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Ozawa K, Packwood W, Muller MA, Qi Y, Xie A, Varlamov O, McCarty OJ, Chung D, López JA, Lindner JR. Removal of endothelial surface-associated von villebrand factor suppresses accelerate datherosclerosis after myocardial infarction. J Transl Med 2024; 22:412. [PMID: 38693516 PMCID: PMC11062912 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thromboinflammation involving platelet adhesion to endothelial surface-associated von Willebrand factor (VWF) has been implicated in the accelerated progression of non-culprit plaques after MI. The aim of this study was to use arterial endothelial molecular imaging to mechanistically evaluate endothelial-associated VWF as a therapeutic target for reducing remote plaque activation after myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS Hyperlipidemic mice deficient for the low-density lipoprotein receptor and Apobec-1 underwent closed-chest MI and were treated chronically with either: (i) recombinant ADAMTS13 which is responsible for proteolytic removal of VWF from the endothelial surface, (ii) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) which removes VWF by disulfide bond reduction, (iii) function-blocking anti-factor XI (FXI) antibody, or (iv) no therapy. Non-ischemic controls were also studied. At day 3 and 21, ultrasound molecular imaging was performed with probes targeted to endothelial-associated VWF A1-domain, platelet GPIbα, P-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) at lesion-prone sites of the aorta. Histology was performed at day 21. RESULTS Aortic signal for P-selectin, VCAM-1, VWF, and platelet-GPIbα were all increased several-fold (p < 0.01) in post-MI mice versus sham-treated animals at day 3 and 21. Treatment with NAC and ADAMTS13 significantly attenuated the post-MI increase for all four molecular targets by > 50% (p < 0.05 vs. non-treated at day 3 and 21). On aortic root histology, mice undergoing MI versus controls had 2-4 fold greater plaque size and macrophage content (p < 0.05), approximately 20-fold greater platelet adhesion (p < 0.05), and increased staining for markers of platelet transforming growth factor-β1 signaling. Accelerated plaque growth and inflammatory activation was almost entirely prevented by ADAMTS13 and NAC. Inhibition of FXI had no significant effect on molecular imaging signal or plaque morphology. CONCLUSIONS Plaque inflammatory activation in remote arteries after MI is strongly influenced by VWF-mediated platelet adhesion to the endothelium. These findings support investigation into new secondary preventive therapies for reducing non-culprit artery events after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Ozawa
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Department of Cardiology, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William Packwood
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Matthew A Muller
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yue Qi
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aris Xie
- Cardiovascular Division and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Box 801394, 415 Lane Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Owen J McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Dominic Chung
- BloodWorks Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - José A López
- BloodWorks Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Cardiovascular Division and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Box 801394, 415 Lane Rd, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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Robino JJ, Plekhanov AP, Zhu Q, Jensen MD, Scherer PE, Roberts CT, Varlamov O. Adipose Tissue Analysis Toolkit (ATAT) for automated analysis of adipocyte size and extracellular matrix in white adipose tissue. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:723-732. [PMID: 38321231 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathological expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity involves adipocyte hypertrophy accompanied by expansion of the collagen-rich pericellular extracellular matrix (ECM) and development of crown-like structures (CLS). Traditionally, WAT morphology is assessed through immunohistochemical analysis of WAT sections. However, manual analysis of large histological sections is time-consuming, and the available digital tools for analyzing adipocyte size and pericellular ECM are limited. To address this gap, the authors developed the Adipose Tissue Analysis Toolkit (ATAT), an ImageJ plugin facilitating analysis of adipocyte size, WAT ECM, and CLS. METHODS AND RESULTS ATAT utilizes local and image-level differentials in pixel intensity to independently threshold image background, distinguishing adipocyte-free tissue without user input. It accurately captures adipocytes in histological sections stained with common dyes and automates the analysis of adipocyte cross-sectional area, total-field, and localized region-of-interest ECM. ATAT allows fully automated batch analysis of histological images using default or user-defined adipocyte detection parameters. CONCLUSIONS ATAT provides several advantages over existing WAT image analysis tools, enabling high-throughput analyses of adipocyte-specific parameters and facilitating the assessment of ECM changes associated with WAT remodeling due to weight changes and other pathophysiological alterations that affect WAT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Robino
- Division of Metabolic Health and Disease, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexander P Plekhanov
- Division of Metabolic Health and Disease, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Qingzhang Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Charles T Roberts
- Division of Metabolic Health and Disease, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Metabolic Health and Disease, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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3
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Robino JJ, Plekhanov AP, Zhu Q, Jensen MD, Scherer PE, Roberts CT, Varlamov O. Adipose Tissue Analysis Toolkit (ATAT) for Automated Analysis of Adipocyte Size and Extracellular Matrix in White Adipose Tissue. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.12.571339. [PMID: 38318208 PMCID: PMC10843162 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.571339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Objective The pathological expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity involves adipocyte hypertrophy accompanied by expansion of collagen-rich pericellular extracellular matrix (ECM) and the development of crown-like structures (CLS). Traditionally, WAT morphology is assessed through immunohistochemical analysis of WAT sections. However, manual analysis of large histological sections is time-consuming, and available digital tools for analyzing adipocyte size and pericellular ECM are limited. To address this gap, we developed the Adipose Tissue Analysis Toolkit (ATAT), an ImageJ plugin facilitating analysis of adipocyte size, WAT ECM and CLS. Methods and Results ATAT utilizes local and image-level differentials in pixel intensity to independently threshold background, distinguishing adipocyte-free tissue without user input. It accurately captures adipocytes in histological sections stained with common dyes and automates the analysis of adipocyte cross-sectional area, total-field, and localized region-of-interest ECM. ATAT allows fully automated batch analysis of histological images using default or user-defined adipocyte detection parameters. Conclusions ATAT provides several advantages over existing WAT image analysis tools, enabling high-throughput analyses of adipocyte-specific parameters and facilitating the assessment of ECM changes associated with WAT remodeling due to weight changes and other pathophysiological alterations that affect WAT function. Study Importance Questions What is already known about this subject?: The manual analysis of large WAT histological sections is very time-consuming, while digital tools for the analysis of WAT are limited.What are the new findings in your manuscript?: - ATAT enables fully automated analysis of batches of histological images using either default or user-defined adipocyte detection parameters- ATAT allows high-throughput analyses of adipocyte-specific parameters and pericellular extracellular matrix- ATAT enables the assessment of fibrotic changes associated with WAT remodeling and crown-like structuresHow might your results change the direction of research or the focus of clinical practice?: - ATAT is designed to work with histological sections and digital images obtained using a slide scanner or a microscope.- This tool will help basic and clinical researchers to conduct automated analyses of adipose tissue histological sections.
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Burwitz BJ, Yusova S, Robino JJ, Takahashi D, Luo A, Slayden OD, Bishop CV, Hennebold JD, Roberts CT, Varlamov O. Western-style diet in the presence of elevated circulating testosterone induces adipocyte hypertrophy without proinflammatory responses in rhesus macaques. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 90:e13773. [PMID: 37766405 PMCID: PMC10544858 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Anovulatory infertility is commonly associated with hyperandrogenemia (elevated testosterone, T), insulin resistance, obesity, and white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction associated with adipocyte hypertrophy. However, whether hyperandrogenemia and adipocyte hypertrophy per se induce a proinflammatory response is unknown. METHOD OF STUDY Young adult female rhesus macaques were exposed to an obesogenic Western-style diet (WSD) in the presence of elevated circulating testosterone (T+WSD) or a low-fat control diet with no exogenous T. Immune cells residing in visceral omental white adipose tissue (OM-WAT), corpus luteum and the contralateral ovary, endometrium, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were characterized by flow cytometry during the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle. RESULTS Following one year of treatment, T+WSD animals became more insulin-resistant and exhibited increased body fat and adipocyte hypertrophy compared to controls. T+WSD treatment did not induce macrophage polarization toward a proinflammatory phenotype in the tissues examined. Additionally, T+WSD treatment did not affect TNFα production by bone marrow macrophages in response to toll-like receptor agonists. While the major lymphoid subsets were not significantly affected by T+WSD treatment, we observed a significant reduction in the frequency of effector memory CD8+ T-cells (Tem) in OM-WAT, but not in other tissues. Notably, OM-WAT Tem frequencies were negatively correlated with insulin resistance as assessed by the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). CONCLUSION This study shows that short-term T+WSD treatment induces weight gain, insulin resistance, and adipocyte hypertrophy, but does not have a significant effect on systemic and tissue-resident proinflammatory markers, suggesting that adipocyte hypertrophy and mild hyperandrogenemia alone are not sufficient to induce a proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Divisions of Pathobiology and Immunology
- Divisions of Metabolic Health and Disease
| | | | | | | | - Addie Luo
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center
| | - Ov D. Slayden
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center
| | - Cecily V. Bishop
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jon D. Hennebold
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center
| | - Charles T. Roberts
- Divisions of Metabolic Health and Disease
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center
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5
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Ozawa K, Packwood W, Varlamov O, Muller M, Xie A, Wu MD, Abraham-Fan RJ, López JA, Lindner JR. Elevated LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol Increases Microvascular Endothelial VWF (von Willebrand Factor) and Thromboinflammation After Myocardial Infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1041-1053. [PMID: 37128919 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In reperfused myocardial infarction, VWF (von Willebrand factor)-mediated platelet adhesion contributes to impaired microvascular reflow and possibly also to postmyocardial infarction inflammation. We hypothesized that postischemic thromboinflammatory processes are worsened by elevated LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol. METHODS Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion or sham procedure was performed in wild-type mice and hyperlipidemic mice deficient for the LDL receptor and Apobec-1 (apolipoprotein-B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-1; DKO [double knockout]). DKO subgroups were treated with N-acetylcysteine, which inhibits pro-adhesive VWF multimers or with recombinant ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-13), which enzymatically cleaves endothelial surface-associated VWF. Myocardial contrast echocardiography perfusion imaging and molecular imaging for VWF, platelet GP Ibα, and leukocyte CD18 were performed 30 minutes post-reperfusion. Histology, infarct sizing, and echocardiography were performed at 1.5 or 72 hours; late echocardiography was performed at day 21. RESULTS After ischemia-reperfusion, DKO compared with wild-type mice had ≈2-fold higher (P<0.05) risk area signal for microvascular platelet adhesion, VWF, and CD18; greater impairment in microvascular reflow, and 2-fold larger infarct size. Treatment of DKO mice with N-acetylcysteine and ADAMTS13 reduced molecular imaging signal for microvascular platelet adhesion, VWF, and CD18; improved early microvascular reflow; and reduced eventual infarct size. ADAMTS13 suppressed the postmyocardial infarction neutrophil and monocyte infiltration, enhanced the time-dependent recovery of left ventricular systolic function, and prevented late left ventricular remodeling. CONCLUSIONS In reperfused myocardial infarction, elevated LDL cholesterol promotes thromboinflammation through excess microvascular endothelial VWF and platelet adhesion, resulting in less microvascular reflow and larger infarct size. In the presence of elevated LDL cholesterol, therapies that suppress endothelial-associated VWF can promote recovery of left ventricular function and protect against remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Ozawa
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland. (K.O., W.P., M.M.)
