G, Nordstrom JL, Huffman T, Pickeral JA, Denny TN, Permar SR, Ferrari G. Redirection of Cord Blood T Cells and Natural Killer Cells for Elimination of Autologous HIV-1-Infected Target Cells Using Bispecific DART® Molecules. Front Immunol 2020; 11:713. [PMID: 32373131 PMCID: PMC7186435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 remains a major global health challenge. Currently, HIV-1-infected infants require strict lifelong adherence to antiretroviral therapy to prevent replication of virus from reservoirs of infected cells, and to halt progression of disease. There is a critical need for immune interventions that can be deployed shortly after infection to eliminate HIV-1-infected cells in order to promote long-term remission of viremia, or to potentially cure pediatric HIV-1-infection. Bispecific HIV × CD3 DART® molecules able to co-engage the HIV-1 envelope protein on the surface of infected cells and CD3 on cytolytic T cells have been previously shown to eliminate HIV-1 infected cells in vitro and are candidates for passive immunotherapy to reduce the virus reservoir. However, their potential utility as therapy for infant HIV-1 infection is unclear as the ability of these novel antibody-based molecules to work in concert with cells of the infant immune system had not been assessed. Here, we use human umbilical cord blood as a model of the naïve neonatal immune system to evaluate the ability of HIV x CD3 DART molecules to recruit and redirect neonatal effector cells for elimination of autologous CD4+ T cells infected with HIV-1 encoding an envelope gene sequenced from a mother-to-child transmission event. We found that HIV × CD3 DART molecules can redirect T cells present in cord blood for elimination of HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. However, we observed reduced killing by T cells isolated from cord blood when compared to cells isolated from adult peripheral blood-likely due to the absence of the memory and effector CD8+ T cells that are most cytolytic when redirected by bispecific DART molecules. We also found that newly developed HIV × CD16 DART molecules were able to recruit CD16-expressing natural killer cells from cord blood to eliminate HIV-infected cells, and the activity of cord blood natural killer cells could be substantially increased by priming with IL-15. Our results support continued development of HIV-specific DART molecules using relevant preclinical animal models to optimize strategies for effective use of this immune therapy to reduce HIV-1 infection in pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - R Whitney Edwards
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Liqin Liu
- Macrogenics, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Tori Huffman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Joy A Pickeral
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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26
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Steiniger BS, Raimer L, Ecke A, Stuck BA, Cetin Y. Plasma cells, plasmablasts, and AID +/CD30 + B lymphoblasts inside and outside germinal centres: details of the basal light zone and the outer zone in human palatine tonsils. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:55-75. [PMID: 32172287 PMCID: PMC7343761 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) in human palatine tonsils are predominantly located in the germinal centres (GCs), in the subepithelial space and near the deep connective tissue septa surrounding each crypt. We analysed the location, phenotype, and proliferation of GC PCs by immunohistology comparing them to PCs in the other two locations. Most PCs in GCs were strongly positive for CD38, CD138, CD27, IRF4, and intracellular (ic) IgG. They often accumulated in the basal light zone, but could also be found scattered in the entire light zone. In addition, rows of PCs occurred at the surface of the GC bordering the mantle zone, i.e., in the outer zone, and at the surface of the dark zone. The latter cells were often continuous with PCs in the extrafollicular area. The vast majority of GC PCs were negative for Ki-67. Only a few Ki-67+ plasmablasts, predominantly icIgG+ or icIgM+, were found inside GCs. In certain GCs PCs accumulated around capillaries and the adjacent perikarya of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). Newly formed PCs might migrate from the basal to the superficial part of the light zone and then back to the dark zone surface to leave the GC. This guarantees an even distribution of secreted Ig for exchange with immune complexes on FDCs. The surface of the dark zone may also be an exit site for Ki-67+CD30+ B lymphoblasts, which seed perifollicular and extrafollicular sites. We speculate that these cells tend to downmodulate CD20 and activation-induced deaminase and further up-regulate CD30 when developing into pre-plasmablasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte S Steiniger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Linda Raimer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anja Ecke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Boris A Stuck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Marburg, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yalcin Cetin
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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27
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Pampusch MS, Haran KP, Hart GT, Rakasz EG, Rendahl AK, Berger EA, Connick E, Skinner PJ. Rapid Transduction and Expansion of Transduced T Cells with Maintenance of Central Memory Populations. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 16:1-10. [PMID: 31673565 PMCID: PMC6816036 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells show great promise in treating cancers and viral infections. However, most protocols developed to expand T cells require relatively long periods of time in culture, potentially leading to progression toward populations of terminally differentiated effector memory cells. Here, we describe in detail a 9-day protocol for CAR gene transduction and expansion of primary rhesus macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cells produced and expanded with this method show high levels of viability, high levels of co-expression of two transduced genes, retention of the central memory phenotype, and sufficient quantity for immunotherapeutic infusion of 1-2 × 108 cells/kg in a 10 kg rhesus macaque. This 9-day protocol may be broadly used for CAR-T cell and other T cell immunotherapy approaches to decrease culture time and increase maintenance of central memory populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S. Pampusch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kumudhini Preethi Haran
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Hart
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Aaron K. Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Edward A. Berger
