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Thomas SA, Clements-Nolle KD, Wagner KD, Omaye S, Lu M, Yang W. Adverse childhood experiences, antenatal stressful life events, and marijuana use during pregnancy: A population-based study. Prev Med 2023; 174:107656. [PMID: 37543311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and antenatal stressful life events (ASLEs) are independently associated with marijuana use during pregnancy. However, research has not explored how both exposures may influence marijuana use jointly. Assessing the joint associations of ACEs and recent ASLEs on marijuana use can identify people who may benefit from early intervention. Data come from the Nevada Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2017-2020 (N = 2483). We assessed eight measures of ACEs before age 18 and fourteen measures of ASLEs twelve months before giving birth. Generalized estimating equations estimated the direct and joint associations (additive and multiplicative interaction) of ACEs and ASLEs on marijuana use during pregnancy. 9.8% used marijuana during the most recent pregnancy. Compared to people who reported no ACEs, those reporting 1 ACE (adjusted prevalence ratio[aPR] = 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30-2.94), 3 ACEs (aPR = 3.58, 95%CI = 2.69-4.77), and 4+ ACEs (aPR = 3.67, 95%CI = 2.36-5.72) were more likely to use marijuana. Compared to people reporting no ASLEs, those reporting 4+ ASLEs (aPR = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.64-5.92) were more likely to use marijuana. There was evidence of interaction for high ACE and ASLE exposure on an additive scale. ACEs and ASLEs were independently associated with marijuana use during pregnancy, and there was evidence of additive interaction. Screening for ACEs and ASLEs during pregnancy, referrals to appropriate behavioral health services, and trauma-informed approaches are important to address marijuana use during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Thomas
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Kristen D Clements-Nolle
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Karla D Wagner
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Stanley Omaye
- College of Agriculture, Biotechnology, & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Minggen Lu
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Thomas SA, Clements-Nolle KD, Wagner KD, Omaye S, Lu M, Yang W. Protective Environmental Factors and Opioid Use Among Sexual Minority Youth. Am J Health Behav 2023; 47:618-627. [PMID: 37596742 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.47.3.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Nonmedical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) is a pressing public health concern and affects sexual minority youth (SMY) at greater rates than heterosexual youth. We investigated whether protective environmental factors-(1) Human Rights Campaign's state equality index (SEI) and (2) supportive school environments for LGBTQ youth, influenced NMUPO among SMY and non-SMY students. Methods: We combined data from the 2017-2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2016-2018 School Health Profiles, state-level socio-demographic and SEI data across 24 states (N=156,149). Generalized linear mixed models examined associations between (1) SEI and (2) supportive school environments for LGBTQ youth, with NMUPO, accounting for clustering at the school-and state-level. Results: Before adjustment, we found that youth in states with higher SEI were significantly less likely to engage in NMUPO compared to students in states with lower SEI, a relationship that became non-significant after adjustment. After adjusting for individual-and state-level indicators, SMY in states with supportive school environments for LGBTQ youth were less likely to engage in NMUPO. Conclusions: Supportive school environments for LGBTQ youth may play an important role in the health of SMY. Establishing more inclusive policies and supportive environments within schools may reduce NMUPO among SMY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Thomas
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | | | - Karla D Wagner
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Stanley Omaye
- College of Agriculture, Biotechnology, & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Minggen Lu
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
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Thomas SA, Wagner KD, Clements-Nolle KD, Omaye S, Lu M, Yang W. Associations between Circumstances Surrounding Overdose and Underlying Classes of Polysubstance Overdose Deaths. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:434-443. [PMID: 36617896 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2165414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overdose crisis is worsening, with polysubstance overdose deaths involving psychostimulants increasing in the U.S. Substance-specific prevention and intervention activities may not be as effective for polysubstance use, so we sought to classify substances used among overdose decedents to identify unique factors related to these classes. METHODS We used data from the Nevada State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System, Jan 2019-Jun 2021, which comes from death certificates, coroner/medical examiner reports, and postmortem toxicology. Latent class analysis, multinomial logistic regression, and Chi-squared tests determined underlying drug use classes, differences in characteristics and circumstances surrounding overdose, and assessed relationships between circumstances and drug use classes. RESULTS We identified four latent classes: (1) prescription drugs (19.1%), (2) predominately methamphetamine (31.4%), (3) multi-drug (28.9%), and (4) opioid and stimulant (20.6%). Compared to other classes, the prescription drug class had a higher percentage of female decedents, from rural counties, with mental health diagnoses, who died at home. The predominately methamphetamine class had a higher percentage of decedents experiencing homelessness. The multi-drug use class had higher percentage of younger and Hispanic decedents. Those in the opioid and stimulant class had higher odds of being recently released from an institutional setting, compared to the multi drug class. CONCLUSIONS These underlying classes were associated with several characteristics and circumstances that can prove useful for prevention, treatment, and harm reduction agencies when designing programs and interventions to target specific groups of people at-risk for drug overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Thomas
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Karla D Wagner
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Stanley Omaye
- College of Agriculture, Biotechnology, & Natural Resources, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Minggen Lu
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Thomas SA, Dinwiddie AT, Monroy E. Notes from the Field: Increase in Drug Overdose Deaths Among Hispanic or Latino Persons — Nevada, 2019–2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:667-669. [PMID: 35551435 PMCID: PMC9098250 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7119a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dowling NA, Francis KL, Dixon R, Merkouris SS, Thomas SA, Frydenberg E, Jackson AC. "It Runs in Your Blood": Reflections from Treatment Seeking Gamblers on Their Family History of Gambling. J Gambl Stud 2020; 37:689-710. [PMID: 32671673 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-020-09959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are considerable gaps in our understanding of the familial transmission of gambling problems. This convergent mixed-methods study aimed to explore the: (1) sources of heterogeneity in the familial (paternal, maternal, and sibling) transmission of gambling problems; (2) degree to which family-of-origin characteristics are associated with family-of-origin problem gambling; and (3) beliefs of gamblers about the nature of the familial transmission of problem gambling. The sample consisted of 97 treatment-seeking gamblers in Australia. One-quarter (25.5%) of participants reported that at least one family member (16.5% father, 7.5% mother, 7.6% siblings) living with them when they were growing up had a gambling problem. Most participants reported that family members with a positive history of problem gambling were biological relatives, lived with them full-time, and experienced long-term difficulties with gambling. Participants with a family history of problem gambling were young (less than 12 years of age) at the onset of parental, but not sibling, problem gambling, were women, and reported difficulties with the same gambling activity as their family member. Participants raised in families with problem gambling were more likely to report parental separation (risk ratio [RR] = 2.32) and divorce (RR = 2.83), and extreme family financial hardship (RR = 1.80), as well as low levels of paternal authoritative parenting than participants raised in non-problem gambling families. Qualitatively, both social learning and genetics were perceived to play a central role in the familial transmission of gambling problems. These findings inform theories of the familial transmission of gambling problems and the design of targeted prevention and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Deakin Geelong, Geelong, Australia. .,Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - K L Francis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R Dixon
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - S S Merkouris
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Deakin Geelong, Geelong, Australia
| | - S A Thomas
- Research School in Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,International Primary Health Care Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - E Frydenberg
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - A C Jackson
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Bhutta ZA, Qureshi I, Shujauddin M, Thomas SA, Masood M, Dsouza LB, Iqbal N, Irfan FB, Pathan SA, Thomas SH. Characterizing Agreement in the Level of Interarm Blood Pressure Readings of Adults in the Emergency Department (CALIBRATE Study). Qatar Med J 2020; 2020:14. [PMID: 32391250 PMCID: PMC7198471 DOI: 10.5339/qmj.2020.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased interarm systolic blood pressure difference (IASBPD) is one of the major predictors of cardiovascular disease. An IASBPD of >10 mmHg is of clinical significance. However, studies have reported a high number of patients visiting the emergency department (ED) with high IASBPD and varying correlation of IASBPD to age, ethnic background, and comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. Objective: The CALIBRATE study aimed to measure the IABPDs in the multiethnic patient population presenting to the ED in Qatar and to assess the distribution of IASBPD in this population. Methods: In a sitting position, two consecutive blood pressure (BP) measurements were recorded from the right and left arms for each participant using a calibrated automated machine and appropriate cuff sizes. The data were recorded using predefined data fields, including patient demographics, past medical, and social and family history. The continuous variables were reported as mean or median based on the distribution of data. The data were analyzed using Stata MP 14.0. Results: A total of 1800 patients, with a mean age of 34 (10) years, were prospectively recruited from the ED. The median absolute systolic BP difference (ΔSBP) between the right and left arms was 6 (3-10) mmHg, and it was the same for the first (ΔSBP1) and the second readings (ΔSBP2). The absolute average of ΔSBP1 and ΔSBP2 was 7 (4-10) mmHg. The difference in systolic BP difference (SBP) of < 20 mmHg for interarm blood pressure was seen in the 95th percentile of the population. No meaningful association could be detected between the IABPD and the study variables such as age, demographics, regions of interest, and risk factors. Conclusion: In population presenting to the ED, the IASBPD of at least 20 mmHg reached at the 95th percentile, validating the known significant difference. The utility of SBP difference can be improved further by taking the average of two individual readings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Bhutta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - I Qureshi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Shujauddin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - S A Thomas