- University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (K.O.)
| | - William Packwood
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland. (K.O., W.P., M.M.)
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland. (O.V.)
| | - Matthew Muller
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland. (K.O., W.P., M.M.)
| | - Aris Xie
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.X., R.-J.A.-F., J.R.L.)
| | - Melinda D Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland. (M.D.W.)
| | - Rue-Jen Abraham-Fan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.X., R.-J.A.-F., J.R.L.)
| | - José A López
- Bloodworks Research Institute, Seattle, WA (J.A.L.)
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (A.X., R.-J.A.-F., J.R.L.)
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6
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Nash MJ, Dobrinskikh E, Soderborg TK, Janssen RC, Takahashi DL, Dean TA, Varlamov O, Hennebold JD, Gannon M, Aagaard KM, McCurdy CE, Kievit P, Bergman BC, Jones KL, Pietras EM, Wesolowski SR, Friedman JE. Maternal diet alters long-term innate immune cell memory in fetal and juvenile hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in nonhuman primate offspring. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112393. [PMID: 37058409 PMCID: PMC10570400 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal overnutrition increases inflammatory and metabolic disease risk in postnatal offspring. This constitutes a major public health concern due to increasing prevalence of these diseases, yet mechanisms remain unclear. Here, using nonhuman primate models, we show that maternal Western-style diet (mWSD) exposure is associated with persistent pro-inflammatory phenotypes at the transcriptional, metabolic, and functional levels in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from 3-year-old juvenile offspring and in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from fetal and juvenile bone marrow and fetal liver. mWSD exposure is also associated with increased oleic acid in fetal and juvenile bone marrow and fetal liver. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) profiling of HSPCs and BMDMs from mWSD-exposed juveniles supports a model in which HSPCs transmit pro-inflammatory memory to myeloid cells beginning in utero. These findings show that maternal diet alters long-term immune cell developmental programming in HSPCs with proposed consequences for chronic diseases featuring altered immune/inflammatory activation across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Nash
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Taylor K Soderborg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rachel C Janssen
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Diana L Takahashi
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Tyler A Dean
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kjersti M Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carrie E McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Bryan C Bergman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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7
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Sureshchandra S, Doratt BM, Mendza N, Varlamov O, Rincon M, Marshall NE, Messaoudi I. Maternal obesity blunts antimicrobial responses in fetal monocytes. eLife 2023; 12:81320. [PMID: 36645353 PMCID: PMC9894585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal pre-pregnancy (pregravid) obesity is associated with adverse outcomes for both mother and offspring. Amongst the complications for the offspring is increased susceptibility and severity of neonatal infections necessitating admission to the intensive care unit, notably bacterial sepsis and enterocolitis. Previous studies have reported aberrant responses to LPS and polyclonal stimulation by umbilical cord blood monocytes that were mediated by alterations in the epigenome. In this study, we show that pregravid obesity dysregulates umbilical cord blood monocyte responses to bacterial and viral pathogens. Specifically, interferon-stimulated gene expression and inflammatory responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and E. coli were significantly dampened, respectively . Although upstream signaling events were comparable, translocation of the key transcription factor NF-κB and chromatin accessibility at pro-inflammatory gene promoters following TLR stimulation was significantly attenuated. Using a rhesus macaque model of western style diet-induced obesity, we further demonstrate that this defect is detected in fetal peripheral monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages during gestation. Collectively, these data indicate that maternal obesity alters metabolic, signaling, and epigenetic profiles of fetal monocytes leading to a state of immune paralysis during late gestation and at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Sureshchandra
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Brianna M Doratt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Norma Mendza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science UniversityBeavertonUnited States
| | - Monica Rincon
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Nicole E Marshall
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
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8
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Sureshchandra S, Chan CN, Robino JJ, Parmelee LK, Nash MJ, Wesolowski SR, Pietras EM, Friedman JE, Takahashi D, Shen W, Jiang X, Hennebold JD, Goldman D, Packwood W, Lindner JR, Roberts CT, Burwitz BJ, Messaoudi I, Varlamov O. Maternal Western-style diet remodels the transcriptional landscape of fetal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in rhesus macaques. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2595-2609. [PMID: 36332628 PMCID: PMC9768582 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity adversely impacts the in utero metabolic environment, but its effect on fetal hematopoiesis remains incompletely understood. During late development, the fetal bone marrow (FBM) becomes the major site where macrophages and B lymphocytes are produced via differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Here, we analyzed the transcriptional landscape of FBM HSPCs at single-cell resolution in fetal macaques exposed to a maternal high-fat Western-style diet (WSD) or a low-fat control diet. We demonstrate that maternal WSD induces a proinflammatory response in FBM HSPCs and fetal macrophages. In addition, maternal WSD consumption suppresses the expression of B cell development genes and decreases the frequency of FBM B cells. Finally, maternal WSD leads to poor engraftment of fetal HSPCs in nonlethally irradiated immunodeficient NOD/SCID/IL2rγ-/- mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time that maternal WSD impairs fetal HSPC differentiation and function in a translationally relevant nonhuman primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Sureshchandra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Center for Virus Research, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chi N Chan
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jacob J Robino
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Lindsay K Parmelee
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Michael J Nash
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephanie R Wesolowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Eric M Pietras
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jacob E Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Diana Takahashi
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Weining Shen
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xiwen Jiang
- Department of Statistics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Devorah Goldman
- Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - William Packwood
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006; Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Charles T Roberts
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006; Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006; Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Center for Virus Research, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006.
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9
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Crewe C, Chen S, Bu D, Gliniak CM, Wernstedt Asterholm I, Yu XX, Joffin N, de Souza CO, Funcke JB, Oh DY, Varlamov O, Robino JJ, Gordillo R, Scherer PE. Deficient Caveolin-1 Synthesis in Adipocytes Stimulates Systemic Insulin-Independent Glucose Uptake via Extracellular Vesicles. Diabetes 2022; 71:2496-2512. [PMID: 35880782 PMCID: PMC9750943 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (cav1) is an important structural and signaling component of plasma membrane invaginations called caveolae and is abundant in adipocytes. As previously reported, adipocyte-specific ablation of the cav1 gene (ad-cav1 knockout [KO] mouse) does not result in elimination of the protein, as cav1 protein traffics to adipocytes from neighboring endothelial cells. However, this mouse is a functional KO because adipocyte caveolar structures are depleted. Compared with controls, ad-cav1KO mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) display improved whole-body glucose clearance despite complete loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, blunted insulin-stimulated AKT activation in metabolic tissues, and partial lipodystrophy. The cause is increased insulin-independent glucose uptake by white adipose tissue (AT) and reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, HFD-fed ad-cav1KO mice display significant AT inflammation, fibrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysregulated lipid metabolism. The glucose clearance phenotype of the ad-cav1KO mice is at least partially mediated by AT small extracellular vesicles (AT-sEVs). Injection of control mice with AT-sEVs from ad-cav1KO mice phenocopies ad-cav1KO characteristics. Interestingly, AT-sEVs from ad-cav1KO mice propagate the phenotype of the AT to the liver. These data indicate that ad-cav1 is essential for healthy adaptation of the AT to overnutrition and prevents aberrant propagation of negative phenotypes to other organs by EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair Crewe
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shiuhwei Chen
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Dawei Bu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Christy M. Gliniak
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Physiology (Metabolic Physiology Research Unit), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xin Xin Yu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nolwenn Joffin
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Camila O. de Souza
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Da Young Oh
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Jacob J. Robino
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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10
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Varlamov O, Nguyen DC, Grebennikov A. Broadband and Efficient Envelope Amplifier for Envelope Elimination and Restoration/Envelope Tracking Higher-Efficiency Power Amplifiers. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9173. [PMID: 36501872 PMCID: PMC9735673 DOI: 10.3390/s22239173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the efficiency of transmitters, as the largest consumers of energy, is relevant for any wireless communication devices. For higher efficiency, a number of methods are used, including envelope tracking and envelope elimination and restoration. Increasing the bandwidth of used frequencies requires expanding envelope modulators bandwidth up to 250-500 MHz or more. The possibility of using amplifiers with input signal quantization (AISQ), as an alternative to the most common hybrid envelope tracking modulators, is considered. An approach has been developed for optimizing AISQ characteristics according to the criterion of minimum loss when amplifying modern telecommunication signals with Rayleigh envelope distribution. The optimal quantization levels are determined and the energy characteristics of AISQ are calculated. AISQ loss power is shown to decrease by 1.66 times with two-level quantization, by 2.4 times with three-level quantization, and by a factor of 3.0-3.7 for four-five quantization levels compared to a class B amplifier. With these parameters, AISQ becomes competitive with respect to hybrid envelope tracking modulators but does not have electromagnetic interference from the pulse width modulation (PWM) path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Department of Radio Equipment and Circuitry, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, 111024 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dang Canh Nguyen
- Department of Radio Equipment and Circuitry, Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, 111024 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Varlamov O, Yusova S, Bishop CV, Robino JJ, Takahashi D, Roberts C, Slayden OD, Burwitz BJ, Hennebold JD. LBSUN86 Effects Of Hyperandrogenemia And Western-style Diet On Rhesus Macaque Tissue-resident Memory T-cells And Their Potential Role In Controlling Local Inflammation And Insulin Sensitivity. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6. [PMCID: PMC9626925 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac150.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the combination of chronic hyperandrogenemia (elevated circulating testosterone; T) and an obesogenic Western-style diet (WSD) exerts synergistic effects on the metabolic and reproductive axis, leading to the development of insulin resistance, visceral obesity, and ovarian dysfunction in female rhesus macaques. The underlying cellular connection between T+WSD treatment and abnormal metabolic and reproductive function is not well understood. Tissue resident-memory T-cells (Trm) have emerged as potent regulators of local inflammation. Thus, we hypothesized that T+WSD treatment drives proinflammatory phenotypic changes in Trm cells. To address this hypothesis, we studied a cohort of adult female rhesus macaque exposed to a low-fat diet and no exogenous T (controls) versus those treated with T+WSD for one year. T+WSD animals became insulin resistant and had higher visceral adiposity than control animals. During the mid-luteal phase, all animals were necropsied and immune cells residing in visceral omental white adipose tissue (OM-WAT), the corpus luteum (CL), the contralateral ovary not containing the CL (OV), endometrium (ENDO), lymph nodes (LN), bone marrow (BM), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were characterized by flow cytometry. Non-activated CD4+ and CD8+ naïve/central memory cells expressing CD28 were detected in all tissue examined. However, the tissue retention receptor CD69 was expressed only on CD4+ and CD8+ cells residing in OM-WAT, CL, OV, and ENDO. These Trm subsets expressed high levels of the C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5), whose role in inflammation has been previously reported. Combined T+WSD treatment resulted in a significant increase in CD8+ Trm cell populations in OM-WAT. Notably, the frequencies of Trm in OM-WAT were positively correlated with HOMA-IR, the indicator of insulin resistance. Collectively, our data indicate that combined hyperandrogenemia and WSD can lead to selective recruitment or local differentiation of Trm cells in visceral fat. Trm activation in fat may drive the development of a proinflammatory environment that negatively affects adipose metabolic function, leading to altered systemic metabolic parameters (i. e., hyperinsulinemia) that influence ovarian and uterine processes. Future studies are warranted to define how Trm cell-adipocyte interactions affect adipose metabolic processes. Presentation: Sunday, June 12, 2022 12:30 p.m. - 2:30 p.m.
