1
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Restrepo-Coupe N, O'Donnell Christoffersen B, Longo M, Alves LF, Campos KS, da Araujo AC, de Oliveira RC, Prohaska N, da Silva R, Tapajos R, Wiedemann KT, Wofsy SC, Saleska SR. Asymmetric response of Amazon forest water and energy fluxes to wet and dry hydrological extremes reveals onset of a local drought-induced tipping point. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:6077-6092. [PMID: 37698497 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of intensification of Amazon basin hydrological cycling-manifest as increasingly frequent floods and droughts-on water and energy cycles of tropical forests is essential to meeting the challenge of predicting ecosystem responses to climate change, including forest "tipping points". Here, we investigated the impacts of hydrological extremes on forest function using 12+ years of observations (between 2001-2020) of water and energy fluxes from eddy covariance, along with associated ecological dynamics from biometry, at the Tapajós National Forest. Measurements encompass the strong 2015-2016 El Niño drought and La Niña 2008-2009 wet events. We found that the forest responded strongly to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Drought reduced water availability for evapotranspiration (ET) leading to large increases in sensible heat fluxes (H). Partitioning ET by an approach that assumes transpiration (T) is proportional to photosynthesis, we found that water stress-induced reductions in canopy conductance (Gs ) drove T declines partly compensated by higher evaporation (E). By contrast, the abnormally wet La Niña period gave higher T and lower E, with little change in seasonal ET. Both El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events resulted in changes in forest structure, manifested as lower wet-season leaf area index. However, only during El Niño 2015-2016, we observed a breakdown in the strong meteorological control of transpiration fluxes (via energy availability and atmospheric demand) because of slowing vegetation functions (via shutdown of Gs and significant leaf shedding). Drought-reduced T and Gs , higher H and E, amplified by feedbacks with higher temperatures and vapor pressure deficits, signaled that forest function had crossed a threshold, from which it recovered slowly, with delay, post-drought. Identifying such tipping point onsets (beyond which future irreversible processes may occur) at local scale is crucial for predicting basin-scale threshold-crossing changes in forest energy and water cycling, leading to slow-down in forest function, potentially resulting in Amazon forests shifting into alternate degraded states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bradley O'Donnell Christoffersen
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Marcos Longo
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Luciana F Alves
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kleber Silva Campos
- Department of Environmental Physics, University of Western Pará-UFOPA, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Alessandro C da Araujo
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Neill Prohaska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodrigo da Silva
- Department of Environmental Physics, University of Western Pará-UFOPA, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Raphael Tapajos
- Department of Environmental Physics, University of Western Pará-UFOPA, Santarém, Brazil
| | - Kenia T Wiedemann
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven C Wofsy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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2
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Wehr R, Saleska SR. Territorial Differential Meta-Evolution: An Algorithm for Seeking All the Desirable Optima of a Multivariable Function. Evol Comput 2023:1-31. [PMID: 37390219 DOI: 10.1162/evco_a_00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Territorial Differential Meta-Evolution (TDME) is an efficient, versatile, and reliable algorithm for seeking all the global or desirable local optima of a multivariable function. It employs a progressive niching mechanism to optimize even challenging, highdimensional functions with multiple global optima and misleading local optima. This article introduces TDME and uses standard and novel benchmark problems to quantify its advantages over HillVallEA, which is the best-performing algorithm on the standard benchmark suite that has been used by all major multimodal optimization competitions since 2013. TDME matches HillVallEA on that benchmark suite and categorically outperforms it on a more comprehensive suite that better reflects the potential diversity of optimization problems. TDME achieves that performance without any problem-specific parameter tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wehr
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, U.S.A. Current: Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, 01821, U.S.A
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3
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Makarieva AM, Nefiodov AV, Nobre AD, Baudena M, Bardi U, Sheil D, Saleska SR, Molina RD, Rammig A. The role of ecosystem transpiration in creating alternate moisture regimes by influencing atmospheric moisture convergence. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:2536-2556. [PMID: 36802091 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The terrestrial water cycle links the soil and atmosphere moisture reservoirs through four fluxes: precipitation, evaporation, runoff, and atmospheric moisture convergence (net import of water vapor to balance runoff). Each of these processes is essential for sustaining human and ecosystem well-being. Predicting how the water cycle responds to changes in vegetation cover remains a challenge. Recently, changes in plant transpiration across the Amazon basin were shown to be associated disproportionately with changes in rainfall, suggesting that even small declines in transpiration (e.g., from deforestation) would lead to much larger declines in rainfall. Here, constraining these findings by the law of mass conservation, we show that in a sufficiently wet atmosphere, forest transpiration can control atmospheric moisture convergence such that increased transpiration enhances atmospheric moisture import and results in water yield. Conversely, in a sufficiently dry atmosphere increased transpiration reduces atmospheric moisture convergence and water yield. This previously unrecognized dichotomy can explain the otherwise mixed observations of how water yield responds to re-greening, as we illustrate with examples from China's Loess Plateau. Our analysis indicates that any additional precipitation recycling due to additional vegetation increases precipitation but decreases local water yield and steady-state runoff. Therefore, in the drier regions/periods and early stages of ecological restoration, the role of vegetation can be confined to precipitation recycling, while once a wetter stage is achieved, additional vegetation enhances atmospheric moisture convergence and water yield. Recent analyses indicate that the latter regime dominates the global response of the terrestrial water cycle to re-greening. Evaluating the transition between regimes, and recognizing the potential of vegetation for enhancing moisture convergence, are crucial for characterizing the consequences of deforestation as well as for motivating and guiding ecological restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia M Makarieva
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrei V Nefiodov
- Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Mara Baudena
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Torino, Italy
| | - Ugo Bardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Douglas Sheil
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Kota Bogor, Indonesia
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ruben D Molina
- Escuela Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Anja Rammig
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany
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4
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Brum M, Pereira L, Ribeiro RV, Jansen S, Bittencourt PRL, Oliveira RS, Saleska SR. Reconciling discrepancies in measurements of vulnerability to xylem embolism with the pneumatic method: A comment on Chen et al. (2021) 'Quantifying vulnerability to embolism in tropical trees and lianas using five methods: can discrepancies be explained by xylem structural traits?': A comment on Chen et al. (2021) 'Quantifying vulnerability to embolism in tropical trees and lianas using five methods: can discrepancies be explained by xylem structural traits?'. New Phytol 2023; 237:374-383. [PMID: 36537303 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Brum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rafael Vasconcelos Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paulo R L Bittencourt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
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5
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Hough M, McCabe S, Vining SR, Pickering Pedersen E, Wilson RM, Lawrence R, Chang K, Bohrer G, Riley WJ, Crill PM, Varner RK, Blazewicz SJ, Dorrepaal E, Tfaily MM, Saleska SR, Rich VI. Coupling plant litter quantity to a novel metric for litter quality explains C storage changes in a thawing permafrost peatland. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:950-968. [PMID: 34727401 PMCID: PMC9298822 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost thaw is a major potential feedback source to climate change as it can drive the increased release of greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane (CH4 ). This carbon release from the decomposition of thawing soil organic material can be mitigated by increased net primary productivity (NPP) caused by warming, increasing atmospheric CO2 , and plant community transition. However, the net effect on C storage also depends on how these plant community changes alter plant litter quantity, quality, and decomposition rates. Predicting decomposition rates based on litter quality remains challenging, but a promising new way forward is to incorporate measures of the energetic favorability to soil microbes of plant biomass decomposition. We asked how the variation in one such measure, the nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC), interacts with changing quantities of plant material inputs to influence the net C balance of a thawing permafrost peatland. We found: (1) Plant productivity (NPP) increased post-thaw, but instead of contributing to increased standing biomass, it increased plant biomass turnover via increased litter inputs to soil; (2) Plant litter thermodynamic favorability (NOSC) and decomposition rate both increased post-thaw, despite limited changes in bulk C:N ratios; (3) these increases caused the higher NPP to cycle more rapidly through both plants and soil, contributing to higher CO2 and CH4 fluxes from decomposition. Thus, the increased C-storage expected from higher productivity was limited and the high global warming potential of CH4 contributed a net positive warming effect. Although post-thaw peatlands are currently C sinks due to high NPP offsetting high CO2 release, this status is very sensitive to the plant community's litter input rate and quality. Integration of novel bioavailability metrics based on litter chemistry, including NOSC, into studies of ecosystem dynamics, is needed to improve the understanding of controls on arctic C stocks under continued ecosystem transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Hough
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Department of Environmental ScienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Samantha McCabe
- Environmental Sciences Graduate ProgramThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - S. Rose Vining
- Department of Environmental ScienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Emily Pickering Pedersen
- Department of BiologyTerrestrial EcologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM)Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource ManagementUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Rachel M. Wilson
- Florida State UniversityEarth Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesTallahasseeFloridaUSA
| | - Ryan Lawrence
- Department of Earth Sciences and Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and SpaceUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | - Kuang‐Yu Chang
- Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryClimate and Ecosystem Sciences DivisionBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Civil Environmental and Geodetic EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | | | - William J. Riley
- Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryClimate and Ecosystem Sciences DivisionBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Patrick M. Crill
- Department of Geological Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Ruth K. Varner
- Department of Earth Sciences and Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and SpaceUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | | | - Ellen Dorrepaal
- Climate Impacts Research Centre—Department of Ecology and Environmental SciencesUmeå UniversityAbiskoSweden
| | - Malak M. Tfaily
- Department of Environmental ScienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Scott R. Saleska
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Virginia I. Rich
- Department of Environmental ScienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- Microbiology DepartmentThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- Center of Microbiome ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
- The Byrd Polar and Climate Research CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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6
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Emerson JB, Varner RK, Wik M, Parks DH, Neumann RB, Johnson JE, Singleton CM, Woodcroft BJ, Tollerson R, Owusu-Dommey A, Binder M, Freitas NL, Crill PM, Saleska SR, Tyson GW, Rich VI. Diverse sediment microbiota shape methane emission temperature sensitivity in Arctic lakes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5815. [PMID: 34611153 PMCID: PMC8492752 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Northern post-glacial lakes are significant, increasing sources of atmospheric carbon through ebullition (bubbling) of microbially-produced methane (CH4) from sediments. Ebullitive CH4 flux correlates strongly with temperature, reflecting that solar radiation drives emissions. However, here we show that the slope of the temperature-CH4 flux relationship differs spatially across two post-glacial lakes in Sweden. We compared these CH4 emission patterns with sediment microbial (metagenomic and amplicon), isotopic, and geochemical data. The temperature-associated increase in CH4 emissions was greater in lake middles—where methanogens were more abundant—than edges, and sediment communities were distinct between edges and middles. Microbial abundances, including those of CH4-cycling microorganisms and syntrophs, were predictive of porewater CH4 concentrations. Results suggest that deeper lake regions, which currently emit less CH4 than shallower edges, could add substantially to CH4 emissions in a warmer Arctic and that CH4 emission predictions may be improved by accounting for spatial variations in sediment microbiota. Arctic lakes are strong and increasing sources of atmospheric methane, but extreme conditions and limited observations hinder robust understanding. Here the authors show that microbes in the middle of Arctic lakes have elevated methane producing potential, and are poised to release even more in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne B Emerson
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 496W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Ruth K Varner
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA. .,Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| | - Martin Wik
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Donovan H Parks
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca B Neumann
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Box 352700, Seattle, WA, 98195-2700, USA
| | - Joel E Johnson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, 56 College Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Caitlin M Singleton
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.,Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Ben J Woodcroft
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Rodney Tollerson
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 496W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91106, USA
| | - Akosua Owusu-Dommey
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Parkland Hospital, 5200 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Morgan Binder
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,John C. Lincoln Health Network, 34975N North Valley Pkwy Ste 100, Phoenix, AZ, 85086, USA
| | - Nancy L Freitas
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Patrick M Crill
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Gene W Tyson
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microbiome Research, Queensland University of Technology, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Virginia I Rich
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 496W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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7
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Feng X, Merow C, Liu Z, Park DS, Roehrdanz PR, Maitner B, Newman EA, Boyle BL, Lien A, Burger JR, Pires MM, Brando PM, Bush MB, McMichael CNH, Neves DM, Nikolopoulos EI, Saleska SR, Hannah L, Breshears DD, Evans TP, Soto JR, Ernst KC, Enquist BJ. How deregulation, drought and increasing fire impact Amazonian biodiversity. Nature 2021; 597:516-521. [PMID: 34471291 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity contributes to the ecological and climatic stability of the Amazon Basin1,2, but is increasingly threatened by deforestation and fire3,4. Here we quantify these impacts over the past two decades using remote-sensing estimates of fire and deforestation and comprehensive range estimates of 11,514 plant species and 3,079 vertebrate species in the Amazon. Deforestation has led to large amounts of habitat loss, and fires further exacerbate this already substantial impact on Amazonian biodiversity. Since 2001, 103,079-189,755 km2 of Amazon rainforest has been impacted by fires, potentially impacting the ranges of 77.3-85.2% of species that are listed as threatened in this region5. The impacts of fire on the ranges of species in Amazonia could be as high as 64%, and greater impacts are typically associated with species that have restricted ranges. We find close associations between forest policy, fire-impacted forest area and their potential impacts on biodiversity. In Brazil, forest policies that were initiated in the mid-2000s corresponded to reduced rates of burning. However, relaxed enforcement of these policies in 2019 has seemingly begun to reverse this trend: approximately 4,253-10,343 km2 of forest has been impacted by fire, leading to some of the most severe potential impacts on biodiversity since 2009. These results highlight the critical role of policy enforcement in the preservation of biodiversity in the Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Feng
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Cory Merow
- Eversource Energy Center and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Zhihua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Daniel S Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Patrick R Roehrdanz
- The Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Brian Maitner
- Eversource Energy Center and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Erica A Newman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Arizona Institutes for Resilience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brad L Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Hardner & Gullison Associates, Amherst, NH, USA
| | - Aaron Lien
- Arizona Institutes for Resilience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph R Burger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Arizona Institutes for Resilience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mathias M Pires
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Brando