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Masood
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - L B Dsouza
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - N Iqbal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Weil Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - F B Irfan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - S A Pathan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Urquhart MA, Ross JA, Reyes BAS, Nitikman M, Thomas SA, Mackie K, Van Bockstaele EJ. Noradrenergic depletion causes sex specific alterations in the endocannabinoid system in the Murine prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100164. [PMID: 31193575 PMCID: PMC6535650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain endocannabinoids (eCB), acting primarily via the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1r), are involved in the regulation of many physiological processes, including behavioral responses to stress. A significant neural target of eCB action is the stress-responsive norepinephrine (NE) system, whose dysregulation is implicated in myriad psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Using Western blot analysis, the protein expression levels of a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the eCB 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), diacylglycerol lipase-α (DGL-α), and two eCB degrading enzymes monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) were examined in a mouse model that lacks the NE-synthesizing enzyme, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH-knockout, KO) and in rats treated with N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP-4). In the prefrontal cortex (PFC), DGL-α protein expression was significantly increased in male and female DβH-KO mice (P < 0.05) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. DβH-KO male mice showed significant decreases in FAAH protein expression compared to WT male mice. Consistent with the DβH-KO results, DGL-α protein expression was significantly increased in male DSP-4-treated rats (P < 0.05) when compared to saline-treated controls. MGL and FAAH protein expression levels were significantly increased in male DSP-4 treated rats compared to male saline controls. Finally, we investigated the anatomical distribution of MGL and FAAH in the NE containing axon terminals of the PFC using immunoelectron microscopy. MGL was predominantly within presynaptic terminals while FAAH was localized to postsynaptic sites. These results suggest that the eCB system may be more responsive in males than females under conditions of NE perturbation, thus having potential implications for sex-specific treatment strategies of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Urquhart
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - J A Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - B A S Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - M Nitikman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - S A Thomas
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - K Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405-2204, USA
| | - E J Van Bockstaele
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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Merkouris SS, Thomas SA, Browning CJ, Dowling NA. Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 48:7-31. [PMID: 27372437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to synthesise the evidence relating to pre-treatment predictors of gambling outcomes following psychological treatment for disordered gambling across multiple time-points (i.e., post-treatment, short-term, medium-term, and long-term). A systematic search from 1990 to 2016 identified 50 articles, from which 11 socio-demographic, 16 gambling-related, 21 psychological/psychosocial, 12 treatment, and no therapist-related variables, were identified. Male gender and low depression levels were the most consistent predictors of successful treatment outcomes across multiple time-points. Likely predictors of successful treatment outcomes also included older age, lower gambling symptom severity, lower levels of gambling behaviours and alcohol use, and higher treatment session attendance. Significant associations, at a minimum of one time-point, were identified between successful treatment outcomes and being employed, ethnicity, no gambling debt, personality traits and being in the action stage of change. Mixed results were identified for treatment goal, while education, income, preferred gambling activity, problem gambling duration, anxiety, any psychiatric comorbidity, psychological distress, substance use, prior gambling treatment and medication use were not significantly associated with treatment outcomes at any time-point. Further research involving consistent treatment outcome frameworks, examination of treatment and therapist predictor variables, and evaluation of predictors across long-term follow-ups is warranted to advance this developing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Merkouris
- School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Building 1, 270 Ferntree Gully road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3165, Australia; School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, 3220, Australia.
| | - S A Thomas
- School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Building 1, 270 Ferntree Gully road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3165, Australia; International Institute for Primary Health Care Research, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - C J Browning
- School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Building 1, 270 Ferntree Gully road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3165, Australia; RDNS Institute, RDNS, 31 Alma road, St Kilda, Victoria 3182, Australia; International Institute for Primary Health Care Research, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - N A Dowling
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, 3220, Australia; Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Gambling Research, School of Sociology, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
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Gill BA, Kondratieff BC, Casner KL, Encalada AC, Flecker AS, Gannon DG, Ghalambor CK, Guayasamin JM, Poff NL, Simmons MP, Thomas SA, Zamudio KR, Funk WC. Cryptic species diversity reveals biogeographic support for the 'mountain passes are higher in the tropics' hypothesis. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160553. [PMID: 27306051 PMCID: PMC4920318 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The 'mountain passes are higher in the tropics' (MPHT) hypothesis posits that reduced climate variability at low latitudes should select for narrower thermal tolerances, lower dispersal and smaller elevational ranges compared with higher latitudes. These latitudinal differences could increase species richness at low latitudes, but that increase may be largely cryptic, because physiological and dispersal traits isolating populations might not correspond to morphological differences. Yet previous tests of the MPHT hypothesis have not addressed cryptic diversity. We use integrative taxonomy, combining morphology (6136 specimens) and DNA barcoding (1832 specimens) to compare the species richness, cryptic diversity and elevational ranges of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in the Rocky Mountains (Colorado; approx. 40°N) and the Andes (Ecuador; approx. 0°). We find higher species richness and smaller elevational ranges in Ecuador than Colorado, but only after quantifying and accounting for cryptic diversity. The opposite pattern is found when comparing diversity based on morphology alone, underscoring the importance of uncovering cryptic species to understand global biodiversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Gill
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - B C Kondratieff
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - K L Casner
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - A C Encalada
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, 17-1200-841 Quito, Ecuador
| | - A S Flecker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - D G Gannon
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - C K Ghalambor
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - J M Guayasamin
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, 17-1200-841 Quito, Ecuador Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático, Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Calle Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador
| | - N L Poff
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - M P Simmons
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - S A Thomas
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - K R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - W C Funk
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Abhilash KPP, Mitra S, Arul JJJ, Raj PM, Balaji V, Kannangai R, Thomas SA, Abraham OC. Changing paradigm of cryptococcal meningitis: an eight-year experience from a tertiary hospital in South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 33:25-9. [PMID: 25559998 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.148372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a common opportunistic fungal infection causing sub-acute meningitis with the potential for complications and significant mortality. We conducted this study to describe the difference in presentation and outcome between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients admitted to a tertiary care centre between 2005 and 2013 with confirmed CM were included in the analysis. Details of the clinical presentation, laboratory findings, treatment details, risk factors for infection and outcome were documented and analysed. RESULTS During the study period, 102 (87.2%) cases of CM occurred among HIV infected individuals, whereas 15 (12.8%) occurred among HIV-uninfected patients. HIV-infected patients with CM were younger compared with HIV-uninfected patients (38.2 ± 8.5 years vs. 45 ± 11.5 years; P = 0.07). The median duration of symptoms prior to presentation was shorter in the HIV-infected group (20 ± 32 vs. 30 ± 42; P = 0.03). There was no difference between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocyte counts, CSF protein counts, and CSF sugar levels in both the groups. The diagnostic yield of Cryptococcus was similar with CSF India ink smear (89% vs. 87%), CSF fungal culture (95% vs. 87%), and blood culture (100% vs. 75%) in both the groups. Case fatality rate in the HIV-infected group was 30.6%, whereas there were no deaths in the HIV-uninfected group. CONCLUSION HIV-infected patients with CM have a worse outcome compared to HIV-uninfected patients. The overall trend over 3 decades shows increasingly successful rates of treatment and hence early diagnosis and treatment are of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P P Abhilash