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Pamela J. Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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28
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Magden ER, Nehete BP, Chitta S, Williams LE, Simmons JH, Abee CR, Nehete PN. Comparative Analysis of Cellular Immune Responses in Conventional and SPF Olive Baboons ( Papio anubis). Comp Med 2020; 70:160-169. [PMID: 32014083 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Olive baboons (P. anubis) have provided a useful model of human diseases and conditions, including cardiac, respiratory, and infectious diseases; diabetes; and involving genetics, immunology, aging, and xenotransplantation. The development of a immunologically defined SPF baboons has advanced research further, especially for studies involving the immune system and immunosuppression. In this study, we compare normal immunologic changes of PBMC subsets, and their function in age-matched conventional and SPF baboons. Our results revealed that both groups have comparable numbers of different lymphocyte subsets, but phenotypic differences in central and effector memory T-cell subsets are more pronounced in CD4+ T cells. Despite equal proportions of CD3+ T cells among the conventional and SPF baboons, PBMC from the conventional group showed greater proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen and higher numbers of IFNγ-producing cells after stimulation with concanavalin A or pokeweed mitogen, whereas plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine TNFα were significantly higher in SPF baboons. Exposure of PBMC from conventional baboons to various Toll-like (TLR) ligands, including TLR3, TLR4, and TLR8, yielded increased numbers of IFNγ producing cells, whereas PBMC from SPF baboons stimulated with TLR5 or TLR6 ligand had more IFNγ-producing cells. These findings suggest that although lymphocyte subsets share many phenotypic and functional similarities in conventional and SPF baboons, specific differences in the immune function of lymphocytes could differentially influence the quality and quantity of their innate and adaptive immune responses. These differences should be considered in interpreting experimental outcomes, specifically in studies measuring immunologic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Magden
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bharti P Nehete
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas;,
| | - Sriram Chitta
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lawrence E Williams
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joe H Simmons
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Christian R Abee
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Pramod N Nehete
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Bastrop, Department of Comparative Medicine, Houston, Texas; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
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29
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Lugli E, Galletti G, Boi SK, Youngblood BA. Stem, Effector, and Hybrid States of Memory CD8 + T Cells. Trends Immunol 2019; 41:17-28. [PMID: 31810790 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell immunological memory of past antigen exposure can confer long-lived protection against infections or tumors. The fact that CD8+ memory T cells can have features of both naïve and effector cells has forced the field to struggle with several conceptual questions about the developmental origin of the cell and, consequently, the mechanism(s) that contribute to memory development. Here, we discuss recent conceptual advances in our understanding of memory T cell development that incorporate data describing a hybrid stem and/or effector state of differentiation. We theorize that the mechanisms involved in developing these cells could be mediated, in part, through epigenetic programs. Finally, we consider the potential therapeutic implications of inducing and/or utilizing such hybrid cells clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Lugli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Shannon K Boi
- St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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30
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Walker EM, Slisarenko N, Gerrets GL, Kissinger PJ, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ, Veazey RS, Jazwinski SM, Rout N. Inflammaging phenotype in rhesus macaques is associated with a decline in epithelial barrier-protective functions and increased pro-inflammatory function in CD161-expressing cells. GeroScience 2019; 41:739-757. [PMID: 31713098 PMCID: PMC6925095 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of chronic inflammation, called inflammaging, contributes to the pathogenesis of age-related diseases. Although it is known that both B and T lymphocyte compartments of the adaptive immune system deteriorate with advancing age, the impact of aging on immune functions of Th17-type CD161-expressing innate immune cells and their role in inflammaging remain incompletely understood. Here, utilizing the nonhuman primate model of rhesus macaques, we report that a dysregulated Th17-type effector function of CD161+ immune cells is associated with leaky gut and inflammatory phenotype of aging. Higher plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, GM-CSF, IL-12, and Eotaxin correlated with elevated markers of gut permeability including LPS-binding protein (LBP), intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), and sCD14 in aging macaques. Further, older macaques displayed significantly lower frequencies of circulating Th17-type immune cells comprised of CD161+ T cell subsets, NK cells, and innate lymphoid cells. Corresponding with the increased markers of gut permeability, production of the type-17 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 was impaired in CD161+ T cell subsets and NK cells, along with a skewing towards IFN-γ cytokine production. These findings suggest that reduced frequencies of CD161+ immune cells along with a specific loss in Th17-type effector functions contribute to impaired gut barrier integrity and systemic inflammation in aging macaques. Modulating type-17 immune cell functions via cytokine therapy or dietary interventions towards reducing chronic inflammation in inflammaging individuals may have the potential to prevent or delay age-related chronic diseases and improve immune responses in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith M Walker
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Giovanni L Gerrets
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Patricia J Kissinger
- School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Center for Comparative Medicine and California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Center for Comparative Medicine and California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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31
