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Kotliar D, Raju S, Tabrizi S, Odia I, Goba A, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Nair P, Phelan E, Tariyal R, Eromon PE, Mehta S, Robles-Sikisaka R, Siddle KJ, Stremlau M, Jalloh S, Gire SK, Winnicki S, Chak B, Schaffner SF, Pauthner M, Karlsson EK, Chapin SR, Kennedy SG, Branco LM, Kanneh L, Vitti JJ, Broodie N, Gladden-Young A, Omoniwa O, Jiang PP, Yozwiak N, Heuklom S, Moses LM, Akpede GO, Asogun DA, Rubins K, Kales S, Happi AN, Iruolagbe CO, Dic-Ijiewere M, Iraoyah K, Osazuwa OO, Okonkwo AK, Kunz S, McCormick JB, Khan SH, Honko AN, Lander ES, Oldstone MBA, Hensley L, Folarin OA, Okogbenin SA, Günther S, Ollila HM, Tewhey R, Okokhere PO, Schieffelin JS, Andersen KG, Reilly SK, Grant DS, Garry RF, Barnes KG, Happi CT, Sabeti PC. Genome-wide association study identifies human genetic variants associated with fatal outcome from Lassa fever. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:751-762. [PMID: 38326571 PMCID: PMC10914620 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Infection with Lassa virus (LASV) can cause Lassa fever, a haemorrhagic illness with an estimated fatality rate of 29.7%, but causes no or mild symptoms in many individuals. Here, to investigate whether human genetic variation underlies the heterogeneity of LASV infection, we carried out genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as well as seroprevalence surveys, human leukocyte antigen typing and high-throughput variant functional characterization assays. We analysed Lassa fever susceptibility and fatal outcomes in 533 cases of Lassa fever and 1,986 population controls recruited over a 7 year period in Nigeria and Sierra Leone. We detected genome-wide significant variant associations with Lassa fever fatal outcomes near GRM7 and LIF in the Nigerian cohort. We also show that a haplotype bearing signatures of positive selection and overlapping LARGE1, a required LASV entry factor, is associated with decreased risk of Lassa fever in the Nigerian cohort but not in the Sierra Leone cohort. Overall, we identified variants and genes that may impact the risk of severe Lassa fever, demonstrating how GWAS can provide insight into viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Kotliar
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Siddharth Raju
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shervin Tabrizi
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ikponmwosa Odia
- Institute of Lassa Fever, Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Augustine Goba
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Parvathy Nair
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Philomena E Eromon
- Institute of Lassa Fever, Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Samar Mehta
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MA, USA
| | - Refugio Robles-Sikisaka
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katherine J Siddle
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Simbirie Jalloh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Sarah Winnicki
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bridget Chak
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen F Schaffner
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Elinor K Karlsson
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Genomics and Computational Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sarah R Chapin
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sharon G Kennedy
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Joseph J Vitti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nisha Broodie
- New York-Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia and Cornell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrianne Gladden-Young
- Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan Yozwiak
- Gene and Cell Therapy Institute, Mass General Brigham, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shannon Heuklom
- San Francisco Community Health Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lina M Moses
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - George O Akpede
- Institute of Lassa Fever, Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Danny A Asogun
- Department of Community Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Kathleen Rubins
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Anise N Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | | | - Mercy Dic-Ijiewere
- Department of Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Kelly Iraoyah
- Department of Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Omoregie O Osazuwa
- Department of Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | | | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joseph B McCormick
- UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Brownsville Campus, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - S Humarr Khan
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Anna N Honko
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric S Lander
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael B A Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Hensley
- National Institutes of Health Integrated Research Facility, Frederick, MA, USA
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Sylvanus A Okogbenin
- Institute of Lassa Fever, Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hanna M Ollila
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Peter O Okokhere
- Institute of Lassa Fever, Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven K Reilly
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Donald S Grant
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Robert F Garry
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kayla G Barnes
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christian T Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA.
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Smither AR, Koninga J, Kanneh FB, Foday M, Boisen ML, Bond NG, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Kanneh L, Alhasan F, Kanneh IM, Yillah MS, Grant DS, Bush DJ, Nelson DKS, Cruz KM, Klitting R, Pauthner M, Andersen KG, Shaffer JG, Cross RW, Schieffelin JS, Garry RF. Novel Tools for Lassa Virus Surveillance in Peri-domestic Rodents. medRxiv 2023:2023.03.17.23287380. [PMID: 36993465 PMCID: PMC10055574 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.23287380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Lassa fever (LF) is a rodent-borne disease endemic to West Africa. In the absence of licensed therapeutics or vaccines, rodent exclusion from living spaces remains the primary method of preventing LF. Zoonotic surveillance of Lassa virus (LASV), the etiologic agent of LF, can assess the burden of LASV in a region and guide public health measures against LF. Methods In this study, we adapted commercially available LASV human diagnostics to assess the prevalence of LASV in peri-domestic rodents in Eastern Sierra Leone. Small mammal trapping was conducted in Kenema district, Sierra Leone between November 2018-July 2019. LASV antigen was detected using a commercially available LASV NP antigen rapid diagnostic test. LASV IgG antibodies against LASV nucleoprotein (NP) and glycoprotein (GP) were tested by adapting a commercially available semi-quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of mouse-related and rat-related species IgG. Findings Of the 373 tested specimens, 74 (20%) tested positive for LASV antigen. 40 (11%) specimens tested positive for LASV NP IgG, while an additional 12 (3%) specimens only tested positive for LASV GP IgG. Simultaneous antigen presence and IgG antibody presence was linked in Mastomys sp. specimens (p < 0.01), but not Rattus sp. specimens (p = 1). Despite the link between antigen presence and IgG antibody presence in Mastomys sp., the strength of antigen response did not correlate with the strength of IgG response to either GP IgG or NP IgG. Interpretation The tools developed in this study can aid in the generation of valuable public health data for rapid field assessment of LASV burden during outbreak investigations and general LASV surveillance. Funding Funding for this work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services under the following grants: International Collaboration in Infectious Disease Research on Lassa fever and Ebola - ICIDR - U19 AI115589, Consortium for Viral Systems Biology - CViSB - 5U19AI135995, West African Emerging Infectious Disease Research Center - WARN-ID - U01AI151812, West African Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases: U01AI151801.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Smither
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - James Koninga
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Franklyn B. Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Momoh Foday
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Nell G. Bond
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Foday Alhasan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Ibrahim Mustapha Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed S. Yillah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Kaitlin M. Cruz
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Disease, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Raphaëlle Klitting
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert W. Cross
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Disease, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Frederick, MD, USA
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3
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Grant DS, Engel EJ, Roberts Yerkes N, Kanneh L, Koninga J, Gbakie MA, Alhasan F, Kanneh FB, Kanneh IM, Kamara FK, Momoh M, Yillah MS, Foday M, Okoli A, Zeoli A, Weldon C, Bishop CM, Zheng C, Hartnett J, Chao K, Shore K, Melnik LI, Mucci M, Bond NG, Doyle P, Yenni R, Podgorski R, Ficenec SC, Moses L, Shaffer JG, Garry RF, Schieffelin JS. Seroprevalence of anti-Lassa Virus IgG antibodies in three districts of Sierra Leone: A cross-sectional, population-based study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010938. [PMID: 36758101 PMCID: PMC9946222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lassa virus (LASV), the cause of the acute viral hemorrhagic illness Lassa fever (LF), is endemic in West Africa. Infections in humans occur mainly after exposure to infected excrement or urine of the rodent-host, Mastomys natalensis. The prevalence of exposure to LASV in Sierra Leone is crudely estimated and largely unknown. This cross-sectional study aimed to establish a baseline point seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to LASV in three administrative districts of Sierra Leone and identify potential risk factors for seropositivity and LASV exposure. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Between 2015 and 2018, over 10,642 participants from Kenema, Tonkolili, and Port Loko Districts were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Previous LASV and LF epidemiological studies support classification of these districts as "endemic," "emerging," and "non-endemic", respectively. Dried blood spot samples were tested for LASV antibodies by ELISA to determine the seropositivity of participants, indicating previous exposure to LASV. Surveys were administered to each participant to assess demographic and environmental factors associated with a higher risk of exposure to LASV. Overall seroprevalence for antibodies to LASV was 16.0%. In Kenema, Port Loko, and Tonkolili Districts, seroprevalences were 20.1%, 14.1%, and 10.6%, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, individuals were more likely to be LASV seropositive if they were living in Kenema District, regardless of sex, age, or occupation. Environmental factors contributed to an increased risk of LASV exposure, including poor housing construction and proximity to bushland, forested areas, and refuse. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE In this study we determine a baseline LASV seroprevalence in three districts which will inform future epidemiological, ecological, and clinical studies on LF and the LASV in Sierra Leone. The heterogeneity of the distribution of LASV and LF over both space, and time, can make the design of efficacy trials and intervention programs difficult. Having more studies on the prevalence of LASV and identifying potential hyper-endemic areas will greatly increase the awareness of LF and improve targeted control programs related to LASV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald S. Grant
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Emily J. Engel
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole Roberts Yerkes
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - James Koninga
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Michael A. Gbakie
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Foday Alhasan
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Franklyn B. Kanneh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Ibrahim Mustapha Kanneh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Fatima K. Kamara
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Eastern Technical University of Sierra Leone, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed S. Yillah
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Momoh Foday
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Adaora Okoli
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ashley Zeoli
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Caroline Weldon
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Crystal Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jessica Hartnett
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Karissa Chao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kayla Shore
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lilia I. Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mallory Mucci
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nell G. Bond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Philip Doyle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rachael Yenni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rachel Podgorski
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Samuel C. Ficenec
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lina Moses
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Penfold S, Adegnika AA, Asogun D, Ayodeji O, Azuogu BN, Fischer WA, Garry RF, Grant DS, Happi C, N'Faly M, Olayinka A, Samuels R, Sibley J, Wohl DA, Accrombessi M, Adetifa I, Annibaldis G, Camacho A, Dan-Nwafor C, Deha ARE, DeMarco J, Duraffour S, Goba A, Grais R, Günther S, Honvou ÉJJP, Ihekweazu C, Jacobsen C, Kanneh L, Momoh M, Ndiaye A, Nsaibirni R, Okogbenin S, Ochu C, Ogbaini E, Logbo ÉPMA, Sandi JD, Schieffelin JS, Verstraeten T, Vielle NJ, Yadouleton A, Yovo EK. A prospective, multi-site, cohort study to estimate incidence of infection and disease due to Lassa fever virus in West African countries (the Enable Lassa research programme)-Study protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283643. [PMID: 36996258 PMCID: PMC10062557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lassa fever (LF), a haemorrhagic illness caused by the Lassa fever virus (LASV), is endemic in West Africa and causes 5000 fatalities every year. The true prevalence and incidence rates of LF are unknown as infections are often asymptomatic, clinical presentations are varied, and surveillance systems are not robust. The aim of the Enable Lassa research programme is to estimate the incidences of LASV infection and LF disease in five West African countries. The core protocol described here harmonises key study components, such as eligibility criteria, case definitions, outcome measures, and laboratory tests, which will maximise the comparability of data for between-country analyses. METHOD We are conducting a prospective cohort study in Benin, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria (three sites), and Sierra Leone from 2020 to 2023, with 24 months of follow-up. Each site will assess the incidence of LASV infection, LF disease, or both. When both incidences are assessed the LASV cohort (nmin = 1000 per site) will be drawn from the LF cohort (nmin = 5000 per site). During recruitment participants will complete questionnaires on household composition, socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics, and LF history, and blood samples will be collected to determine IgG LASV serostatus. LF disease cohort participants will be contacted biweekly to identify acute febrile cases, from whom blood samples will be drawn to test for active LASV infection using RT-PCR. Symptom and treatment data will be abstracted from medical records of LF cases. LF survivors will be followed up after four months to assess sequelae, specifically sensorineural hearing loss. LASV infection cohort participants will be asked for a blood sample every six months to assess LASV serostatus (IgG and IgM). DISCUSSION Data on LASV infection and LF disease incidence in West Africa from this research programme will determine the feasibility of future Phase IIb or III clinical trials for LF vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayola Akim Adegnika
- Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique (FORS), Cotonou, Bénin
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Danny Asogun
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Benedict N Azuogu
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - William A Fischer
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Robert F Garry
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David A Wohl
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | | | | | - Giuditta Annibaldis
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jean DeMarco
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Sophie Duraffour
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Christine Jacobsen
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Mambu Momoh
- Kenema Government Hospital (KGH), Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Sylvanus Okogbenin
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Chinwe Ochu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ephraim Ogbaini
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - John S Schieffelin
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Nathalie J Vielle
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
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LaVergne SM, Sakabe S, Momoh M, Kanneh L, Bond N, Garry RF, Grant DS, de la Torre JC, Oldstone MBA, Schieffelin JS, Sullivan BM. Expansion of CD8+ T cell population in Lassa virus survivors with low T cell precursor frequency reveals durable immune response in most survivors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010882. [PMID: 36441765 PMCID: PMC9731491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lassa virus is a priority pathogen for vaccine research and development, however the duration of cellular immunity and protection in Lassa fever (LF) survivors remains unclear. METHODS We investigated Lassa virus specific CD8+ T cell responses in 93 LF survivors. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these individuals were infected with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding Lassa virus antigens and virus specific T cell responses were measured after 18-hour incubation. Participants who had undetectable CD8+ T cell response underwent further analysis using a 10-day T cell proliferation assays to evaluate for low T cell precursor frequency. RESULTS Forty-five of the 93 LF survivors did not have a Lassa virus specific CD8+ T cell response. Of those with responses and a known date of onset of LF (N = 11), 9 had LF within the last ten years. Most participants without a measurable CD8+ T cell response were more than 10 years removed from a clinical history of LF (N = 14/16). Fourteen of 21 patients (67%) with undetectable CD8+ T cell response had a measurable Lassa virus specific CD8+ T cell response with the 10-day assay. DISCUSSION Despite reports of strong CD8+ T cell responses during acute Lassa virus infection, circulating Lassa virus-specific CD8+ T cells declined to undetectable levels in most Lassa fever survivors after ten years when evaluated with an 18-hour T cell stimulation. However, when Lassa virus-specific T cells were expanded prior to restimulation, a Lassa virus-specific CD8+ T cell response could be detected in many if the samples that were negative in the 18-hour stimulation assay, suggesting that prolonged cellular immunity does exist in Lassa fever survivors at low frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. LaVergne
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Saori Sakabe
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Eastern Technical University of Sierra Leone, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Nell Bond
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Sullivan
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, San Diego, California, United States of America
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Tegally H, San JE, Cotten M, Moir M, Tegomoh B, Mboowa G, Martin DP, Baxter C, Lambisia AW, Diallo A, Amoako DG, Diagne MM, Sisay A, Zekri ARN, Gueye AS, Sangare AK, Ouedraogo AS, Sow A, Musa AO, Sesay AK, Abias AG, Elzagheid AI, Lagare A, Kemi AS, Abar AE, Johnson AA, Fowotade A, Oluwapelumi AO, Amuri AA, Juru A, Kandeil A, Mostafa A, Rebai A, Sayed A, Kazeem A, Balde A, Christoffels A, Trotter AJ, Campbell A, Keita AK, Kone A, Bouzid A, Souissi A, Agweyu A, Naguib A, Gutierrez AV, Nkeshimana A, Page AJ, Yadouleton A, Vinze A, Happi AN, Chouikha A, Iranzadeh A, Maharaj A, Batchi-Bouyou AL, Ismail A, Sylverken AA, Goba A, Femi A, Sijuwola AE, Marycelin B, Salako BL, Oderinde BS, Bolajoko B, Diarra B, Herring BL, Tsofa B, Lekana-Douki B, Mvula B, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Marondera BT, Khaireh BA, Kouriba B, Adu B, Pool B, McInnis B, Brook C, Williamson C, Nduwimana C, Anscombe C, Pratt CB, Scheepers C, Akoua-Koffi CG, Agoti CN, Mapanguy CM, Loucoubar C, Onwuamah CK, Ihekweazu C, Malaka CN, Peyrefitte C, Grace C, Omoruyi CE, Rafaï CD, Morang’a CM, Erameh C, Lule DB, Bridges DJ, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Park D, Rasmussen DA, Baker D, Nokes DJ, Ssemwanga D, Tshiabuila D, Amuzu DSY, Goedhals D, Grant DS, Omuoyo DO, Maruapula D, Wanjohi DW, Foster-Nyarko E, Lusamaki EK, Simulundu E, Ong’era EM, Ngabana EN, Abworo EO, Otieno E, Shumba E, Barasa E, Ahmed EB, Ahmed EA, Lokilo E, Mukantwari E, Philomena E, Belarbi E, Simon-Loriere E, Anoh EA, Manuel E, Leendertz F, Taweh FM, Wasfi F, Abdelmoula F, Takawira FT, Derrar F, Ajogbasile FV, Treurnicht F, Onikepe F, Ntoumi F, Muyembe FM, Ragomzingba FEZ, Dratibi FA, Iyanu FA, Mbunsu GK, Thilliez G, Kay GL, Akpede GO, van Zyl GU, Awandare GA, Kpeli GS, Schubert G, Maphalala GP, Ranaivoson HC, Omunakwe HE, Onywera H, Abe H, Karray H, Nansumba H, Triki H, Kadjo HAA, Elgahzaly H, Gumbo H, Mathieu H, Kavunga-Membo H, Smeti I, Olawoye IB, Adetifa IMO, Odia I, Ben Boubaker IB, Mohammad IA, Ssewanyana I, Wurie I, Konstantinus IS, Halatoko JWA, Ayei J, Sonoo J, Makangara JCC, Tamfum JJM, Heraud JM, Shaffer JG, Giandhari J, Musyoki J, Nkurunziza J, Uwanibe JN, Bhiman JN, Yasuda J, Morais J, Kiconco J, Sandi JD, Huddleston J, Odoom JK, Morobe JM, Gyapong JO, Kayiwa JT, Okolie JC, Xavier JS, Gyamfi J, Wamala JF, Bonney JHK, Nyandwi J, Everatt J, Nakaseegu J, Ngoi JM, Namulondo J, Oguzie JU, Andeko JC, Lutwama JJ, Mogga JJH, O’Grady J, Siddle KJ, Victoir K, Adeyemi KT, Tumedi KA, Carvalho KS, Mohammed KS, Dellagi K, Musonda KG, Duedu KO, Fki-Berrajah L, Singh L, Kepler LM, Biscornet L, de Oliveira Martins L, Chabuka L, Olubayo L, Ojok LD, Deng LL, Ochola-Oyier LI, Tyers L, Mine M, Ramuth M, Mastouri M, ElHefnawi M, Mbanne M, Matsheka MI, Kebabonye M, Diop M, Momoh M, Lima Mendonça MDL, Venter M, Paye MF, Faye M, Nyaga MM, Mareka M, Damaris MM, Mburu MW, Mpina MG, Owusu M, Wiley MR, Tatfeng MY, Ayekaba MO, Abouelhoda M, Beloufa MA, Seadawy MG, Khalifa MK, Matobo MM, Kane M, Salou M, Mbulawa MB, Mwenda M, Allam M, Phan MVT, Abid N, Rujeni N, Abuzaid N, Ismael N, Elguindy N, Top NM, Dia N, Mabunda N, Hsiao NY, Silochi NB, Francisco NM, Saasa N, Bbosa N, Murunga N, Gumede N, Wolter N, Sitharam N, Ndodo N, Ajayi NA, Tordo N, Mbhele N, Razanajatovo NH, Iguosadolo N, Mba N, Kingsley OC, Sylvanus O, Femi O, Adewumi OM, Testimony O, Ogunsanya OA, Fakayode O, Ogah OE, Oludayo OE, Faye O, Smith-Lawrence P, Ondoa P, Combe P, Nabisubi P, Semanda P, Oluniyi PE, Arnaldo P, Quashie PK, Okokhere PO, Bejon P, Dussart P, Bester PA, Mbala PK, Kaleebu P, Abechi P, El-Shesheny R, Joseph R, Aziz RK, Essomba RG, Ayivor-Djanie R, Njouom R, Phillips RO, Gorman R, Kingsley RA, Neto Rodrigues RMDESA, Audu RA, Carr RAA, Gargouri S, Masmoudi S, Bootsma S, Sankhe S, Mohamed SI, Femi S, Mhalla S, Hosch S, Kassim SK, Metha S, Trabelsi S, Agwa SH, Mwangi SW, Doumbia S, Makiala-Mandanda S, Aryeetey S, Ahmed SS, Ahmed SM, Elhamoumi S, Moyo S, Lutucuta S, Gaseitsiwe S, Jalloh S, Andriamandimby SF, Oguntope S, Grayo S, Lekana-Douki S, Prosolek S, Ouangraoua S, van Wyk S, Schaffner SF, Kanyerezi S, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Rudder S, Pillay S, Nabadda S, Behillil S, Budiaki SL, van der Werf S, Mashe T, Mohale T, Le-Viet T, Velavan TP, Schindler T, Maponga TG, Bedford T, Anyaneji UJ, Chinedu U, Ramphal U, George UE, Enouf V, Nene V, Gorova V, Roshdy WH, Karim WA, Ampofo WK, Preiser W, Choga WT, Ahmed YA, Ramphal Y, Bediako Y, Naidoo Y, Butera Y, de Laurent ZR, Ouma AEO, von Gottberg A, Githinji G, Moeti M, Tomori O, Sabeti PC, Sall AA, Oyola SO, Tebeje YK, Tessema SK, de Oliveira T, Happi C, Lessells R, Nkengasong J, Wilkinson E. The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance. Science 2022; 378:eabq5358. [PMID: 36108049 PMCID: PMC9529057 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq5358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Investment in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing in Africa over the past year has led to a major increase in the number of sequences that have been generated and used to track the pandemic on the continent, a number that now exceeds 100,000 genomes. Our results show an increase in the number of African countries that are able to sequence domestically and highlight that local sequencing enables faster turnaround times and more-regular routine surveillance. Despite limitations of low testing proportions, findings from this genomic surveillance study underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic and illuminate the distinct dispersal dynamics of variants of concern-particularly Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron-on the continent. Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve while the continent faces many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houriiyah Tegally