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12
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Zhu Q, Zhu Y, Hepler C, Zhang Q, Park J, Gliniak C, Henry GH, Crewe C, Bu D, Zhang Z, Zhao S, Morley T, Li N, Kim DS, Strand D, Deng Y, Robino JJ, Varlamov O, Gordillo R, Kolonin MG, Kusminski CM, Gupta RK, Scherer PE. Adipocyte mesenchymal transition contributes to mammary tumor progression. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111362. [PMID: 36103820 PMCID: PMC9533474 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased cancer incidence and progression. However, the relationship between adiposity and cancer remains poorly understood at the mechanistic level. Here, we report that adipocytes from tumor-invasive mammary fat undergo de-differentiation to fibroblast-like precursor cells during tumor progression and integrate into the tumor microenvironment. Single-cell sequencing reveals that these de-differentiated adipocytes lose their original identities and transform into multiple cell types, including myofibroblast- and macrophage-like cells, with their characteristic features involved in immune response, inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. The de-differentiated cells are metabolically distinct from tumor-associated fibroblasts but exhibit comparable effects on tumor cell proliferation. Inducing de-differentiation by Xbp1s overexpression promotes tumor progression despite lower adiposity. In contrast, promoting lipid-storage capacity in adipocytes through MitoNEET overexpression curbs tumor growth despite greater adiposity. Collectively, the metabolic interplay between tumor cells and adipocytes induces adipocyte mesenchymal transition and contributes to reconfigure the stroma into a more tumor-friendly microenvironment. Zhu et al. report that in mammary tumors, adipocytes undergo metabolic reprograming and de-differentiation. They acquire myofibroblast- and macrophage-like features, a process referred to as “adipocyte mesenchymal transition,” which modifies the tumor microenvironment via ECM remodeling and activation of the immune response and likely contributes to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhang Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chelsea Hepler
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qianbin Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Christy Gliniak
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gervaise H Henry
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Clair Crewe
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dawei Bu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhuzhen Zhang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shangang Zhao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Thomas Morley
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Na Li
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dae-Seok Kim
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Douglas Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yingfeng Deng
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jacob J Robino
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Disease, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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13
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Ozawa K, Muller MA, Varlamov O, Hagen MW, Packwood W, Morgan TK, Xie A, López CS, Chung D, Chen J, López JA, Lindner JR. Reduced Proteolytic Cleavage of von Willebrand Factor Leads to Aortic Valve Stenosis and Load-Dependent Ventricular Remodeling. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:642-655. [PMID: 35958695 PMCID: PMC9357566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that excess endothelial-associated von Willebrand factor (vWF) and secondary platelet adhesion contribute to aortic valve stenosis (AS). We studied hyperlipidemic mice lacking ADAMTS13 (LDLR -/- AD13 -/- ), which cleaves endothelial-associated vWF multimers. On echocardiography and molecular imaging, LDLR -/- AD13 -/- compared with control strains had increased aortic endothelial vWF and platelet adhesion and developed hemodynamically significant AS, arterial stiffening, high valvulo-aortic impedance, and secondary load-dependent reduction in LV systolic function. Histology revealed leaflet thickening and calcification with valve interstitial cell myofibroblastic and osteogenic transformation, and evidence for TGFβ1 pathway activation. We conclude that valve leaflet endothelial vWF-platelet interactions promote AS through juxtacrine platelet signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Ozawa
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew A. Muller
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew W. Hagen
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William Packwood
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Terry K. Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aris Xie
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Claudia S. López
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan R. Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Address for correspondence: Dr Jonathan R. Lindner, Cardiovascular Division, UHN-62, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. @JLindnerMD
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14
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Abstract
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting enables separation and analysis of heterogeneous cell populations based on size, granularity, and fluorescence intensity. Cell sorting has been widely used for isolation of cells that are ∼10 to 25 μm in diameter. By contrast, cell sorting of unilocular adipocytes isolated from white adipose tissue imposes a significant technological challenge. The combination of their large size (up to 200 μm) and the fragile nature of lipid-laden adipocytes requires the use of specialized flow cytometers equipped with a large nozzle and capable of using low pressure to reduce shear forces during the cell sorting process. Furthermore, isolation of single adipocytes is rarely performed due to the lack of specialized cell sorters that can dispense single adipocytes into individual wells. Conducting cell sorting on single adipocytes would enable analyses of the cell-autonomous heterogeneity in nutrient uptake and metabolism observed in white adipose tissue. In this protocol, we describe single-cell sorting of rhesus macaque adipocytes labeled with fluorescent fatty acid and live-cell indicators using large-particle flow cytometry. This methodology represents a valuable resource for basic and translational studies aimed at understanding the development and function of adipocytes. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Single-cell flow sorting of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Robino
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Yongwoon Kim
- Union Biometrica, Inc., Holliston, Massachusetts
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
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15
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Ozawa K, Muller MA, Varlamov O, Tavori H, Packwood W, Mueller PA, Xie A, Ruggeri Z, Chung D, López JA, Lindner JR. Proteolysis of Von Willebrand Factor Influences Inflammatory Endothelial Activation and Vascular Compliance in Atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:1017-1028. [PMID: 33145464 PMCID: PMC7591934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In murine models of atherosclerosis, excess endothelial-associated vWF results not only in platelet adhesion, but also endothelial expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules, indicating a role of platelets in endothelial activation. The events triggered by excess endothelial-associated vWF lead to accelerated plaque growth and abnormal arterial mechanical properties. The cellular and molecular events described herein can be assessed noninvasively through molecular imaging.
This study used in vivo molecular imaging to characterize endotheliall activation attributable to von Willebrand factor (vWF)-mediated platelet adhesion in atherosclerosis. In atherosclerotic mice lacking the low-density lipoprotein receptor on Western diet, the additional genetic deletion of the ADAMTS13, which cleaves endothelial-associated vWF, produced greater aortic molecular imaging signal for not only vWF and platelets, but also for endothelial adhesion molecules VCAM1 and P-selectin, larger plaque size, and lower aortic distensibility. Sustained ADAMTS13 therapy reduced signal for all 4 molecular targets and plaque size. We conclude that excess endothelial-associated vWF contributes to not only platelet adhesion, but also to up-regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules.
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Key Words
- AD13−/−, deficient for ADAMTS13
- Apo-E−/−, deficient for apolipoprotein-E
- BP, blood pressure
- GPIbα, glycoprotein-Ibα
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDL-R, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- LDL-R−/−, deficient for low-density lipoprotein receptor
- MB, microbubble
- NFκB, nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- WSD, Western-style diet
- atherosclerosis
- molecular imaging
- platelets
- vWF, von Willebrand factor
- von Willebrand factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Ozawa
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew A. Muller
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Hagai Tavori
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - William Packwood
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Paul A. Mueller
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Aris Xie
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Zaverio Ruggeri
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | - Jonathan R. Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Jonathan R. Lindner, Cardiovascular Division, UHN-62, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239.