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Trivett MT, Burke JD, Deleage C, Coren LV, Hill BJ, Jain S, Barsov EV, Breed MW, Kramer JA, Del Prete GQ, Lifson JD, Swanstrom AE, Ott DE. Preferential Small Intestine Homing and Persistence of CD8 T Cells in Rhesus Macaques Achieved by Molecularly Engineered Expression of CCR9 and Reduced Ex Vivo Manipulation. J Virol 2019; 93:e00896-19. [PMID: 31434738 PMCID: PMC6803279 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00896-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is a powerful experimental approach to directly study T-cell-mediated immunity in vivo In the rhesus macaque AIDS virus model, infusing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected animals with CD8 T cells engineered to express anti-SIV T-cell receptor specificities enables direct experimentation to better understand antiviral T-cell immunity in vivo Limiting factors in ACT experiments include suboptimal trafficking to, and poor persistence in, the secondary lymphoid tissues targeted by AIDS viruses. Previously, we redirected CD8 T cells to B-cell follicles by ectopic expression of the CXCR5 homing protein. Here, we modify peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived CD8 T cells to express the CCR9 chemokine receptor, which induces preferential homing of the engineered cells to the small intestine, a site of intense early AIDS virus replication and pathology in rhesus macaques. Additionally, we increase in vivo persistence and overall systemic distribution of infused CD8 T cells, especially in secondary lymphoid tissues, by minimizing ex vivo culture/manipulation, thereby avoiding the loss of CD28+/CD95+ central memory T cells by differentiation in culture. These proof-of-principle results establish the feasibility of preferentially localizing PBMC-derived CD8 T cells to the small intestine and enables the direct experimental ACT-based assessment of the potential role of the quality and timing of effective antiviral CD8 T-cell responses to inhibit viral infection and subsequent replication in small intestine CD4 T cells. More broadly, these results support the engineered expression of homing proteins to direct CD8 T cells to target tissues as a means for both experimental and potential therapeutic advances in T-cell immunotherapies, including cancer.IMPORTANCEAdoptive cell transfer (ACT) of T cells engineered with antigen-specific effector properties can deliver targeted immune responses against malignancies and infectious diseases. Current T-cell-based therapeutic ACT relies on circulatory distribution to deliver engineered T cells to their targets, an approach which has proven effective for some leukemias but provided only limited efficacy against solid tumors. Here, engineered expression of the CCR9 homing receptor redirected CD8 T cells to the small intestine in rhesus macaque ACT experiments. Targeted homing of engineered T-cell immunotherapies holds promise to increase the effectiveness of adoptively transferred cells in both experimental and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Trivett
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James D Burke
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lori V Coren
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brenna J Hill
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sumiti Jain
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Eugene V Barsov
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew W Breed
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua A Kramer
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrienne E Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David E Ott
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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32
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Chung H, Kim HJ, Kim JS, Yoon IH, Min BH, Shin JS, Kim JM, Lee WW, Park CG. CD4 + /CD8 + T-cell ratio correlates with the graft fate in pig-to-non-human primate islet xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2019; 27:e12562. [PMID: 31642566 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenogeneic islet transplantation using porcine pancreata has been a promising option for substituting human islet transplantation. Moreover, recent advances in pre-clinical results have put islet xenotransplantation closer to the possibility of clinical application. While preparing for the era of clinical xenotransplantation, developing non-invasive immune monitoring method which could predict the graft fate could benefit the patient. However, there are few reports showing predictive immune parameters associated with the fate of the graft in islet xenotransplantation. METHODS The absolute number and ratio of T-cell subsets have been measured via flow cytometry from the peripheral blood of 16 rhesus monkeys before and after porcine islet xenotransplantation. The correlation between the graft survival and the absolute number or ratio of T cells was retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS The ratio of CD4+ versus CD8+ T cells was significantly reduced due to CD8+ effector memory cells' increase. Correlation analyses revealed that CD4+ /CD8+ , CD4+ /CD8+ naïve, CD4+ naïve/CD8+ naïve, and CD4+ central memory/CD8+ naïve cell ratios negatively correlated with the duration of graft survival. Conversely, further analyses discovered strong, positive correlation of CD4+ /CD8+ cell ratios within the early graft-rejected monkeys (≤60 days). CONCLUSIONS This retrospective study demonstrated that CD4+ /CD8+ ratios correlated with graft survival, especially in recipients which rejected the graft in early post-transplantation periods. CD4+ /CD8+ ratios could be used as a surrogate marker to predict the graft fate in pig-to-NHP islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Chung
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Je Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Hee Yoon
- VHS Veterans Medical Research Institute, VHS Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Min
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Seop Shin
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Woo Lee
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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33