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA.,Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Mark B Bush
- Insitute for Global Ecology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Crystal N H McMichael
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danilo M Neves
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Efthymios I Nikolopoulos
- Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lee Hannah
- The Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - David D Breshears
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tom P Evans
- School of Geography, Development and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - José R Soto
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kacey C Ernst
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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8
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Roux S, Paul BG, Bagby SC, Nayfach S, Allen MA, Attwood G, Cavicchioli R, Chistoserdova L, Gruninger RJ, Hallam SJ, Hernandez ME, Hess M, Liu WT, McAllister TA, O'Malley MA, Peng X, Rich VI, Saleska SR, Eloe-Fadrosh EA. Ecology and molecular targets of hypermutation in the global microbiome. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3076. [PMID: 34031405 PMCID: PMC8144416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the sequence of an organism's genome, i.e., mutations, are the raw material of evolution. The frequency and location of mutations can be constrained by specific molecular mechanisms, such as diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs). DGRs have been characterized from cultivated bacteria and bacteriophages, and perform error-prone reverse transcription leading to mutations being introduced in specific target genes. DGR loci were also identified in several metagenomes, but the ecological roles and evolutionary drivers of these DGRs remain poorly understood. Here, we analyze a dataset of >30,000 DGRs from public metagenomes, establish six major lineages of DGRs including three primarily encoded by phages and seemingly used to diversify host attachment proteins, and demonstrate that DGRs are broadly active and responsible for >10% of all amino acid changes in some organisms. Overall, these results highlight the constraints under which DGRs evolve, and elucidate several distinct roles these elements play in natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Roux
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Blair G Paul
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Sarah C Bagby
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stephen Nayfach
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Graeme Attwood
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Robert J Gruninger
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steven J Hallam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of British Columbia, Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, Canada
- Genome Science and Technology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- ECOSCOPE Training Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maria E Hernandez
- Instituto de Ecología A.C. Red de Manejo Biotechnológico de Recursos. Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Wen-Tso Liu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michelle A O'Malley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Xuefeng Peng
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Emiley A Eloe-Fadrosh
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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9
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Restrepo-Coupe N, Albert LP, Longo M, Baker I, Levine NM, Mercado LM, da Araujo AC, Christoffersen BO, Costa MH, Fitzjarrald DR, Galbraith D, Imbuzeiro H, Malhi Y, von Randow C, Zeng X, Moorcroft P, Saleska SR. Understanding water and energy fluxes in the Amazonia: Lessons from an observation-model intercomparison. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:1802-1819. [PMID: 33565692 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests are an important part of global water and energy cycles, but the mechanisms that drive seasonality of their land-atmosphere exchanges have proven challenging to capture in models. Here, we (1) report the seasonality of fluxes of latent heat (LE), sensible heat (H), and outgoing short and longwave radiation at four diverse tropical forest sites across Amazonia-along the equator from the Caxiuanã and Tapajós National Forests in the eastern Amazon to a forest near Manaus, and from the equatorial zone to the southern forest in Reserva Jaru; (2) investigate how vegetation and climate influence these fluxes; and (3) evaluate land surface model performance by comparing simulations to observations. We found that previously identified failure of models to capture observed dry-season increases in evapotranspiration (ET) was associated with model overestimations of (1) magnitude and seasonality of Bowen ratios (relative to aseasonal observations in which sensible was only 20%-30% of the latent heat flux) indicating model exaggerated water limitation, (2) canopy emissivity and reflectance (albedo was only 10%-15% of incoming solar radiation, compared to 0.15%-0.22% simulated), and (3) vegetation temperatures (due to underestimation of dry-season ET and associated cooling). These partially compensating model-observation discrepancies (e.g., higher temperatures expected from excess Bowen ratios were partially ameliorated by brighter leaves and more interception/evaporation) significantly biased seasonal model estimates of net radiation (Rn ), the key driver of water and energy fluxes (LE ~ 0.6 Rn and H ~ 0.15 Rn ), though these biases varied among sites and models. A better representation of energy-related parameters associated with dynamic phenology (e.g., leaf optical properties, canopy interception, and skin temperature) could improve simulations and benchmarking of current vegetation-atmosphere exchange and reduce uncertainty of regional and global biogeochemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Loren P Albert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Biology Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marcos Longo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ian Baker
- Colorado State University, Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Naomi M Levine
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- College of Letters, Arts, and Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lina M Mercado
- University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, Devon, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Alessandro C da Araujo
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Programa LBA, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Bradley O'Donnell Christoffersen
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Marcos H Costa
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hewlley Imbuzeiro
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Celso von Randow
- National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Center for Earth Systems Science, São José dos Campos, São Pablo, Brazil
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Paul Moorcroft
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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10
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Pastorello G, Trotta C, Canfora E, Chu H, Christianson D, Cheah YW, Poindexter C, Chen J, Elbashandy A, Humphrey M, Isaac P, Polidori D, Reichstein M, Ribeca A, van Ingen C, Vuichard N, Zhang L, Amiro B, Ammann C, Arain MA, Ardö J, Arkebauer T, Arndt SK, Arriga N, Aubinet M, Aurela M, Baldocchi D, Barr A, Beamesderfer E, Marchesini LB, Bergeron O, Beringer J, Bernhofer C, Berveiller D, Billesbach D, Black TA, Blanken PD, Bohrer G, Boike J, Bolstad PV, Bonal D, Bonnefond JM, Bowling DR, Bracho R, Brodeur J, Brümmer C, Buchmann N, Burban B, Burns SP, Buysse P, Cale P, Cavagna M, Cellier P, Chen S, Chini I, Christensen TR, Cleverly J, Collalti A, Consalvo C, Cook BD, Cook D, Coursolle C, Cremonese E, Curtis PS, D'Andrea E, da Rocha H, Dai X, Davis KJ, De Cinti B, de Grandcourt A, De Ligne A, De Oliveira RC, Delpierre N, Desai AR, Di Bella CM, di Tommasi P, Dolman H, Domingo F, Dong G, Dore S, Duce P, Dufrêne E, Dunn A, Dušek J, Eamus D, Eichelmann U, ElKhidir HAM, Eugster W, Ewenz CM, Ewers B, Famulari D, Fares S, Feigenwinter I, Feitz A, Fensholt R, Filippa G, Fischer M, Frank J, Galvagno M, Gharun M, Gianelle D, Gielen B, Gioli B, Gitelson A, Goded I, Goeckede M, Goldstein AH, Gough CM, Goulden ML, Graf A, Griebel A, Gruening C, Grünwald T, Hammerle A, Han S, Han X, Hansen BU, Hanson C, Hatakka J, He Y, Hehn M, Heinesch B, Hinko-Najera N, Hörtnagl L, Hutley L, Ibrom A, Ikawa H, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Janouš D, Jans W, Jassal R, Jiang S, Kato T, Khomik M, Klatt J, Knohl A, Knox S, Kobayashi H, Koerber G, Kolle O, Kosugi Y, Kotani A, Kowalski A, Kruijt B, Kurbatova J, Kutsch WL, Kwon H, Launiainen S, Laurila T, Law B, Leuning R, Li Y, Liddell M, Limousin JM, Lion M, Liska AJ, Lohila A, López-Ballesteros A, López-Blanco E, Loubet B, Loustau D, Lucas-Moffat A, Lüers J, Ma S, Macfarlane C, Magliulo V, Maier R, Mammarella I, Manca G, Marcolla B, Margolis HA, Marras S, Massman W, Mastepanov M, Matamala R, Matthes JH, Mazzenga F, McCaughey H, McHugh I, McMillan AMS, Merbold L, Meyer W, Meyers T, Miller SD, Minerbi S, Moderow U, Monson RK, Montagnani L, Moore CE, Moors E, Moreaux V, Moureaux C, Munger JW, Nakai T, Neirynck J, Nesic Z, Nicolini G, Noormets A, Northwood M, Nosetto M, Nouvellon Y, Novick K, Oechel W, Olesen JE, Ourcival JM, Papuga SA, Parmentier FJ, Paul-Limoges E, Pavelka M, Peichl M, Pendall E, Phillips RP, Pilegaard K, Pirk N, Posse G, Powell T, Prasse H, Prober SM, Rambal S, Rannik Ü, Raz-Yaseef N, Rebmann C, Reed D, de Dios VR, Restrepo-Coupe N, Reverter BR, Roland M, Sabbatini S, Sachs T, Saleska SR, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Sanchez-Mejia ZM, Schmid HP, Schmidt M, Schneider K, Schrader F, Schroder I, Scott RL, Sedlák P, Serrano-Ortíz P, Shao C, Shi P, Shironya I, Siebicke L, Šigut L, Silberstein R, Sirca C, Spano D, Steinbrecher R, Stevens RM, Sturtevant C, Suyker A, Tagesson T, Takanashi S, Tang Y, Tapper N, Thom J, Tomassucci M, Tuovinen JP, Urbanski S, Valentini R, van der Molen M, van Gorsel E, van Huissteden K, Varlagin A, Verfaillie J, Vesala T, Vincke C, Vitale D, Vygodskaya N, Walker JP, Walter-Shea E, Wang H, Weber R, Westermann S, Wille C, Wofsy S, Wohlfahrt G, Wolf S, Woodgate W, Li Y, Zampedri R, Zhang J, Zhou G, Zona D, Agarwal D, Biraud S, Torn M, Papale D. Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Sci Data 2021; 8:72. [PMID: 33633116 PMCID: PMC7907353 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Pastorello
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Carlo Trotta
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Eleonora Canfora
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Housen Chu
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Danielle Christianson
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - You-Wei Cheah
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cristina Poindexter
- Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Elbashandy
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marty Humphrey
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Peter Isaac
- TERN Ecosystem Processes, Menzies Creek, VIC3159, Australia
| | - Diego Polidori
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Ribeca
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Catharine van Ingen
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Brian Amiro
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Christof Ammann
- Department of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope Research Institute, Zürich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonas Ardö
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Timothy Arkebauer
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Nicola Arriga
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium.,Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Marc Aubinet
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alan Barr
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada.,Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada
| | - Eric Beamesderfer
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Luca Belelli Marchesini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy.,Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-Technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Onil Bergeron
- Direction du marché du carbone, Ministère du Développement durable de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, G1R5V7, Canada
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Dave Billesbach
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Thomas Andrew Black
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Peter D Blanken
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Julia Boike
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14482, Germany.,Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul V Bolstad
- Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, 54000, France
| | | | - David R Bowling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Rosvel Bracho
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jason Brodeur
- McMaster University Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L6, Canada
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Sean P Burns
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Pauline Buysse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Peter Cale
- Australian Landscape Trust, Renmark, SA5341, Australia
| | - Mauro Cavagna
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Pierre Cellier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Shiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Isaac Chini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Torben R Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - James Cleverly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia.,Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network TERN, University of Technology, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Alessio Collalti
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Claudia Consalvo
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Porano, 05010, Italy
| | - Bruce D Cook
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - David Cook
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Carole Coursolle
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1V4C7, Canada.,Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Peter S Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Humberto da Rocha
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kenneth J Davis
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bruno De Cinti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Montelibretti, 00010, Italy
| | | | - Anne De Ligne
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carlos Marcelo Di Bella
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires, 1417, Argentina
| | - Paul di Tommasi
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Han Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Domingo
- Desertification and Geoecology Department, Experimental Station of Arid Zones, CSIC, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Gang Dong
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | | | - Pierpaolo Duce
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Eric Dufrêne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Allison Dunn
- Department of Earth, Environment, and Physics, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, 01602, USA
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Uwe Eichelmann
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Cacilia M Ewenz
- Airborne Research Australia, TERN Ecosystem Processes Central Node, Parafield, 5106, Australia
| | - Brent Ewers
- Department of Botany, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. Univ. Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Daniela Famulari
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, 00100, Italy.,Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, 00166, Italy
| | - Iris Feigenwinter
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Rasmus Fensholt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Filippa
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Marc Fischer
- Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John Frank
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Marta Galvagno
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Bert Gielen
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Firenze, 50145, Italy
| | - Anatoly Gitelson
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Ignacio Goded
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | | | | | - Christopher M Gough
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Anne Griebel
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Grünwald
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Albin Hammerle
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Shijie Han
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 450000, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Birger Ulf Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Chad Hanson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Juha Hatakka
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Yongtao He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Markus Hehn
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Nina Hinko-Najera
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC3363, Australia
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0909, Australia
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Hiroki Ikawa
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Dalibor Janouš
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Wilma Jans
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Rachhpal Jassal
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Shicheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tomomichi Kato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.,GI-Core, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Myroslava Khomik
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Geography and Environmental Management, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Janina Klatt
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Sara Knox
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z2, Canada
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokoama, 236-0001, Japan
| | - Georgia Koerber
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Olaf Kolle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, 03641, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kotani
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 4648601, Japan
| | - Andrew Kowalski
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Water systems and Global Change group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Kurbatova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Werner L Kutsch
- Head Office, Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS ERIC), Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Hyojung Kwon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Tuomas Laurila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Bev Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Yingnian Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Michael Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Studies, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | | | - Marryanna Lion
- Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, 52109, Malaysia
| | - Adam J Liska
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland.,Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Ana López-Ballesteros
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02PN40, Ireland
| | - Efrén López-Blanco
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Antje Lucas-Moffat
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany.,German Meteorological Service (DWD), Centre for Agrometeorological Research, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Johannes Lüers
- Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany.,Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Siyan Ma
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Regine Maier
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Giovanni Manca
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Barbara Marcolla
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Hank A Margolis