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16
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Varlamov O, Bucher M, Myatt L, Newman N, Grant KA. Daily Ethanol Drinking Followed by an Abstinence Period Impairs Bone Marrow Niche and Mitochondrial Function of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells in Rhesus Macaques. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1088-1098. [PMID: 32220015 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy consumption of alcohol is a major public health crisis with strong associations between immunological dysfunctions, high vulnerability to infectious disease, anemia, and an increase in the risk of hematological malignancies. However, there is a lack of studies addressing alcohol-induced changes in bone marrow (BM) and hematopoiesis as fundamental aspects of immune system function. METHODS To address the effect of chronic alcohol consumption on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and the BM niche, we used an established rhesus macaque model of voluntary alcohol drinking. A cohort of young adult male rhesus macaques underwent a standard ethanol self-administration protocol that allowed a choice of drinking alcohol or water 22 hours/day with periods of forced abstinence that elevated subsequent intakes when alcohol availability resumed. Following the last month of forced abstinence, the monkeys were euthanized. HSPCs and bone samples were collected and analyzed in functional assays and by confocal microscopy. RESULTS HSPCs from alcohol animals exhibited reduced ability to form granulocyte-monocyte and erythroid colonies in vitro. HSPCs also displayed a decrease in mitochondrial oxygen consumption linked to ATP production and basal respiratory capacity. Chronic alcohol use led to vascular remodeling of the BM niche, a reduction in the number of primitive HSPCs, and a shift in localization of HSPCs from an adipose to a perivascular niche. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates, for the first time, that chronic voluntary alcohol drinking in rhesus macaque monkeys leads to the long-term impairment of HSPC function, a reduction in mitochondrial respiratory activity, and alterations in the BM microenvironment. Further studies are needed to determine whether these changes in hematopoiesis are persistent or adaptive during the abstinent period and whether an initial imprinting to alcohol primes BM to become more vulnerable to future exposure to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- From the, Division of Cardiometabolic Health, (OV), Oregon National Primate Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew Bucher
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, (MB, LM), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, (MB, LM), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Natali Newman
- Division of Neuroscience, (NN, KAG), Oregon National Primate Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, (NN, KAG), Oregon National Primate Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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17
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Robino JJ, Pamir N, Rosario S, Crawford LB, Burwitz BJ, Roberts CT, Kurre P, Varlamov O. Spatial and biochemical interactions between bone marrow adipose tissue and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in rhesus macaques. Bone 2020; 133:115248. [PMID: 31972314 PMCID: PMC7085416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in in situ microscopy have enabled unparalleled resolution of the architecture of the bone marrow (BM) niche for murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, the extent to which these observations can be extrapolated to human BM remains unknown. In humans, adipose tissue occupies a significant portion of the BM medullary cavity, making quantitative immunofluorescent analysis difficult due to lipid-mediated light scattering. In this study, we employed optical clearing, confocal microscopy and nearest neighbor analysis to determine the spatial distribution of CD34+ HSPCs in the BM in a translationally relevant rhesus macaque model. Immunofluorescent analysis revealed that femoral BM adipocytes are associated with the branches of vascular sinusoids, with half of HSPCs localizing in close proximity of the nearest BM adipocyte. Immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometric analysis demonstrate that BM adipose tissue exists as a multicellular niche consisted of adipocytes, endothelial cells, granulocytes, and macrophages. Analysis of BM adipose tissue conditioned media using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed the presence of multiple bioactive proteins involved in regulation of hematopoiesis, inflammation, and bone development, with many predicted to reside inside microvesicles. Pretreatment of purified HSPCs with BM adipose tissue conditioned media, comprising soluble and exosomal/microvesicle-derived factors, led to enhanced proliferation and an increase in granulocyte-monocyte differentiation potential ex vivo. Our work extends extensive studies in murine models, indicating that BM adipose tissue is a central paracrine regulator of hematopoiesis in nonhuman primates and possibly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Robino
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Nathalie Pamir
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sara Rosario
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Lindsey B Crawford
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Center, USA
| | - Charles T Roberts
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Center, USA
| | - Peter Kurre
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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18
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Ozawa K, Muller M, Varlamov O, Packwood W, Xie A, Lopez JA, Lindner JR. 418 Ultrasound molecular imaging of the role of von willebrand factor-mediated platelet adhesion in atherogenesis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez319.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
JSPS Overseas Research Fellowship
Background
Platelets are known to be both pro-inflammatory and pro-mitogenic. However, the role of platelet-endothelial interactions in the initiation and growth of atherosclerotic lesions is not well understood.
Purpose
We used contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) molecular imaging of the arterial endothelium to test the hypothesis that platelet attachment to endothelial Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) promotes atherogenesis.
Methods
We studied wild-type mice (WT), low-density lipoprotein deficient mice fed western diet to produce atherosclerosis (LDLR-/-), and LDLR-/- mice also deficient for ADAMTS-13 (LDLR-/-ADAMTS13-/-) which is the enzyme responsible for proteolytic cleavage of endothelial-associated VWF. Mice were studied at 20 weeks and 30 weeks of age. A subset of LDLR-/- mice were treated with recombinant ADAMTS13 1 hr prior to study. Proximal aortic CEU molecular imaging of P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, von Willebrand factor (VWF), and platelet GPIbα was performed. Aortic distensibility was assessed using high-frequency (30 MHz) transthoracic echocardiography and tail cuff blood pressure systems. NF-κB of aorta was assessed by ELISA kit. Plaque size and composition were assessed by histology. Platelets and macrophage immunohistochemistry were also performed on confocal microscopy.
Results
Aortic molecular imaging signal for P-selectin, VCAM-1, VWF, and platelet adhesion was significantly higher in LDLR-/- than WT mice, and increased by 2-fold between 20 and 30 wks of age. Signal for VWF and platelet adhesion was abolished 1 h after administration of ADAMTS13, confirming that platelet adhesion was VWF-mediated. At 20 and 30 wks of age, molecular imaging signal for all targets was 2-fold higher (p < 0.01) in LDLR-/-ADAMTS13-/- versus LDLR-/- mice. The LDLR-/-ADAMTS13-/- mice also had lower aortic distensibility (p < 0.05), had a 2-fold higher NF-κB signal (p < 0.05), and had a 2-fold greater total plaque area (p < 0.01). Fluorescent immunohistochemistry confirmed that the LDLR-/-ADAMTS13-/- mice also had greater platelets (p < 0.05) and increased macrophage content (p < 0.05) than LDLR-/- mice in aortic plaque.
Conclusion
In early to mid-stage atherosclerosis, abnormal regulation of endothelial-associated VWF results in platelet adhesion and secondary up-regulation of endothelial inflammatory adhesion molecules, thereby promoting atherosclerotic plaque progression. These results indicate an important role of platelet-endothelial interactions in early atherogenesis.
Abstract 418 Figure
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ozawa
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States of America
| | - M Muller
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States of America
| | - O Varlamov
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States of America
| | - W Packwood
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States of America
| | - A Xie
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States of America
| | - J A Lopez
- Blood Works NW, Seattle, United States of America
| | - J R Lindner
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States of America
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Ozawa K, Packwood W, Varlamov O, Qi Y, Xie A, Wu MD, Ruggeri Z, López JA, Lindner JR. Molecular Imaging of VWF (von Willebrand Factor) and Platelet Adhesion in Postischemic Impaired Microvascular Reflow. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 11:e007913. [PMID: 30571316 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.118.007913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complete mechanistic understanding of impaired microvascular reflow after myocardial infarction will likely lead to new therapies for reducing infarct size. Myocardial contrast echocardiography perfusion imaging and molecular imaging were used to evaluate the contribution of microvascular endothelial-associated VWF (von Willebrand factor) and platelet adhesion to microvascular no-reflow. METHODS AND RESULTS Myocardial infarction was produced by transient LAD ligation in WT (wild type) mice, WT mice treated with the VWF proteolytic enzyme ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13), and ADAMTS13-deficient (ADAMTS13-/-) mice. Myocardial contrast echocardiography perfusion imaging and molecular imaging of VWF and platelet GP (glycoprotein) Ibα were performed 30 minutes after ischemia-reperfusion. Infarct size was measured at 3 days. Mortality during ischemia-reperfusion incrementally increased in WT+ADAMTS13, WT, and ADAMTS13-/- mice (14%, 43%, and 63%, respectively; P<0.05). For WT mice, molecular imaging signal for platelets and VWF in the postischemic risk area was 4- to 5-fold higher ( P<0.05) compared with both the remote nonischemic regions or to sham-treated mice. Signal enhancement in the risk area was completely abolished by ADAMTS13 treatment for both platelets (12.8±3.3 versus -1.0±4.4 IU; P<0.05) and VWF (13.9±4.0 versus -1.0±3.0 IU; P<0.05). ADAMTS13-/- compared with WT mice had 2- to 3-fold higher risk area signal for platelets (33.1±8.5 IU) and VWF (30.9±1.9 IU). Microvascular reflow in the risk area incrementally decreased for WT+ADAMTS13, WT, and ADAMTS13-/- mice ( P<0.05), whereas infarct size incrementally increased ( P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Mechanistic information on microvascular no-reflow is possible by combining perfusion and molecular imaging. In reperfused myocardial infarction, excess endothelial-associated VWF and secondary platelet adhesion in the risk area microcirculation contribute to impaired reflow and are modifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Ozawa
- Cardiovascular Division, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. (K.O., W.P., Y.Q., A.X., M.D.W., J.R.L.)
| | - William Packwood
- Cardiovascular Division, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. (K.O., W.P., Y.Q., A.X., M.D.W., J.R.L.)
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- the Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. (O.V., J.R.L.)
| | - Yue Qi
- Cardiovascular Division, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. (K.O., W.P., Y.Q., A.X., M.D.W., J.R.L.)
| | - Aris Xie
- Cardiovascular Division, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. (K.O., W.P., Y.Q., A.X., M.D.W., J.R.L.)
| | - Melinda D Wu
- Cardiovascular Division, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. (K.O., W.P., Y.Q., A.X., M.D.W., J.R.L.).,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Doernbecher's Children's Hospital, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. (M.D.W.)
| | | | - Jose A López
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Z.R.). Blood Works NW, Seattle, WA (J.A.L.)
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Cardiovascular Division, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. (K.O., W.P., Y.Q., A.X., M.D.W., J.R.L.).,the Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland. (O.V., J.R.L.)