- Department of General Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Cresswell J, Mariappan P, Thomas SA, Khan MS, Johnson MI, Fowler S. Radical cystectomy: Analysis of trends in UK practice 2004–2012, from the British Association of Urological Surgeons’ (BAUS) Section of Oncology Dataset. Journal of Clinical Urology 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415815595325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To analyse the British Association of Urological Surgeons’ (BAUS) radical cystectomy (RC) dataset, to examine the trends in patient selection, use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and operative technique. Methods: Data for RC were entered into a database voluntarily, by operating surgeons. A comparison was made to the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data, to estimate the proportion of cases captured by the dataset. Results: From 2004 to 2012, data was collected on 5321 patients undergoing RC. This constituted 37.1% of all HES RC cases during the corresponding time period. Notable trends were: An increasing use of NAC, the introduction of minimally-invasive surgery (23.5% in 2012), a dramatic reduction in blood transfusion rates and the increasing yields from lymph node dissection. The ileal conduit urinary diversion predominated as the urinary diversion of choice (80% of cases). Conclusions: This analysis of a large multi-centre dataset provides insight into RC practice in the UK, over 8 years. The major weaknesses of the study were that only one-third of cases were recorded and that outcome data was very limited. Mandatory publication of outcome data from 2016 should increase the recording of cases and provide material for a more complete analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cresswell
- Department of Urology, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - P Mariappan
- Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - SA Thomas
- Department of Urology, Royal Derby Hospital, UK
| | - MS Khan
- Department of Urology, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - MI Johnson
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Fowler
- British Association of Urological Surgeons, London, UK
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12
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Dowling NA, Jackson AC, Suomi A, Lavis T, Thomas SA, Patford J, Harvey P, Battersby M, Koziol-McLain J, Abbott M, Bellringer ME. Problem gambling and family violence: prevalence and patterns in treatment-seekers. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1713-7. [PMID: 25117847 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and patterns of family violence in treatment-seeking problem gamblers. Secondary aims were to identify the prevalence of problem gambling in a family violence victimisation treatment sample and to explore the relationship between problem gambling and family violence in other treatment-seeking samples. Clients from 15 Australian treatment services were systematically screened for problem gambling using the Brief Bio-Social Gambling Screen and for family violence using single victimisation and perpetration items adapted from the Hurt-Insulted-Threatened-Screamed (HITS): gambling services (n=463), family violence services (n=95), alcohol and drug services (n=47), mental health services (n=51), and financial counselling services (n=48). The prevalence of family violence in the gambling sample was 33.9% (11.0% victimisation only, 6.9% perpetration only, and 16.0% both victimisation and perpetration). Female gamblers were significantly more likely to report victimisation only (16.5% cf. 7.8%) and both victimisation and perpetration (21.2% cf. 13.0%) than male gamblers. There were no other demographic differences in family violence prevalence estimates. Gamblers most commonly endorsed their parents as both the perpetrators and victims of family violence, followed by current and former partners. The prevalence of problem gambling in the family violence sample was 2.2%. The alcohol and drug (84.0%) and mental health (61.6%) samples reported significantly higher rates of any family violence than the gambling sample, while the financial counselling sample (10.6%) reported significantly higher rates of problem gambling than the family violence sample. The findings of this study support substantial comorbidity between problem gambling and family violence, although this may be accounted for by a high comorbidity with alcohol and drug use problems and other psychiatric disorders. They highlight the need for routine screening, assessment and management of problem gambling and family violence in a range of services.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Australia; Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre, University of Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
| | - A C Jackson
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Suomi
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre, University of Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Gambling Research, The Australian National University, Australia
| | - T Lavis
- Flinders Human Behaviour & Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Australia
| | - S A Thomas
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre, Monash University, Australia
| | - J Patford
- Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Harvey
- Flinders Human Behaviour & Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Australia
| | - M Battersby
- Flinders Human Behaviour & Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Australia
| | - J Koziol-McLain
- Trauma Research Centre, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - M Abbott
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - M E Bellringer
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
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13
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Al Shemaili J, Mensah-Brown E, Parekh K, Thomas SA, Attoub S, Hellman B, Nyberg F, Adem A, Collin P, Adrian TE. Frondoside A enhances the antiproliferative effects of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1391-8. [PMID: 24462376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a very poor prognosis. While gemcitabine is the mainstay of therapy and improves quality of life, it has little impact on survival. More effective treatments are desperately needed for this disease. Frondoside A is a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from the Atlantic sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa. Frondoside A potently inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether frondoside A could enhance the anti-cancer effects of gemcitabine. Effects of frondoside A and gemcitabine alone and in combination on proliferation were investigated in two human pancreatic cancer cell lines, AsPC-1 and S2013. To investigate possible synergistic effects, combinations of low concentrations of the two drugs were used for a 72 h treatment period in vitro. Growth inhibition was significantly greater with the drug combinations than their additive effects. Combinations of frondoside A and gemcitabine were tested in vivo using the athymic mouse model. Xenografts of AsPC-1 and S2013 cells were allowed to form tumours prior to treatment with the drugs alone or in combination for 30 days. Tumours grew rapidly in placebo-treated animals. Tumour growth was significantly reduced in all treatment groups. At the lowest dose tested, gemcitabine (4 mg/kg/dose), combined with frondoside A (100 μg/kg/day) was significantly more effective than with either drug alone. To conclude: The present data suggest that combinations of frondoside A and gemcitabine may provide clinical benefit for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Al Shemaili
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - E Mensah-Brown
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - K Parekh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - S A Thomas
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - S Attoub
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - B Hellman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - F Nyberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - A Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - P Collin
- Coastside Bio Resources, Stonington, Maine, USA
| | - T E Adrian
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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14
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Walker D, Thomas SA, Talbot EJ, Bennett EJ, Starza-Smith A, Da Silva SL. Cerebellar mutism: the rehabilitation challenge in pediatric neuro-oncology: case studies. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2014; 7:333-40. [PMID: 25547885 DOI: 10.3233/prm-140309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar Mutism Syndrome (CMS), also known as posterior fossa syndrome (CMS/PFS), refers to a transient loss of speech followed by dysarthria and is a common complication in the pediatric population following resection of a cerebellar tumor. Recognition and rehabilitation of CMS is critical in the post-operative phases of recovery. Two case studies, including neuropsychological assessments, along with the family and patient's perspectives are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Walker
- Children's Brain Tumor Research Center, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - S A Thomas
- Psychology Service, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - E J Talbot
- Psychology Service, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - E J Bennett
- Psychology Service, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - A Starza-Smith
- Psychology Service, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Stephanie L Da Silva
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Abstract
The multidrug resistance transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), contributes to highly lipophilic molecules penetrating the brain from the blood at a much lower rate than expected, and has numerous substrates, inhibitors and modulators. The drug-transporting isoform of P-gp is coded by a single human gene, ABCB1, and shares 80% homology with the murine drug-transporting isoforms, abcb1a and abcb1b, which share 92% homology with each other. Although these murine isoforms are highly similar, there are known affinity differences between the isoforms, and the localisation of the two isoforms in the brain is also disputed. Studies using mice genetically modified to be deficient in one or both isoforms of P-gp have also resulted in conflicting data. The contribution of the abcb1a isoform, which is considered to contribute most to the central nervous system (CNS)-protective role of P-gp, is investigated in the present study using CF-1-abcb1a(-/-) mice and the well-established brain/choroid plexus perfusion technique. Twenty-minute in situ brain/choroid plexus perfusions in CF-1-abcb1a(-/-) mice indicated the increased accumulation of [(3) H]cortisol, [(3) H]corticosterone and [(3) H]dexamethasone in most of the brain regions examined compared to CF-1-abcb1a(+/+) mice. Taken together with our earlier published studies in abcb1a/b(-/-) mice, these data strongly suggest that the in vivo CNS accumulation of glucocorticoids obtained using single knockout strains [e.g. abcb1a(-/-)] cannot be directly compared with those obtained in double knockout strains [e.g. abcb1a/b(-/-)].
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Mason
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK.