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Serena Marras
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - William Massman
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mikhail Mastepanov
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.,Oulanka research station, University of Oulu, Kuusamo, 93900, Finland
| | - Roser Matamala
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Francesco Mazzenga
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015, Italy
| | - Harry McCaughey
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Ian McHugh
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Andrew M S McMillan
- Environmental Analytics NZ, Ltd. Raumati South, Paraparaumu, 5032, New Zealand
| | - Lutz Merbold
- Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Wayne Meyer
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Tilden Meyers
- NOAA/OAR/Air Resources Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Scott D Miller
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | | | - Uta Moderow
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Forest Department of South Tyrol, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Caitlin E Moore
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eddy Moors
- IHE Delft, Delft, 2611, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Science, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie Moreaux
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, IGE, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Christine Moureaux
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Taro Nakai
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 0617, Taiwan.,International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Environment and Climate, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, 9500, Belgium
| | - Zoran Nesic
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Giacomo Nicolini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Asko Noormets
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthew Northwood
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, 0810, Australia
| | - Marcelo Nosetto
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis (UNSL & CONICET), San Luis, D5700HHW, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias (UNER), Oro Verde, 3100, Argentina
| | - Yann Nouvellon
- UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34060, France.,Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-IRD-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Kimberly Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Walter Oechel
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX44RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jørgen Eivind Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark.,iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
| | | | - Shirley A Papuga
- Department of Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Frans-Jan Parmentier
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0315, Norway
| | | | - Marian Pavelka
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Norbert Pirk
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,CSIRO Land and Water, Wembley, 6913, Australia
| | - Gabriela Posse
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Thomas Powell
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Heiko Prasse
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Serge Rambal
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Üllar Rannik
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Naama Raz-Yaseef
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - David Reed
- Center for Global Change & Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Victor Resco de Dios
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Borja R Reverter
- Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | | | - Torsten Sachs
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Enrique P Sánchez-Cañete
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain.,Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain
| | - Zulia M Sanchez-Mejia
- Ciencias del Agua y Medioambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, 85000, Mexico
| | - Hans Peter Schmid
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Karl Schneider
- Geographical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Frederik Schrader
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Ivan Schroder
- Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Geoscience Australia, Canberra, 2609, Australia
| | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Pavel Sedlák
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic.,Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14100, Czech Republic
| | - Penélope Serrano-Ortíz
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain.,Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Changliang Shao
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station & Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Peili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ivan Shironya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Lukas Siebicke
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Silberstein
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia.,School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
| | - Costantino Sirca
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Donatella Spano
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Rainer Steinbrecher
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | | | - Cove Sturtevant
- National Ecological Observatory Network Program, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Andy Suyker
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Torbern Tagesson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto, 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yanhong Tang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nigel Tapper
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan Thom
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michele Tomassucci
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Terrasystem srl, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | | | - Shawn Urbanski
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, 59808, USA
| | - Riccardo Valentini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Michiel van der Molen
- Meteorology and Air Quality group, Wageningen University, 6500, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Gorsel
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Ko van Huissteden
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | | | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Domenico Vitale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Natalia Vygodskaya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Jeffrey P Walker
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Walter-Shea
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Robin Weber
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastian Westermann
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Christian Wille
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Steven Wofsy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - William Woodgate
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, 2601, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Yuelin Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Roberto Zampedri
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Donatella Zona
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom
| | - Deb Agarwal
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastien Biraud
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Margaret Torn
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dario Papale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy. .,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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11
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Smith MN, Taylor TC, van Haren J, Rosolem R, Restrepo-Coupe N, Adams J, Wu J, de Oliveira RC, da Silva R, de Araujo AC, de Camargo PB, Huxman TE, Saleska SR. Empirical evidence for resilience of tropical forest photosynthesis in a warmer world. Nat Plants 2020; 6:1225-1230. [PMID: 33051618 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests may be vulnerable to climate change1-3 if photosynthetic carbon uptake currently operates near a high temperature limit4-6. Predicting tropical forest function requires understanding the relative contributions of two mechanisms of high-temperature photosynthetic declines: stomatal limitation (H1), an indirect response due to temperature-associated changes in atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD)7, and biochemical restrictions (H2), a direct temperature response8,9. Their relative control predicts different outcomes-H1 is expected to diminish with stomatal responses to future co-occurring elevated atmospheric [CO2], whereas H2 portends declining photosynthesis with increasing temperatures. Distinguishing the two mechanisms at high temperatures is therefore critical, but difficult because VPD is highly correlated with temperature in natural settings. We used a forest mesocosm to quantify the sensitivity of tropical gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) to future temperature regimes while constraining VPD by controlling humidity. We then analytically decoupled temperature and VPD effects under current climate with flux-tower-derived GEP trends in situ from four tropical forest sites. Both approaches showed consistent, negative sensitivity of GEP to VPD but little direct response to temperature. Importantly, in the mesocosm at low VPD, GEP persisted up to 38 °C, a temperature exceeding projections for tropical forests in 2100 (ref. 10). If elevated [CO2] mitigates VPD-induced stomatal limitation through enhanced water-use efficiency as hypothesized9,11, tropical forest photosynthesis may have a margin of resilience to future warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle N Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Rafael Rosolem
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Adams
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, USA
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | | | - Rodrigo da Silva
- Department of Environmental Physics, University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, Brazil
| | - Alessandro C de Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil
| | - Plinio B de Camargo
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Travis E Huxman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Center for Environmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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12
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Stark SC, Breshears DD, Aragón S, Villegas JC, Law DJ, Smith MN, Minor DM, Assis RL, Almeida DRA, Oliveira G, Saleska SR, Swann ALS, Moura JMS, Camargo JL, Silva R, Aragão LEOC, Oliveira RC. Reframing tropical savannization: linking changes in canopy structure to energy balance alterations that impact climate. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Stark
- Department of Forestry Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan48824USA
| | - David D. Breshears
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona85721USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona85721USA
| | - Susan Aragón
- Center of Integrated Studies of Amazonian Biodiversity (CENBAM) National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) Manaus Amazonas69067‐375Brazil
- Program of Postgraduate Studies of Natural Resources of the Amazon Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA) Santarém Pará Brazil
- Institute of Environment, Territory and Renewable Energy (INTE) Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) Lima Peru
| | - Juan Camilo Villegas
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona85721USA
- Grupo de Ecología Aplicada Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia
| | - Darin J. Law
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona85721USA
| | - Marielle N. Smith
- Department of Forestry Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan48824USA
| | - David M. Minor
- Department of Forestry Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan48824USA
- Department of Geographical Sciences University of Maryland at College Park 2181 Samuel J. LeFrak Hall, 7251 Preinkert Drive College Park Maryland20742USA
| | - Rafael Leandro Assis
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, PDBFF Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Av. André Araujo, 2936 ‐ Petrópolis Manaus Amazonas69067‐375Brazil
- Natural History Museum (NHM) University of Oslo (UiO) P.O. Box 1172Blindern Oslo0318Norway
| | - Danilo Roberti Alves Almeida
- Department of Forest Sciences “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture University of São Paulo (USP/ESALQ Piracicaba São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriel Oliveira
- Department of Geography and Planning University of Toronto Toronto OntarioM5S 3G3Canada
- Remote Sensing Division National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona85721USA
| | - Abigail L. S. Swann
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle Washington98195USA
| | - José Mauro S. Moura
- Interdisciplinary Training Center Federal University of Western Para Santarém Pará68040‐255Brazil
| | - José Luis Camargo
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, PDBFF Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Av. André Araujo, 2936 ‐ Petrópolis Manaus Amazonas69067‐375Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Silva
- Laboratório de Física e Química da Atmosfera ‐ Bloco 29 Rua Vera Paz Santarém Pará68040‐260Brazil
| | - Luiz E. O. C. Aragão
- Remote Sensing Division National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Exeter UK
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13
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Bolduc B, Hodgkins SB, Varner RK, Crill PM, McCalley CK, Chanton JP, Tyson GW, Riley WJ, Palace M, Duhaime MB, Hough MA, Saleska SR, Sullivan MB, Rich VI. The IsoGenie database: an interdisciplinary data management solution for ecosystems biology and environmental research. PeerJ 2020. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern microbial and ecosystem sciences require diverse interdisciplinary teams that are often challenged in “speaking” to one another due to different languages and data product types. Here we introduce the IsoGenie Database (IsoGenieDB; https://isogenie-db.asc.ohio-state.edu/), a de novo developed data management and exploration platform, as a solution to this challenge of accurately representing and integrating heterogenous environmental and microbial data across ecosystem scales. The IsoGenieDB is a public and private data infrastructure designed to store and query data generated by the IsoGenie Project, a ~10 year DOE-funded project focused on discovering ecosystem climate feedbacks in a thawing permafrost landscape. The IsoGenieDB provides (i) a platform for IsoGenie Project members to explore the project’s interdisciplinary datasets across scales through the inherent relationships among data entities, (ii) a framework to consolidate and harmonize the datasets needed by the team’s modelers, and (iii) a public venue that leverages the same spatially explicit, disciplinarily integrated data structure to share published datasets. The IsoGenieDB is also being expanded to cover the NASA-funded Archaea to Atmosphere (A2A) project, which scales the findings of IsoGenie to a broader suite of Arctic peatlands, via the umbrella A2A Database (A2A-DB). The IsoGenieDB’s expandability and flexible architecture allow it to serve as an example ecosystems database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Ruth K. Varner
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Patrick M. Crill
- Department of Geological Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmody K. McCalley
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Chanton
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Gene W. Tyson
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - William J. Riley
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael Palace
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Melissa B. Duhaime
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Moira A. Hough
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew B. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Virginia I. Rich
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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14
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Pastorello G, Trotta C, Canfora E, Chu H, Christianson D, Cheah YW, Poindexter C, Chen J, Elbashandy A, Humphrey M, Isaac P, Polidori D, Reichstein M, Ribeca A, van Ingen C, Vuichard N, Zhang L, Amiro B, Ammann C, Arain MA, Ardö J, Arkebauer T, Arndt SK, Arriga N, Aubinet M, Aurela M, Baldocchi D, Barr A, Beamesderfer E, Marchesini LB, Bergeron O, Beringer J, Bernhofer C, Berveiller D, Billesbach D, Black TA, Blanken PD, Bohrer G, Boike J, Bolstad PV, Bonal D, Bonnefond JM, Bowling DR, Bracho R, Brodeur J, Brümmer C, Buchmann N, Burban B, Burns SP, Buysse P, Cale P, Cavagna M, Cellier P, Chen S, Chini I, Christensen TR, Cleverly J, Collalti A, Consalvo C, Cook BD, Cook D, Coursolle C, Cremonese E, Curtis PS, D'Andrea E, da Rocha H, Dai X, Davis KJ, Cinti BD, Grandcourt AD, Ligne AD, De Oliveira RC, Delpierre N, Desai AR, Di Bella CM, Tommasi PD, Dolman H, Domingo F, Dong G, Dore S, Duce P, Dufrêne E, Dunn A, Dušek J, Eamus D, Eichelmann U, ElKhidir HAM, Eugster W, Ewenz CM, Ewers B, Famulari D, Fares S, Feigenwinter I, Feitz A, Fensholt R, Filippa G, Fischer M, Frank J, Galvagno M, Gharun M, Gianelle D, Gielen B, Gioli B, Gitelson A, Goded I, Goeckede M, Goldstein AH, Gough CM, Goulden ML, Graf A, Griebel A, Gruening C, Grünwald T, Hammerle A, Han S, Han X, Hansen BU, Hanson C, Hatakka J, He Y, Hehn M, Heinesch B, Hinko-Najera N, Hörtnagl L, Hutley L, Ibrom A, Ikawa H, Jackowicz-Korczynski M, Janouš D, Jans W, Jassal R, Jiang S, Kato T, Khomik M, Klatt J, Knohl A, Knox S, Kobayashi H, Koerber G, Kolle O, Kosugi Y, Kotani A, Kowalski A, Kruijt B, Kurbatova J, Kutsch WL, Kwon H, Launiainen S, Laurila T, Law B, Leuning R, Li Y, Liddell M, Limousin JM, Lion M, Liska AJ, Lohila A, López-Ballesteros A, López-Blanco E, Loubet B, Loustau D, Lucas-Moffat A, Lüers J, Ma S, Macfarlane C, Magliulo V, Maier R, Mammarella I, Manca G, Marcolla B, Margolis HA, Marras S, Massman W, Mastepanov M, Matamala R, Matthes JH, Mazzenga F, McCaughey H, McHugh I, McMillan AMS, Merbold L, Meyer W, Meyers T, Miller SD, Minerbi S, Moderow U, Monson RK, Montagnani L, Moore CE, Moors E, Moreaux V, Moureaux C, Munger JW, Nakai T, Neirynck J, Nesic Z, Nicolini G, Noormets A, Northwood M, Nosetto M, Nouvellon Y, Novick K, Oechel W, Olesen JE, Ourcival JM, Papuga SA, Parmentier FJ, Paul-Limoges E, Pavelka M, Peichl M, Pendall E, Phillips RP, Pilegaard K, Pirk N, Posse G, Powell T, Prasse H, Prober SM, Rambal S, Rannik Ü, Raz-Yaseef N, Rebmann C, Reed D, Dios VRD, Restrepo-Coupe N, Reverter BR, Roland M, Sabbatini S, Sachs T, Saleska SR, Sánchez-Cañete EP, Sanchez-Mejia ZM, Schmid HP, Schmidt M, Schneider K, Schrader F, Schroder I, Scott RL, Sedlák P, Serrano-Ortíz P, Shao C, Shi P, Shironya I, Siebicke L, Šigut L, Silberstein R, Sirca C, Spano D, Steinbrecher R, Stevens RM, Sturtevant C, Suyker A, Tagesson T, Takanashi S, Tang Y, Tapper N, Thom J, Tomassucci M, Tuovinen JP, Urbanski S, Valentini R, van der Molen M, van Gorsel E, van Huissteden K, Varlagin A, Verfaillie J, Vesala T, Vincke C, Vitale D, Vygodskaya N, Walker JP, Walter-Shea E, Wang H, Weber R, Westermann S, Wille C, Wofsy S, Wohlfahrt G, Wolf S, Woodgate W, Li Y, Zampedri R, Zhang J, Zhou G, Zona D, Agarwal D, Biraud S, Torn M, Papale D. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data. Sci Data 2020; 7:225. [PMID: 32647314 PMCID: PMC7347557 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible. Measurement(s) | net ecosystem exchange • carbon dioxide • water • energy | Technology Type(s) | eddy covariance • measurement device | Sample Characteristic - Environment | terrestrial biome • atmosphere | Sample Characteristic - Location | Earth (planet) |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12295910
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Pastorello
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Carlo Trotta
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Eleonora Canfora
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Housen Chu
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Danielle Christianson