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Varlamov O, Bishop CV, Handu M, Takahashi D, Srinivasan S, White A, Roberts CT. Combined androgen excess and Western-style diet accelerates adipose tissue dysfunction in young adult, female nonhuman primates. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:1892-1902. [PMID: 28854720 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the separate and combined effects of mild hyperandrogenemia and consumption of a high-fat Western-style diet (WSD) on white adipose tissue (WAT) morphology and function in young adult female nonhuman primates? SUMMARY ANSWER Combined exposure to mild hyperandrogenemia and WSD induces visceral omental (OM-WAT) but not subcutaneous (SC-WAT) adipocyte hypertrophy that is associated with increased uptake and reduced mobilization of free fatty acids. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Mild hyperandrogenemia in females, principally in the context of polycystic ovary syndrome, is often associated with adipocyte hypertrophy, but the mechanisms of associated WAT dysfunction and depot specificity remain poorly understood. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE AND DURATION Female rhesus macaques were randomly assigned at 2.5 years of age (near menarche) to receive either cholesterol (C; n = 20) or testosterone (T; n = 20)-containing silastic implants to elevate T levels 5-fold above baseline. Half of each of these groups was then fed either a low-fat monkey chow diet or WSD, resulting in four treatment groups (C, control diet; T alone; WSD alone; T + WSD; n = 10/group) that were maintained until the current analyses were performed at 5.5 years of age (3 years of treatment, young adults). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING AND METHODS OM and SC-WAT biopsies were collected and analyzed longitudinally for in vivo changes in adipocyte area and blood vessel density, and ex vivo basal and insulin-stimulated fatty acid uptake and basal and isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In years 2 and 3 of treatment, the T + WSD group exhibited a significantly greater increase in OM adipocyte size compared to all other groups (P < 0.05), while the size of SC adipocytes measured at the end of the study was not significantly different between groups. In year 3, both WAT depots from the WSD and T + WSD groups displayed a significant reduction in local capillary length and vessel junction density (P < 0.05). In year 3, insulin-stimulated fatty acid uptake in OM-WAT was increased in the T + WSD group compared to year 2 (P < 0.05). In year 3, basal lipolysis was blunted in the T and T + WSD groups in both WAT depots (P < 0.01), while isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis was significantly blunted in the T and T + WSD groups only in SC-WAT (P < 0.01). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION At this stage of the study, subjects were still relatively young adults, so that the effects of mild hyperandrogenemia and WSD may become more apparent with increasing age. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The combination of mild hyperandrogenemia and WSD accelerates the development of WAT dysfunction through T-specific (suppression of lipolytic response by T), WSD-dependent (reduced capillary density) and combined T + WSD (increased fatty acid uptake) mechanisms. These data support the idea that combined hyperandrogenemia and WSD increases the risk of developing obesity in females. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Research reported in this publication was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under award number P50 HD071836 to C.T.R. and award number OD 011092 from the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, for operation of the Oregon National Primate Research Center. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Cecily V Bishop
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Mithila Handu
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Diana Takahashi
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Sathya Srinivasan
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Ashley White
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Charles T Roberts
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.,Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Messaoudi I, Handu M, Rais M, Sureshchandra S, Park BS, Fei SS, Wright H, White AE, Jain R, Cameron JL, Winters-Stone KM, Varlamov O. Erratum to: Long-lasting effect of obesity on skeletal muscle transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2017. [PMID: 28641571 PMCID: PMC5480415 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem Messaoudi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Mithila Handu
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, L584 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Maham Rais
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Byung S Park
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Suzanne S Fei
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Hollis Wright
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Ashley E White
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, L584 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Ruhee Jain
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Judy L Cameron
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Kerri M Winters-Stone
- Department of School of Nursing, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, L584 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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Messaoudi I, Handu M, Rais M, Sureshchandra S, Park BS, Fei SS, Wright H, White AE, Jain R, Cameron JL, Winters-Stone KM, Varlamov O. Long-lasting effect of obesity on skeletal muscle transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:411. [PMID: 28545403 PMCID: PMC5445270 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced physical activity and increased intake of calorically-dense diets are the main risk factors for obesity, glucose intolerance, and type 2 diabetes. Chronic overnutrition and hyperglycemia can alter gene expression, contributing to long-term obesity complications. While caloric restriction can reduce obesity and glucose intolerance, it is currently unknown whether it can effectively reprogram transcriptome to a pre-obesity level. The present study addressed this question by the preliminary examination of the transcriptional dynamics in skeletal muscle after exposure to overnutrition and following caloric restriction. RESULTS Six male rhesus macaques of 12-13 years of age consumed a high-fat western-style diet for 6 months and then were calorically restricted for 4 months without exercise. Skeletal muscle biopsies were subjected to longitudinal gene expression analysis using next-generation whole-genome RNA sequencing. In spite of significant weight loss and normalized insulin sensitivity, the majority of WSD-induced (n = 457) and WSD-suppressed (n = 47) genes remained significantly dysregulated after caloric restriction (FDR ≤0.05). The MetacoreTM pathway analysis reveals that western-style diet induced the sustained activation of the transforming growth factor-β gene network, associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, and the downregulation of genes involved in muscle structure development and nutritional processes. CONCLUSIONS Western-style diet, in the absence of exercise, induced skeletal muscle transcriptional programing, which persisted even after insulin resistance and glucose intolerance were completely reversed with caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem Messaoudi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Mithila Handu
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, L584 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Maham Rais
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Byung S Park
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Suzanne S Fei
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Hollis Wright
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Ashley E White
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, L584 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Ruhee Jain
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Judy L Cameron
- Department of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Kerri M Winters-Stone
- Department of School of Nursing, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, L584 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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Abstract
The in-depth characterization of sex differences relevant to human physiology requires the judicious use of a variety of animal models and human clinical data. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) represent an important experimental system that bridges rodent studies and clinical investigations. NHP studies have been especially useful in understanding the role of sex hormones in development and metabolism and also allow the elucidation of the effects of pertinent dietary influences on physiology pertinent to disease states such as obesity and diabetes. This chapter summarizes the current state of our understanding of androgen effects on male and female NHP metabolism relevant to hypogonadism in human males and polycystic ovary syndrome in human females. This review will also focus on the interaction between altered androgen levels and dietary restriction and excess, in particular the Western-style diet that underlies significant human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadence True
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David H Abbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles T Roberts
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Cameron JL, Jain R, Rais M, White AE, Beer TM, Kievit P, Winters-Stone K, Messaoudi I, Varlamov O. Perpetuating effects of androgen deficiency on insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:1856-1863. [PMID: 27534842 PMCID: PMC5140744 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is commonly used for treatment of
prostate cancer, but is associated with side effects such as sarcopenia and
insulin resistance. The role of lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise
on insulin sensitivity and body composition in testosterone-deficient males
is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the
relationships between androgen status, diet, and insulin sensitivity. Subjects/Methods Middle-aged (11–12-yo) intact and orchidectomized male rhesus
macaques were maintained for two months on a standard chow diet, and then
exposed for six months to a Western-style, high-fat/calorie-dense diet (WSD)
followed by four months of caloric restriction (CR). Body composition,
insulin sensitivity, physical activity, serum cytokine levels, and adipose
biopsies were evaluated before and after each dietary intervention. Results Both intact and orchidectomized animals gained similar proportions of
body fat, developed visceral and subcutaneous adipocyte hypertrophy, and
became insulin resistant in response to the WSD. CR reduced body fat in both
groups, but reversed insulin resistance only in intact animals.
Orchidectomized animals displayed progressive sarcopenia, which persisted
after the switch to CR. Androgen deficiency was associated with increased
levels of interleukin-6 and macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22), both of
which were elevated during CR. Physical activity levels showed a negative
correlation with body fat and insulin sensitivity. Conclusion Androgen deficiency exacerbated the negative metabolic side effects
of the WSD, such that CR alone was not sufficient to improve altered insulin
sensitivity, suggesting that ADT patients will require additional
interventions to reverse insulin resistance and sarcopenia.
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Varlamov O. Western-style diet, sex steroids and metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1147-1155. [PMID: 27264336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary transition from hunting to farming was associated with introduction of carbohydrate-rich diets. Today, the increased consumption of simple sugars and high-fat food brought about by Western-style diet and physical inactivity are leading causes of the growing obesity epidemic in the Western society. The extension of human lifespan far beyond reproductive age increased the burden of metabolic disorders associated with overnutrition and age-related hypogonadism. Sex steroids are essential regulators of both reproductive function and energy metabolism, whereas their imbalance causes infertility, obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and increased appetite. Clinical and translational studies suggest that dietary restriction and weight control can improve metabolic and reproductive outcomes of sex hormone-related pathologies, including testosterone deficiency in men and natural menopause and hyperandrogenemia in women. Minimizing metabolic and reproductive decline through rationally designed diet and exercise can help extend human reproductive age and promote healthy aging. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Quality in Diabetes/Obesity and Critical Illness Spectrum of Diseases - edited by P. Hemachandra Reddy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, United States.