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - James E. San
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Matthew Cotten
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Monika Moir
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Bryan Tegomoh
- The Biotechnology Centre of the University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Darren P. Martin
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Amadou Diallo
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Daniel G. Amoako
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | | | - Abay Sisay
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdel-Rahman N. Zekri
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdou Salam Gueye
- World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Abdoul K. Sangare
- Centre d’Infectiologie Charles Mérieux-Mali (CICM-Mali), Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoul-Salam Ouedraogo
- Bacteriology and Virology Department Souro Sanou University Hospital, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Abdualmoniem O. Musa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kassala University, Kassala City, Sudan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
- General Administration of Laboratories and Blood Banks, Ministry of Health, Kassala State, Sudan
| | | | - Abe G. Abias
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan
| | | | - Adamou Lagare
- Center for Medical and Sanitary Research (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Aden Elmi Abar
- Laboratoire de la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
| | - Adeniji A. Johnson
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeola Fowotade
- Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Biorepository Clinical Virology Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeyemi O. Oluwapelumi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Adrienne A. Amuri
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Agnes Juru
- National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Rebai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Sayed
- Genomics and Epigenomics Program, Research Department CCHE57357, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Akano Kazeem
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Aladje Balde
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Jean Piaget, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- University Jean Piaget in Guinea-Bissau, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Alan Christoffels
- Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- SAMRC Bioinformatics Unit, SA Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Allan Campbell
- Central Public Health Reference Laboratories, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Alpha K. Keita
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Université de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Amadou Kone
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Amal Bouzid
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Souissi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Amel Naguib
- Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Anges Yadouleton
- Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques Virales du Benin, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Anika Vinze
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anise N. Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Anissa Chouikha
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Apporach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Arash Iranzadeh
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arisha Maharaj
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Armel L. Batchi-Bouyou
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Arshad Ismail
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Augustina A. Sylverken
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Ayoade Femi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ayotunde E. Sijuwola
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Baba Marycelin
- Department of Immunology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1414, Maiduguri, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde L. Salako
- The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele S. Oderinde
- Department of Immunology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1414, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Bankole Bolajoko
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Bassirou Diarra
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Belinda L. Herring
- World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Centre Interdisciplinaires de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Bernard Mvula
- National HIV Reference Laboratory, Community Health Sciences Unit, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | | | - Bouh Abdi Khaireh
- National Medical and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
- Africa CDC, Rapid Responder, Team Djibouti, Djibouti, Djibouti
| | - Bourema Kouriba
- Centre d’Infectiologie Charles Mérieux-Mali (CICM-Mali), Bamako, Mali
| | - Bright Adu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Brigitte Pool
- Seychelles Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Authority, Ministry of Health Seychelles, Victoria, Seychelles
| | - Bronwyn McInnis
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Cara Brook
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Catherine Anscombe
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Cathrine Scheepers
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Chantal G. Akoua-Koffi
- CHU de Bouaké, Laboratoire/Unité de Diagnostic des Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques et Virus Émergents, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- UFR Sciences Médicales, Universite Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Charles N. Agoti
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Chastel M. Mapanguy
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of Science and Techniques, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Chika K. Onwuamah
- Centre for Human Virology and Genomics, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Christian N. Malaka
- Laboratoire des Arbovirus, Fièvres Hémorragiques virales, Virus Emergents et Zoonoses, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Chukwa Grace
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuma E. Omoruyi
- Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Biorepository Clinical Virology Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Clotaire D. Rafaï
- Le Laboratoire National de Biologie Clinique et de Santé Publique (LNBCSP), Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Collins M. Morang’a
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Cyril Erameh
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Daniel B. Lule
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Daniel Mukadi-Bamuleka
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Danny Park
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David A. Rasmussen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - David J. Nokes
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Deogratius Ssemwanga
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Derek Tshiabuila
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Dominic S. Y. Amuzu
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dominique Goedhals
- PathCare Vermaak, Pretoria, South Africa and Division of Virology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Dorcas Maruapula
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership and Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Dorcas W. Wanjohi
- Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Eddy K. Lusamaki
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Edith N. Ngabana
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Edward O. Abworo
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edward Otieno
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Edwin Shumba
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Edwine Barasa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - El Bara Ahmed
- INRSP, Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Faculté de Médecine de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritani
| | - Elhadi A. Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - Emmanuel Lokilo
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Eromon Philomena
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Etilé A. Anoh
- CHU de Bouaké, Laboratoire/Unité de Diagnostic des Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques et Virus Émergents, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Eusebio Manuel
- Direcção Nacional da Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Luanda, Angola
| | | | - Fahn M. Taweh
- National Public Health Reference Laboratory–National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
| | - Fares Wasfi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Abdelmoula
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Fawzi Derrar
- National Influenza Centre, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fehintola V. Ajogbasile
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Florette Treurnicht
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Folarin Onikepe
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Francisca M. Muyembe
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Fred A. Dratibi
- WHO Int Comoros, Moroni, Union of Comoros
- World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Fred-Akintunwa Iyanu
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Gabriel K. Mbunsu
- Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - George O. Akpede
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Gert U. van Zyl
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gordon A. Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Grace S. Kpeli
- UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - Gugu P. Maphalala
- Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Testing Laboratory, Mbabane, Kingdom of Eswatini
| | | | - Hannah E. Omunakwe
- Satellite Molecular Laboratory, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Harris Onywera
- Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Haruka Abe
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hela Karray
- CHU Habib Bourguiba, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | | | - Hesham Elgahzaly
- Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hlanai Gumbo
- National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Hota Mathieu
- Doctoral School of Technical and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology and Human Health, N’Djamena, Chad
| | - Hugo Kavunga-Membo
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ibtihel Smeti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Idowu B. Olawoye
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ifedayo M. O. Adetifa
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ikponmwosa Odia
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Ilhem Boutiba Ben Boubaker
- Charles Nicolle Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, National Influenza Center, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Research Laboratory LR99ES09, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Iluoreh Ahmed Mohammad
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Isatta Wurie
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Science, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - James Ayei
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan
| | - Janaki Sonoo
- Virology/Molecular Biology Department, Central Health Laboratory, Victoria Hospital, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius
| | - Jean-Claude C. Makangara
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Jacques M. Tamfum
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Michel Heraud
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jessica N. Uwanibe
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Jinal N. Bhiman
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Joana Morais
- Grupo de Investigação Microbiana e Imunológica, Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (National Institute for Health Research), Luanda, Angola
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola
| | | | - John D. Sandi
- Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John Huddleston
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John K. Odoom
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - John O. Gyapong
- UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - John T. Kayiwa
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Johnson C. Okolie
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Joicymara S. Xavier
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Unaí, Brazil
| | - Jones Gyamfi
- UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | | | - Joseph H. K. Bonney
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Joseph Nyandwi
- National Institute of Public Health, Bujumbura, Burundi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | - Josie Everatt
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Joyce M. Ngoi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Judith U. Oguzie
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Julia C. Andeko
- Centre Interdisciplinaires de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | - Katherine J. Siddle
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Kayode T. Adeyemi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Kefentse A. Tumedi
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | | | | | - Kwabena O. Duedu
- UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Lamia Fki-Berrajah
- CHU Habib Bourguiba, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lavanya Singh
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lenora M. Kepler
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Leon Biscornet
- Seychelles Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Authority, Ministry of Health Seychelles, Victoria, Seychelles
| | | | | | - Luicer Olubayo
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lul Deng Ojok
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan
| | - Lul Lojok Deng
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan
| | | | - Lynn Tyers
- Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Madisa Mine
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Magalutcheemee Ramuth
- Virology/Molecular Biology Department, Central Health Laboratory, Victoria Hospital, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius
| | - Maha Mastouri
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mahmoud ElHefnawi
- Biomedical Informatics and Chemoinformatics Group, Informatics and Systems Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maimouna Mbanne
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Mamadou Diop
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Eastern Technical University of Sierra Leone, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marietou F. Paye
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Martin M. Nyaga
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Matoke-Muhia Damaris
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Maximillian G. Mpina
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones de Baney, Baney, Equatorial Guinea
- Ifakara Health Insitute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Michael Owusu
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael R. Wiley
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
- PraesensBio, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Mirabeau Y. Tatfeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | | | - Mohamed Abouelhoda
- Systems and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed G. Seadawy
- Biological Prevention Department, Ministry of Defence, Cairo, Egypt
- Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mouhamed Kane
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | | | - Mushal Allam
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - My V. T. Phan
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Nabil Abid
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Rue Taher Haddad 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nadine Rujeni
- Rwanda National Joint Task Force COVID-19, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
- School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Nadir Abuzaid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan
| | - Nalia Ismael
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Marracuene, Mozambique
| | | | | | - Ndongo Dia
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Nédio Mabunda
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Marracuene, Mozambique
| | - Nei-yuan Hsiao
- Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Ngiambudulu M. Francisco
- Grupo de Investigação Microbiana e Imunológica, Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (National Institute for Health Research), Luanda, Angola
| | - Ngonda Saasa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Nicholas Bbosa
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Nicksy Gumede
- World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Nicole Wolter
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nikita Sitharam
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nnaemeka Ndodo
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nnennaya A. Ajayi
- Internal Medicine Department, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Noël Tordo
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conarky, Guinea
| | - Nokuzola Mbhele
- Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Nosamiefan Iguosadolo
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Nwando Mba
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ojide C. Kingsley
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Okogbenin Sylvanus
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Oladiji Femi
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences. College of Health Sciences. University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Olubusuyi M. Adewumi
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olumade Testimony
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola A. Ogunsanya
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin Fakayode
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Onwe E. Ogah
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Ope-Ewe Oludayo
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Pascale Ondoa
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Patricia Nabisubi
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, The Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Paul E. Oluniyi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Paulo Arnaldo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Marracuene, Mozambique
| | - Peter Kojo Quashie
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Peter O. Okokhere
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Phillip A. Bester
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Placide K. Mbala
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Priscilla Abechi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
- Infectious Hazards Preparedness, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rageema Joseph
- Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ramy Karam Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Research Program, Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - René G. Essomba
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Reuben Ayivor-Djanie
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Richard Njouom
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Richard O. Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richmond Gorman
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Rosa Maria D. E. S. A. Neto Rodrigues
- Coordenadora da rede do Diagnóstico Tuberculose/HIV/COVID-19 na Instituição - Laboratório Nacional de Referência da Tuberculose em São Tomé e Príncipe, São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe
- Ponto focal para Melhoria da qualidade dos Laboratórios (SLIPTA) ao nível de São Tomé e Príncipe, São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe
| | - Rosemary A. Audu
- The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Rosina A. A. Carr
- UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Saba Gargouri
- CHU Habib Bourguiba, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Saber Masmoudi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Safietou Sankhe
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Saibu Femi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Salma Mhalla
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Research Laboratory LR99ES09, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Salome Hosch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samar Kamal Kassim
- Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samar Metha
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sameh Trabelsi
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Lab, LR16SP02, National Center of Pharmacovigilance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sara Hassan Agwa
- Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sarah Wambui Mwangi
- Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Seydou Doumbia