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - You-Wei Cheah
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cristina Poindexter
- Department of Civil Engineering, California State University, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA
| | - Jiquan Chen
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Elbashandy
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Marty Humphrey
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Peter Isaac
- TERN Ecosystem Processes, Menzies Creek, VIC3159, Australia
| | - Diego Polidori
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Ribeca
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Catharine van Ingen
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS, UVSQ UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Brian Amiro
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Christof Ammann
- Department of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope Research Institute, Zürich, 8046, Switzerland
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jonas Ardö
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Timothy Arkebauer
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Nicola Arriga
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium.,Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Marc Aubinet
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alan Barr
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada.,Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N3H5, Canada
| | - Eric Beamesderfer
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Luca Belelli Marchesini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy.,Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-Technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Onil Bergeron
- Direction du marché du carbone, Ministère du Développement durable de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, G1R5V7, Canada
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Christian Bernhofer
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Daniel Berveiller
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Dave Billesbach
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Thomas Andrew Black
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Peter D Blanken
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Julia Boike
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, 14482, Germany.,Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul V Bolstad
- Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, 54000, France
| | | | - David R Bowling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Rosvel Bracho
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jason Brodeur
- McMaster University Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S4L6, Canada
| | - Christian Brümmer
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Sean P Burns
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Pauline Buysse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Peter Cale
- Australian Landscape Trust, Renmark, SA5341, Australia
| | - Mauro Cavagna
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Pierre Cellier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Shiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Isaac Chini
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Torben R Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - James Cleverly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia.,Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network TERN, University of Technology, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Alessio Collalti
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Claudia Consalvo
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Porano, 05010, Italy
| | - Bruce D Cook
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - David Cook
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Carole Coursolle
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1V4C7, Canada.,Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Edoardo Cremonese
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Peter S Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Humberto da Rocha
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kenneth J Davis
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bruno De Cinti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Montelibretti, 00010, Italy
| | | | - Anne De Ligne
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | | | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carlos Marcelo Di Bella
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires, 1417, Argentina
| | - Paul di Tommasi
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Han Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Domingo
- Desertification and Geoecology Department, Experimental Station of Arid Zones, CSIC, Almería, 04120, Spain
| | - Gang Dong
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | | | - Pierpaolo Duce
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Eric Dufrêne
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - Allison Dunn
- Department of Earth, Environment, and Physics, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, 01602, USA
| | - Jiří Dušek
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Uwe Eichelmann
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Werner Eugster
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Cacilia M Ewenz
- Airborne Research Australia, TERN Ecosystem Processes Central Node, Parafield, 5106, Australia
| | - Brent Ewers
- Department of Botany, Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. Univ. Ave, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Daniela Famulari
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, 00100, Italy.,Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, 00166, Italy
| | - Iris Feigenwinter
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | | | - Rasmus Fensholt
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Filippa
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Marc Fischer
- Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John Frank
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Marta Galvagno
- Climate Change Unit, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, Saint Christophe, 11020, Italy
| | - Mana Gharun
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Damiano Gianelle
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Bert Gielen
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Firenze, 50145, Italy
| | - Anatoly Gitelson
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Ignacio Goded
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | | | | | - Christopher M Gough
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Anne Griebel
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Grünwald
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Albin Hammerle
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Shijie Han
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 450000, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Birger Ulf Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Chad Hanson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Juha Hatakka
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Yongtao He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Markus Hehn
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Bernard Heinesch
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Nina Hinko-Najera
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC3363, Australia
| | - Lukas Hörtnagl
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Lindsay Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, 0909, Australia
| | - Andreas Ibrom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Hiroki Ikawa
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Dalibor Janouš
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Wilma Jans
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Rachhpal Jassal
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Shicheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Tomomichi Kato
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.,GI-Core, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0808, Japan
| | - Myroslava Khomik
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, L8S4K1, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Geography and Environmental Management, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Janina Klatt
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Sara Knox
- Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z2, Canada
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Global Change, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokoama, 236-0001, Japan
| | - Georgia Koerber
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Olaf Kolle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, 03641, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kotani
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 4648601, Japan
| | - Andrew Kowalski
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Bart Kruijt
- Water systems and Global Change group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Kurbatova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Werner L Kutsch
- Head Office, Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS ERIC), Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Hyojung Kwon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Tuomas Laurila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Bev Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | | | - Yingnian Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Michael Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental Sustainability Studies, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Australia
| | | | - Marryanna Lion
- Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, 52109, Malaysia
| | - Adam J Liska
- Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Annalea Lohila
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland.,Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Ana López-Ballesteros
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02PN40, Ireland
| | - Efrén López-Blanco
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Loubet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, 78850, France
| | - Denis Loustau
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Antje Lucas-Moffat
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany.,German Meteorological Service (DWD), Centre for Agrometeorological Research, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Johannes Lüers
- Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, 95440, Germany.,Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Siyan Ma
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Vincenzo Magliulo
- Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy, Ercolano, 80056, Italy
| | - Regine Maier
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Giovanni Manca
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, 21027, Italy
| | - Barbara Marcolla
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Hank A Margolis
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Serena Marras
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - William Massman
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mikhail Mastepanov
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Center, Aarhus University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.,Oulanka research station, University of Oulu, Kuusamo, 93900, Finland
| | - Roser Matamala
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | | | - Francesco Mazzenga
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy, Monterotondo Scalo, 00015, Italy
| | - Harry McCaughey
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Ian McHugh
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC3121, Australia
| | - Andrew M S McMillan
- Environmental Analytics NZ, Ltd. Raumati South, Paraparaumu, 5032, New Zealand
| | - Lutz Merbold
- Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Wayne Meyer
- Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA5064, Australia
| | - Tilden Meyers
- NOAA/OAR/Air Resources Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Scott D Miller
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12203, USA
| | | | - Uta Moderow
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Leonardo Montagnani
- Forest Department of South Tyrol, Bolzano, 39100, Italy.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, 39100, Italy
| | - Caitlin E Moore
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eddy Moors
- IHE Delft, Delft, 2611, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Science, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie Moreaux
- ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, IGE, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Christine Moureaux
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liege, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Taro Nakai
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 0617, Taiwan.,International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Johan Neirynck
- Environment and Climate, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, 9500, Belgium
| | - Zoran Nesic
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Giacomo Nicolini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Asko Noormets
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthew Northwood
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, 0810, Australia
| | - Marcelo Nosetto
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis (UNSL & CONICET), San Luis, D5700HHW, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias (UNER), Oro Verde, 3100, Argentina
| | - Yann Nouvellon
- UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34060, France.,Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-IRD-Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Kimberly Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Walter Oechel
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX44RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jørgen Eivind Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark.,iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
| | | | - Shirley A Papuga
- Department of Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Frans-Jan Parmentier
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0315, Norway
| | | | - Marian Pavelka
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 90183, Sweden
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
| | - Kim Pilegaard
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Norbert Pirk
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,CSIRO Land and Water, Wembley, 6913, Australia
| | - Gabriela Posse
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Thomas Powell
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Heiko Prasse
- Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | | | - Serge Rambal
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Üllar Rannik
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Naama Raz-Yaseef
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Corinna Rebmann
- Department Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - David Reed
- Center for Global Change & Earth Observations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Victor Resco de Dios
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Borja R Reverter
- Departamento de Química e Física, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Marilyn Roland
- Department of Biology, Research Group PLECO, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | | | - Torsten Sachs
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Enrique P Sánchez-Cañete
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain.,Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain
| | - Zulia M Sanchez-Mejia
- Ciencias del Agua y Medioambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, 85000, Mexico
| | - Hans Peter Schmid
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Agrosphere (IBG3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Karl Schneider
- Geographical Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50923, Germany
| | - Frederik Schrader
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Ivan Schroder
- Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Geoscience Australia, Canberra, 2609, Australia
| | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Pavel Sedlák
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic.,Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 14100, Czech Republic
| | - Penélope Serrano-Ortíz
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (CEAMA-IISTA), Granada, 18006, Spain.,Department of Ecology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Changliang Shao
- National Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station & Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Peili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ivan Shironya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Lukas Siebicke
- Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Ladislav Šigut
- Department of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, 60300, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Silberstein
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia.,School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, 6027, Australia
| | - Costantino Sirca
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Donatella Spano
- Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.,Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Rainer Steinbrecher
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | | | - Cove Sturtevant
- National Ecological Observatory Network Program, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Andy Suyker
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Torbern Tagesson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden.,Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Satoru Takanashi
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto, 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yanhong Tang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nigel Tapper
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan Thom
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michele Tomassucci
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Terrasystem srl, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | | | - Shawn Urbanski
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, 59808, USA
| | - Riccardo Valentini
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Michiel van der Molen
- Meteorology and Air Quality group, Wageningen University, 6500, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Gorsel
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Ko van Huissteden
- Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Andrej Varlagin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | | | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmosphere and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
| | - Caroline Vincke
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain, 1348, Belgium
| | - Domenico Vitale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Natalia Vygodskaya
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Jeffrey P Walker
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Walter-Shea
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Robin Weber
- ESPM, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastian Westermann
- Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, 1686, Argentina
| | - Christian Wille
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, 14473, Germany
| | - Steven Wofsy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Georg Wohlfahrt
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - William Woodgate
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, 2601, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Yuelin Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Roberto Zampedri
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'adige, 38010, Italy
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Donatella Zona
- Global Change Research Group, Dept. Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, United Kingdom
| | - Deb Agarwal
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sebastien Biraud
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Margaret Torn
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dario Papale
- DIBAF, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy. .,Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change Foundation (CMCC), Lecce, 73100, Italy.