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Kolahi K, Louey S, Varlamov O, Thornburg K. Real-Time Tracking of BODIPY-C12 Long-Chain Fatty Acid in Human Term Placenta Reveals Unique Lipid Dynamics in Cytotrophoblast Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153522. [PMID: 27124483 PMCID: PMC4849650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While the human placenta must provide selected long-chain fatty acids to support the developing fetal brain, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the transport process. We tracked the movement of the fluorescently labeled long-chain fatty acid analogue, BODIPY-C12, across the cell layers of living explants of human term placenta. Although all layers took up the fatty acid, rapid esterification of long-chain fatty acids and incorporation into lipid droplets was exclusive to the inner layer cytotrophoblast cells rather than the expected outer syncytiotrophoblast layer. Cytotrophoblast is a progenitor cell layer previously relegated to a repair role. As isolated cytotrophoblasts differentiated into syncytialized cells in culture, they weakened their lipid processing capacity. Syncytializing cells suppress previously active genes that regulate fatty-acid uptake (SLC27A2/FATP2, FABP4, ACSL5) and lipid metabolism (GPAT3, LPCAT3). We speculate that cytotrophoblast performs a previously unrecognized role in regulating placental fatty acid uptake and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kolahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Samantha Louey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kent Thornburg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kolahi K, Louey S, Varlamov O, Thornburg K. Real-time assessment of fatty acid kinetics in the human placenta. Placenta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.07.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Varlamov O, Kievit P, Phu K, Reddy AP, Roberts CT, Bethea CL. Preliminary Examination of Olanzapine and Diet Interactions On Metabolism in a Female Macaque. J Endocrinol Diabetes 2015; 1. [PMID: 25621305 DOI: 10.15226/2374-6890/1/2/00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical data suggest that atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine (OLZ) induce significant metabolic changes that are serious side effects of their primary use. Since controlled human studies are problematic and rodent data may be poorly translatable, we have initiated development of a macaque model of OLZ-induced metabolic disease. In this preliminary feasibility study, we examined some metabolic effects of OLZ in a female macaque in the context of a standard low-calorie/fat monkey chow diet followed by a high-fat/sugar Western-style diet (WSD). A female Japanese macaque was administered OLZ (1.25 mg/day) for 6 months, with dietary changes at 2-month intervals as follows: OLZ+Restricted chow, OLZ+Unrestricted chow, OLZ+WSD, and placebo+WSD. Weight was assessed weekly. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and Dexascans were performed at baseline and every 2 months. Omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue biopsies were obtained at baseline, after OLZ+Unrestricted chow and after OLZ+WSD to evaluate adipocyte size, lipolysis and insulin-stimulated free fatty acid uptake (FFA). A separate trial was conducted on 2 monkeys with 5 days of OLZ- or no-treatment followed by RT-PCR on rostral and medial basal hypothalamus. Weight increased on OLZ+Restricted chow and stabilized on OLZ+Unrestricted chow. OLZ+WSD did not significantly change the weight plateau. Weight declined upon withdrawal of OLZ with continued WSD. Body fat increased from 14% at baseline to 22%, 30%, 28% and 19% at 2, 4, 6 and 8 mo, respectively, indicating that body fat was elevated on OLZ regardless of diet and declined upon OLZ removal. Glucose tolerance and the insulin response during GTT were normal with OLZ+Restricted chow or OLZ+Unrestricted chow. Addition of WSD with OLZ impaired glucose clearance during GTT. Insulin remained in the normal range, but first phase insulin secretion was reduced. After removal of OLZ, but continued WSD, glucose clearance returned to normal, but this was associated with hyperinsulinemia. Adipocyte diameter was increased in OM and SQ fat by OLZ+chow and OLZ+WSD to a similar extent. (p<0.01, 2-way ANOVA). In OM, isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis occurred at baseline. In both depots, isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis occurred with OLZ+chow, but it was significantly blunted by addition of WSD (ANOVA p<0.0001; posthoc p<0.05). Insulin increased FFA uptake at baseline. OLZ +chow or OLZ+WSD increased basal FFA uptake and insulin-induced FFA uptake was blunted in both depots (posthoc p<0.05). There was a marked decrease in POMC gene expression, and increased AgRP and NPY expression in the hypothalamus. There was also a clear increase in serotonin (5HT) 2C, melanocortin (MCR4), and Leptin (LepR) receptor gene expression. These data support the hypotheses that OLZ acts on peripheral tissues as well as in the CNS; that changes in hypothalamic gene expression occur very rapidly and precede increased fat accumulation; that adipose tissue exhibits insulin resistance prior to alterations in GTT; that addition of WSD to OLZ precipitates hyperglycemia without an obvious insulin response; and that removal of OLZ and continued WSD resulted in normalized glucose clearance and elevated insulin. These data suggest complex and early responses to OLZ that may be exacerbated by WSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Divisions of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006 ; Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Paul Kievit
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Kenny Phu
- Divisions of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Arubala P Reddy
- Divisions of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Charles T Roberts
- Divisions of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006 ; Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Cynthia L Bethea
- Divisions of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006 ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201
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Abstract
Phenotypic diversity may play an adaptive role by providing graded biological responses to fluctuations in environmental stimuli. We used single-cell imaging of the metabolizable fluorescent fatty acid analog 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)-C12 and fluorescent 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG) to explore cellular heterogeneity in nutrient uptake in white adipose tissue (WAT) explants of rhesus macaques. Surprisingly, WAT displayed a striking cell size-independent mosaic pattern, in that adjacent adipocytes varied with respect to insulin-stimulated BODIPY-C12 and 2-NBDG uptake. Relative free fatty acid (FFA) transport activity correlated with the cellular levels of FFA transporter protein-1 and the scavenger receptor CD36 in individual adipocytes. In vitro incubation of WAT explants for 24 hours caused partial desynchronization of cellular responses, suggesting that adipocytes may slowly alter their differential nutrient uptake activity. In vitro-differentiated human adipocytes also exhibited a mosaic pattern of BODIPY-C12 uptake. WAT from animals containing a homogeneous population of large adipocytes was nonmosaic, in that every adipocyte exhibited a similar level of BODIPY-C12 fluorescence, suggesting that the development of obesity is associated with the loss of heterogeneity in WAT. Hence, for the first time, we demonstrate an intrinsic heterogeneity in FFA and glucose transport activity in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Divisions of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Developmental and Reproductive Science (O.V., C.T.R.), and Division of Neuroscience (A.C.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine (M.C., C.T.R.) and Center for Research Occupational and Environmental Toxicology (H.S.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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Chu M, Sampath H, Cahana DY, Kahl CA, Somwar R, Cornea A, Roberts CT, Varlamov O. Spatiotemporal dynamics of triglyceride storage in unilocular adipocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:4096-105. [PMID: 25298400 PMCID: PMC4263452 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-06-1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time fluorescence microscopy is used to investigate the trafficking of metabolizable fluorescent fatty acid in unilocular adipocytes from adipose tissue of nonhuman primates. The study reveals novel cell biological features that may contribute to the mechanism of adipocyte hypertrophy. The spatiotemporal dynamics of triglyceride (TG) storage in unilocular adipocytes are not well understood. Here we applied ex vivo technology to study trafficking and metabolism of fluorescent fatty acids in adipose tissue explants. Live imaging revealed multiple cytoplasmic nodules surrounding the large central lipid droplet (cLD) of unilocular adipocytes. Each cytoplasmic nodule harbors a series of closely associated cellular organelles, including micro–lipid droplets (mLDs), mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Exogenously added free fatty acids are rapidly adsorbed by mLDs and concurrently get esterified to TG. This process is greatly accelerated by insulin. mLDs transfer their content to the cLD, serving as intermediates that mediate packaging of newly synthesized TG in the large interior of a unilocular adipocyte. This study reveals novel cell biological features that may contribute to the mechanism of adipocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Harini Sampath
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - David Y. Cahana
- Divisions of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Developmental and Reproductive Science, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | | | - Romel Somwar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Anda Cornea
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Charles T. Roberts
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Portland, OR 97239
- Divisions of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Developmental and Reproductive Science, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Divisions of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Developmental and Reproductive Science, Beaverton, OR 97006
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Sokolov O, Kost N, Andreeva O, Korneeva E, Meshavkin V, Tarakanova Y, Dadayan A, Zolotarev Y, Grachev S, Mikheeva I, Varlamov O, Zozulya A. Autistic children display elevated urine levels of bovine casomorphin-7 immunoreactivity. Peptides 2014; 56:68-71. [PMID: 24657283 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of circulating casomorphins (CM), the exogenous opioid peptides from milk casein, may contribute to the pathogenesis of autism in children. Because several mass spectrometry studies failed to detect casomorphins in autistic children, it was questioned whether these peptides can be detected in body fluids by mass spec. Here we demonstrated, using a novel high sensitivity ELISA method, that autistic children have significantly higher levels of urine CM-7 than control children. The severity of autistic symptoms correlated with concentrations of CM-7 in the urine. Because CMs interact with opioid and serotonin receptors, the known modulators of synaptogenesis, we suggest that chronic exposure to elevated levels of bovine CMs may impair early child development, setting the stage for autistic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Sokolov
- Mental Health Research Center of RAMS, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalya Kost
- Mental Health Research Center of RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Andreeva
- Mental Health Research Center of RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oleg Varlamov
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, OR, United States
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Varlamov O. Real-time detection of SNARE complex assembly with FRET using the tetracysteine system. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1174:49-55. [PMID: 24947373 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0944-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Small tetracysteine insertions are more suitable for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies of protein folding and small complex assembly than bulky GFP-based fluorophores. Here, we describe a procedure for expression, purification, and fluorescent labeling of a FRET-based probe, called CSNAC that can track the conformational changes undergone by SNAP-25 as it folds in the exocytic complex. The fluorescent protein Cerulean was attached to the N-terminus and served as a FRET donor. The biarsenical dye FlAsH, served as a FRET acceptor, was bound to a short tetracysteine motif positioned in the linker domain of SNAP-25. CSNAC can report real-time FRET changes when the Syntaxin soluble domain is added in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, & Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Ave, Mail Code L584, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA,
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Abstract
Energy metabolism in humans is tuned to distinct sex-specific functions that potentially reflect the unique requirements in females for gestation and lactation, whereas male metabolism may represent a default state. These differences are the consequence of the action of sex chromosomes and sex-specific hormones, including estrogens and progesterone in females and androgens in males. In humans, sex-specific specialization is associated with distinct body-fat distribution and energy substrate-utilization patterns; i.e., females store more lipids and have higher whole-body insulin sensitivity than males, while males tend to oxidize more lipids than females. These patterns are influenced by the menstrual phase in females, and by nutritional status and exercise intensity in both sexes. This minireview focuses on sex-specific mechanisms in lipid and glucose metabolism and their regulation by sex hormones, with a primary emphasis on studies in humans and the most relevant pre-clinical model of human physiology, non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Division of Developmental and Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- *Correspondence: Oleg Varlamov, Divisions of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Developmental and Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA e-mail:
| | - Cynthia L. Bethea
- Division of Developmental and Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Charles T. Roberts
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Division of Developmental and Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Varlamov O, Chu MP, McGee WK, Cameron JL, O'Rourke RW, Meyer KA, Bishop CV, Stouffer RL, Roberts CT. Ovarian cycle-specific regulation of adipose tissue lipid storage by testosterone in female nonhuman primates. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4126-35. [PMID: 24008344 PMCID: PMC3800767 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in rodents and humans suggest that hyperandrogenemia causes white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction in females, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In light of the differences in the length of the ovarian cycle between humans and rodents, we used a nonhuman primate model to elucidate the effects of chronic hyperandrogenemia on WAT function in vivo. Female rhesus macaques implanted with testosterone capsules developed insulin resistance and altered leptin secretion on a high-fat, Western-style diet. In control visceral WAT, lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase expression were upregulated during the luteal phase compared with the early follicular (menses) phase of the ovarian cycle. Hyperandrogenemia attenuated elevated lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase activity in visceral WAT during the luteal phase but not during menses. Under control conditions, insulin-stimulated Akt and Erk activation and fatty acid uptake in WAT were not significantly affected by the ovarian cycle. In contrast, testosterone treatment preferentially increased fatty acid uptake and insulin signaling at menses. The fatty acid synthase and glucose transporter-4 genes were upregulated by testosterone during the luteal phase. In summary, this study reveals ovarian stage-specific fluctuations in adipocyte lipolysis and suggests that male sex hormones increase and female sex hormones decrease lipid storage in female WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Jr, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006.