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sheila Makiala-Mandanda
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sherihane Aryeetey
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | - Siham Elhamoumi
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sikhulile Moyo
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership and Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silvia Lutucuta
- Grupo de Investigação Microbiana e Imunológica, Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (National Institute for Health Research), Luanda, Angola
| | - Simani Gaseitsiwe
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership and Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simbirie Jalloh
- Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Sobajo Oguntope
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Sonia Lekana-Douki
- Centre Interdisciplinaires de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Soumeya Ouangraoua
- Centre MURAZ, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- National Institute of Public Health of Burkina Faso (INSP/BF), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Stephanie van Wyk
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Stephen F. Schaffner
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Kanyerezi
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, The Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Sureshnee Pillay
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Susan Nabadda
- Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvie Behillil
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie van der Werf
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Tapfumanei Mashe
- National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe
- World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Thabo Mohale
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tobias Schindler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones de Baney, Baney, Equatorial Guinea
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tongai G. Maponga
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ugochukwu J. Anyaneji
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ugwu Chinedu
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Upasana Ramphal
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- Sub-Saharan African Network For TB/HIV Research Excellence (SANTHE), Durban, South Africa
| | - Uwem E. George
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Vincent Enouf
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vivianne Gorova
- World Health Organization, WHO Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho
- Med24 Medical Centre, Ruwa, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Wasim Abdul Karim
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - William K. Ampofo
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wonderful T. Choga
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership and Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yahaya Ali Ahmed
- World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Yajna Ramphal
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Yaw Bediako
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Yemaachi Biotech, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yeshnee Naidoo
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Yvan Butera
- Rwanda National Joint Task Force COVID-19, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
- Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Institute, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative (Africa PGI)
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
- The Biotechnology Centre of the University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Computational Biology Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Cancer Biology Department, Virology and Immunology Unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Centre d’Infectiologie Charles Mérieux-Mali (CICM-Mali), Bamako, Mali
- Bacteriology and Virology Department Souro Sanou University Hospital, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- West African Health Organisation, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kassala University, Kassala City, Sudan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
- General Administration of Laboratories and Blood Banks, Ministry of Health, Kassala State, Sudan
- MRC Unit The Gambia at LSHTM, Fajara, Gambia
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Juba, Republic of South Sudan
- Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
- Center for Medical and Sanitary Research (CERMES), Niamey, Niger
- The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Laboratoire de la Caisse Nationale de Sécurité Sociale, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Infectious Disease Institute, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Biorepository Clinical Virology Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
- Pathogen Sequencing Lab, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université de Kinshasa (UNIKIN), Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- National Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Genomics and Epigenomics Program, Research Department CCHE57357, Cairo, Egypt
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Jean Piaget, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- University Jean Piaget in Guinea-Bissau, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- SAMRC Bioinformatics Unit, SA Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
- Central Public Health Reference Laboratories, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Université de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
- TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Montpellier University, 34090, Montpellier, France
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Cairo, Egypt
- National Institute of Public Health, Bujumbura, Burundi
- Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques Virales du Benin, Cotonou, Benin
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory “Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Apporach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health”, LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Department of Immunology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 1414, Maiduguri, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
- Centre Interdisciplinaires de Recherches Medicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
- National HIV Reference Laboratory, Community Health Sciences Unit, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- National Medical and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
- Africa CDC, Rapid Responder, Team Djibouti, Djibouti, Djibouti
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Seychelles Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Authority, Ministry of Health Seychelles, Victoria, Seychelles
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, USA
- SAMRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- CHU de Bouaké, Laboratoire/Unité de Diagnostic des Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques et Virus Émergents, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- UFR Sciences Médicales, Universite Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
- School of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Faculty of Science and Techniques, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Centre for Human Virology and Genomics, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
- Laboratoire des Arbovirus, Fièvres Hémorragiques virales, Virus Emergents et Zoonoses, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Le Laboratoire National de Biologie Clinique et de Santé Publique (LNBCSP), Bangui, Central African Republic
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria
- PATH, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- PathCare Vermaak, Pretoria, South Africa and Division of Virology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership and Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- INRSP, Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Faculté de Médecine de Nouakchott, Nouakchott, Mauritani
- Rwanda National Reference Laboratory, Kigali, Rwanda
- Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
- G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Direcção Nacional da Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Luanda, Angola
- National Public Health Reference Laboratory–National Public Health Institute of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- National Influenza Centre, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Algiers, Algeria
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Ministère de Santé Publique et de la Solidarité Nationale, Ndjamena, Chad
- WHO Int Comoros, Moroni, Union of Comoros
- World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
- UHAS COVID-19 Testing and Research Centre, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
- Ministry of Health, COVID-19 Testing Laboratory, Mbabane, Kingdom of Eswatini
- Satellite Molecular Laboratory, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- CHU Habib Bourguiba, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Kampala, Uganda
- Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Departement des Virus Epidemiques, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Doctoral School of Technical and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology and Human Health, N’Djamena, Chad
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Charles Nicolle Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, National Influenza Center, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Research Laboratory LR99ES09, Tunis, Tunisia
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Science, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- Namibia Institute of Pathology, Windhoek, Namibia
- National Institute of Hygiene, Lomé, Togo
- Virology/Molecular Biology Department, Central Health Laboratory, Victoria Hospital, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- WHO Burundi, Gitega, Burundi
- Grupo de Investigação Microbiana e Imunológica, Instituto Nacional de Investigação em Saúde (National Institute for Health Research), Luanda, Angola
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda, Angola
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Unaí, Brazil
- WHO South Sudan, Juba, South Sudan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi
- Pasteur Network, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Gaborone, Botswana
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Praia, Cape Verde
- Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
- Public Health Institute of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- National Health Laboratory, Gaborone, Botswana
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biologically Active Substances (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Biomedical Informatics and Chemoinformatics Group, Informatics and Systems Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, Gaborone, Botswana
- Eastern Technical University of Sierra Leone, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- National Reference Laboratory Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones de Baney, Baney, Equatorial Guinea
- Ifakara Health Insitute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- PraesensBio, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
- Systems and Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Biological Prevention Department, Ministry of Defence, Cairo, Egypt
- Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
- Molecular Pathology Lab, Children’s Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
- Laboratoire Biolim FSS/Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Rue Taher Haddad 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
- Rwanda National Joint Task Force COVID-19, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
- School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Marracuene, Mozambique
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Internal Medicine Department, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Conarky, Guinea
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences. College of Health Sciences. University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
- Mayotte Hospital Center, Mayotte, France
- The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, The Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Infectious Hazards Preparedness, World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Research Program, Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Public Health of Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Virology Service, Centre Pasteur of Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Coordenadora da rede do Diagnóstico Tuberculose/HIV/COVID-19 na Instituição - Laboratório Nacional de Referência da Tuberculose em São Tomé e Príncipe, São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe
- Ponto focal para Melhoria da qualidade dos Laboratórios (SLIPTA) ao nível de São Tomé e Príncipe, São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe
- National Public Health Reference Laboratory (NPHRL), Mogadishu, Somalia
- Faculty of Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Lab, LR16SP02, National Center of Pharmacovigilance, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre MURAZ, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- National Institute of Public Health of Burkina Faso (INSP/BF), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, UMR 3569 CNRS, Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Sub-Saharan African Network For TB/HIV Research Excellence (SANTHE), Durban, South Africa
- World Health Organization, WHO Lesotho, Maseru, Lesotho
- Med24 Medical Centre, Ruwa, Zimbabwe
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Yemaachi Biotech, Accra, Ghana
- Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, GIGA Research Institute, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ahmed E. O. Ouma
- Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anne von Gottberg
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - George Githinji
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Matshidiso Moeti
- World Health Organization, Africa Region, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Oyewale Tomori
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amadou A. Sall
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Samuel O. Oyola
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yenew K. Tebeje
- Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sofonias K. Tessema
- Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christian Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Richard Lessells
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - John Nkengasong
- Institute of Pathogen Genomics, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eduan Wilkinson
- Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation (CERI), School of Data Science and Computational Thinking, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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7
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Klitting R, Kafetzopoulou LE, Thiery W, Dudas G, Gryseels S, Kotamarthi A, Vrancken B, Gangavarapu K, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Goba A, Alhasan F, Grant DS, Okogbenin S, Ogbaini-Emovo E, Garry RF, Smither AR, Zeller M, Pauthner MG, McGraw M, Hughes LD, Duraffour S, Günther S, Suchard MA, Lemey P, Andersen KG, Dellicour S. Predicting the evolution of the Lassa virus endemic area and population at risk over the next decades. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5596. [PMID: 36167835 PMCID: PMC9515147 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever is a severe viral hemorrhagic fever caused by a zoonotic virus that repeatedly spills over to humans from its rodent reservoirs. It is currently not known how climate and land use changes could affect the endemic area of this virus, currently limited to parts of West Africa. By exploring the environmental data associated with virus occurrence using ecological niche modelling, we show how temperature, precipitation and the presence of pastures determine ecological suitability for virus circulation. Based on projections of climate, land use, and population changes, we find that regions in Central and East Africa will likely become suitable for Lassa virus over the next decades and estimate that the total population living in ecological conditions that are suitable for Lassa virus circulation may drastically increase by 2070. By analysing geotagged viral genomes using spatially-explicit phylogeography and simulating virus dispersal, we find that in the event of Lassa virus being introduced into a new suitable region, its spread might remain spatially limited over the first decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Klitting
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Liana E. Kafetzopoulou
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ,grid.424065.10000 0001 0701 3136Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wim Thiery
- grid.8767.e0000 0001 2290 8069Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gytis Dudas
- grid.6441.70000 0001 2243 2806Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sophie Gryseels
- grid.5284.b0000 0001 0790 3681Evolutionary Ecology group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium ,grid.20478.390000 0001 2171 9581Vertebrate group, Directorate Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anjali Kotamarthi
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Bram Vrancken
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Mambu Momoh
- grid.442296.f0000 0001 2290 9707Eastern Technical University of Sierra Leone, Kenema, Sierra Leone ,grid.463455.50000 0004 1799 2069Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- grid.463455.50000 0004 1799 2069Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustine Goba
- grid.463455.50000 0004 1799 2069Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Foday Alhasan
- grid.463455.50000 0004 1799 2069Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S. Grant
- grid.463455.50000 0004 1799 2069Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone ,grid.442296.f0000 0001 2290 9707College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Sylvanus Okogbenin
- grid.508091.5Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria ,grid.411357.50000 0000 9018 355XFaculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | | | - Robert F. Garry
- grid.265219.b0000 0001 2217 8588Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA ,grid.505518.c0000 0004 5901 1919Zalgen Labs, LCC, Frederick, MD 21703 USA ,grid.475149.aGlobal Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Allison R. Smither
- grid.265219.b0000 0001 2217 8588Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Mark Zeller
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Matthias G. Pauthner
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Michelle McGraw
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Laura D. Hughes
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Sophie Duraffour
- grid.424065.10000 0001 0701 3136Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.452463.2German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg–Lübeck–Borstel–Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Günther
- grid.424065.10000 0001 0701 3136Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany ,grid.452463.2German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg–Lübeck–Borstel–Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Philippe Lemey
- grid.5596.f0000 0001 0668 7884Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- grid.214007.00000000122199231Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA ,grid.214007.00000000122199231Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP160/12 50, av. FD Roosevelt, 1050, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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8
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Borrega R, Nelson DKS, Koval AP, Bond NG, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Lathigra R, Bush DJ, Aimukanova I, Phinney WN, Koval SA, Hoffmann AR, Smither AR, Bell-Kareem AR, Melnik LI, Genemaras KJ, Chao K, Snarski P, Melton AB, Harrell JE, Smira AA, Elliott DH, Rouelle JA, Sabino-Santos G, Drouin AC, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Goba A, Samuels RJ, Kanneh L, Gbakie M, Branco ZL, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Robinson JE, Fusco DN, Sabeti PC, Andersen KG, Grant DS, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Garry RF. Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Pre-COVID-19 Blood Samples from Sierra Leoneans. Viruses 2021; 13:2325. [PMID: 34835131 PMCID: PMC8625389 DOI: 10.3390/v13112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than countries in other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases and a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential factor. Blood samples from Sierra Leonean Lassa fever and Ebola survivors and their contacts collected before the first reported COVID-19 cases were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the presence of antibodies binding to proteins of coronaviruses that infect humans. Results were compared to COVID-19 subjects and healthy blood donors from the United States. Prior to the pandemic, Sierra Leoneans had more frequent exposures than Americans to coronaviruses with epitopes that cross-react with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The percentage of Sierra Leoneans with antibodies reacting to seasonal coronaviruses was also higher than for American blood donors. Serological responses to coronaviruses by Sierra Leoneans did not differ by age or sex. Approximately a quarter of Sierra Leonian pre-pandemic blood samples had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, while about a third neutralized MERS-CoV pseudovirus. Prior exposures to coronaviruses that induce cross-protective immunity may contribute to reduced COVID-19 cases and deaths in Sierra Leone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Borrega
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Diana K. S. Nelson
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Anatoliy P. Koval
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Nell G. Bond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Megan L. Heinrich
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Megan M. Rowland
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Raju Lathigra
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Duane J. Bush
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Irina Aimukanova
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Whitney N. Phinney
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Sophia A. Koval
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Andrew R. Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Allison R. Smither
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Antoinette R. Bell-Kareem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Lilia I. Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Kaylynn J. Genemaras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
- Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Karissa Chao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
- Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Patricia Snarski
- Heart and Vascular Institute, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alexandra B. Melton
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Jaikin E. Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Ashley A. Smira
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Debra H. Elliott
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Julie A. Rouelle
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Centre for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaud C. Drouin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.C.D.); (D.N.F.)