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16
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Adrian TE, Gariballa S, Parekh KA, Thomas SA, Saadi H, Al Kaabi J, Nagelkerke N, Gedulin B, Young AA. Rectal taurocholate increases L cell and insulin secretion, and decreases blood glucose and food intake in obese type 2 diabetic volunteers. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2343-7. [PMID: 22696033 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are secreted from enteroendocrine L cells in response to numerous stimuli, including bile salts. Both have multiple effects that are potentially useful in treating diabetes and obesity. L cell number and hormone content in the intestine are highest in the rectum in humans. We investigated the effects of intrarectal sodium taurocholate on plasma GLP-1, PYY, insulin and glucose concentrations, and on food intake of a subsequent meal. METHODS Ten obese type 2 diabetic volunteers were each studied on five separate occasions after an overnight fast and oral administration of 100 mg sitagliptin 10 h before the study. They then received an intrarectal infusion of either one of four doses of taurocholate (0.66, 2, 6.66 or 20 mmol, each in 20 ml of vehicle) or vehicle alone (1% carboxymethyl cellulose) single-blind over 1 min. Hormone and glucose measurements were made prior to, and for 1 h following, the infusion. The consumption of a previously selected favourite meal eaten to satiety was measured 75 min after the infusion. RESULTS Taurocholate dose-dependently increased GLP-1, PYY and insulin, with 20 mmol doses resulting in peak concentrations 7.2-, 4.2- and 2.6-fold higher, respectively, than those achieved with placebo (p < 0.0001 for each). Plasma glucose decreased by up to 3.8 mmol/l (p < 0.001). Energy intake was decreased dose-dependently by up to 47% (p < 0.0001). The ED(50) values for effects on integrated GLP-1, insulin, PYY, food intake and glucose-lowering responses were 8.1, 10.5, 18.5, 24.2 and 25.1 mmol, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Therapies that increase bile salts (or their mimics) in the distal bowel may be valuable in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Adrian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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17
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Murchison CF, Schutsky K, Jin SH, Thomas SA. Norepinephrine and ß₁-adrenergic signaling facilitate activation of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons during contextual memory retrieval. Neuroscience 2011; 181:109-16. [PMID: 21377513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously described a role for adrenergic signaling in the hippocampus to promote contextual and spatial memory retrieval. A subsequent study performing expression analysis of the immediate-early gene (IEG) Arc suggested that activation of CA1 but not CA3 pyramidal neurons during memory retrieval is impaired in the absence of NE. The current study sought to confirm and extend those observations by performing expression analysis of a second IEG product, Fos, following a much greater variety of testing conditions. In mutant mice lacking NE, induction of Fos was normal in all regions of the hippocampus and amygdala shortly after fear conditioning. In contrast, when testing contextual fear 1 day after training, induction of Fos in CA1 and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), but not CA3, the dentate gyrus or other amygdaloid nuclei, was impaired in the mutant mice. This pattern corresponded to the memory retrieval deficit exhibited by these mice. On the other hand, induction was normal in CA1 and CeA when testing cued fear 1 day after training, or contextual fear 1 week or 1 month after training, conditions in which retrieval are normal in the absence of NE. Acute restoration of NE in the mutant mice before testing but not before training rescued retrieval of contextual fear and restored Fos induction in CA1 and CeA. Because NE facilitates retrieval through the activation of β(1)-adrenergic receptors, β(1) knockout mice were also examined and found to exhibit reduced induction of Fos in CA1 and CeA following retrieval. Based on these and previous results, we hypothesize that adrenergic signaling is critical for the full activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons in response to excitatory input from CA3 pyramidal neurons conveying retrieved contextual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Murchison
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Jarvis CI, Goncalves MB, Clarke E, Dogruel M, Kalindjian SB, Thomas SA, Maden M, Corcoran JPT. Retinoic acid receptor-α signalling antagonizes both intracellular and extracellular amyloid-β production and prevents neuronal cell death caused by amyloid-β. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 32:1246-55. [PMID: 20950278 PMCID: PMC3003897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain, neuronal cell loss and cognitive decline. We show here that retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α signalling in vitro can prevent both intracellular and extracellular Aβ accumulation. RARα signalling increases the expression of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10, an α-secretase that processes the amyloid precursor protein into the non-amyloidic pathway, thus reducing Aβ production. We also show that RARα agonists are neuroprotective, as they prevent Aβ-induced neuronal cell death in cortical cultures. If RARα agonists are given to the Tg2576 mouse, the normal Aβ production in their brains is suppressed. In contrast, neither RARβ nor γ-agonists affect Aβ production or Aβ-mediated neuronal cell death. Therefore, RARα agonists have therapeutic potential for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Jarvis
- The Wolfson Centre For Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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Bennett HE, Thomas SA, Austen R, Morris AMS, Lincoln NB. Validation of screening measures for assessing mood in stroke patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 2010; 45:367-76. [PMID: 17147102 DOI: 10.1348/014466505x58277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are few validated measures to assess mood in stroke patients and even fewer suitable for all stroke patients, including those with communication problems. The aim of this study was to compare the Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire Hospital version (SADQ-H), Signs of Depression Scale (SODS), Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) and Visual Analogue Self-esteem Scale (VASES) in screening for mood problems after stroke. METHODS Fifty healthy older adults and 100 stroke patients in hospital completed the VAMS and VASES. A nurse completed the SADQ-H and SODS in relation to the stroke patients. A relative/carer completed the SADQ-H and SODS in relation to the healthy older adults. Those without communication problems also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS The internal consistency of the scales was low in healthy older adults. In stroke patients the internal consistency of the SADQ-H, VAMS, and VASES was high (alpha = .71-.84) but that of the SODS was low (alpha = .53). In healthy older adults, correlations between the HADS and the VAMS and VASES were high but low between the HADS and SADQ-H and SODS. In stroke patients, the HADS depression scale correlated significantly with all the scales (0.35-0.55) but only the SADQ-H 10, VAMS, and VASES were significantly correlated with the HADS anxiety scale (0.40-0.52). Appropriate cut-offs were found for the SADQ-H (17/18), SADQ-H 10 (5/6), SODS (1/2), and VAMS 'sad' item (22/23) in comparison to depression on the HADS. No appropriate cut-offs were identified in comparison to anxiety on the HADS. CONCLUSIONS The SADQ-H, SADQ-H10 and SODS were all appropriate for screening for possible depression after stroke but not for screening for possible anxiety. The SADQ-H 10 had greater internal consistency and higher sensitivity and specificity than the SODS and is shorter than the SADQ-H. It was also significantly correlated with both the anxiety and depression scales of the HADS. The SADQ-H 10 was therefore recommended as the most appropriate for screening purposes. The VAMS and VASES provided no clear cut-offs for use in screening but scores were highly correlated with the HADS. They are therefore more suitable for assessing severity of low mood rather than for screening purposes. The cut-offs identified need further validation in an independent sample of stroke patients, including a higher proportion with low mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Bennett
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, UK
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20
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Walton TJ, Sherwood BT, Parkinson RJ, Obakponovwe O, Thomas SA, Taylor MC, England RC, Lemberger RJ. Comparative outcomes following endoscopic ureteral detachment and formal bladder cuff excision in open nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol 2008; 181:532-9. [PMID: 19084866 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The introduction of laparoscopic nephroureterectomy highlights the need for the critical appraisal of approaches to the distal ureter at surgery for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. We compared differences after endoscopic ureteral detachment and open bladder cuff excision in nephroureterectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 138 patients underwent open nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma from 1982 to 2005 with a median followup of 43 months. Of these patients 90 underwent endoscopic ureteral detachment and 48 underwent bladder cuff excision. Demographic, perioperative and oncological outcome data were collected in all cases. Statistical analyses were performed using the Student t test, chi-square and log rank tests, and logistic and Cox regression. RESULTS Mean operative duration was significantly lower in the endoscopic detachment group than in the bladder cuff group (p <0.01). There were 49 (54.4%) bladder recurrences in the endoscopic detachment group, of which 8 (16.3%) were muscle invasive and 3 (3.3%) developed at the resection site. There were 23 (47.9%) bladder recurrences in the bladder cuff group, of which 3 (13.0%) were muscle invasive and 2 (4.2%) developed at the resection site. All 5 resection site tumors occurred after excision of muscle invasive distal ureteral tumors and 4 of these had positive margins. There were no differences in recurrence-free survival or disease specific survival between the groups. Operation subtype did not predict oncological outcome on univariate or multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic ureteral detachment reduces operative duration and is associated with equivalent oncological outcomes compared with open bladder cuff excision in nephroureterectomy. Caution should be exercised in patients with low ureteral tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Walton
- Department of Urology, Nottingham City Hospital, United Kingdom.
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21
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Valett HM, Thomas SA, Mulholland PJ, Webster JR, Dahm CN, Fellows CS, Crenshaw CL, Peterson CG. ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS CONTROL OF ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION: N CYCLING IN HEADWATER STREAMS. Ecology 2008; 89:3515-27. [PMID: 19137956 DOI: 10.1890/07-1003.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H M Valett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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22
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Friedmann E, Thomas SA, Inguito P, Kao CW, Metcalf M, Kelley FJ, Gottlieb SS. Quality of life and psychological status of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2007; 17:65-72. [PMID: 17235681 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-006-9053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are effective at reducing mortality in patients at high risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD) but can cause psychological distress and reduce quality of life (QOL). The full benefits of ICDs can only be achieved when the patient's QOL and psychological status are maintained. We examined psychological status and QOL post ICD implantation; the relationship of psychological status to QOL; the relationship of time since implantation to psychological status and QOL; and the relationship of time since ICD implantation and age of patient to these variables. METHODS AND RESULTS A cross-sectional self-administered assessment of QOL, depression, anxiety, demographic characteristics and cardiovascular health history of patients (n = 48) who had received ICDs within the past 10 years at an urban hospital. Patients who had ICDs for longer experienced worse depression and QOL. Patients who were younger had worse depression, anxiety, and QOL. The combination of anxiety, depression, age, and time since ICD implant significantly predicted overall QOL and the psychosocial and physical dimensions of QOL explaining 55.5, 54, and 34.9% of the variance, respectively. CONCLUSION Younger ICD patients are at highest risk for psychological distress and poor QOL. Longitudinal research would facilitate determination of the trajectory of changes in psychological status and QOL over the duration of the ICD experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Friedmann
- University of Maryland School of Nursing, 655 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1579, USA.