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Wagar LE, Bolen CR, Sigal N, Lopez Angel CJ, Guan L, Kirkpatrick BD, Haque R, Tibshirani RJ, Parsonnet J, Petri WA, Davis MM. Increased T Cell Differentiation and Cytolytic Function in Bangladeshi Compared to American Children. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2239. [PMID: 31620139 PMCID: PMC6763580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first 5 years of life, children are especially vulnerable to infection-related morbidity and mortality. Conversely, the Hygiene Hypothesis suggests that a lack of exposure to infectious agents early in life could explain the increasing incidence of allergies and autoimmunity in high-income countries. Understanding these phenomena, however, is hampered by a lack of comprehensive, direct immune monitoring in children with differing degrees of microbial exposure. Using mass cytometry, we provide an in-depth profile of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of children in regions at the extremes of exposure: the San Francisco Bay Area, USA and an economically poor district of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Despite variability in clinical health, functional characteristics of PBMCs were similar in Bangladeshi and American children at 1 year of age. However, by 2–3 years of age, Bangladeshi children's immune cells often demonstrated altered activation and cytokine production profiles upon stimulation with PMA-ionomycin, with an overall immune trajectory more in line with American adults. Conversely, immune responses in children from the US remained steady. Using principal component analysis, donor location, ethnic background, and cytomegalovirus infection status were found to account for some of the variation identified among samples. Within Bangladeshi 1-year-olds, stunting (as measured by height-for-age z-scores) was found to be associated with IL-8 and TGFβ expression in PMA-ionomycin stimulated samples. Combined, these findings provide important insights into the immune systems of children in high vs. low microbial exposure environments and suggest an important role for IL-8 and TGFβ in mitigating the microbial challenges faced by the Bangladeshi children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Wagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Christopher R Bolen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Sigal
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Cesar J Lopez Angel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Leying Guan
- Data Sciences and Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Robert J Tibshirani
- Data Sciences and Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Departments of Medicine and of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine, Pathology, and Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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34
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Gender differences in innate responses and gene expression profiles in memory CD4 T cells are apparent very early during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221159. [PMID: 31490965 PMCID: PMC6730907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression and comorbidities have been extensively reported. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus macaque model, we show that these differences are apparent very early during the course of infection. Though there were no major changes in the proportions of CD4 T cells or its subsets, central memory CD4 T cells from female macaques were found to differentially regulate a significantly larger number of genes at day 4 post-infection (PI) as compared to males. Pathway analysis revealed divergence of both canonical and biological pathways that persisted at day 10 PI. Changes in gene expression profiles were accompanied by a significant increase in plasma levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as MCP-1/CCL2, I-TAC/CXCL11, and MIF. Though plasma levels of IFNα did not differ between male and female macaques, the expression levels of IFNα subtype-14, 16, IFNβ, and IFNω were significantly upregulated in the lymph nodes of female macaques at day 10 PI as compared to male macaques. Our results suggest that the pathogenic sequelae seen during chronic infection may be shaped by gender differences in immune responses induced very early during the course of HIV infection.
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35
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Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV.CH505 Infection of Rhesus Macaques Results in Persistent Viral Replication and Induces Intestinal Immunopathology. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00372-19. [PMID: 31217249 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00372-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) have been utilized to test vaccine efficacy and characterize mechanisms of viral transmission and pathogenesis. However, the majority of SHIVs currently available have significant limitations in that they were developed using sequences from chronically HIV-infected individuals or uncommon HIV subtypes or were optimized for the macaque model by serially passaging the engineered virus in vitro or in vivo Recently, a newly developed SHIV, SHIV.C.CH505.375H.dCT (SHIV.CH505), which incorporates vpu-env (gp140) sequences from a transmitted/founder HIV-1 subtype C strain, was shown to retain attributes of primary HIV-1 strains. However, a comprehensive analysis of the immunopathology that results from infection with this virus, especially in critical tissue compartments like the intestinal mucosa, has not been completed. In this study, we evaluated the viral dynamics and immunopathology of SHIV.CH505 in rhesus macaques. In line with previous findings, we found that SHIV.CH505 is capable of infecting and replicating efficiently in rhesus macaques, resulting in peripheral viral kinetics similar to that seen in pathogenic SIV and HIV infection. Furthermore, we observed significant and persistent depletions of CCR5+ and CCR6+ CD4+ T cells in mucosal tissues, decreases in CD4+ T cells producing Th17 cell-associated cytokines, CD8+ T cell dysfunction, and alterations of B cell and innate immune cell function, indicating that SHIV.CH505 elicits intestinal immunopathology typical of SIV/HIV infection. These findings suggest that SHIV.CH505 recapitulates the early viral replication dynamics and immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection of humans and thus can serve as a new model for HIV-1 pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention research.IMPORTANCE The development of chimeric SHIVs has been instrumental in advancing our understanding of HIV-host interactions and allowing for in vivo testing of novel treatments. However, many of the currently available SHIVs have distinct drawbacks and are unable to fully reflect the features characteristic of primary SIV and HIV strains. Here, we utilize rhesus macaques to define the immunopathogenesis of the recently developed SHIV.CH505, which was designed without many of the limitations of previous SHIVs. We observed that infection with SHIV.CH505 leads to peripheral viral kinetics and mucosal immunopathogenesis comparable with those caused by pathogenic SIV and HIV. Overall, these data provide evidence of the value of SHIV.CH505 as an effective model of SIV/HIV infection and an important tool that can be used in future studies, including preclinical testing of new therapies or prevention strategies.