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone;
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Robert J. Samuels
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Zoe L. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - James E. Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Dahlene N. Fusco
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.C.D.); (D.N.F.)
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Matthew L. Boisen
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
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9
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Gunn BM, Lu R, Slein MD, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Atyeo C, Schendel SL, Kim J, Cain C, Roy V, Suscovich TJ, Takada A, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y, Pauthner MG, Momoh M, Goba A, Kanneh L, Andersen KG, Schieffelin JS, Grant D, Garry RF, Saphire EO, Bukreyev A, Alter G. A Fc engineering approach to define functional humoral correlates of immunity against Ebola virus. Immunity 2021; 54:815-828.e5. [PMID: 33852832 PMCID: PMC8111768 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protective Ebola virus (EBOV) antibodies have neutralizing activity and induction of antibody constant domain (Fc)-mediated innate immune effector functions. Efforts to enhance Fc effector functionality often focus on maximizing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, yet distinct combinations of functions could be critical for antibody-mediated protection. As neutralizing antibodies have been cloned from EBOV disease survivors, we sought to identify survivor Fc effector profiles to help guide Fc optimization strategies. Survivors developed a range of functional antibody responses, and we therefore applied a rapid, high-throughput Fc engineering platform to define the most protective profiles. We generated a library of Fc variants with identical antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) from an EBOV neutralizing antibody. Fc variants with antibody-mediated complement deposition and moderate natural killer (NK) cell activity demonstrated complete protective activity in a stringent in vivo mouse model. Our findings highlight the importance of specific effector functions in antibody-mediated protection, and the experimental platform presents a generalizable resource for identifying correlates of immunity to guide therapeutic antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard Lu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jiyoung Kim
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Cain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ayato Takada
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthias G Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Donald Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Okoeguale J, Tobin E, Efediyi R, Njoku A, Erameh C, Momoh M. Perception of facility readiness and health worker willingness to participate in the COVID-19 pandemic response in a treatment centre in Nigeria. REJHS 2021. [DOI: 10.4314/rejhs.v9i1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The study aimed to investigate health workers’ knowledge, self - preparedness and willingness to volunteer for outbreak response and perceived institutional readiness to manage confirmed or suspected cases of COVID-19.Methods: Across-sectional study was carried out among 300 consenting healthcare workers in a COVID19 treatment facility in Edo state, Nigeria. Data were collected between April and May 2020 using selfadministered questionnaires. Analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, with Chisquare test and logistic regression applied with a 95% confidence interval. All ethical considerations were met.Results: One hundred and seventeen (39.0%) respondents were willing to volunteer in the response, with respondents who were confident in their ability to suspect a case, communicate risk effectively and who believed the facility should be a treatment centre being 3.55, 2.07 and 2.30 times more likely to volunteer respectively (P< 0.001, P = 0.04 and P = 0.02 respectively). Two hundred and seven (69.0%) respondents felt the facility was ready to manage confirmed cases. Management commitment 255 (85.0%) was the factor acknowledged as most indicative that the facility was ready to handle cases, with availabiltiy of personal protective wears as the least mentioned 166 (55.3%).Conclusion: Many health workers who should be in the frontline were unwilling to volunteer to manage cases, though perceived facility readiness was high. Health managers should take steps to address identified barriers and provide conducive work environments.
Keywords: COVID-19, Health providers, Willingness
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11
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Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Momoh M, Goba A, Kanneh L, Alhasan F, Gbakie M, Engel EJ, Bond NG, Hartnett JN, Nelson DKS, Bush DJ, Boisen ML, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Branco LM, Samuels RJ, Garry RF, Grant DS. Space-Time Trends in Lassa Fever in Sierra Leone by ELISA Serostatus, 2012-2019. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030586. [PMID: 33809204 PMCID: PMC8000031 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever (LF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease found in Sub-Saharan Africa and is responsible for up to 300,000 cases and 5000 deaths annually. LF is highly endemic in Sierra Leone, particularly in its Eastern Province. Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) maintains one of only a few LF isolation facilities in the world with year-round diagnostic testing. Here we focus on space-time trends for LF occurring in Sierra Leone between 2012 and 2019 to provide a current account of LF in the wake of the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic. Data were analyzed for 3277 suspected LF cases and classified as acute, recent, and non-LF or prior LF exposure using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Presentation rates for acute, recent, and non-LF or prior LF exposure were 6.0% (195/3277), 25.6% (838/3277), and 68.4% (2244/3277), respectively. Among 2051 non-LF or prior LF exposures, 33.2% (682/2051) tested positive for convalescent LF exposure. The overall LF case-fatality rate (CFR) was 78.5% (106/135). Both clinical presentations and confirmed LF cases declined following the Ebola epidemic. These declines coincided with an increased duration between illness onset and clinical presentation, perhaps suggesting more severe disease or presentation at later stages of illness. Acute LF cases and their corresponding CFRs peaked during the dry season (November to April). Subjects with recent (but not acute) LF exposure were more likely to present during the rainy season (May to October) than the dry season (p < 0.001). The findings here suggest that LF remains endemic in Sierra Leone and that caseloads are likely to resume at levels observed prior to the Ebola epidemic. The results provide insight on the current epidemiological profile of LF in Sierra Leone to facilitate LF vaccine studies and accentuate the need for LF cohort studies and continued advancements in LF diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (J.G.S.); (J.S.S.); (D.S.G.); Tel.: +1-504-988-1142 (J.G.S.); +1-504-988-5117 (D.S.G.)
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.J.E.); (N.G.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.S.); (J.S.S.); (D.S.G.); Tel.: +1-504-988-1142 (J.G.S.); +1-504-988-5117 (D.S.G.)
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Augustine Goba
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Foday Alhasan
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Emily J. Engel
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.J.E.); (N.G.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (J.N.H.); (R.F.G.)
| | - Nell G. Bond
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.J.E.); (N.G.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (J.N.H.); (R.F.G.)
| | - Jessica N. Hartnett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (J.N.H.); (R.F.G.)
| | - Diana K. S. Nelson
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Duane J. Bush
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Matthew L. Boisen
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Megan L. Heinrich
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Megan M. Rowland
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Robert J. Samuels
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TE 37203, USA
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (J.N.H.); (R.F.G.)
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.S.); (J.S.S.); (D.S.G.); Tel.: +1-504-988-1142 (J.G.S.); +1-504-988-5117 (D.S.G.)
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12
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LaVergne SM, Sakabe S, Kanneh L, Momoh M, Al-Hassan F, Yilah M, Goba A, Sandi JD, Gbakie M, Cubitt B, Boisen M, Mayeux JM, Smira A, Shore K, Bica I, Pollard KM, Carlos de la Torre J, Branco LM, Garry RF, Grant DS, Schieffelin JS, Oldstone MBA, Sullivan BM. Ebola-Specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-Cell Responses in Sierra Leonean Ebola Virus Survivors With or Without Post-Ebola Sequelae. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:1488-1497. [PMID: 32436943 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus (EBOV) disease has killed thousands of West and Central Africans over the past several decades. Many who survive the acute disease later experience post-Ebola syndrome, a constellation of symptoms whose causative pathogenesis is unclear. METHODS We investigated EBOV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses in 37 Sierra Leonean EBOV disease survivors with (n = 19) or without (n = 18) sequelae of arthralgia and ocular symptoms. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infected with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding EBOV antigens. We also studied the presence of EBOV-specific immunoglobulin G, antinuclear antibodies, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, rheumatoid factor, complement levels, and cytokine levels in these 2 groups. RESULTS Survivors with sequelae had a significantly higher EBOV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell response. No differences in EBOV-specific immunoglobulin G, antinuclear antibody, or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody levels were found. Survivors with sequelae showed significantly higher rheumatoid factor levels. CONCLUSION EBOV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses were significantly higher in Ebola survivors with post-Ebola syndrome. These findings suggest that pathogenesis may occur as an immune-mediated disease via virus-specific T-cell immune response or that persistent antigen exposure leads to increased and sustained T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M LaVergne
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Saori Sakabe
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone.,Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Foday Al-Hassan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Yilah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Beatrice Cubitt
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Jessica M Mayeux
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ashley Smira
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kayla Shore
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Iris Bica
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - K Michael Pollard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone.,College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michael B A Oldstone
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brian M Sullivan
- Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
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13
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Samuels RJ, Moon TD, Starnes JR, Alhasan F, Gbakie M, Goba A, Koroma V, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Garry RF, Engel EJ, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Grant DS. Lassa Fever among Children in Eastern Province, Sierra Leone: A 7-year Retrospective Analysis (2012-2018). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104:585-592. [PMID: 33241780 PMCID: PMC7866338 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric Lassa fever (LF) usually presents as a nonspecific febrile illness, similar to other endemic diseases in countries like Sierra Leone, where LF is considered to be hyperendemic. The nonspecificity of presentation and lack of research have made it difficult to fully understand best practices for pediatric management. We aim to describe clinical characteristics of hospitalized pediatric patients suspected or diagnosed with LF and assess factors associated with hospital outcomes among those with LF antigen-positive results. We conducted a 7-year retrospective cohort study using routine data for all children younger than 18 years admitted at the Kenema Government Hospital's LF ward. A total of 292 children with suspected or confirmed LF were analyzed. Overall, mortality was high (21%). Children with antigen-positive results had a high case fatality rate of 63% (P < 0.01). In univariate analyses, children who presented with unexplained bleeding (odds ratio [OR]: 3.58; 95% CI: 1.08-11.86; P = 0.040) and confusion (altered sensorium) (OR: 5.37; 95% CI: 1.34-21.48; P = 0.020) had increased odds of death. Abnormal serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.001), creatinine (P = 0.004), and potassium (P = 0.003) were associated with increased likelihood of death in these children. Treatment with ribavirin was not significantly associated with survival (P = 0.916). Our findings provide insights into current pediatric LF clinical presentation and management. More evidence-based, high-quality research in creating predictive algorithms of antigen-positivity and hospital outcomes is needed in the management of pediatric LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Samuels
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Troy D Moon
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joseph R Starnes
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Foday Alhasan
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustine Goba
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Veronica Koroma
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Emily J Engel
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Sections of Pediatric and Adult Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Sections of Pediatric and Adult Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S Grant
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.,Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Kenema, Sierra Leone
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14
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Horton LE, Cross RW, Hartnett JN, Engel EJ, Sakabe S, Goba A, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Geisbert TW, Garry RF, Schieffelin JS, Grant DS, Sullivan BM. Endotheliopathy and Platelet Dysfunction as Hallmarks of Fatal Lassa Fever. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2625-2637. [PMID: 33079033 PMCID: PMC7588510 DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.191694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever (LF) causes multisystem disease and has a fatality rate <70%. Severe cases exhibit abnormal coagulation, endothelial barrier disruption, and dysfunctional platelet aggregation but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In Sierra Leone during 2015-2018, we assessed LF patients' day-of-admission plasma samples for levels of proteins necessary for coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelet function. P-selectin, soluble endothelial protein C receptor, soluble thrombomodulin, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, ADAMTS-13, von Willebrand factor, tissue factor, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were more elevated in LF patients than in controls. Endothelial protein C receptor, thrombomodulin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, D-dimer, and hepatocyte growth factor were higher in fatal than nonfatal LF cases. Platelet disaggregation occurred only in samples from fatal LF cases. The impaired homeostasis and platelet dysfunction implicate alterations in the protein C pathway, which might contribute to the loss of endothelial barrier function in fatal infections.