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Fukasawa M, Cornea A, Varlamov O. Selective control of SNARE recycling by Golgi retention. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2377-84. [PMID: 23792244 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct sets of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE) catalyze membrane fusion in the cis-Golgi and trans-Golgi. The mechanism that controls Golgi localization of SNAREs remains largely unknown. Here we tested three potential mechanisms, including vesicle recycling between the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum, partitioning in Golgi lipid microdomains, and selective intra-Golgi retention. Recycling rates showed a linear relationship with intra-Golgi mobility of SNAREs. The cis-Golgi SNAREs had higher mobility than intra-Golgi SNAREs, whereas vesicle SNAREs had higher mobility than target membrane SNAREs. The differences in SNARE mobility were not due to preferential partitioning into detergent-resistant membrane microdomains. We propose that intra-Golgi retention precludes entropy-driven redistribution of SNAREs to the endoplasmic reticulum and endocytic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Varlamov O, White AE, Carroll JM, Bethea CL, Reddy A, Slayden O, O'Rourke RW, Roberts CT. Androgen effects on adipose tissue architecture and function in nonhuman primates. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3100-10. [PMID: 22547568 PMCID: PMC3380299 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The differential association of hypoandrogenism in men and hyperandrogenism in women with insulin resistance and obesity suggests that androgens may exert sex-specific effects on adipose and other tissues, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Moreover, recent studies also suggest that rodents and humans may respond differently to androgen imbalance. To achieve better insight into clinically relevant sex-specific mechanisms of androgen action, we used nonhuman primates to investigate the direct effects of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on white adipose tissue. We also employed a novel ex vivo approach that provides a convenient framework for understanding of adipose tissue physiology under a controlled tissue culture environment. In vivo androgen deprivation of males did not result in overt obesity or insulin resistance but did induce the appearance of very small, multilocular white adipocytes. Testosterone replacement restored normal cell size and a unilocular phenotype and stimulated adipogenic gene transcription and improved insulin sensitivity of male adipose tissue. Ex vivo studies demonstrated sex-specific effects of androgens on adipocyte function. Female adipose tissue treated with androgens displayed elevated basal but reduced insulin-dependent fatty acid uptake. Androgen-stimulated basal uptake was greater in adipose tissue of ovariectomized females than in adipose tissue of intact females and ovariectomized females replaced with estrogen and progesterone in vivo. Collectively, these data demonstrate that androgens are essential for normal adipogenesis in males and can impair essential adipocyte functions in females, thus strengthening the experimental basis for sex-specific effects of androgens in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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O'Rourke RW, White AE, Metcalf MD, Olivas AS, Mitra P, Larison WG, Cheang EC, Varlamov O, Corless CL, Roberts CT, Marks DL. Hypoxia-induced inflammatory cytokine secretion in human adipose tissue stromovascular cells. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1480-90. [PMID: 21400042 PMCID: PMC3159546 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hypoxia has been implicated as a cause of adipose tissue inflammation in obesity, although the inflammatory response of human adipose tissue to hypoxia is not well understood. The goal of this study was to define in vitro inflammatory responses of human adipose tissue to hypoxia and identify molecular mechanisms of hypoxia-induced inflammation. METHODS The inflammatory milieu and responses of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue explants and purified stromovascular cells (SVFs) from obese and lean humans were studied in an in vitro hypoxic culture system using quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Human adipose tissue in obesity demonstrates an increased leucocyte infiltrate that is greater in VAT than SAT and involves macrophages, T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Hypoxic culture regulates inflammatory cytokine secretion and transcription of metabolic stress response genes in human adipose tissue SVF. Adipocyte diameter is increased and adipose tissue capillary density is decreased in obese participants. Inhibition of c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) or p38 significantly attenuates hypoxia-induced SVF inflammatory responses. Hypoxia induces phosphorylation of p38 in adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS Human adipose tissue in obesity is characterised by a depot-specific inflammatory cell infiltrate that involves not only macrophages, but also T cells and NK cells. Hypoxia induces inflammatory cytokine secretion by human adipose tissue SVF, the primary source of which is adipose tissue macrophages. These data implicate p38 in the regulation of hypoxia-induced inflammation and suggest that alterations in adipocyte diameter and adipose tissue capillary density may be potential underlying causes of adipose tissue hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L223A, Portland, OR, USA.
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Somwar R, Roberts CT, Varlamov O. Live-cell imaging demonstrates rapid cargo exchange between lipid droplets in adipocytes. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1946-50. [PMID: 21575639 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets form the storage reservoirs for lipids in adipocytes, and their stable appearance suggests a static nature of lipid storage. A stable lipid store, however, may be maintained through the dynamic recycling of lipid cargo between the cytoplasmic compartment and the lipid droplet. In this study, we applied live-cell microscopy to follow intracellular transport steps of fluorescently labeled fatty acids in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We demonstrate that intracellular lipids continuously exit and re-enter lipid droplets, and that individual lipid droplets exchange their content on a timescale of minutes. These data demonstrate a surprisingly high rate of intracellular lipid turnover in adipocytes and support the novel concept that lipid storage is achieved by dynamic recycling rather than static retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romel Somwar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
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Varlamov O, Roberts CT, Slayden OD. Androgens Inhibit Insulin-Dependent Lipid Uptake in Visceral Fat of Female Nonhuman Primates. Biol Reprod 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/83.s1.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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40
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Abstract
Increased body fat correlates with the enlargement of average fat cell size and reduced adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. It is currently unclear whether adipocytes, as they accumulate more triglycerides and grow in size, gradually become less insulin sensitive or whether obesity-related factors independently cause both the enlargement of adipocyte size and reduced adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. In the first instance, large and small adipocytes in the same tissue would exhibit differences in insulin sensitivity, whereas, in the second instance, adipocyte size per se would not necessarily correlate with insulin response. To analyze the effect of adipocyte size on insulin sensitivity, we employed a new single-cell imaging assay that resolves fatty acid uptake and insulin response in single adipocytes in subcutaneous adipose tissue explants. Here, we report that subcutaneous adipocytes are heterogeneous in size and intrinsic insulin sensitivity. Whereas smaller adipocytes respond to insulin by increasing lipid uptake, adipocytes with cell diameters larger than 80-100 microm are insulin resistant. We propose that, when cell size approaches a critical boundary, adipocytes lose insulin-dependent fatty acid transport. This negative feedback mechanism may protect adipocytes from lipid overload and restrict further expansion of adipose tissue, which leads to obesity and metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, 97006, USA
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Cosson P, Ravazzola M, Varlamov O, Söllner TH, Di Liberto M, Volchuk A, Rothman JE, Orci L. Dynamic transport of SNARE proteins in the Golgi apparatus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:14647-52. [PMID: 16199514 PMCID: PMC1253604 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507394102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Localization of a membrane protein in a subcellular compartment can be achieved by its retention in the compartment or by its continuous transport toward this compartment. Previous results have suggested that specific enzymes are localized in the Golgi apparatus at least in part by selective retention and exclusion from transport vesicles. However, the function of some Golgi SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins is not compatible with their exclusion from transport vesicles. To help understand the mechanism accounting for the localization of SNARE proteins in the Golgi apparatus, we analyzed their lateral distribution in the Golgi cisternae and their incorporation into transport vesicles. According to our results, all SNARE proteins are efficiently incorporated into transport vesicles, indicating that the localization of SNARE proteins in the Golgi apparatus is not based on a static retention mechanism. Detailed analysis suggested that incorporation into transport vesicles was more efficient for SNARE proteins restricted to the cis face of the Golgi as compared with SNAREs present at the trans face. Furthermore, overexpression of a cis-Golgi SNARE protein altered concomitantly its incorporation in transport vesicles and its intra-Golgi localization. These observations suggest that, contrary to resident Golgi enzymes, SNARE proteins are localized in the Golgi apparatus as the result of a dynamic transport equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cosson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Fukasawa M, Varlamov O, Eng WS, Söllner TH, Rothman JE. Localization and activity of the SNARE Ykt6 determined by its regulatory domain and palmitoylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4815-20. [PMID: 15044687 PMCID: PMC387331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401183101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) catalyze compartment-specific membrane fusion. Whereas most SNAREs are bona fide type II membrane proteins, Ykt6 lacks a proteinaceous membrane anchor but contains a prenylation consensus motif (CAAX box) and exists in an inactive cytosolic and an active membrane-bound form. We demonstrate that both forms are farnesylated at the carboxyl-terminal cysteine of the CCAIM sequence. Farnesylation is the prerequisite for subsequent palmitoylation of the upstream cysteine, which permits stable membrane association of Ykt6. The double-lipid modification and membrane association is crucial for intra-Golgi transport in vitro and cell homeostasis/survival in vivo. The membrane recruitment and palmitoylation is controlled by the N-terminal domain of Ykt6, which interacts with the SNARE motif, keeping it in an inactive closed conformation. Together, these results suggest that conformational changes control the lipid modification and function of Ykt6. Considering the essential and central role of Ykt6 in the secretory pathway, this spatial and functional cycle might provide a mechanism to regulate the rate of intracellular membrane flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Volchuk A, Ravazzola M, Perrelet A, Eng WS, Di Liberto M, Varlamov O, Fukasawa M, Engel T, Söllner TH, Rothman JE, Orci L. Countercurrent distribution of two distinct SNARE complexes mediating transport within the Golgi stack. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:1506-18. [PMID: 14742712 PMCID: PMC379251 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-08-0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and biochemical evidence has established that a SNARE complex consisting of syntaxin 5 (Sed5)-mYkt6 (Ykt6)-GOS28 (Gos1)-GS15 (Sft1) is required for transport of proteins across the Golgi stack in animals (yeast). We have utilized quantitative immunogold labeling to establish the cis-trans distribution of the v-SNARE GS15 and the t-SNARE subunits GOS28 and syntaxin 5. Whereas the distribution of the t-SNARE is nearly even across the Golgi stack from the cis to the trans side, the v-SNARE GS15 is present in a gradient of increasing concentration toward the trans face of the stack. This contrasts with a second distinct SNARE complex, also required for intra-Golgi transport, consisting of syntaxin 5 (Sed5)-membrin (Bos1)-ERS24 (Sec22)-rBet1 (Bet1), whose v-(rBet1) and t-SNARE subunits (membrin and ERS24), progressively decrease in concentration toward the trans face. Transport within the stack therefore appears to utilize countercurrent gradients of two Golgi SNAREpins and may involve a mechanism akin to homotypic fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Volchuk