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36
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Mulvihill MS, Samy KP, Gao QA, Schmitz R, Davis RP, Ezekian B, Leopardi F, Song M, How T, Williams K, Barbas A, Collins B, Kirk AD. Secondary lymphoid tissue and costimulation-blockade resistant rejection: A nonhuman primate renal transplant study. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:2350-2357. [PMID: 30891931 PMCID: PMC6658331 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Naïve T cell activation requires antigen presentation combined with costimulation through CD28, both of which optimally occur in secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes and the spleen. Belatacept impairs CD28 costimulation by binding its ligands, CD80 and CD86, and in doing so, impairs de novo alloimmune responses. However, in most patients belatacept is ineffective in preventing allograft rejection when used as a monotherapy, and adjuvant therapy is required for control of costimulation-blockade resistant rejection (CoBRR). In rodent models, impaired access to secondary lymphoid tissues has been demonstrated to reduce alloimmune responses to vascularized allografts. Here we show that surgical maneuvers, lymphatic ligation, and splenectomy, designed to anatomically limit access to secondary lymphoid tissues, control CoBRR and facilitate belatacept monotherapy in a nonhuman primate model of kidney transplantation without adjuvant immunotherapy. We further demonstrate that animals sustained on belatacept monotherapy progressively develop an increasingly naïve T and B cell repertoire, an effect that is accelerated by splenectomy and lost at the time of belatacept withdrawal and rejection. These pilot data inform the role of secondary lymphoid tissues on the development of CoBRR and the use of costimulation molecule-focused therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Mulvihill
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kannan P Samy
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Qimeng A Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robin Schmitz
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert P Davis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brian Ezekian
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Francis Leopardi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mingqing Song
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tam How
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kyha Williams
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew Barbas
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bradley Collins
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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37
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Jergović M, Contreras NA, Nikolich-Žugich J. Impact of CMV upon immune aging: facts and fiction. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:263-269. [PMID: 31004198 PMCID: PMC6635032 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by significant defects in immunity and compromised responses to new, previously unencountered microbial pathogens. Most humans carry several persistent or latent viruses as they age, interacting with the host immune systems for years. In that context maybe the most studied persistent virus is Cytomegalovirus, infamous for its ability to recruit very large T cell responses which increase with age and to simultaneously evade elimination by the immune system. Here we will address how lifelong CMV infection and the immunological burden of its control might affect immune reactivity and health of the host over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Jergović
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA
| | - Nico A Contreras
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA.
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, 1501 N Campbell Ave, P.O. Box 221245, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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38
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Liechti T, Roederer M. OMIP-060: 30-Parameter Flow Cytometry Panel to Assess T Cell Effector Functions and Regulatory T Cells. Cytometry A 2019; 95:1129-1134. [PMID: 31334913 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We developed this comprehensive 28-color flow cytometry panel with the aim to measure a variety of T cell effector functions in combination with T cell differentiation markers (CCR7, CD27, CD28, CD45RO, CD95) in γδ T cells and CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells (Table 1). The effector functions measured in this panel include activation and co-stimulatory molecules (CD69, CD137, and CD154), cytokines (IL-2, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, TNF, and IFNγ), the chemokine IL-8, cytotoxic molecules (perforin and granzyme B), and the degranulation marker CD107a. In addition, Ki67 enables the identification and analysis of recently activated T cells. To characterize regulatory T cells (Tregs ), we included CD25, CD39, and the canonical Tregs transcription factor FoxP3. We developed and optimized this panel for cryopreserved human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. However, we successfully tested other types of stimulation such as staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) or a mix of immunodominant peptides (CEF peptide pool) from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and influenza. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liechti
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
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39
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Marshall EE, Malouli D, Hansen SG, Gilbride RM, Hughes CM, Ventura AB, Ainslie E, Selseth AN, Ford JC, Burke D, Kreklywich CN, Womack J, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Kahl C, Streblow D, Edlefsen PT, Picker LJ, Früh K. Enhancing safety of cytomegalovirus-based vaccine vectors by engaging host intrinsic immunity. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaaw2603. [PMID: 31316006 PMCID: PMC6830438 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV)-based vaccines maintain effector memory T cell responses (TEM) that protect ~50% of rhesus monkeys (RMs) challenged with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Because human CMV (HCMV) causes disease in immunodeficient subjects, clinical translation will depend upon attenuation strategies that reduce pathogenic potential without sacrificing CMV's unique immunological properties. We demonstrate that "intrinsic" immunity can be used to attenuate strain 68-1 RhCMV vectors without impairment of immunogenicity. The tegument proteins pp71 and UL35 encoded by UL82 and UL35 of HCMV counteract cell-intrinsic restriction via degradation of host transcriptional repressors. When the corresponding RhCMV genes, Rh110 and Rh59, were deleted from 68-1 RhCMV (ΔRh110 and ΔRh59), we observed only a modest growth defect in vitro, but in vivo, these modified vectors manifested little to no amplification at the injection site and dissemination to distant sites, in contrast to parental 68-1 RhCMV. ΔRh110 was not shed at any time after infection and was not transmitted to naïve hosts either by close contact (mother to infant) or by leukocyte transfusion. In contrast, ΔRh59 was both shed and transmitted by leukocyte transfusion, indicating less effective attenuation than pp71 deletion. The T cell immunogenicity of ΔRh110 was essentially identical to 68-1 RhCMV with respect to magnitude, TEM phenotype, epitope targeting, and durability. Thus, pp71 deletion preserves CMV vector immunogenicity while stringently limiting vector spread, making pp71 deletion an attractive attenuation strategy for HCMV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Marshall
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Scott G Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Roxanne M Gilbride
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Colette M Hughes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Abigail B Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Emily Ainslie
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Andrea N Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Julia C Ford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - David Burke
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Craig N Kreklywich
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jennie Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Christoph Kahl