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15
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Gunn BM, Roy V, Karim MM, Hartnett JN, Suscovich TJ, Goba A, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Kanneh L, Andersen KG, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Garry RF, Grant DS, Alter G. Survivors of Ebola Virus Disease Develop Polyfunctional Antibody Responses. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:156-161. [PMID: 31301137 PMCID: PMC7184900 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies can mediate protection against Ebola virus (EBOV) infection through direct neutralization as well as through the recruitment of innate immune effector functions. However, the antibody functional response following survival of acute EBOV disease has not been well characterized. In this study, serum antibodies from Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors from Sierra Leone were profiled to capture variation in overall subclass/isotype abundance, neutralizing activity, and innate immune effector functions. Antibodies from EVD survivors exhibited robust innate immune effector functions, mediated primarily by IgG1 and IgA1. In conclusion, development of functional antibodies follows survival of acute EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Marcus M Karim
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica N Hartnett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Todd J Suscovich
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital.,Eastern Polytechnic University, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute.,Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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16
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Boisen ML, Uyigue E, Aiyepada J, Siddle KJ, Oestereich L, Nelson DKS, Bush DJ, Rowland MM, Heinrich ML, Eromon P, Kayode AT, Odia I, Adomeh DI, Muoebonam EB, Akhilomen P, Okonofua G, Osiemi B, Omoregie O, Airende M, Agbukor J, Ehikhametalor S, Aire CO, Duraffour S, Pahlmann M, Böhm W, Barnes KG, Mehta S, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Goba A, Folarin OA, Ogbaini-Emovan E, Asogun DA, Tobin EA, Akpede GO, Okogbenin SA, Okokhere PO, Grant DS, Schieffelin JS, Sabeti PC, Günther S, Happi CT, Branco LM, Garry RF. Field evaluation of a Pan-Lassa rapid diagnostic test during the 2018 Nigerian Lassa fever outbreak. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8724. [PMID: 32457420 PMCID: PMC7250850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF), an often-fatal hemorrhagic disease. LF is endemic in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and other West African countries. Diagnosis of LASV infection is challenged by the genetic diversity of the virus, which is greatest in Nigeria. The ReLASV Pan-Lassa Antigen Rapid Test (Pan-Lassa RDT) is a point-of-care, in vitro diagnostic test that utilizes a mixture of polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant nucleoproteins of representative strains from the three most prevalent LASV lineages (II, III and IV). We compared the performance of the Pan-LASV RDT to available quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays during the 2018 LF outbreak in Nigeria. For patients with acute LF (RDT positive, IgG/IgM negative) during initial screening, RDT performance was 83.3% sensitivity and 92.8% specificity when compared to composite results of two qPCR assays. 100% of samples that gave Ct values below 22 on both qPCR assays were positive on the Pan-Lassa RDT. There were significantly elevated case fatality rates and elevated liver transaminase levels in subjects whose samples were RDT positive compared to RDT negative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eghosa Uyigue
- The African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - John Aiyepada
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Katherine J Siddle
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Philomena Eromon
- The African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Adeyemi T Kayode
- The African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ikponmwosa Odia
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Donatus I Adomeh
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Ekene B Muoebonam
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Patience Akhilomen
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Grace Okonofua
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Blessing Osiemi
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Omigie Omoregie
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Michael Airende
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Jacqueline Agbukor
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Ehikhametalor
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Chris Okafi Aire
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Sophie Duraffour
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meike Pahlmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Böhm
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kayla G Barnes
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samar Mehta
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- The African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ephraim Ogbaini-Emovan
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Danny A Asogun
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Ekaete A Tobin
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - George O Akpede
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Sylvanus A Okogbenin
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Peter O Okokhere
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
- The Department of Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
- The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian T Happi
- The African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD, USA.
- Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Tulane University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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17
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Sullivan BM, Sakabe S, Hartnett JN, Nho N, Goba A, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Kanneh L, Cubitt B, Garcia SD, Ware BC, Kotliar D, Robles-Sikisaka R, Gangavarapu K, de la Torre JC, Sabeti PC, Andersen KG, Garry RF, Grant DS, Schieffelin JS, Oldstone MB. Reevaluating HLA-A2-restricted Lassa epitopes in human Lassa fever survivors. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.140.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Many factors contribute to the selection of epitope-specific T cells. Often, candidate epitopes are generated through in silico prediction of various biological processes, mainly peptide generation and MHC binding, that are then tested in relevant biological assays. This is especially true of epitopes derived from BSL-4 pathogens or where relevant patient samples are difficult to obtain. Two previous studies identified CD8+ T cell epitopes from the Lassa virus glycoprotein through in silico prediction, experimental MHC binding assays, and epitope generation in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Using samples from ten HLA-A*02:01 Lassa fever survivors, we tested whether these previously described epitope-specific CD8+ T cells were present and their relation to the broader Lassa virus-specific T cell response. Using overnight stimulation assays, we detected robust LASV-specific responses to the glycoprotein and nucleoprotein, but only one of the three epitopes (GP60–68)shown to be present and protective in mice made a substantial contribution to the overall LASV-specific response. Using a more sensitive proliferation assay, we detected the remaining two epitopes in some individuals at a very low frequency. Overall, this study shows the limitations of epitope discovery through in silico prediction, MHC binding and transgenic mouse models and highlights the complex nature of T cell selection during natural infection of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saori Sakabe
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | | | - Nhi Nho
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Augustine Goba
- 3Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
- 5Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
- 6Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
- 5Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
- 7Njala University, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
- 5Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
| | - Beatrice Cubitt
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Selma D Garcia
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Brian C Ware
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Dylan Kotliar
- 8FAS Center for Systems Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
| | - Refugio Robles-Sikisaka
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
- 9Scripps Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- 10Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute
| | | | - Pardis C Sabeti
- 8FAS Center for Systems Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
- 9Scripps Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute
| | | | - Donald S Grant
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
- 5Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
- 11College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Michael B Oldstone
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
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18
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Ansumana R, Bah F, Biao K, Harding D, Jalloh MB, Kelly AH, Koker F, Koroma Z, Momoh M, Rogers MH, Rogers J, Street A, Vernooij E, Wurie I. Building diagnostic systems in Sierra Leone: The role of point-of-care devices in laboratory strengthening. Afr J Lab Med 2020; 9:1029. [PMID: 32391246 PMCID: PMC7203302 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v9i2.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Ansumana
- School of Community Health Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone
| | - Fatmata Bah
- Kings Sierra Leone Partnership, King’s Centre for Global Health and Health Partnerships, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Kan Biao
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Doris Harding
- Public Health Laboratories, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed B. Jalloh
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Ann H. Kelly
- Global Health and Social Medicine, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francess Koker
- Kings Sierra Leone Partnership, King’s Centre for Global Health and Health Partnerships, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Zikan Koroma
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Clinical Laboratories and National Coordinator BioBanking and Biosecurity, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Kenema Government Hospital, Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- School of Nursing and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Eastern Polytechnic, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed H. Rogers
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - James Rogers
- Laboratory Technical Working Group, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Alice Street
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Vernooij
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Isatta Wurie
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
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19
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Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Gbakie M, Alhasan F, Roberts NB, Goba A, Randazzo J, Momoh M, Moon TD, Kanneh L, Levy DC, Podgorski RM, Hartnett JN, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Samuels R, Grant DS, Garry RF. A medical records and data capture and management system for Lassa fever in Sierra Leone: Approach, implementation, and challenges. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214284. [PMID: 30921383 PMCID: PMC6438490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Situated in southeastern Sierra Leone, Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) maintains one of the world’s only Lassa fever isolation wards and was a strategic Ebola virus disease (EVD) treatment facility during the 2014 EVD outbreak. Since 2006, the Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium (VHFC) has carried out research activities at KGH, capturing clinical and laboratory data for suspected cases of Lassa fever. Here we describe the approach, progress, and challenges in designing and maintaining a data capture and management system (DCMS) at KGH to assist infectious disease researchers in building and sustaining DCMS in low-resource environments. Results on screening patterns and case-fatality rates are provided to illustrate the context and scope of the DCMS covered in this study. A medical records system and DCMS was designed and implemented between 2010 and 2016 linking historical and prospective Lassa fever data sources across KGH Lassa fever units and its peripheral health units. Data were captured using a case report form (CRF) system, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate readers, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) machines, blood chemistry analyzers, and data auditing procedures. Between 2008 and 2016, blood samples for 4,229 suspected Lassa fever cases were screened at KGH, ranging from 219 samples in 2008 to a peak of 760 samples in 2011. Lassa fever case-fatality rates before and following the Ebola outbreak were 65.5% (148/226) and 89.5% (17/19), respectively, suggesting that fewer, but more seriously ill subjects with Lassa fever presented to KGH following the 2014 EVD outbreak (p = .040). DCMS challenges included weak specificity of the Lassa fever suspected case definition, limited capture of patient survival outcome data, internet costs, lapses in internet connectivity, low bandwidth, equipment and software maintenance, lack of computer teaching laboratories, and workload fluctuations due to variable screening activity. DCMS are the backbone of international research efforts and additional literature is needed on the topic for establishing benchmarks and driving goal-based approaches for its advancement in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Sections of Pediatric & Adult Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Foday Alhasan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Nicole B. Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jessica Randazzo
- Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Troy D. Moon
- Vanderbilt University Institute for Global Health, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Danielle C. Levy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rachel M. Podgorski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jessica N. Hartnett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Matt L. Boisen
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Samuels
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland, United States of America
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20
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Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Grant DS, Goba A, Momoh M, Kanneh L, Levy DC, Hartnett JN, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Garry RF. Data set on Lassa fever in post-conflict Sierra Leone. Data Brief 2019; 23:103673. [PMID: 30788396 PMCID: PMC6369334 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever is a rodent-borne illness that is endemic to parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and Guinea. The disease is named after the town of Lassa, Nigeria where it was discovered in 1969. This data article focuses on the epidemiology of Lassa fever in Sierra Leone following a decade-long civil war that ended in 2002. The data were collected at Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) in Kenema, Sierra Leone, which maintains the country׳s only Lassa fever treatment facility and a biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory. The key data set variables include Lassa fever serostatus determined using antigen (Ag), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA diagnostic techniques; and patient demographics, survival outcome, and treatment (ribavirin) status. The individual data used to generate the graphs and tables in the corresponding research manuscript published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2014 and its coding guide are provided as Supplementary material (Shaffer et al., 2014) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Sections of Pediatric and Adult Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Danielle C Levy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jessica N Hartnett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | | | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD, United States
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21
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Siddle KJ, Eromon P, Barnes KG, Mehta S, Oguzie JU, Odia I, Schaffner SF, Winnicki SM, Shah RR, Qu J, Wohl S, Brehio P, Iruolagbe C, Aiyepada J, Uyigue E, Akhilomen P, Okonofua G, Ye S, Kayode T, Ajogbasile F, Uwanibe J, Gaye A, Momoh M, Chak B, Kotliar D, Carter A, Gladden-Young A, Freije CA, Omoregie O, Osiemi B, Muoebonam EB, Airende M, Enigbe R, Ebo B, Nosamiefan I, Oluniyi P, Nekoui M, Ogbaini-Emovon E, Garry RF, Andersen KG, Park DJ, Yozwiak NL, Akpede G, Ihekweazu C, Tomori O, Okogbenin S, Folarin OA, Okokhere PO, MacInnis BL, Sabeti PC, Happi CT. Genomic Analysis of Lassa Virus during an Increase in Cases in Nigeria in 2018. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1745-1753. [PMID: 30332564 PMCID: PMC6181183 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1804498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During 2018, an unusual increase in Lassa fever cases occurred in Nigeria, raising concern among national and international public health agencies. We analyzed 220 Lassa virus genomes from infected patients, including 129 from the 2017-2018 transmission season, to understand the viral populations underpinning the increase. A total of 14 initial genomes from 2018 samples were generated at Redeemer's University in Nigeria, and the findings were shared with the Nigerian Center for Disease Control in real time. We found that the increase in cases was not attributable to a particular Lassa virus strain or sustained by human-to-human transmission. Instead, the data were consistent with ongoing cross-species transmission from local rodent populations. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed extensive viral diversity that was structured according to geography, with major rivers appearing to act as barriers to migration of the rodent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Siddle
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Philomena Eromon
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Kayla G Barnes
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Samar Mehta
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Judith U Oguzie
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Ikponmwosa Odia
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Stephen F Schaffner
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Sarah M Winnicki
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Rickey R Shah
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - James Qu
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Shirlee Wohl
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Patrick Brehio
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Christopher Iruolagbe
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - John Aiyepada
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Eghosa Uyigue
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Patience Akhilomen
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Grace Okonofua
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Simon Ye
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Tolulope Kayode
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Fehintola Ajogbasile
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Jessica Uwanibe
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Amy Gaye
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Mambu Momoh
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Bridget Chak
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Dylan Kotliar
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Amber Carter
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Adrianne Gladden-Young
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Catherine A Freije
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Omigie Omoregie
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Blessing Osiemi
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Ekene B Muoebonam
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Michael Airende
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Rachael Enigbe
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Benevolence Ebo
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Iguosadolo Nosamiefan
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Paul Oluniyi
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Mahan Nekoui
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Ephraim Ogbaini-Emovon
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Robert F Garry
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Daniel J Park
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Nathan L Yozwiak
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - George Akpede
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Chikwe Ihekweazu
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Oyewale Tomori
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Sylvanus Okogbenin
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Peter O Okokhere
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Bronwyn L MacInnis
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
| | - Christian T Happi
- From the Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.M., S.F.S., S.M.W., R.R.S., J.Q., S.W., P.B., S.Y., B.C., D.K., A.C., A.G.-Y., C.A.F., D.J.P., N.L.Y., B.L.M., P.C.S.), the Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (K.J.S., K.G.B., S.F.S., S.W., B.C., D.K., C.A.F., N.L.Y., P.C.S.), and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (M.N.), Harvard University, Harvard University Extension School (R.R.S.), and Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT (S.Y., P.C.S.), Cambridge, and the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (K.G.B., S.F.S., B.L.M., P.C.S., C.T.H.), and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases (S.M.), Boston - all in Massachusetts; the African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (P.E., J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., A.G., M.M., I.N., P.O., O.T., O.A.F., C.T.H.) and the Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences (J.U.O., E.U., T.K., F.A., J.U., P.O., O.A.F., C.T.H.), Redeemer's University, Ede, the Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control (I.O., C. Iruolagbe, J.A., E.U., P.A., G.O., O.O., B.O., E.B.M., M.A., R.E., B.E., E.O.-E., G.A., S.O., P.O.O., C.T.H.) and the Department of Medicine (P.O.O.), Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control, Abuja (C. Ihekweazu), and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma (P.O.O.) - all in Nigeria; the Laboratory of Parasitology/Mycology HALD, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal (A.G.); Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone (M.M.); Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans (R.F.G.); the Departments of Immunology and Microbial Science and Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, and the Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (K.G.A.); and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (P.C.S.)