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15
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Albert LP, Restrepo-Coupe N, Smith MN, Wu J, Chavana-Bryant C, Prohaska N, Taylor TC, Martins GA, Ciais P, Mao J, Arain MA, Li W, Shi X, Ricciuto DM, Huxman TE, McMahon SM, Saleska SR. Cryptic phenology in plants: Case studies, implications, and recommendations. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:3591-3608. [PMID: 31343099 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology-the timing of cyclic or recurrent biological events in plants-offers insight into the ecology, evolution, and seasonality of plant-mediated ecosystem processes. Traditionally studied phenologies are readily apparent, such as flowering events, germination timing, and season-initiating budbreak. However, a broad range of phenologies that are fundamental to the ecology and evolution of plants, and to global biogeochemical cycles and climate change predictions, have been neglected because they are "cryptic"-that is, hidden from view (e.g., root production) or difficult to distinguish and interpret based on common measurements at typical scales of examination (e.g., leaf turnover in evergreen forests). We illustrate how capturing cryptic phenology can advance scientific understanding with two case studies: wood phenology in a deciduous forest of the northeastern USA and leaf phenology in tropical evergreen forests of Amazonia. Drawing on these case studies and other literature, we argue that conceptualizing and characterizing cryptic plant phenology is needed for understanding and accurate prediction at many scales from organisms to ecosystems. We recommend avenues of empirical and modeling research to accelerate discovery of cryptic phenological patterns, to understand their causes and consequences, and to represent these processes in terrestrial biosphere models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren P Albert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- School of Life Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jin Wu
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, NY, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Cecilia Chavana-Bryant
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Climate & Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Neill Prohaska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Giordane A Martins
- Ciências de Florestas Tropicais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jiafu Mao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences & McMaster Centre for Climate Change, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif sur Yvette, France
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Shi
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel M Ricciuto
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Travis E Huxman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Center for Environmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Institution's Forest Global Earth Observatory & Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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16
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Wu J, Rogers A, Albert LP, Ely K, Prohaska N, Wolfe BT, Oliveira RC, Saleska SR, Serbin SP. Leaf reflectance spectroscopy captures variation in carboxylation capacity across species, canopy environment and leaf age in lowland moist tropical forests. New Phytol 2019; 224:663-674. [PMID: 31245836 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the pronounced seasonal and spatial variation in leaf carboxylation capacity (Vc,max ) is critical for determining terrestrial carbon cycling in tropical forests. However, an efficient and scalable approach for predicting Vc,max is still lacking. Here the ability of leaf spectroscopy for rapid estimation of Vc,max was tested. Vc,max was estimated using traditional gas exchange methods, and measured reflectance spectra and leaf age in leaves sampled from tropical forests in Panama and Brazil. These data were used to build a model to predict Vc,max from leaf spectra. The results demonstrated that leaf spectroscopy accurately predicts Vc,max of mature leaves in Panamanian tropical forests (R2 = 0.90). However, this single-age model required recalibration when applied to broader leaf demographic classes (i.e. immature leaves). Combined use of spectroscopy models for Vc,max and leaf age enabled construction of the Vc,max -age relationship solely from leaf spectra, which agreed with field observations. This suggests that the spectroscopy technique can capture the seasonal variability in Vc,max , assuming sufficient sampling across diverse species, leaf ages and canopy environments. This finding will aid development of remote sensing approaches that can be used to characterize Vc,max in moist tropical forests and enable an efficient means to parameterize and evaluate terrestrial biosphere models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Loren P Albert
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kim Ely
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Neill Prohaska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Brett T Wolfe
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | | | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shawn P Serbin
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, NY, 11973, USA
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17
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Barros FDV, Bittencourt PRL, Brum M, Restrepo-Coupe N, Pereira L, Teodoro GS, Saleska SR, Borma LS, Christoffersen BO, Penha D, Alves LF, Lima AJN, Carneiro VMC, Gentine P, Lee JE, Aragão LEOC, Ivanov V, Leal LSM, Araujo AC, Oliveira RS. Hydraulic traits explain differential responses of Amazonian forests to the 2015 El Niño-induced drought. New Phytol 2019; 223:1253-1266. [PMID: 31077396 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Reducing uncertainties in the response of tropical forests to global change requires understanding how intra- and interannual climatic variability selects for different species, community functional composition and ecosystem functioning, so that the response to climatic events of differing frequency and severity can be predicted. Here we present an extensive dataset of hydraulic traits of dominant species in two tropical Amazon forests with contrasting precipitation regimes - low seasonality forest (LSF) and high seasonality forest (HSF) - and relate them to community and ecosystem response to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) of 2015. Hydraulic traits indicated higher drought tolerance in the HSF than in the LSF. Despite more intense drought and lower plant water potentials in HSF during the 2015-ENSO, greater xylem embolism resistance maintained similar hydraulic safety margin as in LSF. This likely explains how ecosystem-scale whole-forest canopy conductance at HSF maintained a similar response to atmospheric drought as at LSF, despite their water transport systems operating at different water potentials. Our results indicate that contrasting precipitation regimes (at seasonal and interannual time scales) select for assemblies of hydraulic traits and taxa at the community level, which may have a significant role in modulating forest drought response at ecosystem scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de V Barros
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Bittencourt
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4SB, UK
| | - Mauro Brum
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- School of Life Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Grazielle S Teodoro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Laura S Borma
- Earth System Science Centre, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Bradley O Christoffersen
- Department of Biology and School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Deliane Penha
- Society, Nature and Development Department, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, PA, 68035-110, Brazil
| | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Adriano J N Lima
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas na Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, AM, 69.067-375, Brazil
| | - Vilany M C Carneiro
- Laboratório de Manejo Florestal, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas na Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, AM, 69.067-375, Brazil
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jung-Eun Lee
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Brown University Providence, 324 Brook Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4SB, UK
- Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Valeriy Ivanov
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019, USA
| | - Leila S M Leal
- Laboratory of Sustainable Systems Analyses, Oriental Amazon Embrapa, Belém, Pará, 66083-156, Brazil
| | - Alessandro C Araujo
- LBA Program Micrometeorology Group, INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, 69.067-375, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas- UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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18
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Smith MN, Stark SC, Taylor TC, Ferreira ML, de Oliveira E, Restrepo-Coupe N, Chen S, Woodcock T, Dos Santos DB, Alves LF, Figueira M, de Camargo PB, de Oliveira RC, Aragão LEOC, Falk DA, McMahon SM, Huxman TE, Saleska SR. Seasonal and drought-related changes in leaf area profiles depend on height and light environment in an Amazon forest. New Phytol 2019; 222:1284-1297. [PMID: 30720871 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal dynamics in the vertical distribution of leaf area index (LAI) may impact the seasonality of forest productivity in Amazonian forests. However, until recently, fine-scale observations critical to revealing ecological mechanisms underlying these changes have been lacking. To investigate fine-scale variation in leaf area with seasonality and drought we conducted monthly ground-based LiDAR surveys over 4 yr at an Amazon forest site. We analysed temporal changes in vertically structured LAI along axes of both canopy height and light environments. Upper canopy LAI increased during the dry season, whereas lower canopy LAI decreased. The low canopy decrease was driven by highly illuminated leaves of smaller trees in gaps. By contrast, understory LAI increased concurrently with the upper canopy. Hence, tree phenological strategies were stratified by height and light environments. Trends were amplified during a 2015-2016 severe El Niño drought. Leaf area low in the canopy exhibited behaviour consistent with water limitation. Leaf loss from short trees in high light during drought may be associated with strategies to tolerate limited access to deep soil water and stressful leaf environments. Vertically and environmentally structured phenological processes suggest a critical role of canopy structural heterogeneity in seasonal changes in Amazon ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Scott C Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Tyeen C Taylor
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Mauricio L Ferreira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | - Eronaldo de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), CEP 68040-255, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shuli Chen
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Tara Woodcock
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michela Figueira
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), CEP 68040-255, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Plinio B de Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz E O C Aragão
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Donald A Falk
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Institution Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Travis E Huxman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Environmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92629, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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19
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Martinez MA, Woodcroft BJ, Ignacio Espinoza JC, Zayed AA, Singleton CM, Boyd JA, Li YF, Purvine S, Maughan H, Hodgkins SB, Anderson D, Sederholm M, Temperton B, Bolduc B, Saleska SR, Tyson GW, Rich VI, Saleska SR, Tyson GW, Rich VI. Discovery and ecogenomic context of a global Caldiserica-related phylum active in thawing permafrost, Candidatus Cryosericota phylum nov., Ca. Cryosericia class nov., Ca. Cryosericales ord. nov., Ca. Cryosericaceae fam. nov., comprising the four species Cryosericum septentrionale gen. nov. sp. nov., Ca. C. hinesii sp. nov., Ca. C. odellii sp. nov., Ca. C. terrychapinii sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2019; 42:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Taylor TC, McMahon SM, Smith MN, Boyle B, Violle C, van Haren J, Simova I, Meir P, Ferreira LV, de Camargo PB, da Costa ACL, Enquist BJ, Saleska SR. Isoprene emission structures tropical tree biogeography and community assembly responses to climate. New Phytol 2018; 220:435-446. [PMID: 29974469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The prediction of vegetation responses to climate requires a knowledge of how climate-sensitive plant traits mediate not only the responses of individual plants, but also shifts in the species and functional compositions of whole communities. The emission of isoprene gas - a trait shared by one-third of tree species - is known to protect leaf biochemistry under climatic stress. Here, we test the hypothesis that isoprene emission shapes tree species compositions in tropical forests by enhancing the tolerance of emitting trees to heat and drought. Using forest inventory data, we estimated the proportional abundance of isoprene-emitting trees (pIE) at 103 lowland tropical sites. We also quantified the temporal composition shifts in three tropical forests - two natural and one artificial - subjected to either anomalous warming or drought. Across the landscape, pIE increased with site mean annual temperature, but decreased with dry season length. Through time, pIE strongly increased under high temperatures, and moderately increased following drought. Our analysis shows that isoprene emission is a key plant trait determining species responses to climate. For species adapted to seasonal dry periods, isoprene emission may tradeoff with alternative strategies, such as leaf deciduousness. Community selection for isoprene-emitting species is a potential mechanism for enhanced forest resilience to climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21307, USA
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Brad Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Hardner & Gullison Associates, LLC, 15 Woodland Drive, Amherst, NH, 03031, USA
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (UMR 5175), CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Joost van Haren
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Road, Oracle, AZ, 85623, USA
| | - Irena Simova
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Praha, 11636, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Leandro V Ferreira
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Plinio B de Camargo
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, 13400-970, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C L da Costa
- Centro de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66017-970, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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21
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Trubl G, Jang HB, Roux S, Emerson JB, Solonenko N, Vik DR, Solden L, Ellenbogen J, Runyon AT, Bolduc B, Woodcroft BJ, Saleska SR, Tyson GW, Wrighton KC, Sullivan MB, Rich VI. Soil Viruses Are Underexplored Players in Ecosystem Carbon Processing. mSystems 2018; 3:e00076-18. [PMID: 30320215 PMCID: PMC6172770 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00076-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly thawing permafrost harbors ∼30 to 50% of global soil carbon, and the fate of this carbon remains unknown. Microorganisms will play a central role in its fate, and their viruses could modulate that impact via induced mortality and metabolic controls. Because of the challenges of recovering viruses from soils, little is known about soil viruses or their role(s) in microbial biogeochemical cycling. Here, we describe 53 viral populations (viral operational taxonomic units [vOTUs]) recovered from seven quantitatively derived (i.e., not multiple-displacement-amplified) viral-particle metagenomes (viromes) along a permafrost thaw gradient at the Stordalen Mire field site in northern Sweden. Only 15% of these vOTUs had genetic similarity to publicly available viruses in the RefSeq database, and ∼30% of the genes could be annotated, supporting the concept of soils as reservoirs of substantial undescribed viral genetic diversity. The vOTUs exhibited distinct ecology, with different distributions along the thaw gradient habitats, and a shift from soil-virus-like assemblages in the dry palsas to aquatic-virus-like assemblages in the inundated fen. Seventeen vOTUs were linked to microbial hosts (in silico), implicating viruses in infecting abundant microbial lineages from Acidobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Deltaproteobacteria, including those encoding key biogeochemical functions such as organic matter degradation. Thirty auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) were identified and suggested virus-mediated modulation of central carbon metabolism, soil organic matter degradation, polysaccharide binding, and regulation of sporulation. Together, these findings suggest that these soil viruses have distinct ecology, impact host-mediated biogeochemistry, and likely impact ecosystem function in the rapidly changing Arctic. IMPORTANCE This work is part of a 10-year project to examine thawing permafrost peatlands and is the first virome-particle-based approach to characterize viruses in these systems. This method yielded >2-fold-more viral populations (vOTUs) per gigabase of metagenome than vOTUs derived from bulk-soil metagenomes from the same site (J. B. Emerson, S. Roux, J. R. Brum, B. Bolduc, et al., Nat Microbiol 3:870-880, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0190-y). We compared the ecology of the recovered vOTUs along a permafrost thaw gradient and found (i) habitat specificity, (ii) a shift in viral community identity from soil-like to aquatic-like viruses, (iii) infection of dominant microbial hosts, and (iv) carriage of host metabolic genes. These vOTUs can impact ecosystem carbon processing via top-down (inferred from lysing dominant microbial hosts) and bottom-up (inferred from carriage of auxiliary metabolic genes) controls. This work serves as a foundation which future studies can build upon to increase our understanding of the soil virosphere and how viruses affect soil ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Trubl