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Generating and maintaining a diverse repertoire of naive T cells is essential for protection against pathogens, and developing a mechanistic and quantitative description of the processes involved lies at the heart of our understanding of vertebrate immunity. Here, we review the biology of naive T cells from birth to maturity and outline how the integration of mathematical models and experiments has helped us to develop a full picture of their life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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41
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Thompson HL, Smithey MJ, Uhrlaub JL, Jeftić I, Jergović M, White SE, Currier N, Lang AM, Okoye A, Park B, Picker LJ, Surh CD, Nikolich-Žugich J. Lymph nodes as barriers to T-cell rejuvenation in aging mice and nonhuman primates. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12865. [PMID: 30430748 PMCID: PMC6351843 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In youth, thymic involution curtails production of new naïve T cells, placing the onus of T-cell maintenance upon secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). This peripheral maintenance preserves the size of the T-cell pool for much of the lifespan, but wanes in the last third of life, leading to a dearth of naïve T cells in blood and SLO, and contributing to suboptimal immune defense. Both keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and sex steroid ablation (SSA) have been shown to transiently increase the size and cellularity of the old thymus. It is less clear whether this increase can improve protection of old animals from infectious challenge. Here, we directly measured the extent to which thymic rejuvenation benefits the peripheral T-cell compartment of old mice and nonhuman primates. Following treatment of old animals with either KGF or SSA, we observed robust rejuvenation of thymic size and cellularity, and, in a reporter mouse model, an increase in recent thymic emigrants (RTE) in the blood. However, few RTE were found in the spleen and even fewer in the lymph nodes, and SSA-treated mice showed no improvement in immune defense against West Nile virus. In parallel, we found increased disorganization and fibrosis in old LN of both mice and nonhuman primates. These results suggest that SLO defects with aging can negate the effects of successful thymic rejuvenation in immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Thompson
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
| | - Megan J. Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
| | - Jennifer L. Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
| | - Ilija Jeftić
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
| | - Mladen Jergović
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
| | - Sarah E. White
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Honors College; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona
| | - Noreen Currier
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute; Oregon Health and Science University; Beaverton Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center; Beaverton Oregon
| | - Anna M. Lang
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute; Oregon Health and Science University; Beaverton Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center; Beaverton Oregon
| | - Afam Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute; Oregon Health and Science University; Beaverton Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center; Beaverton Oregon
| | - Byung Park
- Knight Cancer Center; Oregon Health and Science University; Portland Oregon
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute; Oregon Health and Science University; Beaverton Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center; Beaverton Oregon
| | - Charles D. Surh
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology; Institute for Basic Science; Pohang South Korea
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang South Korea
- Division of Developmental Immunology; La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology; California
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Arizona Center on Aging; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson; Tucson Arizona
- Oregon National Primate Research Center; Beaverton Oregon
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42
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Dijkman K, Sombroek CC, Vervenne RAW, Hofman SO, Boot C, Remarque EJ, Kocken CHM, Ottenhoff THM, Kondova I, Khayum MA, Haanstra KG, Vierboom MPM, Verreck FAW. Prevention of tuberculosis infection and disease by local BCG in repeatedly exposed rhesus macaques. Nat Med 2019; 25:255-262. [PMID: 30664782 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the deadliest infectious disease1, and the widely used Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine fails to curb the epidemic. An improved vaccination strategy could provide a cost-effective intervention to break the transmission cycle and prevent antimicrobial resistance2,3. Limited knowledge of the host responses critically involved in protective immunity hampers the development of improved TB vaccination regimens. Therefore, assessment of new strategies in preclinical models to select the best candidate vaccines before clinical vaccine testing remains indispensable. We have previously established in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that pulmonary mucosal BCG delivery reduces TB disease where standard intradermal injection fails4,5. Here, we show that pulmonary BCG prevents infection by using a repeated limiting-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge model and identify polyfunctional T-helper type 17 (TH17) cells, interleukin-10 and immunoglobulin A as correlates of local protective immunity. These findings warrant further research into mucosal immunization strategies and their translation to clinical application to more effectively prevent the spread of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dijkman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Sam O Hofman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Charelle Boot
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
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43
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Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. Nonhuman Primate Models of Immunosenescence. HANDBOOK OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121907 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to a dramatic increase in life expectancy, the number of individuals aged 65 and older is rapidly rising. This presents considerable challenges to our health care system since advanced age is associated with a higher susceptibility to infectious diseases due to immune senescence. However, the mechanisms underlying age-associated dysregulated immunity are still incompletely understood. Advancement in our comprehension of mechanisms of immune senescence and development of interventions to improve health span requires animal models that closely recapitulate the physiological changes that occur with aging in humans. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are invaluable preclinical models to study the underlying causal mechanism of pathogenesis due to their outbred nature, high degree of genetic and physiological similarity to humans, and their susceptibility to human pathogens. In this chapter, we review NHP models available for biogerontology research, advantages and challenges they present, and advances they facilitated. Furthermore, we emphasize the utility of NHPs in characterizing immune senescence, evaluating interventions to reverse aging of the immune system, and development of vaccine strategies that are better suited for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Division of Geriatrics Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Withers SS, Moore PF, Chang H, Choi JW, McSorley SJ, Kent MS, Monjazeb AM, Canter RJ, Murphy WJ, Sparger EE, Rebhun RB. Multi-color flow cytometry for evaluating age-related changes in memory lymphocyte subsets in dogs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:64-74. [PMID: 29859828 PMCID: PMC6197816 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While dogs are increasingly being utilized as large-animal models of disease, important features of age-related immunosenescence in the dog have yet to be evaluated due to the lack of defined naïve vs. memory T lymphocyte phenotypes. We therefore performed multi-color flow cytometry on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from young and aged beagles, and determined the differential cytokine production by proposed memory subsets. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in aged dogs displayed increased cytokine production, and decreased proliferative capacity. Antibodies targeting CD45RA and CD62L, but less so CD28 or CD44, defined canine cells that consistently exhibited properties of naïve-, central memory-, effector memory-, and terminal effector-like CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets. Older dogs demonstrated decreased frequencies of naïve-like CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and an increased frequency of terminal effector-like CD8+ T lymphocytes. Overall findings revealed that aged dogs displayed features of immunosenescence similar to those reported in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita S Withers