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22
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Sullivan BM, Sakabe S, Hartnett J, Goba A, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Schieffelin JS, de la Torre JC, Grant DS, Garry RF, Oldstone MB. Memory T cell responses in survivors of the 2013–2016 West African Ebola outbreak. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.126.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Primary infection with Ebola virus protects against subsequent challenge, thus an optimal vaccine should generate immune responses similar to those found in disease survivors. To this end, we characterized CD8 and CD4 T cell responses in Ebola survivors to uncover the immunogenicity of seven of eight Ebola virus proteins. T cell responses of 33 Sierra Leonean Ebola survivors were examined. Nearly all individuals studied harbored nucleoprotein (NP)-specific CD8 T cell responses. Moreover, NP-specific T cells responded more strongly and were more numerous in 65% of NP responders compared to responses to other EBOV proteins in the same individual. Conversely, we found glycoprotein (GP) CD8+ T cell responses in only 37% of EBOV responders. GP responses were also weaker and less numerous than other responses in the same individual. Specificity of the CD4+ T cell responses were more evenly distributed. Altogether, our data indicate that NP is among the most immunogenic EBOV proteins while only VP30 was less immunogenic than GP in our cohort of Sierra Leonean survivors. An optimal vaccine designed to elicit both humoral and cell mediated immune responses in a broad human population should contain both NP and the GP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Augustine Goba
- 3Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- 3Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- 3Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Donald S. Grant
- 3Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone
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23
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Shantha JG, Mattia JG, Goba A, Barnes KG, Ebrahim FK, Kraft CS, Hayek BR, Hartnett JN, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Sandi JD, Momoh M, Jalloh S, Grant DS, Dierberg K, Chang J, Mishra S, Chan AK, Fowler R, O'Dempsey T, Kaluma E, Hendricks T, Reiners R, Reiners M, Gess LA, ONeill K, Kamara S, Wurie A, Mansaray M, Acharya NR, Liu WJ, Bavari S, Palacios G, Teshome M, Crozier I, Farmer PE, Uyeki TM, Bausch DG, Garry RF, Vandy MJ, Yeh S. Ebola Virus Persistence in Ocular Tissues and Fluids (EVICT) Study: Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction and Cataract Surgery Outcomes of Ebola Survivors in Sierra Leone. EBioMedicine 2018; 30:217-224. [PMID: 29622497 PMCID: PMC5952345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors are at risk for uveitis during convalescence. Vision loss has been observed following uveitis due to cataracts. Since Ebola virus (EBOV) may persist in the ocular fluid of EVD survivors for an unknown duration, there are questions about the safety and feasibility of vision restorative cataract surgery in EVD survivors. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of EVD survivors anticipating cataract surgery and patients with active uveitis to evaluate EBOV RNA persistence in ocular fluid, as well as vision outcomes post cataract surgery. Patients with aqueous humor that tested negative for EBOV RNA were eligible to proceed with manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS). Findings We screened 137 EVD survivors from June 2016 – August 2017 for enrolment. We enrolled 50 EVD survivors; 46 with visually significant cataract, 1 with a subluxated lens, 2 with active uveitis and 1 with a blind painful eye due to uveitis. The median age was 24.0 years (IQR 17–35) and 35 patients (70%) were female. The median logMAR visual acuity (VA) was 3.0 (Snellen VA Hand motions; Interquartile Range, IQR: 1.2-3.0, Snellen VA 20/320 – Hand motions). All patients tested negative for EBOV RNA by RT-PCR in aqueous humor/vitreous fluid and conjunctiva at a median of 19 months (IQR 18-20) from EVD diagnosis in Phase 1 of ocular fluid sampling and 34 months (IQR 32-36) from EVD diagnosis in Phase 2 of ocular fluid sampling. Thirty-four patients underwent MSICS, with a preoperative median VA improvement from hand motions to 20/30 at three-month postoperative follow-up (P < 0.001). Interpretation EBOV persistence by RT-PCR was not identified in ocular fluid or conjunctivae of fifty EVD survivors with ocular disease. Cataract surgery can be performed safely with vision restorative outcomes in patients who test negative for EBOV RNA in ocular fluid specimens. These findings impact the thousands of West African EVD survivors at-risk for ocular complications who may also require eye surgery during EVD convalescence. Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors are at-risk for severe vision impairment due to uveitis and subsequent cataract development. Fifty EVD survivors underwent ocular fluid sampling and tested negative for Ebola virus by RT-PCR. Thirty-four survivors underwent cataract surgery with excellent safety measures and vision restorative outcomes.
Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors are at high risk for uveitis, an inflammatory condition affecting the eye that may lead to severe vision impairment, often from cataract. Because persistent Ebola virus (EBOV) has been identified within the immune privileged eye, understanding the prevalence of intraocular EBOV persistence is significant for patients, providers, and public health policy. In this study, 50 EVD survivors tested negative for EBOV by RT-PCR of their intraocular fluid. Thirty-four underwent cataract surgery with vision restorative outcomes. These findings improve our ability to impact vision care and quality-of-life for thousands of EVD survivors at-risk for eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Shantha
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; University of California San Francisco, Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John G Mattia
- Lunsar Baptist Eye Hospital, Port Loko, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustine Goba
- Kenema Government Hospital Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Kayla G Barnes
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, United States; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Colleen S Kraft
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brent R Hayek
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane School of Public Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | - John D Sandi
- Kenema Government Hospital Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Kenema Government Hospital Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Simbirie Jalloh
- Kenema Government Hospital Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S Grant
- Kenema Government Hospital Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Kenema, Sierra Leone; Department of Community Health, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Joyce Chang
- Partners in Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Rob Fowler
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Erick Kaluma
- Comprehensive Program for Ebola Survivors, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Taylor Hendricks
- Comprehensive Program for Ebola Survivors, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Roger Reiners
- Lowell and Ruth Gess Eye Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Lowell A Gess
- Lowell and Ruth Gess Eye Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Alie Wurie
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Mansaray
- Sierra Leone Association of Ebola Survivors, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Nisha R Acharya
- University of California San Francisco, Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - William J Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Sina Bavari
- United Stated Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United Stated Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Moges Teshome
- Lowell and Ruth Gess Eye Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone; Christian Blind Mission International, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Ian Crozier
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel G Bausch
- UK Public Health Rapid Support Team Public Health England/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert F Garry
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | | | - Steven Yeh
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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24
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Mire CE, Cross RW, Geisbert JB, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Deer DJ, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Goba A, Momoh M, Boisen ML, Grant DS, Fullah M, Khan SH, Fenton KA, Robinson JE, Branco LM, Garry RF, Geisbert TW. Human-monoclonal-antibody therapy protects nonhuman primates against advanced Lassa fever. Nat Med 2017; 23:1146-1149. [PMID: 28869611 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are no approved treatments for Lassa fever, which is endemic to the same regions of West Africa that were recently devastated by Ebola. Here we show that a combination of human monoclonal antibodies that cross-react with the glycoproteins of all four clades of Lassa virus is able to rescue 100% of cynomolgus macaques when treatment is initiated at advanced stages of disease, including up to 8 d after challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Mire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone.,Polytechnic College, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Sheik Humarr Khan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - James E Robinson
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Tulane Center of Excellence, Global Viral Network, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
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25
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Cross RW, Boisen ML, Millett MM, Nelson DS, Oottamasathien D, Hartnett JN, Jones AB, Goba A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Bornholdt ZA, Fusco ML, Abelson DM, Oda S, Brown BL, Pham H, Rowland MM, Agans KN, Geisbert JB, Heinrich ML, Kulakosky PC, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Kargbo B, Gbetuwa M, Gevao SM, Wilson RB, Saphire EO, Pitts KR, Khan SH, Grant DS, Geisbert TW, Branco LM, Garry RF. Analytical Validation of the ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:S210-S217. [PMID: 27587634 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe viral illness caused by Ebola virus (EBOV). The 2013-2016 EVD outbreak in West Africa is the largest recorded, with >11 000 deaths. Development of the ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test (ReEBOV RDT) was expedited to provide a point-of-care test for suspected EVD cases. METHODS Recombinant EBOV viral protein 40 antigen was used to derive polyclonal antibodies for RDT and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay development. ReEBOV RDT limits of detection (LOD), specificity, and interference were analytically validated on the basis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance. RESULTS The ReEBOV RDT specificity estimate was 95% for donor serum panels and 97% for donor whole-blood specimens. The RDT demonstrated sensitivity to 3 species of Ebolavirus (Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus) associated with human disease, with no cross-reactivity by pathogens associated with non-EBOV febrile illness, including malaria parasites. Interference testing exhibited no reactivity by medications in common use. The LOD for antigen was 4.7 ng/test in serum and 9.4 ng/test in whole blood. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing of nonhuman primate samples determined the range to be equivalent to 3.0 × 105-9.0 × 108 genomes/mL. CONCLUSIONS The analytical validation presented here contributed to the ReEBOV RDT being the first antigen-based assay to receive FDA and World Health Organization emergency use authorization for this EVD outbreak, in February 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Matthew L Boisen
- Corgenix, Broomfield, Colorado Department of Microbiology and Immunology Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland
| | | | - Diana S Nelson
- Corgenix, Broomfield, Colorado Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Augustine Goba
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ha Pham
- Corgenix, Broomfield, Colorado
| | | | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | | | | | | | - John S Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | | | - Momoh Gbetuwa
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation
| | - Sahr M Gevao
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital University of Sierra Leone, Freetown
| | | | | | | | - Sheik Humarr Khan
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation
| | - Donald S Grant
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation
| | | | | | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland
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26
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Cross RW, Mire CE, Branco LM, Geisbert JB, Rowland MM, Heinrich ML, Goba A, Momoh M, Grant DS, Fullah M, Khan SH, Robinson JE, Geisbert TW, Garry RF. Treatment of Lassa virus infection in outbred guinea pigs with first-in-class human monoclonal antibodies. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:218-222. [PMID: 27531367 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lassa fever is a significant health threat to West African human populations with hundreds of thousands of annual cases. There are no approved medical countermeasures currently available. Compassionate use of the antiviral drug ribavirin or transfusion of convalescent serum has resulted in mixed success depending on when administered or the donor source, respectively. We previously identified several recombinant human monoclonal antibodies targeting the glycoprotein of Lassa virus with strong neutralization profiles in vitro. Here, we demonstrate remarkable therapeutic efficacy using first-in-class human antibodies in a guinea pig model of Lassa infection thereby presenting a promising treatment alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad E Mire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone.,Polytechnic College, Kenema Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Sheik Humarr Khan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - James E Robinson
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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27
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Boisen ML, Cross RW, Hartnett JN, Goba A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Gbakie M, Safa S, Fonnie M, Baimba F, Koroma VJ, Geisbert JB, McCormick S, Nelson DKS, Millett MM, Oottamasathien D, Jones AB, Pham H, Brown BL, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Kargbo B, Gbetuwa M, Gevao SM, Wilson RB, Pitts KR, Geisbert TW, Branco LM, Khan SH, Grant DS, Garry RF. Field Validation of the ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:S203-S209. [PMID: 27521365 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2013-2016 West African Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic is the largest recorded. Triage on the basis of clinical signs had limited success, and the time to diagnosis by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) could exceed 5 days. Here we describe the development and field validation of the ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test (ReEBOV RDT) to aid triage of individuals with suspected EVD. METHODS Samples from patients with suspected EVD were submitted to Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone, for Lassa fever and EVD screening throughout 2014. Banked residual clinical samples were tested in November 2014 and January 2015 in a blinded field trial to estimate the clinical effectiveness of the ReEBOV RDT, compared with EBOV-specific qRT-PCR. RESULTS Preliminary ReEBOV RDT performance demonstrated a positive percentage agreement (PPA) of 91.1% (195 of 214 results; 95% confidence interval [CI], 86.5%-94.6%) and a negative percentage agreement (NPA) of 90.2% (175 of 194; 95% CI, 85.1%-94.0%). The final estimates used by the Food and Drug Administration to determine whether to grant emergency use authorization for the test, which excluded a qRT-PCR reference method threshold cutoff, were a PPA of 62.1% (72 of 116 results; 95% CI, 52.6%-70.9%) and a NPA of 96.7% (58 of 60; 95% CI, 88.5%-99.6%), with a diagnostic likelihood of 18.6. A subsequent, independent evaluation by the World Health Organization generated results consistent with the preliminary performance estimates. CONCLUSIONS The ReEBOV RDT demonstrated the potential to provide clinically effective rapid and accurate point-of-care test results and, thus, to be a powerful tool for increasing triage efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Boisen
- Corgenix, Broomfield, Colorado Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | | | - Augustine Goba
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Sidiki Safa
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mbalu Fonnie
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Francis Baimba
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Veronica J Koroma
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ha Pham
- Corgenix, Broomfield, Colorado
| | | | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Tulane University
| | - Brima Kargbo
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Sahr M Gevao
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheik H Khan
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S Grant
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland
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28