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23
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Liles JT, Baber SR, Deng W, Porter JR, Corll C, Murthy SN, Thomas SA, Kadowitz PJ. Pressor responses to ephedrine are not impaired in dopamine beta-hydroxylase knockout mice. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 150:29-36. [PMID: 17099719 PMCID: PMC2013852 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ephedrine and amphetamine can cause substantial increases in systemic arterial pressure. However, the role of endogenous noradrenaline release in mediating the pressor response to ephedrine is controversial. Studies using pharmacologic agents to decrease the synthesis, storage, and release of catecholamines have supported both a direct and an indirect mechanism of action for ephedrine. The purpose of the present study was to determine if endogenous noradrenaline release is required for cardiovascular responses to ephedrine and amphetamine using a genetic mouse model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Increases in systemic arterial pressure and heart rate in response to ephedrine and amphetamine were investigated and compared in dopamine beta-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh -/-) mice that cannot synthesize noradrenaline. Dbh +/- littermates have normal noradrenaline and adrenaline tissue levels, and served as controls in all experiments. KEY RESULTS In Dbh -/- mice the increases in systemic arterial pressure and heart rate in response to i.v. injections of ephedrine were not impaired whereas responses to amphetamine were markedly reduced, when compared with responses in Dbh +/- mice. The pressor response to tyramine was abolished whereas pressor responses to noradrenaline, phenylephrine, dopamine, and angiotensin II were similar in Dbh -/- and Dbh +/- mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The present results in Dbh -/- mice provide support for the hypothesis that pressor responses to ephedrine are directly mediated whereas responses to amphetamine are dependent on the release of noradrenaline and suggest that Dbh +/- and Dbh -/- mice are useful for the study of direct and indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Liles
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Abstract
The presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the central nervous system (CNS) is associated with the development of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD), a major cause of HIV-related mortality. To eradicate HIV in the CNS, anti-HIV drugs need to reach the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in therapeutic concentrations. This involves passage through the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers. Using a well established guinea pig in situ brain perfusion model, this study investigated whether nevirapine [6H-dipyrido(3,2-b:2',3'-e)(1,4)diazepin-6-one,11-cyclopropyl-5,11-dihydro-4-methyl], a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), could effectively accumulate in the CNS. [(3)H]Nevirapine was coperfused with [(14)C]mannitol (a vascular/paracellular permeability marker) through the carotid arteries for up to 30 min, and accumulation in the brain, CSF, and choroid plexus was measured. [(3)H]Nevirapine uptake into the cerebrum was greater than uptake of [(14)C]mannitol, indicating significant passage across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation into the brain (this was further confirmed with capillary depletion and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses). Likewise, [(3)H]nevirapine showed a great ability to cross the blood-CSF barrier and accumulate in the CSF, compared with [(14)C]mannitol. The CNS accumulation of [(3)H]nevirapine was unaffected by 100 muM nevirapine, suggesting that passage across the blood-brain barrier can occur by diffusion. Furthermore, coperfusion with 100 muM efavirenz [2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one, 6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-, (4S)-; another NNRTI] did not significantly alter CNS accumulation of [(3)H]nevirapine, indicating that the efficacy of nevirapine in the CNS would not be altered by the addition of this drug to a combination therapy. Together, these data indicate that this anti-HIV drug should be beneficial in the eradication of HIV within the CNS and the subsequent treatment of HAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gibbs
- King's College London, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Jin SH, Blendy JA, Thomas SA. Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein is required for normal maternal nurturing behavior. Neuroscience 2005; 133:647-55. [PMID: 15893884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of mice with targeted disruptions of fosB or the gene encoding dopamine beta-hydroxylase suggests that FosB and adrenergic signaling play critical roles in maternal nurturing behavior. The majority of neonates born to null females from either mutation fail to thrive, and virgin mutant females of both lines exhibit impaired pup retrieval. Considering whether FosB and adrenergic signaling might share a signaling pathway important for maternal behavior, we examined the role of a potential intermediary, cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Here we report that approximately 40% of neonates (all heterozygous) born to mice lacking the major isoforms of CREB (Creb-alphaDelta-/-) died within several days of birth. In contrast, heterozygotes born to Creb-alphaDelta+/- females thrived. Cross-fostering demonstrated that neonates born to Creb-alphaDelta(-/dagger/-) females thrived when reared by wild-type females, and that Creb-alphaDelta-/- females were capable of rearing neonates whose maternal care was initiated by wild-type females. Further, virgin Creb-alphaDelta-/- females were deficient in pup retrieval despite exhibiting normal investigation of pups and of novel objects. No maternal behavior phenotype was present in mice with a null mutation of the cyclic AMP response element modulator (Crem) gene. Interestingly, the number of cells immunostaining for phospho-CREB (on Ser(133)) in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus, a key region for the expression of maternal behavior, increased nearly three-fold in wild-type mice following exposure to pups but not to novel objects. On the other hand, basal expression and induction of FosB in response to pup exposure appeared to be independent of CREB because levels were equivalent between wild-type and Creb-alphaDelta-/- females. These results implicate CREB in maternal nurturing behavior and suggest that CREB is not critical for expression or induction of FosB in adult virgin female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, 103 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA
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Thijssen VLJL, Borgers M, Lenders MH, Ramaekers FCS, Suzuki G, Palka B, Fallavollita JA, Thomas SA, Canty JM. Temporal and spatial variations in structural protein expression during the progression from stunned to hibernating myocardium. Circulation 2004; 110:3313-21. [PMID: 15545518 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000147826.13480.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunctional and normally perfused remote regions show equal myolysis and glycogen accumulation in pig hibernating myocardium. We tested the hypothesis that these arose secondary to elevations in preload rather than ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of structural protein (desmin, desmoplakin, titin, cardiotin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, lamin-A/C, and lamin-B2) in viable dysfunctional myocardium was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. We performed blinded analysis of paired dysfunctional left anterior descending coronary artery and normal remote subendocardial samples from stunned (24 hours; n=6), and hibernating (2 weeks; n=6) myocardium versus sham controls pigs (n=7). Within 24 hours, cardiac myocytes globally reexpressed alpha-smooth muscle actin. In stunned myocardium, cardiotin was globally reduced, whereas reductions in desmin were restricted to the dysfunctional region. Alterations progressed with the transition to hibernating myocardium, in which desmin, cardiotin, and titin were globally reduced. A qualitatively similar reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins occurred 3 hours after transient elevation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure to 33+/-3 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS Qualitative cardiomyocyte remodeling similar to that in humans with chronic hibernation occurs rapidly after a critical coronary stenosis is applied, as well as after transient elevations in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in the absence of ischemia. Thus, reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins in patients with viable dysfunctional myocardium appears to reflect chronic and/or cyclical elevations in preload associated with episodes of spontaneous regional ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L J L Thijssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
We conducted field and laboratory experiments with the well-studied monogamous prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster, to distinguish among three hypotheses for the failure of females that lose their mates to bond with a new male ("the widow effect"). The reproductive value hypothesis predicts that males prefer young to older females because they potentially have a longer reproductive lifespan. The mate rejection hypothesis predicts that females will prevent repairing by aggressively deterring males that might harm their current offspring. The misdirected paternal care hypothesis assumes that females will mate during postpartum estrus and thus will be pregnant and/or nursing young throughout the breeding season; males will avoid pairing with older females to avoid providing care to unrelated offspring and/or because of a delay to the next breeding opportunity. Males associated and bred more with older than young females, allowing us to reject the reproductive value hypothesis. Our results were consistent with the male rejection hypothesis in that females were aggressive toward unfamiliar males. Our results were most consistent with the misdirected paternal care hypothesis in that once females started breeding, they continued to become pregnant and nurse young throughout the study period. Thus, our findings suggest that the potential of misdirected paternal care and delayed mating opportunity in conjunction with the aggressive behavior of females toward unfamiliar males are likely explanations for the lack of repairing for widow females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Thomas
- Department of Biology, College of St. Benedict, St. John's University, Joseph, MN 56374, USA
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Abstract
The introduction, in 1995, of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients. However, the brain remains a site of viral replication for HIV and thus is still an important target for antiretroviral agents. Consequently, a clear understanding of how the current anti-HIV drugs reach the CNS, and interact at the level of the blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier, is important if we are to maximise viral suppression and improve clinical outcome. It would also contribute to the development of new anti-HIV drugs and the identification of transport inhibitors that could be used as adjuvant therapies. In this review we focus on the role of the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers in the delivery of the main classes of approved anti-HIV drugs. Among these groups, the CNS distribution of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors is the best characterised. It involves probenecid efflux transport mechanisms, which limit their brain delivery and probably their, neurological efficacy. Nevirapine and efavirenz, the commonly prescribed non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, can readily enter the CSF, however, it remains to be seen if a transport system is involved in their distribution. The protease inhibitors have only a limited ability to reach the CNS, with the majority of this class of drugs not even being detected in human CSF after administration. This is partly the result of their removal from the CNS by the efflux transporters; P-glycoprotein, and possibly multi-drug resistance associated protein (MRP).