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter F Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hong Chang
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jin W Choi
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, County Road 98 & Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, County Road 98 & Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael S Kent
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4501 X Street, G-140, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Robert J Canter
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4501 X Street, G-140, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95716, USA
| | - Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Center for Companion Animal Health, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Baliu-Piqué M, Verheij MW, Drylewicz J, Ravesloot L, de Boer RJ, Koets A, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM. Short Lifespans of Memory T-cells in Bone Marrow, Blood, and Lymph Nodes Suggest That T-cell Memory Is Maintained by Continuous Self-Renewal of Recirculating Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2054. [PMID: 30254637 PMCID: PMC6141715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T-cells are essential to maintain long-term immunological memory. It is widely thought that the bone marrow (BM) plays an important role in the long-term maintenance of memory T-cells. There is controversy however on the longevity and recirculating kinetics of BM memory T-cells. While some have proposed that the BM is a reservoir for long-lived, non-circulating memory T-cells, it has also been suggested to be the preferential site for memory T-cell self-renewal. In this study, we used in vivo deuterium labeling in goats to simultaneously quantify the average turnover rates—and thereby expected lifespans—of memory T-cells from BM, blood and lymph nodes (LN). While the fraction of Ki-67 positive cells, a snapshot marker for recent cell division, was higher in memory T-cells from blood compared to BM and LN, in vivo deuterium labeling revealed no substantial differences in the expected lifespans of memory T-cells between these compartments. Our results support the view that the majority of memory T-cells in the BM are self-renewing as fast as those in the periphery, and are continuously recirculating between the blood, BM, and LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Baliu-Piqué
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Myrddin W Verheij
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lars Ravesloot
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rob J de Boer
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ad Koets
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - José A M Borghans
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Kurupati RK, Zhou X, Xiang Z, Keller LH, Ertl HCJ. Safety and immunogenicity of a potential checkpoint blockade vaccine for canine melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1533-1544. [PMID: 30051333 PMCID: PMC7080056 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human immunotherapy with checkpoint blockades has achieved significant breakthroughs in recent years. In this study, a checkpoint blockade vaccine for canine melanoma was tested for safety and immunogenicity. Five healthy adult dogs received a mixture of three replication-defective chimpanzee-derived adenoviral vectors, one expressing mouse fibroblast-associated protein (mFAP) and the others expressing canine melanoma-associated antigens Trp-1 or Trp-2 fused into Herpes Simplex-1 glycoprotein D, a checkpoint inhibitor of herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) pathways. The vaccine mixture was shown to be well tolerated and increased frequencies of canineTrp-1-specific activated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells secreting interferon-(IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, or interleukin (IL)-2 alone or in combinations in four and five out of five dogs, respectively. To avoid excessive bleeds, responses to cTrp-2 were not analyzed. All dogs responded with increased frequencies of mFAP-specific activated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. The results of this safety/immunogenicity trial invite further testing of this checkpoint blockade vaccine combination in dogs with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Kurupati
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiangyang Zhou
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhiquan Xiang
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Subclinical Cytomegalovirus Infection Is Associated with Altered Host Immunity, Gut Microbiota, and Vaccine Responses. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00167-18. [PMID: 29669841 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00167-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Subclinical viral infections (SVI), including cytomegalovirus (CMV), are highly prevalent in humans, resulting in lifelong persistence. However, the impact of SVI on the interplay between the host immunity and gut microbiota in the context of environmental exposures is not well defined. We utilized the preclinical nonhuman primate (NHP) model consisting of SVI-free (specific-pathogen-free [SPF]) rhesus macaques and compared them to the animals with SVI (non-SPF) acquired through natural exposure and investigated the impact of SVI on immune cell distribution and function, as well as on gut microbiota. These changes were examined in animals housed in the outdoor environment compared to the controlled indoor environment. We report that SVI are associated with altered immune cell subsets and gut microbiota composition in animals housed in the outdoor environment. Non-SPF animals harbored a higher proportion of potential butyrate-producing Firmicutes and higher numbers of lymphocytes, effector T cells, and cytokine-producing T cells. Surprisingly, these differences diminished following their transfer to the controlled indoor environment, suggesting that non-SPFs had increased responsiveness to environmental exposures. An experimental infection of indoor SPF animals with CMV resulted in an increased abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, validating that CMV enhanced colonization of butyrate-producing commensals. Finally, non-SPF animals displayed lower antibody responses to influenza vaccination compared to SPF animals. Our data show that subclinical CMV infection heightens host immunity and gut microbiota changes in response to environmental exposures. This may contribute to the heterogeneity in host immune response to vaccines and environmental stimuli at the population level.IMPORTANCE Humans harbor several latent viruses that modulate host immunity and commensal microbiota, thus introducing heterogeneity in their responses to pathogens, vaccines, and environmental exposures. Most of our understanding of the effect of CMV on the immune system is based on studies of children acquiring CMV or of immunocompromised humans with acute or reactivated CMV infection or in ageing individuals. The experimental mouse models are genetically inbred and are completely adapted to the indoor laboratory environment. In contrast, nonhuman primates are genetically outbred and are raised in the outdoor environment. Our study is the first to report the impact of long-term subclinical CMV infection on host immunity and gut microbiota, which is evident only in the outdoor environment but not in the indoor environment. The significance of this study is in highlighting the impact of SVI on enhancing host immune susceptibility to environmental exposures and immune heterogeneity.