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Goba A, Khan SH, Fonnie M, Fullah M, Moigboi A, Kovoma A, Sinnah V, Yoko N, Rogers H, Safai S, Momoh M, Koroma V, Kamara FK, Konowu E, Yillah M, French I, Mustapha I, Kanneh F, Foday M, McCarthy H, Kallon T, Kallon M, Naiebu J, Sellu J, Jalloh AA, Gbakie M, Kanneh L, Massaly JLB, Kargbo D, Kargbo B, Vandi M, Gbetuwa M, Gevao SM, Sandi JD, Jalloh SC, Grant DS, Blyden SO, Crozier I, Schieffelin JS, McLellan SL, Jacob ST, Boisen ML, Hartnett JN, Cross RW, Branco LM, Andersen KG, Yozwiak NL, Gire SK, Tariyal R, Park DJ, Haislip AM, Bishop CM, Melnik LI, Gallaher WR, Wimley WC, He J, Shaffer JG, Sullivan BM, Grillo S, Oman S, Garry CE, Edwards DR, McCormick SJ, Elliott DH, Rouelle JA, Kannadka CB, Reyna AA, Bradley BT, Yu H, Yenni RE, Hastie KM, Geisbert JB, Kulakosky PC, Wilson RB, Oldstone MBA, Pitts KR, Henderson LA, Robinson JE, Geisbert TW, Saphire EO, Happi CT, Asogun DA, Sabeti PC, Garry RF. An Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in the Lassa Fever Zone. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:S110-S121. [PMID: 27402779 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) has developed an advanced clinical and laboratory research capacity to manage the threat of Lassa fever, a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). The 2013-2016 Ebola virus (EBOV) disease (EVD) outbreak is the first to have occurred in an area close to a facility with established clinical and laboratory capacity for study of VHFs. METHODS Because of its proximity to the epicenter of the EVD outbreak, which began in Guinea in March 2014, the KGH Lassa fever Team mobilized to establish EBOV surveillance and diagnostic capabilities. RESULTS Augustine Goba, director of the KGH Lassa laboratory, diagnosed the first documented case of EVD in Sierra Leone, on 25 May 2014. Thereafter, KGH received and cared for numbers of patients with EVD that quickly overwhelmed the capacity for safe management. Numerous healthcare workers contracted and lost their lives to EVD. The vast majority of subsequent EVD cases in West Africa can be traced back to a single transmission chain that includes this first diagnosed case. CONCLUSIONS Responding to the challenges of confronting 2 hemorrhagic fever viruses will require continued investments in the development of countermeasures (vaccines, therapeutic agents, and diagnostic assays), infrastructure, and human resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - S Humarr Khan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Mbalu Fonnie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Alex Moigboi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Alice Kovoma
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Vandi Sinnah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Nancy Yoko
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Hawa Rogers
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Siddiki Safai
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | | | | | - Edwin Konowu
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Mohamed Yillah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Issa French
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | | | | | - Momoh Foday
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | | | - Tiangay Kallon
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | | | - Jenneh Naiebu
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | | | - Abdul A Jalloh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John D Sandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | | | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation
| | | | - Ian Crozier
- World Health Organization Sierra Leone Ebola Response Team, Freetown, Sierra Leone Infectious Diseases Institute, Mulago Hospital Complex, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Susan L McLellan
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine Department of Tropical Medicine
| | - Shevin T Jacob
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Matt L Boisen
- Corgenix, Broomfield, Colorado Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland
| | | | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - William R Gallaher
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, LSU Health Mockingbird Nature Research Group, Pearl River, Louisiana
| | | | - Jing He
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University
| | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
| | | | - Sonia Grillo
- Naval Engineering Facilities Command, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Courtney E Garry
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine Autoimmune Technologies, New Orleans
| | | | | | - Deborah H Elliott
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Julie A Rouelle
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Chandrika B Kannadka
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Ashley A Reyna
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Benjamin T Bradley
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Haini Yu
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James E Robinson
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla
| | - Christian T Happi
- Redeemer's University, Ede Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | | | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland
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29
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Robinson JE, Hastie KM, Cross RW, Yenni RE, Elliott DH, Rouelle JA, Kannadka CB, Smira AA, Garry CE, Bradley BT, Yu H, Shaffer JG, Boisen ML, Hartnett JN, Zandonatti MA, Rowland MM, Heinrich ML, Martínez-Sobrido L, Cheng B, de la Torre JC, Andersen KG, Goba A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Gbakie M, Kanneh L, Koroma VJ, Fonnie R, Jalloh SC, Kargbo B, Vandi MA, Gbetuwa M, Ikponmwosa O, Asogun DA, Okokhere PO, Follarin OA, Schieffelin JS, Pitts KR, Geisbert JB, Kulakoski PC, Wilson RB, Happi CT, Sabeti PC, Gevao SM, Khan SH, Grant DS, Geisbert TW, Saphire EO, Branco LM, Garry RF. Most neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies target novel epitopes requiring both Lassa virus glycoprotein subunits. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11544. [PMID: 27161536 PMCID: PMC4866400 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever is a severe multisystem disease that often has haemorrhagic manifestations. The epitopes of the Lassa virus (LASV) surface glycoproteins recognized by naturally infected human hosts have not been identified or characterized. Here we have cloned 113 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for LASV glycoproteins from memory B cells of Lassa fever survivors from West Africa. One-half bind the GP2 fusion subunit, one-fourth recognize the GP1 receptor-binding subunit and the remaining fourth are specific for the assembled glycoprotein complex, requiring both GP1 and GP2 subunits for recognition. Notably, of the 16 mAbs that neutralize LASV, 13 require the assembled glycoprotein complex for binding, while the remaining 3 require GP1 only. Compared with non-neutralizing mAbs, neutralizing mAbs have higher binding affinities and greater divergence from germline progenitors. Some mAbs potently neutralize all four LASV lineages. These insights from LASV human mAb characterization will guide strategies for immunotherapeutic development and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Robinson
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hastie
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Rachael E Yenni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Deborah H Elliott
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Julie A Rouelle
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Chandrika B Kannadka
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Ashley A Smira
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Courtney E Garry
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.,Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, 1010 Common St #1705, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Benjamin T Bradley
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Haini Yu
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Matt L Boisen
- Corgenix, Inc., 11575 Main Street #400, Broomfield, Colorado 80020, USA
| | - Jessica N Hartnett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Michelle A Zandonatti
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Megan M Rowland
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
| | - Megan L Heinrich
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Benson Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Juan C de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Department of Laboratory Sciences Polytechnic College, 2 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Department of Laboratory Sciences Polytechnic College, 2 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Veronica J Koroma
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Richard Fonnie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Simbirie C Jalloh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Brima Kargbo
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed A Vandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Momoh Gbetuwa
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Odia Ikponmwosa
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Danny A Asogun
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Peter O Okokhere
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe A Follarin
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria.,African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.,Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Kelly R Pitts
- Corgenix, Inc., 11575 Main Street #400, Broomfield, Colorado 80020, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Peter C Kulakoski
- Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, 1010 Common St #1705, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Russell B Wilson
- Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, 1010 Common St #1705, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Christian T Happi
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria.,African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sahr M Gevao
- Department of Medicine, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - S Humarr Khan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Luis M Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.,Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
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30
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Andersen KG, Shapiro BJ, Matranga CB, Sealfon R, Lin AE, Moses LM, Folarin OA, Goba A, Odia I, Ehiane PE, Momoh M, England EM, Winnicki S, Branco LM, Gire SK, Phelan E, Tariyal R, Tewhey R, Omoniwa O, Fullah M, Fonnie R, Fonnie M, Kanneh L, Jalloh S, Gbakie M, Saffa S, Karbo K, Gladden AD, Qu J, Stremlau M, Nekoui M, Finucane HK, Tabrizi S, Vitti JJ, Birren B, Fitzgerald M, McCowan C, Ireland A, Berlin AM, Bochicchio J, Tazon-Vega B, Lennon NJ, Ryan EM, Bjornson Z, Milner DA, Lukens AK, Broodie N, Rowland M, Heinrich M, Akdag M, Schieffelin JS, Levy D, Akpan H, Bausch DG, Rubins K, McCormick JB, Lander ES, Günther S, Hensley L, Okogbenin S, Schaffner SF, Okokhere PO, Khan SH, Grant DS, Akpede GO, Asogun DA, Gnirke A, Levin JZ, Happi CT, Garry RF, Sabeti PC. Clinical Sequencing Uncovers Origins and Evolution of Lassa Virus. Cell 2016; 162:738-50. [PMID: 26276630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The 2013-2015 West African epidemic of Ebola virus disease (EVD) reminds us of how little is known about biosafety level 4 viruses. Like Ebola virus, Lassa virus (LASV) can cause hemorrhagic fever with high case fatality rates. We generated a genomic catalog of almost 200 LASV sequences from clinical and rodent reservoir samples. We show that whereas the 2013-2015 EVD epidemic is fueled by human-to-human transmissions, LASV infections mainly result from reservoir-to-human infections. We elucidated the spread of LASV across West Africa and show that this migration was accompanied by changes in LASV genome abundance, fatality rates, codon adaptation, and translational efficiency. By investigating intrahost evolution, we found that mutations accumulate in epitopes of viral surface proteins, suggesting selection for immune escape. This catalog will serve as a foundation for the development of vaccines and diagnostics. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian G Andersen
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - B Jesse Shapiro
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada
| | | | - Rachel Sealfon
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron E Lin
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lina M Moses
- Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Redemption City, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Augustine Goba
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | - Ikponmwonsa Odia
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Philomena E Ehiane
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone; Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Sarah Winnicki
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Stephen K Gire
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Ryan Tewhey
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Omowunmi Omoniwa
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Fullah
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone; Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | - Richard Fonnie
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | - Mbalu Fonnie
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | - Simbirie Jalloh
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | - Sidiki Saffa
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | - Kandeh Karbo
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | | | - James Qu
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew Stremlau
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mahan Nekoui
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Shervin Tabrizi
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joseph J Vitti
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zach Bjornson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Danny A Milner
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda K Lukens
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nisha Broodie
- College of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | - John S Schieffelin
- Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Danielle Levy
- Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Henry Akpan
- Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Daniel G Bausch
- Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Kathleen Rubins
- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - Joseph B McCormick
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Brownsville, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20259 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Hensley
- NIAID Integrated Research Facility, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sylvanus Okogbenin
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Peter O Okokhere
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - S Humarr Khan
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S Grant
- Lassa Fever Laboratory, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Eastern Province, Sierra Leone
| | - George O Akpede
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Danny A Asogun
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Christian T Happi
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Redemption City, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Robert F Garry
- Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Boisen ML, Schieffelin JS, Goba A, Oottamasathien D, Jones AB, Shaffer JG, Hastie KM, Hartnett JN, Momoh M, Fullah M, Gabiki M, Safa S, Zandonatti M, Fusco M, Bornholdt Z, Abelson D, Gire SK, Andersen KG, Tariyal R, Stremlau M, Cross RW, Geisbert JB, Pitts KR, Geisbert TW, Kulakoski P, Wilson RB, Henderson L, Sabeti PC, Grant DS, Garry RF, Saphire EO, Branco LM, Khan SH. Multiple circulating infections can mimic the early stages of viral hemorrhagic fevers and possible human exposure to filoviruses in Sierra Leone prior to the 2014 outbreak. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:19-31. [PMID: 25531344 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever (LF) is a severe viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Lassa virus (LASV). The LF program at the Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) in Eastern Sierra Leone currently provides diagnostic services and clinical care for more than 500 suspected LF cases per year. Nearly two-thirds of suspected LF patients presenting to the LF Ward test negative for either LASV antigen or anti-LASV immunoglobulin M (IgM), and therefore are considered to have a non-Lassa febrile illness (NLFI). The NLFI patients in this study were generally severely ill, which accounts for their high case fatality rate of 36%. The current studies were aimed at determining possible causes of severe febrile illnesses in non-LF cases presenting to the KGH, including possible involvement of filoviruses. A seroprevalence survey employing commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests revealed significant IgM and IgG reactivity against dengue virus, chikungunya virus, West Nile virus (WNV), Leptospira, and typhus. A polymerase chain reaction-based survey using sera from subjects with acute LF, evidence of prior LASV exposure, or NLFI revealed widespread infection with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in febrile patients. WNV RNA was detected in a subset of patients, and a 419 nt amplicon specific to filoviral L segment RNA was detected at low levels in a single patient. However, 22% of the patients presenting at the KGH between 2011 and 2014 who were included in this survey registered anti-Ebola virus (EBOV) IgG or IgM, suggesting prior exposure to this agent. The 2014 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak is already the deadliest and most widely dispersed outbreak of its kind on record. Serological evidence reported here for possible human exposure to filoviruses in Sierra Leone prior to the current EVD outbreak supports genetic analysis that EBOV may have been present in West Africa for some time prior to the 2014 outbreak.