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ho Bin Jang
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Simon Roux
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanne B. Emerson
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalie Solonenko
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dean R. Vik
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lindsey Solden
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jared Ellenbogen
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ben J. Woodcroft
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Gene W. Tyson
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kelly C. Wrighton
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew B. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Virginia I. Rich
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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22
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Fu C, Wang G, Bible K, Goulden ML, Saleska SR, Scott RL, Cardon ZG. Hydraulic redistribution affects modeled carbon cycling via soil microbial activity and suppressed fire. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:3472-3485. [PMID: 29654607 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of water from moist to drier soils, through plant roots, occurs world-wide in seasonally dry ecosystems. Although the influence of HR on landscape hydrology and plant water use has been amply demonstrated, HR's effects on microbe-controlled processes sensitive to soil moisture, including carbon and nutrient cycling at ecosystem scales, remain difficult to observe in the field and have not been integrated into a predictive framework. We incorporated a representation of HR into the Community Land Model (CLM4.5) and found the new model improved predictions of water, energy, and system-scale carbon fluxes observed by eddy covariance at four seasonally dry yet ecologically diverse temperate and tropical AmeriFlux sites. Modeled plant productivity and microbial activities were differentially stimulated by upward HR, resulting at times in increased plant demand outstripping increased nutrient supply. Modeled plant productivity and microbial activities were diminished by downward HR. Overall, inclusion of HR tended to increase modeled annual ecosystem uptake of CO2 (or reduce annual CO2 release to the atmosphere). Moreover, engagement of CLM4.5's ground-truthed fire module indicated that though HR increased modeled fuel load at all four sites, upward HR also moistened surface soil and hydrated vegetation sufficiently to limit the modeled spread of dry season fire and concomitant very large CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Historically, fire has been a dominant ecological force in many seasonally dry ecosystems, and intensification of soil drought and altered precipitation regimes are expected for seasonally dry ecosystems in the future. HR may play an increasingly important role mitigating development of extreme soil water potential gradients and associated limitations on plant and soil microbial activities, and may inhibit the spread of fire in seasonally dry ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congsheng Fu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Guiling Wang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Kenneth Bible
- Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael L Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Russell L Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Zoe G Cardon
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
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23
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Longo M, Knox RG, Levine NM, Alves LF, Bonal D, Camargo PB, Fitzjarrald DR, Hayek MN, Restrepo-Coupe N, Saleska SR, da Silva R, Stark SC, Tapajós RP, Wiedemann KT, Zhang K, Wofsy SC, Moorcroft PR. Ecosystem heterogeneity and diversity mitigate Amazon forest resilience to frequent extreme droughts. New Phytol 2018; 219:914-931. [PMID: 29786858 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The impact of increases in drought frequency on the Amazon forest's composition, structure and functioning remain uncertain. We used a process- and individual-based ecosystem model (ED2) to quantify the forest's vulnerability to increased drought recurrence. We generated meteorologically realistic, drier-than-observed rainfall scenarios for two Amazon forest sites, Paracou (wetter) and Tapajós (drier), to evaluate the impacts of more frequent droughts on forest biomass, structure and composition. The wet site was insensitive to the tested scenarios, whereas at the dry site biomass declined when average rainfall reduction exceeded 15%, due to high mortality of large-sized evergreen trees. Biomass losses persisted when year-long drought recurrence was shorter than 2-7 yr, depending upon soil texture and leaf phenology. From the site-level scenario results, we developed regionally applicable metrics to quantify the Amazon forest's climatological proximity to rainfall regimes likely to cause biomass loss > 20% in 50 yr according to ED2 predictions. Nearly 25% (1.8 million km2 ) of the Amazon forests could experience frequent droughts and biomass loss if mean annual rainfall or interannual variability changed by 2σ. At least 10% of the high-emission climate projections (CMIP5/RCP8.5 models) predict critically dry regimes over 25% of the Amazon forest area by 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Longo
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Ryan G Knox
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Naomi M Levine
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Luciana F Alves
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Plinio B Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13416-000, Brazil
| | | | - Matthew N Hayek
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, PA, 68040-255, USA
| | - Scott C Stark
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Kenia T Wiedemann
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Steven C Wofsy
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Paul R Moorcroft
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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24
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Albert LP, Wu J, Prohaska N, de Camargo PB, Huxman TE, Tribuzy ES, Ivanov VY, Oliveira RS, Garcia S, Smith MN, Oliveira Junior RC, Restrepo-Coupe N, da Silva R, Stark SC, Martins GA, Penha DV, Saleska SR. Age-dependent leaf physiology and consequences for crown-scale carbon uptake during the dry season in an Amazon evergreen forest. New Phytol 2018; 219:870-884. [PMID: 29502356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Satellite and tower-based metrics of forest-scale photosynthesis generally increase with dry season progression across central Amazônia, but the underlying mechanisms lack consensus. We conducted demographic surveys of leaf age composition, and measured the age dependence of leaf physiology in broadleaf canopy trees of abundant species at a central eastern Amazon site. Using a novel leaf-to-branch scaling approach, we used these data to independently test the much-debated hypothesis - arising from satellite and tower-based observations - that leaf phenology could explain the forest-scale pattern of dry season photosynthesis. Stomatal conductance and biochemical parameters of photosynthesis were higher for recently mature leaves than for old leaves. Most branches had multiple leaf age categories simultaneously present, and the number of recently mature leaves increased as the dry season progressed because old leaves were exchanged for new leaves. These findings provide the first direct field evidence that branch-scale photosynthetic capacity increases during the dry season, with a magnitude consistent with increases in ecosystem-scale photosynthetic capacity derived from flux towers. Interactions between leaf age-dependent physiology and shifting leaf age-demographic composition are sufficient to explain the dry season photosynthetic capacity pattern at this site, and should be considered in vegetation models of tropical evergreen forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren P Albert
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jin Wu
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Neill Prohaska
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Plinio Barbosa de Camargo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 13416-000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Travis E Huxman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Center for Environmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Edgard S Tribuzy
- Instituto de Biodiversidade e Florestas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), CEP 68035-110, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Valeriy Y Ivanov
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Garcia
- Ciências de Florestas Tropicais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia, CEP 69.067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | | | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rodrigo da Silva
- Atmospheric Sciences Department & Institute of Engineering and Geosciences, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), CEP 68035-110, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Scott C Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Giordane A Martins
- Ciências de Florestas Tropicais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia, CEP 69.067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Deliane V Penha
- Society, Nature and Development Department, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), CEP 68035-110, Santarém, PA, Brazil
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
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25
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Wu J, Kobayashi H, Stark SC, Meng R, Guan K, Tran NN, Gao S, Yang W, Restrepo-Coupe N, Miura T, Oliviera RC, Rogers A, Dye DG, Nelson BW, Serbin SP, Huete AR, Saleska SR. Biological processes dominate seasonality of remotely sensed canopy greenness in an Amazon evergreen forest. New Phytol 2018; 217:1507-1520. [PMID: 29274288 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Satellite observations of Amazon forests show seasonal and interannual variations, but the underlying biological processes remain debated. Here we combined radiative transfer models (RTMs) with field observations of Amazon forest leaf and canopy characteristics to test three hypotheses for satellite-observed canopy reflectance seasonality: seasonal changes in leaf area index, in canopy-surface leafless crown fraction and/or in leaf demography. Canopy RTMs (PROSAIL and FLiES), driven by these three factors combined, simulated satellite-observed seasonal patterns well, explaining c. 70% of the variability in a key reflectance-based vegetation index (MAIAC EVI, which removes artifacts that would otherwise arise from clouds/aerosols and sun-sensor geometry). Leaf area index, leafless crown fraction and leaf demography independently accounted for 1, 33 and 66% of FLiES-simulated EVI seasonality, respectively. These factors also strongly influenced modeled near-infrared (NIR) reflectance, explaining why both modeled and observed EVI, which is especially sensitive to NIR, captures canopy seasonal dynamics well. Our improved analysis of canopy-scale biophysics rules out satellite artifacts as significant causes of satellite-observed seasonal patterns at this site, implying that aggregated phenology explains the larger scale remotely observed patterns. This work significantly reconciles current controversies about satellite-detected Amazon phenology, and improves our use of satellite observations to study climate-phenology relationships in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Hideki Kobayashi
- Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, 236-0001, Japan
| | - Scott C Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ran Meng
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ngoc Nguyen Tran
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sicong Gao
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Wei Yang
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Tomoaki Miura
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Havaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | | | - Alistair Rogers
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Dennis G Dye
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Bruce W Nelson
- Environmental Dynamics Department, Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Shawn P Serbin
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Alfredo R Huete
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Wu J, Serbin SP, Xu X, Albert LP, Chen M, Meng R, Saleska SR, Rogers A. The phenology of leaf quality and its within-canopy variation is essential for accurate modeling of photosynthesis in tropical evergreen forests. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:4814-4827. [PMID: 28418158 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf quantity (i.e., canopy leaf area index, LAI), quality (i.e., per-area photosynthetic capacity), and longevity all influence the photosynthetic seasonality of tropical evergreen forests. However, these components of tropical leaf phenology are poorly represented in most terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). Here, we explored alternative options for the representation of leaf phenology effects in TBMs that employ the Farquahar, von Caemmerer & Berry (FvCB) representation of CO2 assimilation. We developed a two-fraction leaf (sun and shade), two-layer canopy (upper and lower) photosynthesis model to evaluate different modeling approaches and assessed three components of phenological variations (i.e., leaf quantity, quality, and within-canopy variation in leaf longevity). Our model was driven by the prescribed seasonality of leaf quantity and quality derived from ground-based measurements within an Amazonian evergreen forest. Modeled photosynthetic seasonality was not sensitive to leaf quantity, but was highly sensitive to leaf quality and its vertical distribution within the canopy, with markedly more sensitivity to upper canopy leaf quality. This is because light absorption in tropical canopies is near maximal for the entire year, implying that seasonal changes in LAI have little impact on total canopy light absorption; and because leaf quality has a greater effect on photosynthesis of sunlit leaves than light limited, shade leaves and sunlit foliage are more abundant in the upper canopy. Our two-fraction leaf, two-layer canopy model, which accounted for all three phenological components, was able to simulate photosynthetic seasonality, explaining ~90% of the average seasonal variation in eddy covariance-derived CO2 assimilation. This work identifies a parsimonious approach for representing tropical evergreen forest photosynthetic seasonality in TBMs that utilize the FvCB model of CO2 assimilation and highlights the importance of incorporating more realistic phenological mechanisms in models that seek to improve the projection of future carbon dynamics in tropical evergreen forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shawn P Serbin
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Loren P Albert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ran Meng
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Powell TL, Wheeler JK, de Oliveira AAR, da Costa ACL, Saleska SR, Meir P, Moorcroft PR. Differences in xylem and leaf hydraulic traits explain differences in drought tolerance among mature Amazon rainforest trees. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:4280-4293. [PMID: 28426175 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Considerable uncertainty surrounds the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on the composition and structure of Amazon forests. Building upon results from two large-scale ecosystem drought experiments in the eastern Brazilian Amazon that observed increases in mortality rates among some tree species but not others, in this study we investigate the physiological traits underpinning these differential demographic responses. Xylem pressure at 50% conductivity (xylem-P50 ), leaf turgor loss point (TLP), cellular osmotic potential (πo ), and cellular bulk modulus of elasticity (ε), all traits mechanistically linked to drought tolerance, were measured on upper canopy branches and leaves of mature trees from selected species growing at the two drought experiment sites. Each species was placed a priori into one of four plant functional type (PFT) categories: drought-tolerant versus drought-intolerant based on observed mortality rates, and subdivided into early- versus late-successional based on wood density. We tested the hypotheses that the measured traits would be significantly different between the four PFTs and that they would be spatially conserved across the two experimental sites. Xylem-P50 , TLP, and πo , but not ε, occurred at significantly higher water potentials for the drought-intolerant PFT compared to the drought-tolerant PFT; however, there were no significant differences between the early- and late-successional PFTs. These results suggest that these three traits are important for determining drought tolerance, and are largely independent of wood density-a trait commonly associated with successional status. Differences in these physiological traits that occurred between the drought-tolerant and drought-intolerant PFTs were conserved between the two research sites, even though they had different soil types and dry-season lengths. This more detailed understanding of how xylem and leaf hydraulic traits vary between co-occuring drought-tolerant and drought-intolerant tropical tree species promises to facilitate a much-needed improvement in the representation of plant hydraulics within terrestrial ecosystem and biosphere models, which will enhance our ability to make robust predictions of how future changes in climate will affect tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Powell
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James K Wheeler
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Alex A R de Oliveira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul R Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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28
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Mondav R, McCalley CK, Hodgkins SB, Frolking S, Saleska SR, Rich VI, Chanton JP, Crill PM. Microbial network, phylogenetic diversity and community membership in the active layer across a permafrost thaw gradient. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3201-3218. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Mondav