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Abstract
Humans have a close phylogenetic relationship with nonhuman primates (NHPs) and share many physiological parallels, such as highly similar immune systems, with them. Importantly, NHPs can be infected with many human or related simian viruses. In many cases, viruses replicate in the same cell types as in humans, and infections are often associated with the same pathologies. In addition, many reagents that are used to study the human immune response cross-react with NHP molecules. As such, NHPs are often used as models to study viral vaccine efficacy and antiviral therapeutic safety and efficacy and to understand aspects of viral pathogenesis. With several emerging viral infections becoming epidemic, NHPs are proving to be a very beneficial benchmark for investigating human viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Taraseviciute A, Tkachev V, Ponce R, Turtle CJ, Snyder JM, Liggitt HD, Myerson D, Gonzalez-Cuyar L, Baldessari A, English C, Yu A, Zheng H, Furlan SN, Hunt DJ, Hoglund V, Finney O, Brakke H, Blazar BR, Berger C, Riddell SR, Gardner R, Kean LS, Jensen MC. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell-Mediated Neurotoxicity in Nonhuman Primates. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:750-763. [PMID: 29563103 PMCID: PMC6058704 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of refractory leukemias and lymphomas, but is associated with significant toxicities, namely cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity. A major barrier to developing therapeutics to prevent CAR T cell-mediated neurotoxicity is the lack of clinically relevant models. Accordingly, we developed a rhesus macaque (RM) model of neurotoxicity via adoptive transfer of autologous CD20-specific CAR T cells. Following cyclophosphamide lymphodepletion, CD20 CAR T cells expand to 272 to 4,450 cells/μL after 7 to 8 days and elicit CRS and neurotoxicity. Toxicities are associated with elevated serum IL6, IL8, IL1RA, MIG, and I-TAC levels, and disproportionately high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL6, IL2, GM-CSF, and VEGF levels. During neurotoxicity, both CD20 CAR and non-CAR T cells accumulate in the CSF and in the brain parenchyma. This RM model demonstrates that CAR T cell-mediated neurotoxicity is associated with proinflammatory CSF cytokines and a pan-T cell encephalitis.Significance: We provide the first immunologically relevant, nonhuman primate model of B cell-directed CAR T-cell therapy-mediated CRS and neurotoxicity. We demonstrate CAR and non-CAR T-cell infiltration in the CSF and in the brain during neurotoxicity resulting in pan-encephalitis, accompanied by increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the CSF. Cancer Discov; 8(6); 750-63. ©2018 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 663.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Taraseviciute
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Victor Tkachev
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Jessica M Snyder
- Deparment of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - H Denny Liggitt
- Deparment of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David Myerson
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Audrey Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chris English
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alison Yu
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hengqi Zheng
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Scott N Furlan
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Daniel J Hunt
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Virginia Hoglund
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Olivia Finney
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hannah Brakke
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Carolina Berger
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Rebecca Gardner
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Leslie S Kean
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael C Jensen
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Lim SY, Osuna CE, Hraber PT, Hesselgesser J, Gerold JM, Barnes TL, Sanisetty S, Seaman MS, Lewis MG, Geleziunas R, Miller MD, Cihlar T, Lee WA, Hill AL, Whitney JB. TLR7 agonists induce transient viremia and reduce the viral reservoir in SIV-infected rhesus macaques on antiretroviral therapy. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaao4521. [PMID: 29720451 PMCID: PMC5973480 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can halt HIV-1 replication but fails to target the long-lived latent viral reservoir. Several pharmacological compounds have been evaluated for their ability to reverse HIV-1 latency, but none has demonstrably reduced the latent HIV-1 reservoir or affected viral rebound after the interruption of ART. We evaluated orally administered selective Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonists GS-986 and GS-9620 for their ability to induce transient viremia in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and treated with suppressive ART. In an initial dose-escalation study, and a subsequent dose-optimization study, we found that TLR7 agonists activated multiple innate and adaptive immune cell populations in addition to inducing expression of SIV RNA. We also observed TLR7 agonist-induced reductions in SIV DNA and measured inducible virus from treated animals in ex vivo cell cultures. In a second study, after stopping ART, two of nine treated animals remained aviremic for more than 2 years, even after in vivo CD8+ T cell depletion. Moreover, adoptive transfer of cells from aviremic animals could not induce de novo infection in naïve recipient macaques. These findings suggest that TLR7 agonists may facilitate reduction of the viral reservoir in a subset of SIV-infected rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yon Lim
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christa E Osuna
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter T Hraber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M Gerold
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Srisowmya Sanisetty
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | - Alison L Hill
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James B Whitney
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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