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Thomas
- Centre for Neuroscience, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Oben JA, Roskams T, Yang S, Lin H, Sinelli N, Torbenson M, Smedh U, Moran TH, Li Z, Huang J, Thomas SA, Diehl AM. Hepatic fibrogenesis requires sympathetic neurotransmitters. Gut 2004; 53:438-45. [PMID: 14960531 PMCID: PMC1773985 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.026658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are activated by liver injury to become proliferative fibrogenic myofibroblasts. This process may be regulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) but the mechanisms involved are unclear. METHODS We studied cultured HSC and intact mice with liver injury to test the hypothesis that HSC respond to and produce SNS neurotransmitters to promote fibrogenesis. RESULTS HSC expressed adrenoceptors, catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, released norepinephrine (NE), and were growth inhibited by alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. HSC from dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficient (Dbh(-/-)) mice, which cannot make NE, grew poorly in culture and were rescued by NE. Inhibitor studies demonstrated that this effect was mediated via G protein coupled adrenoceptors, mitogen activated kinases, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Injury related fibrogenic responses were inhibited in Dbh(-/-) mice, as evidenced by reduced hepatic accumulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin(+ve) HSC and decreased induction of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and collagen. Treatment with isoprenaline rescued HSC activation. HSC were also reduced in leptin deficient ob/ob mice which have reduced NE levels and are resistant to hepatic fibrosis. Treating ob/ob mice with NE induced HSC proliferation, upregulated hepatic TGF-beta1 and collagen, and increased liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS HSC are hepatic neuroglia that produce and respond to SNS neurotransmitters to promote hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Oben
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Leslie AJ, Pfafferott KJ, Chetty P, Draenert R, Addo MM, Feeney M, Tang Y, Holmes EC, Allen T, Prado JG, Altfeld M, Brander C, Dixon C, Ramduth D, Jeena P, Thomas SA, St John A, Roach TA, Kupfer B, Luzzi G, Edwards A, Taylor G, Lyall H, Tudor-Williams G, Novelli V, Martinez-Picado J, Kiepiela P, Walker BD, Goulder PJR. HIV evolution: CTL escape mutation and reversion after transmission. Nat Med 2004; 10:282-9. [PMID: 14770175 DOI: 10.1038/nm992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2003] [Accepted: 01/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Within-patient HIV evolution reflects the strong selection pressure driving viral escape from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) recognition. Whether this intrapatient accumulation of escape mutations translates into HIV evolution at the population level has not been evaluated. We studied over 300 patients drawn from the B- and C-clade epidemics, focusing on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles HLA-B57 and HLA-B5801, which are associated with long-term HIV control and are therefore likely to exert strong selection pressure on the virus. The CTL response dominating acute infection in HLA-B57/5801-positive subjects drove positive selection of an escape mutation that reverted to wild-type after transmission to HLA-B57/5801-negative individuals. A second escape mutation within the epitope, by contrast, was maintained after transmission. These data show that the process of accumulation of escape mutations within HIV is not inevitable. Complex epitope- and residue-specific selection forces, including CTL-mediated positive selection pressure and virus-mediated purifying selection, operate in tandem to shape HIV evolution at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Leslie
- Department of Pediatrics, Fuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
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Kurrimbux D, Gaffen Z, Farrell CL, Martin D, Thomas SA. The involvement of the blood–brain and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barriers in the distribution of leptin into and out of the rat brain. Neuroscience 2004; 123:527-36. [PMID: 14698759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2003.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a 16 kDa hormone that is produced by adipose tissue and has a central effect on food intake and energy homeostasis. The ability of leptin to cross the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers and reach or leave the CNS was studied by the bilateral in situ brain perfusion and isolated incubated choroid plexus techniques in the rat. Brain perfusion results indicated that [(125)I]leptin reached the CNS at higher concentrations than the vascular marker, confirming that [(125)I]leptin crossed the brain barriers. Leptin distribution varied between CNS regions and indicated that the blood-brain barrier, in contrast to the blood-CSF route, was the key pathway for [(125)I]leptin to reach the brain. Further perfusion studies revealed that [(125)I]leptin movement into the arcuate nucleus, thalamus, frontal cortex, choroid plexuses and CSF was unaffected by unlabelled human or murine leptin at a concentration that reflects the upper human and rat plasma leptin concentration (2.5 nM). In contrast, the cerebellum uptake of [(125)I]leptin was decreased by 73% with 2.5 nM human leptin. Thus, this site of dense leptin receptor expression would be sensitive to physiological changes in leptin plasma concentrations. The highest rate (K(in)) of [(125)I]leptin uptake was into the choroid plexuses (307.7+/-68.0 microl/min/g); however, this was not reflected in the CSF (8.9+/-4.1 microl/min/g) and indicates that this tissue tightly regulates leptin distribution. The multiple-time brain uptake of [(125)I]leptin was non-linear and suggested leptin could also be removed from the CNS. Studies using the incubated rat choroid plexus model found that [(125)I]leptin could cross the apical membrane of the choroid plexus to leave the CSF. However, this movement was not sensitive to unlabelled human leptin or specific transport inhibitors/modulators (including probenecid, digoxin, deltorphin II, progesterone and indomethacin).This study supports the concept of brain-barrier regulation of leptin distribution to the CNS, and highlights an important link between leptin and the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kurrimbux
- Centre for Neuroscience, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Anthonypillai C, Sanderson RN, Gibbs JE, Thomas SA. The Distribution of the HIV Protease Inhibitor, Ritonavir, to the Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Choroid Plexuses of the Guinea Pig. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 308:912-20. [PMID: 14634041 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.060210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug penetration into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is necessary to tackle HIV within the CNS. This study examines movement of [(3)H]ritonavir across the guinea pig blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers and accumulation within the brain, CSF, and choroid plexus. Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor, used in combination therapy (often as a pharmacoenhancer) to treat HIV. Drug interactions at brain barrier efflux systems may influence the CNS penetration of anti-viral drugs, thus the influence of additional protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on [(3)H]ritonavir CNS distribution was explored. Additionally, the involvement of transporters on [(3)H]ritonavir passage across the brain barriers was assessed. Results from in situ brain perfusions and capillary depletion analysis demonstrated that [(3)H]ritonavir uptake into the guinea pig brain was considerable (6.6 +/- 0.7 ml/100 g at 30 min, vascular space corrected), although a proportion of drug remained trapped in the cerebral capillaries and did not reach the brain parenchyma. CSF uptake was more limited (2.2 +/- 0.4 ml/100 g at 30 min), but choroid plexus uptake was abundant (176.7 +/- 46.3 ml/100 g at 30 min). [(3)H]Ritonavir brain and CSF uptake was unaffected by neither inhibitors of organic anion transport (probenecid and digoxin) or P-glycoprotein (progesterone), nor by any additional anti-HIV drugs, indicating that brain barrier efflux systems do not significantly limit brain or CSF [(3)H]ritonavir accumulation in this model. [(3)H]Ritonavir uptake into the perfused choroid plexus was significantly reduced by nevirapine and abacavir, additional perfusion studies, and isolated incubated choroid plexus experiments were carried out in an attempt to further characterize the transporter involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Anthonypillai
- Centre for Neuroscience, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London, UK
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Abstract
Hydroxyurea is used in the treatment of HIV infection in combination with nucleoside analogues, 2'3'-didehydro-3'deoxythymidine (D4T), 2'3'-dideoxyinosine or abacavir. It is distributed into human CSF and is transported from the CSF to sub-ependymal brain sites, but its movement into the brain directly from the blood has not been studied. This study addressed this by a brain perfusion technique in anaesthetized guinea-pigs. The carotid arteries were perfused with an artificial plasma containing [14C]hydroxyurea (1.6 microm) and a vascular marker, [3H]mannitol (4.6 nm). Brain uptake of [14C]hydroxyurea (8.0 +/- 0.9%) was greater than [3H]mannitol (2.4 +/- 0.2%; 20-min perfusion, n = 8). CSF uptake of [14C]hydroxyurea (5.6 +/- 1.5%) was also greater than [3H]mannitol (0.9 +/- 0.3%; n = 4). Brain uptake of [14C]hydroxyurea was increased by 200 microm hydroxyurea, 90 microm D4T, 350 microm probenecid, 25 microm digoxin, but not by 120 microm hydroxyurea, 16.5-50 microm D4T, 90 microm 2'3'-dideoxyinosine or 90 microm abacavir. [14C]Hydroxyurea distribution to the CSF, choroid plexus and pituitary gland remained unaffected by all these drugs. The metabolic half-life of hydroxyurea was > 15 h in brain and plasma. Results indicate that intact hydroxyurea can cross the brain barriers, but is removed from the brain by probenecid- and digoxin-sensitive transport mechanisms at the blood-brain barrier, which are also affected by D4T. These sensitivities implicate an organic anion transporter (probably organic anion transporting polypeptide 2) and possibly p-glycoprotein in the brain distribution of hydroxyurea and D4T.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dogruel
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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Gibbs JE, Rashid T, Thomas SA. Effect of transport inhibitors and additional anti-HIV drugs on the movement of lamivudine (3TC) across the guinea pig brain barriers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306:1035-41. [PMID: 12766261 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.053827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within the central nervous system (CNS), levels of anti-HIV drugs in the brain must reach therapeutic concentrations. The ability of (-)-2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC; lamivudine) to cross the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers, alone and in combination with additional nucleoside analogs, was investigated. The bilateral in situ guinea pig brain perfusion method, linked to high-performance liquid chromatography analyses, was used to examine 3TC uptake into brain and CSF simultaneously. The influence of transport inhibitors and additional nucleoside analogs on this uptake was investigated. 3TC movement across the blood-CSF barrier was examined in more detail by the isolated choroid plexus model. 3TC movement across the brain barriers and subsequent accumulation in the brain and CSF was low. However, 3TC uptake from blood into choroid plexus (a potential CNS target for HIV treatment) was significant, and was facilitated by a digoxin-sensitive transporter. Another transporter was identified, which removed 3TC from the choroid plexus. Abacavir, 2'3'-didehydro-3'deoxythymidine, and 3'-azido 3'-deoxythymidine did not interact with 3TC at either of the brain barriers to affect CNS concentrations of 3TC. However, a significant interaction between 3TC and 2'3'-dideoxyinosine was observed at the choroid plexus, and it may prove beneficial to select drug combinations where no such interaction is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gibbs