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, LimnologyUppsala UniversityUppsala75236 Sweden
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Carmody K. McCalley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucson AZ 85721 USA
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New HampshireDurham NH 03824 USA
| | - Suzanne B. Hodgkins
- Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahassee FL 32306‐4320 USA
| | - Steve Frolking
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New HampshireDurham NH 03824 USA
| | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - Virginia I. Rich
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental ScienceUniversity of ArizonaTucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - Jeff P. Chanton
- Department of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahassee FL 32306‐4320 USA
| | - Patrick M. Crill
- Department of Geology and GeochemistryStockholm UniversityStockholm 10691 Sweden
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29
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Xu X, Medvigy D, Joseph Wright S, Kitajima K, Wu J, Albert LP, Martins GA, Saleska SR, Pacala SW. Variations of leaf longevity in tropical moist forests predicted by a trait‐driven carbon optimality model. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1097-1106. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences Princeton University Princeton NJ08544 USA
| | - David Medvigy
- Department of Geosciences Princeton University Princeton NJ08544 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN46556 USA
| | | | - Kaoru Kitajima
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado Balboa0843‐03092 Panama
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Kyoto606‐8502 Japan
| | - Jin Wu
- Environmental & Climate Sciences Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York NY11973 USA
| | - Loren P. Albert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ85721 USA
| | | | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson AZ85721 USA
| | - Stephen W. Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ08544 USA
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Wu J, Chavana-Bryant C, Prohaska N, Serbin SP, Guan K, Albert LP, Yang X, van Leeuwen WJD, Garnello AJ, Martins G, Malhi Y, Gerard F, Oliviera RC, Saleska SR. Convergence in relationships between leaf traits, spectra and age across diverse canopy environments and two contrasting tropical forests. New Phytol 2017; 214:1033-1048. [PMID: 27381054 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Leaf age structures the phenology and development of plants, as well as the evolution of leaf traits over life histories. However, a general method for efficiently estimating leaf age across forests and canopy environments is lacking. Here, we explored the potential for a statistical model, previously developed for Peruvian sunlit leaves, to consistently predict leaf ages from leaf reflectance spectra across two contrasting forests in Peru and Brazil and across diverse canopy environments. The model performed well for independent Brazilian sunlit and shade canopy leaves (R2 = 0.75-0.78), suggesting that canopy leaves (and their associated spectra) follow constrained developmental trajectories even in contrasting forests. The model did not perform as well for mid-canopy and understory leaves (R2 = 0.27-0.29), because leaves in different environments have distinct traits and trait developmental trajectories. When we accounted for distinct environment-trait linkages - either by explicitly including traits and environments in the model, or, even better, by re-parameterizing the spectra-only model to implicitly capture distinct trait-trajectories in different environments - we achieved a more general model that well-predicted leaf age across forests and environments (R2 = 0.79). Fundamental rules, linked to leaf environments, constrain the development of leaf traits and allow for general prediction of leaf age from spectra across species, sites and canopy environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Cecilia Chavana-Bryant
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Neill Prohaska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shawn P Serbin
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, New York, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Loren P Albert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Willem J D van Leeuwen
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Anthony John Garnello
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Giordane Martins
- Brazil's National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, 69067-375, Brasil
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - France Gerard
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | | | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Chavana-Bryant C, Malhi Y, Wu J, Asner GP, Anastasiou A, Enquist BJ, Cosio Caravasi EG, Doughty CE, Saleska SR, Martin RE, Gerard FF. Leaf aging of Amazonian canopy trees as revealed by spectral and physiochemical measurements. New Phytol 2017; 214:1049-1063. [PMID: 26877108 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf aging is a fundamental driver of changes in leaf traits, thereby regulating ecosystem processes and remotely sensed canopy dynamics. We explore leaf reflectance as a tool to monitor leaf age and develop a spectra-based partial least squares regression (PLSR) model to predict age using data from a phenological study of 1099 leaves from 12 lowland Amazonian canopy trees in southern Peru. Results demonstrated monotonic decreases in leaf water (LWC) and phosphorus (Pmass ) contents and an increase in leaf mass per unit area (LMA) with age across trees; leaf nitrogen (Nmass ) and carbon (Cmass ) contents showed monotonic but tree-specific age responses. We observed large age-related variation in leaf spectra across trees. A spectra-based model was more accurate in predicting leaf age (R2 = 0.86; percent root mean square error (%RMSE) = 33) compared with trait-based models using single (R2 = 0.07-0.73; %RMSE = 7-38) and multiple (R2 = 0.76; %RMSE = 28) predictors. Spectra- and trait-based models established a physiochemical basis for the spectral age model. Vegetation indices (VIs) including the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index 2 (EVI2), normalized difference water index (NDWI) and photosynthetic reflectance index (PRI) were all age-dependent. This study highlights the importance of leaf age as a mediator of leaf traits, provides evidence of age-related leaf reflectance changes that have important impacts on VIs used to monitor canopy dynamics and productivity and proposes a new approach to predicting and monitoring leaf age with important implications for remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Chavana-Bryant
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Eric G Cosio Caravasi
- Sección Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Avenida Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima 32, Peru
| | - Christopher E Doughty
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Roberta E Martin
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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32
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Villegas JC, Law DJ, Stark SC, Minor DM, Breshears DD, Saleska SR, Swann ALS, Garcia ES, Bella EM, Morton JM, Cobb NS, Barron‐Gafford GA, Litvak ME, Kolb TE. Prototype campaign assessment of disturbance‐induced tree loss effects on surface properties for atmospheric modeling. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Villegas
- Grupo GIGA, Escuela Ambiental Universidad de Antioquia Apartado Aéreo 1226 Medellín Colombia
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Darin J. Law
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Scott C. Stark
- Department of Forestry Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - David M. Minor
- Department of Forestry Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - David D. Breshears
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Abigail L. S. Swann
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Garcia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Bella
- AECOM Anchorage Alaska 99501 USA
- Kenai National Wildlife Refuge U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Soldotna Alaska 99669 USA
| | - John M. Morton
- Kenai National Wildlife Refuge U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Soldotna Alaska 99669 USA
| | - Neil S. Cobb
- Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Greg A. Barron‐Gafford
- School of Geography and Regional Development University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Marcy E. Litvak
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA
| | - Thomas E. Kolb
- Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental Research Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
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Wu J, Guan K, Hayek M, Restrepo-Coupe N, Wiedemann KT, Xu X, Wehr R, Christoffersen BO, Miao G, da Silva R, de Araujo AC, Oliviera RC, Camargo PB, Monson RK, Huete AR, Saleska SR. Partitioning controls on Amazon forest photosynthesis between environmental and biotic factors at hourly to interannual timescales. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:1240-1257. [PMID: 27644012 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) in tropical forests varies both with the environment and with biotic changes in photosynthetic infrastructure, but our understanding of the relative effects of these factors across timescales is limited. Here, we used a statistical model to partition the variability of seven years of eddy covariance-derived GEP in a central Amazon evergreen forest into two main causes: variation in environmental drivers (solar radiation, diffuse light fraction, and vapor pressure deficit) that interact with model parameters that govern photosynthesis and biotic variation in canopy photosynthetic light-use efficiency associated with changes in the parameters themselves. Our fitted model was able to explain most of the variability in GEP at hourly (R2 = 0.77) to interannual (R2 = 0.80) timescales. At hourly timescales, we found that 75% of observed GEP variability could be attributed to environmental variability. When aggregating GEP to the longer timescales (daily, monthly, and yearly), however, environmental variation explained progressively less GEP variability: At monthly timescales, it explained only 3%, much less than biotic variation in canopy photosynthetic light-use efficiency, which accounted for 63%. These results challenge modeling approaches that assume GEP is primarily controlled by the environment at both short and long timescales. Our approach distinguishing biotic from environmental variability can help to resolve debates about environmental limitations to tropical forest photosynthesis. For example, we found that biotically regulated canopy photosynthetic light-use efficiency (associated with leaf phenology) increased with sunlight during dry seasons (consistent with light but not water limitation of canopy development) but that realized GEP was nonetheless lower relative to its potential efficiency during dry than wet seasons (consistent with water limitation of photosynthesis in given assemblages of leaves). This work highlights the importance of accounting for differential regulation of GEP at different timescales and of identifying the underlying feedbacks and adaptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Matthew Hayek
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kenia T Wiedemann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 80544, USA
| | - Richard Wehr
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Bradley O Christoffersen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Guofang Miao
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University at Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rodrigo da Silva
- Department of Environmental Physics, University of Western Para-UFOPA, Para, Brazil
| | | | | | - Plinio B Camargo
- Laboratorio de Ecologia Isotopica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brasil
| | - Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Alfredo R Huete
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Restrepo-Coupe N, Levine NM, Christoffersen BO, Albert LP, Wu J, Costa MH, Galbraith D, Imbuzeiro H, Martins G, da Araujo AC, Malhi YS, Zeng X, Moorcroft P, Saleska SR. Do dynamic global vegetation models capture the seasonality of carbon fluxes in the Amazon basin? A data-model intercomparison. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:191-208. [PMID: 27436068 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To predict forest response to long-term climate change with high confidence requires that dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) be successfully tested against ecosystem response to short-term variations in environmental drivers, including regular seasonal patterns. Here, we used an integrated dataset from four forests in the Brasil flux network, spanning a range of dry-season intensities and lengths, to determine how well four state-of-the-art models (IBIS, ED2, JULES, and CLM3.5) simulated the seasonality of carbon exchanges in Amazonian tropical forests. We found that most DGVMs poorly represented the annual cycle of gross primary productivity (GPP), of photosynthetic capacity (Pc), and of other fluxes and pools. Models simulated consistent dry-season declines in GPP in the equatorial Amazon (Manaus K34, Santarem K67, and Caxiuanã CAX); a contrast to observed GPP increases. Model simulated dry-season GPP reductions were driven by an external environmental factor, 'soil water stress' and consequently by a constant or decreasing photosynthetic infrastructure (Pc), while observed dry-season GPP resulted from a combination of internal biological (leaf-flush and abscission and increased Pc) and environmental (incoming radiation) causes. Moreover, we found models generally overestimated observed seasonal net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and respiration (Re ) at equatorial locations. In contrast, a southern Amazon forest (Jarú RJA) exhibited dry-season declines in GPP and Re consistent with most DGVMs simulations. While water limitation was represented in models and the primary driver of seasonal photosynthesis in southern Amazonia, changes in internal biophysical processes, light-harvesting adaptations (e.g., variations in leaf area index (LAI) and increasing leaf-level assimilation rate related to leaf demography), and allocation lags between leaf and wood, dominated equatorial Amazon carbon flux dynamics and were deficient or absent from current model formulations. Correctly simulating flux seasonality at tropical forests requires a greater understanding and the incorporation of internal biophysical mechanisms in future model developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Naomi M Levine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley O Christoffersen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Loren P Albert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Marcos H Costa
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Brazil
| | | | - Hewlley Imbuzeiro
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Brazil
| | - Giordane Martins
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Alessandro C da Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belem, Brazil
| | - Yadvinder S Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xubin Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Paul Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Garcia ES, Swann ALS, Villegas JC, Breshears DD, Law DJ, Saleska SR, Stark SC. Synergistic Ecoclimate Teleconnections from Forest Loss in Different Regions Structure Global Ecological Responses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165042. [PMID: 27851740 PMCID: PMC5112850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest loss in hotspots around the world impacts not only local climate where loss occurs, but also influences climate and vegetation in remote parts of the globe through ecoclimate teleconnections. The magnitude and mechanism of remote impacts likely depends on the location and distribution of forest loss hotspots, but the nature of these dependencies has not been investigated. We use global climate model simulations to estimate the distribution of ecologically-relevant climate changes resulting from forest loss in two hotspot regions: western North America (wNA), which is experiencing accelerated dieoff, and the Amazon basin, which is subject to high rates of deforestation. The remote climatic and ecological net effects of simultaneous forest loss in both regions differed from the combined effects of loss from the two regions simulated separately, as evident in three impacted areas. Eastern South American Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) increased due to changes in seasonal rainfall associated with Amazon forest loss and changes in temperature related to wNA forest loss. Eurasia’s GPP declined with wNA forest loss due to cooling temperatures increasing soil ice volume. Southeastern North American productivity increased with simultaneous forest loss, but declined with only wNA forest loss due to changes in VPD. Our results illustrate the need for a new generation of local-to-global scale analyses to identify potential ecoclimate teleconnections, their underlying mechanisms, and most importantly, their synergistic interactions, to predict the responses to increasing forest loss under future land use change and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S. Garcia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Abigail L. S. Swann
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Villegas
- Escuela Ambiental, Universidad de Antioquia, calle 67 No. 53–108 Medellín, Colombia
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St, ENRII, N227, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States of America
| | - David D. Breshears
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St, ENRII, N227, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States of America
| | - Darin J. Law
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St, ENRII, N227, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Stark
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