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Boisen ML, Oottamasathien D, Jones AB, Millett MM, Nelson DS, Bornholdt ZA, Fusco ML, Abelson DM, Oda SI, Hartnett JN, Rowland MM, Heinrich ML, Akdag M, Goba A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Baimba F, Gbakie M, Safa S, Fonnie R, Kanneh L, Cross RW, Geisbert JB, Geisbert TW, Kulakosky PC, Grant DS, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Wilson RB, Saphire EO, Branco LM, Garry RF, Khan SH, Pitts KR. Development of Prototype Filovirus Recombinant Antigen Immunoassays. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S359-67. [PMID: 26232440 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Throughout the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, major gaps were exposed in the availability of validated rapid diagnostic platforms, protective vaccines, and effective therapeutic agents. These gaps potentiated the development of prototype rapid lateral flow immunodiagnostic (LFI) assays that are true point-of-contact platforms, for the detection of active Ebola infections in small blood samples. METHODS Recombinant Ebola and Marburg virus matrix VP40 and glycoprotein (GP) antigens were used to derive a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Antibodies were tested using a multivariate approach to identify antibody-antigen combinations suitable for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and LFI assay development. RESULTS Polyclonal antibodies generated in goats were superior reagents for capture and detection of recombinant VP40 in test sample matrices. These antibodies were optimized for use in antigen-capture ELISA and LFI assay platforms. Prototype immunoglobulin M (IgM)/immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISAs were similarly developed that specifically detect Ebola virus-specific antibodies in the serum of experimentally infected nonhuman primates and in blood samples obtained from patients with Ebola from Sierra Leone. CONCLUSIONS The prototype recombinant Ebola LFI assays developed in these studies have sensitivities that are useful for clinical diagnosis of acute ebolavirus infections. The antigen-capture and IgM/IgG ELISAs provide additional confirmatory assay platforms for detecting VP40 and other ebolavirus-specific immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt L Boisen
- Corgenix, Broomfield, Colorado Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Zachary A Bornholdt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Marnie L Fusco
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Dafna M Abelson
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Shun-Ichiro Oda
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema
| | | | | | - Michael Gbakie
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University
| | - Sadiki Safa
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | | | | | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | | | - Donald S Grant
- Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jeffery G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University
| | | | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland
| | - S Humarr Khan
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
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Hartnett JN, Boisen ML, Oottamasathien D, Jones AB, Millett MM, Nelson DS, Muncy IJ, Goba A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Mire CE, Geisbert JB, Geisbert TW, Holton DL, Rouelle JA, Kannadka CB, Reyna AA, Moses LM, Khan SH, Gevao SM, Grant DS, Robinson JE, Happi C, Pitts KR, Garry RF, Branco LM. Current and emerging strategies for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of Lassa fever. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lassa fever (LF) is a potentially fatal disease that affects an estimated 300,000–500,000 people in endemic areas of west Africa each year. Though past studies have identified fatality rates of 5–20% in patients suspected to have contracted Lassa virus (LASV), new studies using more precise clinical diagnoses and modern diagnostic assays show fatalities rates above 60% in acutely ill patients from endemic regions. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics, and only one Comformité Européenne (CE) marked rapid immunodiagnostic for acute LASV infection. Therefore, preventing LASV transmission is the primary goal in endemic regions. Development of rapid immunodiagnostics and research into the efficacy of current treatment options continues toward saving lives in west Africa as well as creating a line of defense against the nefarious use of LASV in bioterrorism settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Hartnett
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Matthew L Boisen
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Corgenix Medical Corporation, Broomfield, CO 80020, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ivana J Muncy
- Corgenix Medical Corporation, Broomfield, CO 80020, USA
| | | | - Mambu Momoh
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Debra L Holton
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Julie A Rouelle
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Chandrika B Kannadka
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ashley A Reyna
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lina M Moses
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Sahr M Gevao
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S Grant
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - James E Robinson
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Kelly R Pitts
- Corgenix Medical Corporation, Broomfield, CO 80020, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
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Schieffelin JS, Shaffer JG, Goba A, Gbakie M, Gire SK, Colubri A, Sealfon RSG, Kanneh L, Moigboi A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Moses LM, Brown BL, Andersen KG, Winnicki S, Schaffner SF, Park DJ, Yozwiak NL, Jiang PP, Kargbo D, Jalloh S, Fonnie M, Sinnah V, French I, Kovoma A, Kamara FK, Tucker V, Konuwa E, Sellu J, Mustapha I, Foday M, Yillah M, Kanneh F, Saffa S, Massally JLB, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Vandi MA, Grant DS, Happi C, Gevao SM, Fletcher TE, Fowler RA, Bausch DG, Sabeti PC, Khan SH, Garry RF. Clinical illness and outcomes in patients with Ebola in Sierra Leone. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:2092-100. [PMID: 25353969 PMCID: PMC4318555 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1411680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited clinical and laboratory data are available on patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD). The Kenema Government Hospital in Sierra Leone, which had an existing infrastructure for research regarding viral hemorrhagic fever, has received and cared for patients with EVD since the beginning of the outbreak in Sierra Leone in May 2014. METHODS We reviewed available epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory records of patients in whom EVD was diagnosed between May 25 and June 18, 2014. We used quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assays to assess the load of Ebola virus (EBOV, Zaire species) in a subgroup of patients. RESULTS Of 106 patients in whom EVD was diagnosed, 87 had a known outcome, and 44 had detailed clinical information available. The incubation period was estimated to be 6 to 12 days, and the case fatality rate was 74%. Common findings at presentation included fever (in 89% of the patients), headache (in 80%), weakness (in 66%), dizziness (in 60%), diarrhea (in 51%), abdominal pain (in 40%), and vomiting (in 34%). Clinical and laboratory factors at presentation that were associated with a fatal outcome included fever, weakness, dizziness, diarrhea, and elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine. Exploratory analyses indicated that patients under the age of 21 years had a lower case fatality rate than those over the age of 45 years (57% vs. 94%, P=0.03), and patients presenting with fewer than 100,000 EBOV copies per milliliter had a lower case fatality rate than those with 10 million EBOV copies per milliliter or more (33% vs. 94%, P=0.003). Bleeding occurred in only 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS The incubation period and case fatality rate among patients with EVD in Sierra Leone are similar to those observed elsewhere in the 2014 outbreak and in previous outbreaks. Although bleeding was an infrequent finding, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal manifestations were common. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
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Gire SK, Goba A, Andersen KG, Sealfon RSG, Park DJ, Kanneh L, Jalloh S, Momoh M, Fullah M, Dudas G, Wohl S, Moses LM, Yozwiak NL, Winnicki S, Matranga CB, Malboeuf CM, Qu J, Gladden AD, Schaffner SF, Yang X, Jiang PP, Nekoui M, Colubri A, Coomber MR, Fonnie M, Moigboi A, Gbakie M, Kamara FK, Tucker V, Konuwa E, Saffa S, Sellu J, Jalloh AA, Kovoma A, Koninga J, Mustapha I, Kargbo K, Foday M, Yillah M, Kanneh F, Robert W, Massally JLB, Chapman SB, Bochicchio J, Murphy C, Nusbaum C, Young S, Birren BW, Grant DS, Scheiffelin JS, Lander ES, Happi C, Gevao SM, Gnirke A, Rambaut A, Garry RF, Khan SH, Sabeti PC. Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak. Science 2014; 345:1369-72. [PMID: 25214632 PMCID: PMC4431643 DOI: 10.1126/science.1259657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 822] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In its largest outbreak, Ebola virus disease is spreading through Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria. We sequenced 99 Ebola virus genomes from 78 patients in Sierra Leone to ~2000× coverage. We observed a rapid accumulation of interhost and intrahost genetic variation, allowing us to characterize patterns of viral transmission over the initial weeks of the epidemic. This West African variant likely diverged from central African lineages around 2004, crossed from Guinea to Sierra Leone in May 2014, and has exhibited sustained human-to-human transmission subsequently, with no evidence of additional zoonotic sources. Because many of the mutations alter protein sequences and other biologically meaningful targets, they should be monitored for impact on diagnostics, vaccines, and therapies critical to outbreak response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Gire
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Kristian G Andersen
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Rachel S G Sealfon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel J Park
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Mambu Momoh
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone. Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone. Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Gytis Dudas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Shirlee Wohl
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lina M Moses
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Nathan L Yozwiak
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sarah Winnicki
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - James Qu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Stephen F Schaffner
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Pan-Pan Jiang
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mahan Nekoui
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andres Colubri
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Mbalu Fonnie
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Alex Moigboi
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | - Edwin Konuwa
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Sidiki Saffa
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | - Alice Kovoma
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | - Momoh Foday
- Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cheryl Murphy
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chad Nusbaum
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sarah Young
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bruce W Birren
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Eric S Lander
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Sahr M Gevao
- University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Andreas Gnirke
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Robert F Garry
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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Sani F, Yahya H, Momoh M, Saidu I, Akpootu D. Design and Construction of Microcontroller Based Charge Controller for Photovoltaic Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.9790/1676-09119297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ikpen MA, Eigbefoh J, Eifediyi RA, Isabu PA, Okogbenin S, Okogbo FO, Momoh M, Ekwedigwe KC. Determination of antioxidant status of pre-eclamptic and normotensive sub-rural Nigerian pregnant women at the Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25:2046-50. [PMID: 22551196 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2011.599458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the antioxidant levels of subrural Nigerian population where pre-eclampsia and eclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality. METHODS Prospective case control study done at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria. Plasma level of vitamin C and E were evaluated in 80 pre-eclamptic patientswhich were compared with normotensive 80 pregnant women matched as controls. RESULTS Pre-eclampsia was associated with significant reduction in levels of vitamin C and E (p < 0.05). However, the correlation between the blood pressure (severity) and reduction in antioxidants level was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Pre-eclampsia at Irrua in Nigeria is associated with significant reduction in plasma antioxidants level similar to some reports from the other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ikpen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo state, Nigeria
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Branco LM, Grove JN, Boisen ML, Shaffer JG, Goba A, Fullah M, Momoh M, Grant DS, Garry RF. Emerging trends in Lassa fever: redefining the role of immunoglobulin M and inflammation in diagnosing acute infection. Virol J 2011; 8:478. [PMID: 22023795 PMCID: PMC3223505 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lassa fever (LF) is a devastating hemorrhagic viral disease that is endemic to West Africa and responsible for thousands of human deaths each year. Analysis of humoral immune responses (IgM and IgG) by antibody-capture ELISA (Ab-capture ELISA) and Lassa virus (LASV) viremia by antigen-capture ELISA (Ag-capture ELISA) in suspected patients admitted to the Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) Lassa Fever Ward (LFW) in Sierra Leone over the past five years is reshaping our understanding of acute LF. RESULTS Analyses in LF survivors indicated that LASV-specific IgM persists for months to years after initial infection. Furthermore, exposure to LASV appeared to be more prevalent in historically non-endemic areas of West Africa with significant percentages of reportedly healthy donors IgM and IgG positive in LASV-specific Ab-capture ELISA. We found that LF patients who were Ag positive were more likely to die than suspected cases who were only IgM positive. Analysis of metabolic and immunological parameters in Ag positive LF patients revealed a strong correlation between survival and low levels of IL-6, -8, -10, CD40L, BUN, ALP, ALT, and AST. Despite presenting to the hospital with fever and in some instances other symptoms consistent with LF, the profiles of Ag negative IgM positive individuals were similar to those of normal donors and nonfatal (NF) LF cases, suggesting that IgM status cannot necessarily be considered a diagnostic marker of acute LF in suspected cases living in endemic areas of West Africa. CONCLUSION Only LASV viremia assessed by Ag-capture immunoassay, nucleic acid detection or virus isolation should be used to diagnose acute LASV infection in West Africans. LASV-specific IgM serostatus cannot be considered a diagnostic marker of acute LF in suspected cases living in endemic areas of West Africa. By applying these criteria, we identified a dysregulated metabolic and pro-inflammatory response profile conferring a poor prognosis in acute LF. In addition to suggesting that the current diagnostic paradigm for acute LF should be reconsidered, these studies present new opportunities for therapeutic interventions based on potential prognostic markers in LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Branco
- Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jessica N Grove
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matt L Boisen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Corgenix Medical Corporation, Broomfield, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Augustine Goba
- Lassa Fever Laboratory - Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohammed Fullah
- Lassa Fever Laboratory - Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema, Republic of Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Laboratory - Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema, Republic of Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S Grant
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation Workplace Health, Freetown, Republic of Sierra Leone
- Kenema Government Hospital Lassa Fever Ward, Kenema, Republic of Sierra Leone
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Eifediyi RA, Eigbefoh JO, Isabu PA, Omorogbe FI, Ukponmwan OG, Momoh M. Retained Placenta: Still a cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in a Nigerian Semi- urban Population. Sud Jnl Med Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.4314/sjms.v6i1.67274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Branco LM, Grove JN, Moses LM, Goba A, Fullah M, Momoh M, Schoepp RJ, Bausch DG, Garry RF. Shedding of soluble glycoprotein 1 detected during acute Lassa virus infection in human subjects. Virol J 2010; 7:306. [PMID: 21062490 PMCID: PMC2993672 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lassa hemorrhagic fever (LHF) is a neglected tropical disease with significant impact on the health care system, society, and economy of Western and Central African nations where it is endemic. With a high rate of infection that may lead to morbidity and mortality, understanding how the virus interacts with the host's immune system is of great importance for generating vaccines and therapeutics. Previous work by our group identified a soluble isoform of the Lassa virus (LASV) GP1 (sGP1) in vitro resulting from the expression of the glycoprotein complex (GPC) gene [1, 2]. Though no work has directly been done to demonstrate the function of this soluble isoform in arenaviral infections, evidence points to immunomodulatory effects against the host's immune system mediated by a secreted glycoprotein component in filoviruses, another class of hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses. A significant fraction of shed glycoprotein isoforms during viral infection and biogenesis may attenuate the host's inflammatory response, thereby enhancing viral replication and tissue damage. Such shed glycoprotein mediated effects were previously reported for Ebola virus (EBOV), a filovirus that also causes hemorrhagic fever with nearly 90 percent fatality rates [3 - 5]. The identification of an analogous phenomenon in vivo could establish a new correlate of LHF infection leading to the development of sensitive diagnostics targeting the earliest molecular events of the disease. Additionally, the reversal of potentially untoward immunomodulatory functions mediated by sGP1 could potentiate the development of novel therapeutic intervention. To this end, we investigated the presence of sGP1 in the serum of suspected LASV patients admitted to the Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) Lassa Fever Ward (LFW), in Kenema, Sierra Leone that tested positive for viral antigen or displayed classical signs of Lassa fever. RESULTS It is reasonable to expect that a narrow window exists for detection of sGP1 as the sole protein shed during early arenaviral biogenesis. This phenomenon was clearly distinguishable from virion-associated GP1 only prior to the emergence of de novo viral particles. Despite this restricted time frame, in 2/46 suspected cases in two studies performed in late 2009 and early 2010, soluble glycoprotein component shedding was identified. Differential detection of viral antigens GP1, GP2, and NP by western blot yielded five different scenarios: whole LASV virions (GP1, GP2, NP; i.e. active viremia), different combinations of these three proteins, sGP1 only, NP only, and absence of all three proteins. Four additional samples showed inconclusive evidence for sGP1 shedding due to lack of detection of GP2 and NP in western blot; however, a sensitive LASV NP antigen capture ELISA generated marginally positive signals. CONCLUSIONS During a narrow window following active infection with LASV, soluble GP1 can be detected in patient sera. This phenomenon parallels other VHF infection profiles, with the actual role of a soluble viral glycoprotein component in vivo remaining largely speculative. The expenditure of energy and cellular resources toward secretion of a critical protein during viral biogenesis without apparent specific function requires further investigation. Future studies will be aimed at systematically identifying the role of LASV sGP1 in the infection process and outcome in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Branco
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jessica N Grove
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lina M Moses
- Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Augustine Goba
- Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Lassa Fever Laboratory - Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohammed Fullah
- Lassa Fever Laboratory - Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Laboratory - Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Randal J Schoepp
- Applied Diagnostics Branch, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Systems Division, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Daniel G Bausch
- Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Townsend DE, Ashdown N, Momoh M, Grubb WB. Distribution of plasmid-borne resistance to nucleic acid binding compounds in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 1985; 15:417-34. [PMID: 4008376 DOI: 10.1093/jac/15.4.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which are epidemic in Australian hospitals have been found to be genetically different from strains previously isolated in Australia and in Europe. A characteristic feature of the recent Australian isolates is a plasmid which encodes resistance to nucleic acid binding compounds (NAB) such as propamidine isethionate. Of 753 MRSA strains isolated from around the world in 1980-1983, c. 60% were NAB resistant. The determinant for this resistance could be transferred from 90% of strains to a recipient strain in mixed culture. A plasmid analysis revealed that, in general, the largest plasmid of MRSA isolates coded for NAB resistance and may carry other determinants for penicillinase production and resistance to gentamicin, trimethoprim, neomycin, tetracycline, cadmium and mercury. Some plasmids exhibited unusual behaviour with the appearance of deletion mutants after transfer and, in one case, a high-frequency alteration in the expression of gentamicin resistance from high-level to low-level resistance, correlated to a deletion of c. 0.5 megadalton of plasmid DNA. These results demonstrate that these NAB-resistance plasmids are not unique to Australian MRSA strains but are widely distributed throughout the world.
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