- Department of Morphology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Varlamov O, Volchuk A, Rahimian V, Doege CA, Paumet F, Eng WS, Arango N, Parlati F, Ravazzola M, Orci L, Söllner TH, Rothman JE. i-SNAREs: inhibitory SNAREs that fine-tune the specificity of membrane fusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 164:79-88. [PMID: 14699088 PMCID: PMC2171956 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200307066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A new functional class of SNAREs, designated inhibitory SNAREs (i-SNAREs), is described here. An i-SNARE inhibits fusion by substituting for or binding to a subunit of a fusogenic SNAREpin to form a nonfusogenic complex. Golgi-localized SNAREs were tested for i-SNARE activity by adding them as a fifth SNARE together with four other SNAREs that mediate Golgi fusion reactions. A striking pattern emerges in which certain subunits of the cis-Golgi SNAREpin function as i-SNAREs that inhibit fusion mediated by the trans-Golgi SNAREpin, and vice versa. Although the opposing distributions of the cis- and trans-Golgi SNAREs themselves could provide for a countercurrent fusion pattern in the Golgi stack, the gradients involved would be strongly sharpened by the complementary countercurrent distributions of the i-SNAREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Varlamov
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., Box 251, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Burri L, Varlamov O, Doege CA, Hofmann K, Beilharz T, Rothman JE, Söllner TH, Lithgow T. A SNARE required for retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9873-7. [PMID: 12893879 PMCID: PMC187870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1734000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) are central components of the machinery mediating membrane fusion in all eukaryotic cells. Sequence analysis of the yeast genome revealed a previously uncharacterized SNARE, SNARE-like tail-anchored protein 1 (Slt1). Slt1 is an essential protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It forms a SNARE complex with Sec22 and the ER syntaxin Ufe1. Down-regulation of Slt1 levels leads to improper secretion of proteins normally resident in the ER. We suggest that Slt1 is a component of the SNAREpin required for retrograde traffic to the ER. Based on the previously reported association with Ufe1 and Sec22, Sec20 likely contributes the fourth SNARE to the SNAREpin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Burri
- Russell Grimwade School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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Kalinina E, Varlamov O, Fricker LD. Analysis of the carboxypeptidase D cytoplasmic domain: Implications in intracellular trafficking. J Cell Biochem 2002; 85:101-11. [PMID: 11891854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Metallocarboxypeptidase D (CPD) is a type 1 transmembrane protein that functions in the processing of proteins that transit the secretory pathway. Previously, CPD was found to be enriched in the trans Golgi network (TGN) and to cycle between this compartment and the cell surface. In the present study, the roles of specific regions of the CPD cytosolic tail in intracellular trafficking were investigated in the AtT-20 cell line. When the CPD transmembrane region and cytosolic tail are attached to the C-terminus of albumin, this protein is retained in the TGN and cycles to the cell surface. Deletion analysis indicates that a C-terminal region functions in TGN-retention; removal of 10 amino acids from the C-terminus greatly increases the amount of fusion protein that enters nascent vesicles, which bud from the Golgi, but does not affect the half-life of the fusion protein or the ability of cell surface protein to return to the TGN. Because the 10-residue deletion disrupts a casein kinase 2 (CK2) consensus site, the two Thr in this site (TDT) were mutated to either Ala (ADA) or Glu (EDE). Neither mutation has an increased rate of budding from the TGN, although the ADA mutant has a shorter half-life than either the wild type sequence or the EDE mutant. Adaptor protein-1 and -2 bind to most of the deletion mutants, the EDE point mutant, and the CK2-phosphorylated CPD tail, but not to the wild type tail. Taken together, these results suggest that CPD localization to the TGN requires both static retention involving the C-terminal domain and phosphorylation at a CK2 site, which regulates the binding of adaptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kalinina
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Parlati F, Varlamov O, Paz K, McNew JA, Hurtado D, Söllner TH, Rothman JE. Distinct SNARE complexes mediating membrane fusion in Golgi transport based on combinatorial specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:5424-9. [PMID: 11959998 PMCID: PMC122785 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.082100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Syntaxin-5 (Sed5) is the only syntaxin needed for transport into and across the yeast Golgi, raising the question of how a single syntaxin species could mediate vesicle transport in both the anterograde and the retrograde direction within the stack. Sed5 is known to combine with two light chains (Bos1 and Sec22) to form the t-SNARE needed to receive vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum. However, the yeast Golgi contains several other potential light chains with which Sed5 could potentially combine to form other t-SNAREs. To explore the degree of specificity in the choice of light chains by a t-SNARE, we undertook a comprehensive examination of the capacity of all 21 Sed5-based t-SNAREs that theoretically could assemble in the yeast Golgi to fuse with each of the 7 potential v-SNAREs also present in this organelle. Only one additional of these 147 combinations was fusogenic. This functional proteomic strategy thereby revealed a previously uncharacterized t-SNARE in which Sed5 is the heavy chain and Gos1 and Ykt6 are the light chains, and whose unique cognate v-SNARE is Sft1. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the existence of this complex in vivo. Fusion mediated by this second Golgi SNAREpin is topologically restricted, and existing genetic and morphologic evidence implies that it is used for transport across the Golgi stack. From this study, together with the previous functional proteomic analyses which have tested 275 distinct quaternary SNARE combinations, it follows that the fusion potential and transport pathways of the yeast cell can be read out from its genome sequence according to the SNARE hypothesis with a predictive accuracy of about 99.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Parlati
- Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 251, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Kalinina E, Varlamov O, Fricker LD. Analysis of the carboxypeptidase D cytoplasmic domain: Implications in intracellular trafficking*. J Cell Biochem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Varlamov O, Kalinina E, Che FY, Fricker LD. Protein phosphatase 2A binds to the cytoplasmic tail of carboxypeptidase D and regulates post-trans-Golgi network trafficking. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:311-22. [PMID: 11148133 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.2.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase D (CPD) is a transmembrane protein that processes proteins in the trans-Golgi network (TGN). A 20-residue region within the cytoplasmic tail of CPD binds protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). PP2A also binds to the cytoplasmic tails of other secretory pathway proteins: peptidylglycine-(amino)-amidating mono-oxygenase, the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor and TGN38. The CPD tail is phosphorylated on Thr residues in the AtT-20 cell line. The CPD tail can also be phosphorylated by purified protein kinase A, protein kinase C and casein kinase II. Both the in vitro and the in vivo phosphorylated CPD tail can be dephosphorylated by purified PP2A. The binding of CPD tail peptide to PP2A does not influence phosphatase activity. The rate of transport of CPD from the TGN to the cell surface of AtT-20 cells is decreased 45% by okadaic acid, a PP2A inhibitor. Microinjection of the CPD tail into AtT-20 cells inhibits the transition of CPD from endosomal compartments to the TGN. However, okadaic acid does not affect the rate of budding of CPD from the TGN into nascent vesicles or the rate of uptake from the cell surface into endosomal compartments. These results are consistent with the model that PP2A is involved in the trafficking of proteins between a TGN recycling loop and a cell-surface recycling loop, but is not involved in the individual recycling loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Varlamov
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Novikova EG, Reznik SE, Varlamov O, Fricker LD. Carboxypeptidase Z is present in the regulated secretory pathway and extracellular matrix in cultured cells and in human tissues. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:4865-70. [PMID: 10671522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.7.4865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase Z (CPZ) is a newly reported member of the metallocarboxypeptidase gene family, but unlike other members of this family, CPZ contains an N-terminal domain that has amino acid sequence similarity to Wnt-binding proteins. In order to gain insights as to the potential function of CPZ, the intracellular localization of this protein was determined in cell culture and in human tissues. When expressed in the AtT-20 mouse pituitary cell line, CPZ protein is routed to the regulated secretory pathway and secreted upon stimulation. A fraction of the secreted CPZ remains associated with the extracellular matrix. Endogenous CPZ in the PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cell line is also associated with the extracellular matrix. In human placenta, CPZ is present within invasive trophoblasts and in the surrounding extracellular space, indicating an association with extracellular matrix. CPZ is also present in amnion cells, but is not readily apparent in the extracellular matrix of this cell type. A human adenocarcinoma of the colon shows expression of CPZ in the extracellular matrix adjacent to malignant cells. Taken together, CPZ appears to be a component of the extracellular matrix in some cell types, where it may function in the binding of Wnt.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Novikova
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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