- Centre for Neuroscience, Guy's King's and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London Bridge, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The influence of transport mechanisms at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-CSF barrier (choroid plexus) on the CNS distribution of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs was examined using guinea-pig brain perfusion and incubated choroid plexus models. 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) passage across the BBB was demonstrated to be via non-saturable (Kd = 0.22 +/- 0.3 microL/min/g) and saturable (Km = 20.1 +/- 15.0 microm, Vmax = 6.5 +/- 2.1 pmol/min/g) processes. Cross competition studies implicated an equilibrative nucleoside transporter in this influx. The brain distribution of ddI was unchanged in the presence of additional nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). ddI transport from blood into choroid plexus was demonstrated to involve an organic anion transporting polypeptide 2-like transporter. The NRTIs, abacavir, 3'-azido 3'-deoxythymidine and (-)-beta-L-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine, competed with ddI for transporter binding sites at the choroid plexus, altering the tissue concentration of ddI. This has clinical implications as the choroid plexus is a site of HIV replication, and suboptimal CNS concentrations of anti-HIV drugs could result in neurological complications. Furthermore, this may promote the selection of drug resistant variants of HIV within the CNS, which could re-infect the periphery and lead to HIV therapy failure. This study indicates that understanding drug interactions at the transporter level could prove valuable when selecting drug combinations to treat HIV within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gibbs
- Centre for Neuroscience, Guy's King's and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Thomas SA, Kaczmarek BK. Scent-marking behaviour by male prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster, in response to the scent of opposite- and same-sex conspecifics. Behav Processes 2002; 60:27-33. [PMID: 12429389 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We conducted an experiment using the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) to test predictions associated with the proposed functions of scent marking as a sexual attractant, in reproductive competition, and as a self-advertisement. We allowed an oestrous female, an anoestrous female, and an adult male to scent mark three portions of a clean substrate and then exposed a second male to this substrate for secondary marking. We did not support a sexual attraction hypothesis in that males did not place more scent marks in response to oestrous than anoestrous females. Similarly, we did not support a reproductive competition hypothesis in that males did not place more scent marks in response to marks of males than to those of females or bare substrate. Males did not overmark the scent of males or females and thus we did not support a scent-masking or scent-blending hypothesis. In that males deposited scent similarly in response to males, females, and on bare substrate, our results suggest that the frequency and placement of scent marks by males function primarily to advertise individual identity in an area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A. Thomas
- Department of Biology, The University of Memphis, 38152, Memphis, TN, USA
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Gibbs JE, Thomas SA. The distribution of the anti-HIV drug, 2'3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), across the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers and the influence of organic anion transport inhibitors. J Neurochem 2002; 80:392-404. [PMID: 11905988 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain and CSF distribution of the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor, 2'3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), was investigated by the in situ brain perfusion and isolated incubated choroid plexus methods in the guinea pig. Multiple-time brain perfusions indicated that the distribution of [3H]ddC to the brain and CSF was low and the unidirectional rate constant (K(in)) for the brain uptake of this nucleoside analogue (0.52 +/- 0.10 microL/min/g) was not significantly different to that for the vascular marker, [14C]mannitol (0.44 +/- 0.09 microL/min/g). The influence of unlabelled ddC, six organic anion transport inhibitors and 3'-azido 3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) on the CNS uptake of [3H]ddC was examined in situ and in vitro. ddC, probenecid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid altered the distribution of [3H]ddC into the brain and choroid plexuses, indicating that the limited distribution of [3H]ddC was a result of an organic anion efflux transporter, in addition to the low lipophilicity of this drug (octanol-saline partition coefficient, 0.047 +/- 0.001). The CNS distribution was also sensitive to p-aminohippurate and deltorphin II, but not digoxin, suggesting the involvement of organic anion transporters (OAT1/OAT3-like) and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP1/OATPA-like). AZT did not effect the accumulation of [3H]ddC, indicating that when these nucleoside analogues are used in anti-HIV combination therapy, the CNS distribution of ddC is unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gibbs
- Centre for Neuroscience, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, UK
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Thomas SA, Valett HM, Mulholland PJ, Fellows CS, Webster JR, Dahm CN, Peterson CG. Nitrogen retention in headwater streams: the influence of groundwater-surface water exchange. ScientificWorldJournal 2001; 1 Suppl 2:623-31. [PMID: 12805817 PMCID: PMC6083976 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2001.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interaction lengthens hydraulic residence times, increases contact between solutes and biologically active surfaces, and often creates a gradient of redox conditions conducive to an array of biogeochemical processes. As such, the interaction of hydraulic patterns and biogeochemical activity is suspected to be an important determinant of elemental spiraling in streams. Hydrologic interactions may be particularly important in headwater streams, where the extent of the GW-SW mixing environment (i.e., hyporheic zone) is proportionately greater than in larger streams. From our current understanding of stream ecosystem function, we discuss nitrogen (N) spiraling, present a conceptual model of N retention in streams, and use both of these issues to generate specific research questions and testable hypotheses regarding N dynamics in streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Thomas
- Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg 24060, USA.
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Rapacciuolo A, Esposito G, Caron K, Mao L, Thomas SA, Rockman HA. Important role of endogenous norepinephrine and epinephrine in the development of in vivo pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38:876-82. [PMID: 11527648 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to define the role of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and to determine whether the absence of circulating catecholamines alters the activation of downstream myocardial signaling pathways. BACKGROUND Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with elevated plasma catecholamine levels and an increase in cardiac morbidity and mortality. Although considerable evidence suggests that G-protein-coupled receptors are involved in the hypertrophic response, it remains controversial whether catecholamines are required for the development of in vivo cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS We performed transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in dopamine beta-hydroxylase knockout mice (Dbh(-/-), genetically altered mice that are completely devoid of endogenous norepinephrine and epinephrine) and littermate control mice. After induction of cardiac hypertrophy, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were measured in pressure-overloaded/wild-type and Dbh(-/-) hearts. RESULTS Compared with the control animals, cardiac hypertrophy was significantly blunted in Dbh(-/-) mice, which was not associated with altered cardiac function, as assessed by transthoracic echocardiography in conscious mice. The extracellularly regulated kinase (ERK 1/2), c-jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK pathways were all activated by two- to threefold after TAC in the control animals. In contrast, induction of the three pathways (ERK 1/2, JNK and p38) was completely abolished in Dbh(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a nearly complete requirement of endogenous norepinephrine and epinephrine for the induction of in vivo pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy and for the activation of hypertrophic signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rapacciuolo
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Thomas SA, Bye A, Segal MB. Transport characteristics of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleoside analog, abacavir, into brain and cerebrospinal fluid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 298:947-53. [PMID: 11504789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers in the distribution of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs is integral to the design of effective treatment regimens for HIV infection within the brain. Abacavir (formerly 1592U89) is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, which has activity against HIV. The ability of this drug to reach the brain at therapeutic concentrations has been explored by means of an established bilateral in situ brain perfusion model in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography analysis in the anesthetized guinea pig. The influence of other drugs on the entry of abacavir into the brain was also investigated and is of special significance with the use of three of more anti-HIV drugs as the recommended treatment for HIV infection. The results of this study indicate that intact [(14)C]abacavir can cross the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers and enter the brain and cisternal CSF. Further studies, at a perfusion time of 10 min, revealed that the uptake (R(cerebrum)) of this (14)C-labeled drug (10.1 +/- 0.6%) was not affected by the presence of 0.86 to 200 microM unlabeled abacavir (6.8 microM; 11.0 +/- 1.4%), the nucleoside transport inhibitor [10 microM 6-(4-nitrobenzyl)thio-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine; 9.7 +/- 3.3%], or a substrate for the nucleobase transporter (100 microM adenine; 12.7 +/- 3.0%). This would suggest that the entry of abacavir into the brain would not be affected by the presence of other anti-HIV drugs. The results of this animal study indicate that abacavir would be a useful addition to a treatment regimen against HIV-infection within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Thomas