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Wehr R, Munger JW, McManus JB, Nelson DD, Zahniser MS, Davidson EA, Wofsy SC, Saleska SR. Seasonality of temperate forest photosynthesis and daytime respiration. Nature 2016; 534:680-3. [PMID: 27357794 DOI: 10.1038/nature17966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems currently offset one-quarter of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions because of a slight imbalance between global terrestrial photosynthesis and respiration. Understanding what controls these two biological fluxes is therefore crucial to predicting climate change. Yet there is no way of directly measuring the photosynthesis or daytime respiration of a whole ecosystem of interacting organisms; instead, these fluxes are generally inferred from measurements of net ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange (NEE), in a way that is based on assumed ecosystem-scale responses to the environment. The consequent view of temperate deciduous forests (an important CO2 sink) is that, first, ecosystem respiration is greater during the day than at night; and second, ecosystem photosynthetic light-use efficiency peaks after leaf expansion in spring and then declines, presumably because of leaf ageing or water stress. This view has underlain the development of terrestrial biosphere models used in climate prediction and of remote sensing indices of global biosphere productivity. Here, we use new isotopic instrumentation to determine ecosystem photosynthesis and daytime respiration in a temperate deciduous forest over a three-year period. We find that ecosystem respiration is lower during the day than at night-the first robust evidence of the inhibition of leaf respiration by light at the ecosystem scale. Because they do not capture this effect, standard approaches overestimate ecosystem photosynthesis and daytime respiration in the first half of the growing season at our site, and inaccurately portray ecosystem photosynthetic light-use efficiency. These findings revise our understanding of forest-atmosphere carbon exchange, and provide a basis for investigating how leaf-level physiological dynamics manifest at the canopy scale in other ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wehr
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - J W Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J B McManus
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA
| | - D D Nelson
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA
| | - M S Zahniser
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA
| | - E A Davidson
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, USA
| | - S C Wofsy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Saleska SR, Wu J, Guan K, Araujo AC, Huete A, Nobre AD, Restrepo-Coupe N. Dry-season greening of Amazon forests. Nature 2016; 531:E4-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature16457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Harte J, Saleska SR, Levy C. Convergent ecosystem responses to 23-year ambient and manipulated warming link advancing snowmelt and shrub encroachment to transient and long-term climate-soil carbon feedback. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:2349-56. [PMID: 25504893 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem responses to climate change can exert positive or negative feedbacks on climate, mediated in part by slow-moving factors such as shifts in vegetation community composition. Long-term experimental manipulations can be used to examine such ecosystem responses, but they also present another opportunity: inferring the extent to which contemporary climate change is responsible for slow changes in ecosystems under ambient conditions. Here, using 23 years of data, we document a shift from nonwoody to woody vegetation and a loss of soil carbon in ambient plots and show that these changes track previously shown similar but faster changes under experimental warming. This allows us to infer that climate change is the cause of the observed shifts in ambient vegetation and soil carbon and that the vegetation responses mediate the observed changes in soil carbon. Our findings demonstrate the realism of an experimental manipulation, allow attribution of a climate cause to observed ambient ecosystem changes, and demonstrate how a combination of long-term study of ambient and experimental responses to warming can identify mechanistic drivers needed for realistic predictions of the conditions under which ecosystems are likely to become carbon sources or sinks over varying timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Harte
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Stark SC, Enquist BJ, Saleska SR, Leitold V, Schietti J, Longo M, Alves LF, Camargo PB, Oliveira RC. Linking canopy leaf area and light environments with tree size distributions to explain Amazon forest demography. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:636-45. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Stark
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Forestry; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721 USA
- The Santa Fe Institute; 1399 Hyde Park Road Santa Fe NM 87501 USA
| | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721 USA
| | - Veronika Leitold
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE); São José dos Campos São Paulo 12201-970 Brazil
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Coordenação de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA); Manaus Amazonas 69011-970 Brazil
| | - Marcos Longo
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Luciana F. Alves
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Recursos Genéticos Vegetais; Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), CP 28; Campinas São Paulo 13012-970 Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109; Campinas São Paulo 13093-970 Brazil
| | - Plinio B. Camargo
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica; Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA); Universidade de São Paulo; Piracicaba São Paulo 13400-970 Brazil
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40
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Powell TL, Galbraith DR, Christoffersen BO, Harper A, Imbuzeiro HMA, Rowland L, Almeida S, Brando PM, da Costa ACL, Costa MH, Levine NM, Malhi Y, Saleska SR, Sotta E, Williams M, Meir P, Moorcroft PR. Confronting model predictions of carbon fluxes with measurements of Amazon forests subjected to experimental drought. New Phytol 2013; 200:350-365. [PMID: 23844931 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Considerable uncertainty surrounds the fate of Amazon rainforests in response to climate change. Here, carbon (C) flux predictions of five terrestrial biosphere models (Community Land Model version 3.5 (CLM3.5), Ecosystem Demography model version 2.1 (ED2), Integrated BIosphere Simulator version 2.6.4 (IBIS), Joint UK Land Environment Simulator version 2.1 (JULES) and Simple Biosphere model version 3 (SiB3)) and a hydrodynamic terrestrial ecosystem model (the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere (SPA) model) were evaluated against measurements from two large-scale Amazon drought experiments. Model predictions agreed with the observed C fluxes in the control plots of both experiments, but poorly replicated the responses to the drought treatments. Most notably, with the exception of ED2, the models predicted negligible reductions in aboveground biomass in response to the drought treatments, which was in contrast to an observed c. 20% reduction at both sites. For ED2, the timing of the decline in aboveground biomass was accurate, but the magnitude was too high for one site and too low for the other. Three key findings indicate critical areas for future research and model development. First, the models predicted declines in autotrophic respiration under prolonged drought in contrast to measured increases at one of the sites. Secondly, models lacking a phenological response to drought introduced bias in the sensitivity of canopy productivity and respiration to drought. Thirdly, the phenomenological water-stress functions used by the terrestrial biosphere models to represent the effects of soil moisture on stomatal conductance yielded unrealistic diurnal and seasonal responses to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Powell
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David R Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | | | - Anna Harper
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Hewlley M A Imbuzeiro
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Interação Atmosfera-Biosfera, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, CEP 36570-000, Minas Gerias, Brazil
| | - Lucy Rowland
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Samuel Almeida
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém, CEP 66077-530, Pará, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Brando
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, CEP 71503-505, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Heil Costa
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Interação Atmosfera-Biosfera, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, CEP 36570-000, Minas Gerias, Brazil
| | - Naomi M Levine
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | - Mathew Williams
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | - Paul R Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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41
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Coe MT, Marthews TR, Costa MH, Galbraith DR, Greenglass NL, Imbuzeiro HMA, Levine NM, Malhi Y, Moorcroft PR, Muza MN, Powell TL, Saleska SR, Solorzano LA, Wang J. Deforestation and climate feedbacks threaten the ecological integrity of south-southeastern Amazonia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120155. [PMID: 23610166 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A mosaic of protected areas, including indigenous lands, sustainable-use production forests and reserves and strictly protected forests is the cornerstone of conservation in the Amazon, with almost 50 per cent of the region now protected. However, recent research indicates that isolation from direct deforestation or degradation may not be sufficient to maintain the ecological integrity of Amazon forests over the next several decades. Large-scale changes in fire and drought regimes occurring as a result of deforestation and greenhouse gas increases may result in forest degradation, regardless of protected status. How severe or widespread these feedbacks will be is uncertain, but the arc of deforestation in south-southeastern Amazonia appears to be particularly vulnerable owing to high current deforestation rates and ecological sensitivity to climate change. Maintaining forest ecosystem integrity may require significant strengthening of forest conservation on private property, which can in part be accomplished by leveraging existing policy mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Coe
- The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA.
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Stark SC, Leitold V, Wu JL, Hunter MO, de Castilho CV, Costa FRC, McMahon SM, Parker GG, Shimabukuro MT, Lefsky MA, Keller M, Alves LF, Schietti J, Shimabukuro YE, Brandão DO, Woodcock TK, Higuchi N, de Camargo PB, de Oliveira RC, Saleska SR, Chave J. Amazon forest carbon dynamics predicted by profiles of canopy leaf area and light environment. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:1406-14. [PMID: 22994288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tropical forest structural variation across heterogeneous landscapes may control above-ground carbon dynamics. We tested the hypothesis that canopy structure (leaf area and light availability) - remotely estimated from LiDAR - control variation in above-ground coarse wood production (biomass growth). Using a statistical model, these factors predicted biomass growth across tree size classes in forest near Manaus, Brazil. The same statistical model, with no parameterisation change but driven by different observed canopy structure, predicted the higher productivity of a site 500 km east. Gap fraction and a metric of vegetation vertical extent and evenness also predicted biomass gains and losses for one-hectare plots. Despite significant site differences in canopy structure and carbon dynamics, the relation between biomass growth and light fell on a unifying curve. This supported our hypothesis, suggesting that knowledge of canopy structure can explain variation in biomass growth over tropical landscapes and improve understanding of ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Stark
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Mercado LM, Patiño S, Domingues TF, Fyllas NM, Weedon GP, Sitch S, Quesada CA, Phillips OL, Aragão LEOC, Malhi Y, Dolman AJ, Restrepo-Coupe N, Saleska SR, Baker TR, Almeida S, Higuchi N, Lloyd J. Variations in Amazon forest productivity correlated with foliar nutrients and modelled rates of photosynthetic carbon supply. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:3316-29. [PMID: 22006971 PMCID: PMC3179632 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of above-ground woody biomass production, W(P), in some western Amazon forests exceeds those in the east by a factor of 2 or more. Underlying causes may include climate, soil nutrient limitations and species composition. In this modelling paper, we explore the implications of allowing key nutrients such as N and P to constrain the photosynthesis of Amazon forests, and also we examine the relationship between modelled rates of photosynthesis and the observed gradients in W(P). We use a model with current understanding of the underpinning biochemical processes as affected by nutrient availability to assess: (i) the degree to which observed spatial variations in foliar [N] and [P] across Amazonia affect stand-level photosynthesis; and (ii) how these variations in forest photosynthetic carbon acquisition relate to the observed geographical patterns of stem growth across the Amazon Basin. We find nutrient availability to exert a strong effect on photosynthetic carbon gain across the Basin and to be a likely important contributor to the observed gradient in W(P). Phosphorus emerges as more important than nitrogen in accounting for the observed variations in productivity. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of future tropical forests under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Mercado
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK.
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Sakaguchi K, Zeng X, Christoffersen BJ, Restrepo-Coupe N, Saleska SR, Brando PM. Natural and drought scenarios in an east central Amazon forest: Fidelity of the Community Land Model 3.5 with three biogeochemical models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rosolem R, Shuttleworth WJ, Zeng X, Saleska SR, Huxman TE. Land surface modeling inside the Biosphere 2 tropical rain forest biome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jg001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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van Haren JLM, de Oliveira RC, Restrepo-Coupe N, Hutyra L, de Camargo PB, Keller M, Saleska SR. Do plant species influence soil CO2and N2O fluxes in a diverse tropical forest? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jardine KJ, Sommer ED, Saleska SR, Huxman TE, Harley PC, Abrell L. Gas phase measurements of pyruvic acid and its volatile metabolites. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:2454-60. [PMID: 20210357 DOI: 10.1021/es903544p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvic acid, central to leaf carbon metabolism, is a precursor of many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that impact air quality and climate. Although the pathways involved in the production of isoprenoids are well-known, those of several oxygenated VOCs remain uncertain. We present concentration and flux measurements of pyruvic acid and other VOCs within the tropical rainforest (TRF) biome at Biosphere 2. Pyruvic acid concentrations varied diurnally with midday maxima up to 15 ppbv, perhaps due to enhanced production rates and suppression of mitochondrial respiration in the light. Branch fluxes and ambient concentrations of pyruvic acid correlated with those of acetone, acetaldehyde, ethanol, acetic acid, isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. While pyruvic acid is a known substrate for isoprenoid synthesis, this correlation suggests that the oxygenated VOCs may also derive from pyruvic acid, an idea supported by leaf feeding experiments with sodium pyruvate which resulted in large enhancements in emissions of both isoprenoids and oxygenated VOCs. While feeding with sodium pyruvate-2-(13)C resulted in large emissions of both (13)C-labeled isoprenoids and oxygenated VOCs, feeding with sodium pyruvate-1-(13)C resulted in only (13)C-labeled isoprenoids. This suggests that acetaldehyde, ethanol, and acetic acid are produced from pyruvic acid via the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) bypass system (in which the 1-C carbon of pyruvic acid is lost as CO(2)) and that acetone is also derived from the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolby J Jardine
- The University of Arizona-Biosphere 2, Tucson, Arizona 85738, USA.
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48
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Adams HD, Macalady AK, Breshears DD, Allen CD, Stephenson NL, Saleska SR, Huxman TE, McDowell NG. Climate-Induced Tree Mortality: Earth System Consequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010eo170003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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da Rocha HR, Manzi AO, Cabral OM, Miller SD, Goulden ML, Saleska SR, R.-Coupe N, Wofsy SC, Borma LS, Artaxo P, Vourlitis G, Nogueira JS, Cardoso FL, Nobre AD, Kruijt B, Freitas HC, von Randow C, Aguiar RG, Maia JF. Patterns of water and heat flux across a biome gradient from tropical forest to savanna in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Pyle EH, Santoni GW, Nascimento HEM, Hutyra LR, Vieira S, Curran DJ, van Haren J, Saleska SR, Chow VY, Carmago PB, Laurance WF, Wofsy SC. Dynamics of carbon, biomass, and structure in two Amazonian forests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jg000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hammond Pyle
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Gregory W. Santoni
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Henrique E. M. Nascimento
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project; National Institute for Amazonian Research; Manaus Brazil
| | - Lucy R. Hutyra
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Curran
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Joost van Haren
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tuscon Arizona USA
| | - Scott R. Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Arizona; Tuscon Arizona USA
| | - V. Y. Chow
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | | | - William F. Laurance
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project; National Institute for Amazonian Research; Manaus Brazil
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Balboa Panama
| | - Steven C. Wofsy
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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