- Neural Damage and Repair Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Division of Physiology, Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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Cryan JF, Dalvi A, Jin SH, Hirsch BR, Lucki I, Thomas SA. Use of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-deficient mice to determine the role of norepinephrine in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 298:651-7. [PMID: 11454927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression, and in the mechanism of action of antidepressant compounds. Previously, we created mice that are unable to synthesize NE and epinephrine due to targeted disruption of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase gene (Dbh). To specifically test the role of NE in mediating behavioral changes elicited by antidepressants, these mice were examined in the forced swim test. There was no difference in baseline immobility scores in the forced swim test between Dbh(+/-) mice, which have normal levels of NE, and Dbh(-/-) mice. However, the Dbh(-/-) mice failed to demonstrate antidepressant-like behavioral effects following the administration of several classes of antidepressants. These included the NE reuptake inhibitors desipramine and reboxetine, the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline, and the atypical antidepressant bupropion. In addition, desipramine significantly reduced immobility in the Dbh(-/-) mice following pretreatment with the synthetic NE precursor L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine, but not saline. Biochemical studies showed that there was no significant difference in the regional brain levels of NE transporter immunoreactivity or monoamine oxidase activity, the primary targets for most of the compounds examined. Taken together, these data show that the use of mice that lack endogenous NE may be an important strategy for unraveling the role of NE in tests sensitive to the effects of various psychotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cryan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA
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Botwin KP, Gruber RD, Bouchlas CG, Torres-Ramos FM, Hanna A, Rittenberg J, Thomas SA. Complications of fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural injections. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 80:416-24. [PMID: 11399002 DOI: 10.1097/00002060-200106000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the incidence of complications of fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural injections. DESIGN A retrospective cohort design study in which chart review was performed on patients, who presented with radiculopathy and received fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural steroid injections. All injections were performed consecutively over a 12-mo period. An independent observer reviewed medical charts, which included a 24-hr post procedure telephone call by an ambulatory surgery center nurse, who asked a standardized questionnaire about complications after the injections. Physician follow-up office notes 1 to 3 wk after injection along with epidurograms were reviewed. RESULTS The charts of 139 patients, who received 257 injections, were reviewed. Complications per injection included 12 episodes of insomnia the night of the injection (4.7%), 9 transient nonpositional headaches that resolved within 24 hr (3.5%), 8 increased back pain (3.1%), 6 facial flushing (2.3%), 2 vasovagal reactions (0.8%), 2 episodes of nausea (0.8%), and 1 increased leg pain (0.4%). No dural punctures occurred. CONCLUSIONS No major complications occurred. The incidence of minor complications was 15.6% per injection. All reactions resolved without morbidity and no patient required hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Botwin
- Florida Spine Institute, Clearwater 33765, USA
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Abstract
The brain efflux of radiolabelled hypoxanthine in the rat was rapid in the first minute after injection [K(eff)(i)=0.21+/-0.06 min(-1)], which was saturable with a V(max)=13.08+/-0.81 nM min(-1) g(-1), and a high K(m,app) (67.2+/-13.4 microM); the K(i,app) for inosine was 31.5+/-7.6 microM. Capillary depletion analysis indicated that hypoxanthine accumulates in neurons and glia with the time. From cross-inhibition studies with different purines and pyrimidines, it suggests that these molecules could also be important substrates for this carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z B Redzic
- Institute of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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Thomas SA, Preston JE, Wilson MR, Farrell CL, Segal MB. Leptin transport at the blood--cerebrospinal fluid barrier using the perfused sheep choroid plexus model. Brain Res 2001; 895:283-90. [PMID: 11259792 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and thought to regulate appetite at the central level. Several studies have explored the central nervous system (CNS) entry of this peptide across the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers in parallel, but this is the first to explore the transport kinetics of leptin across the choroid plexus (blood-CSF barrier) in isolation from the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This is important as the presence of both barriers can lead to ambiguous results from transport studies. The model used was the isolated Ringer perfused sheep choroid plexus. The steady-state extraction of [(125)I]leptin (7.5 pmol l(-1)) at the blood face of the choroid plexus was 21.1+/-5.7%, which was greater than extraction of the extracellular marker, giving a net cellular uptake for [(125)I]leptin (14.0+/-3.7%). In addition, trichloroacetic acid precipitable [(125)I] was detected in newly formed CSF, indicating intact protein transfer across the blood-CSF barrier. Human plasma concentrations of leptin are reported to be 0.5 nM. Experiments using 0.5 nM leptin in the Ringer produced a concentration of leptin in the CSF of 12 pM (similar to that measured in humans). [(125)I]Leptin uptake at the blood-plexus interface using the single-circulation paired tracer dilution technique (uptake in <60 s) indicated the presence of a saturable transport system, which followed Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics (K(m)=16.3+/-1.8 nM, V(max)=41.2+/-1.4 pmol min(-1) g(-1)), and a non-saturable component (K(d)=0.065+/-0.002 ml min(-1) g(-1)). In addition, secretion of new CSF by the choroid plexuses was significantly decreased with leptin present. This study indicates that leptin transport at the blood-CSF barrier is via saturable and non-saturable mechanisms and that the choroid plexus is involved in the regulation of leptin availability to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Thomas
- Centre for Neuroscience Research at Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1, UK.
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Abstract
This paper is concerned with community values and preferences in organ transplantation allocation decisions. With recent trends in organ shortages, transplant teams face difficult allocation decisions amongst increasing numbers of "worthy" potential recipients. It is argued that the debate about these decisions ought to be informed in part by a systematic knowledge of prevailing community standards. A community sample of 238 adults (140 women and 98 men, with a mean age of 47.0 years) completed a questionnaire concerning which factors ought to affect recipient priority for transplantation. Longer waiting time, better prognosis, younger age and being a parent were the most frequently selected criteria for organ allocation decisions. The participants also rank ordered 16 potential recipients presented in the form of case scenarios in terms of priority for transplantation. The 16 case scenarios were constructed from a factorial combination of four variables: age of recipient (young vs old); the time the recipient had been on a waiting list (long vs short); recipient prognosis (excellent vs fair); and parental status (children vs no children). It was found that one case scenario involving a young parent with an excellent prognosis and long waiting time was ranked first by 75.2% of all participants. Analysis revealed that transplant recipient age and prognosis were the most influential factors in determining the priority rankings for organ allocation. The study has demonstrated that judgement and decision analysis procedures can be used to elicit community values and preferences about complex resource allocation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Browning
- School of Public Health, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.
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Thomas SA, Friedmann E, Kelley FJ. Living with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: a review of the current literature related to psychosocial factors. AACN Clin Issues 2001; 12:156-63. [PMID: 11288324 DOI: 10.1097/00044067-200102000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is responsible for 300,000 deaths annually. Lethal ventricular dysrhythmias account for the majority of SCDs. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) are the emerging treatment for lethal dysrhythmias. Although reductions in SCD mortality with ICDs are clear, the psychologic and social consequences of these devices reveal a mixed success. Patients with ICDs have high levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conversely, most studies of quality of life in patients with ICDs report that the device is well accepted despite fears of being shocked. The ICD shocks are a unique aspect of treatment and have the potential to cause psychologic distress. Nursing needs to provide care from a holistic perspective. Support groups provide reassurance and allow patients to discuss expectations and fears related to the ICD. Research needs to be conducted to explore the impact of these devices on the lives of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Thomas
- Georgetown University School of Nursing and Health Studies, 3700 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057-1107, USA
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Redzic ZB, Segal MB, Gasic JM, Markovic ID, Vojvodic VP, Isakovic A, Thomas SA, Rakic LM. The characteristics of nucleobase transport and metabolism by the perfused sheep choroid plexus. Brain Res 2001; 888:66-74. [PMID: 11146053 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of nucleobases was investigated across the basolateral membrane of the sheep choroid plexus perfused in situ. The maximal uptake (U(max)) for hypoxanthine and adenine, was 35.51+/-1.50% and 30.71+/-0.49% and for guanine, thymine and uracil was 12.00+/-0.53%, 13.07+/-0.48% and 12.30+/-0.55%, respectively with a negligible backflux, except for that of thymine (35.11+/-5.37% of the U(max)). HPLC analysis revealed that the purine nucleobase hypoxanthine and the pyrimidine nucleobase thymine can pass intact through the choroid plexus and enter the cerebrospinal fluid CSF so the lack of backflux for hypoxanthine was not a result of metabolic trapping in the cell. Competition studies revealed that hypoxanthine, adenine and thymine shared the same transport system, while guanine and uracil were transported by a separate mechanism and that nucleosides can partially share the same transporter. HPLC analysis of sheep CSF collected in vivo revealed only two nucleobases were present adenine and hypoxanthine; with an R(CSF/Plasma) 0.19+/-0.02 and 3.43+/-0.20, respectively. Xanthine and urate, the final products of purine catabolism, could not be detected in the CSF even in trace amounts. These results suggest that the activity of xanthine oxidase in the brain of the sheep is very low so the metabolic degradation of purines is carried out only as far as hypoxanthine which then accumulates in the CSF. In conclusion, the presence of saturable transport systems for nucleobases at the basolateral membrane of the choroidal epithelium was demonstrated, which could be important for the distribution of the salvageable nucleobases, adenine and hypoxanthine in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z B Redzic
- Institute of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Pasterova 2, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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