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Sanders KJC, Wierts R, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, de Vos-Geelen J, Plasqui G, Kelders MCJM, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Bucerius J, Dingemans AMC, Mottaghy FM, Schols AMWJ. Brown adipose tissue activation is not related to hypermetabolism in emphysematous chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1329-1338. [PMID: 35166050 PMCID: PMC8978002 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been primarily researched as a potential target for mitigating obesity. However, the physiological significance of BAT in relation to cachexia remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the putative contribution of BAT on different components of energy metabolism in emphysematous chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. METHODS Twenty COPD patients (mean ± SD age 62 ± 6, 50% female, median [range] BMI 22.4 [15.1-32.5] kg/m2 and 85% low FFMI) were studied. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was assessed by ventilated hood, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) by doubly labelled water and physical activity by triaxial accelerometry. BMR was adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM) as assessed by deuterium dilution. Analysis of BAT and WAT was conducted in a subset of ten patients and six age-matched, gender-matched and BMI-matched healthy controls. BAT glucose uptake was assessed by means of cold-stimulated integrated [18F]FDG positron-emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. WAT was collected from subcutaneous abdominal biopsies to analyse metabolic and inflammatory gene expression levels. Lung function was assessed by spirometry and body plethysmography and systemic inflammation by high sensitivity C-reactive protein. RESULTS Mean TDEE was 2209 ± 394 kcal/day, and mean BMR was 1449 ± 214 kcal/day corresponding to 120% of predicted. FFM-adjusted BMR did not correlate with lung function or C-reactive protein. Upon cooling, energy expenditure increased, resulting in a non-shivering thermogenesis of (median [range]) 20.1% [3.3-41.3] in patients and controls. Mean BAT glucose uptake was comparable between COPD and controls (1.5 [0.1-6.2] vs. 1.1 [0.7-3.9]). In addition, no correlation was found between BMR adjusted for FFM and BAT activity or between cold-induced non-shivering energy expenditure and BAT activity. Gene expression levels of the brown adipocyte or beige markers were also comparable between the groups. No (serious) adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Although COPD patients were hypermetabolic at rest, no correlation was found between BMR or TDEE and BAT activity. Furthermore, both BAT activity and gene expression levels of the brown adipocyte or beige markers were comparable between COPD patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J C Sanders
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Wierts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith de Vos-Geelen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C J M Kelders
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bucerius
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and CARIM School for Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and CIO ABCD, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annemie M W J Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Harmsen JF, Wefers J, Doligkeit D, Schlangen L, Dautzenberg B, Rense P, van Moorsel D, Hoeks J, Moonen-Kornips E, Gordijn MCM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P. The influence of bright and dim light on substrate metabolism, energy expenditure and thermoregulation in insulin-resistant individuals depends on time of day. Diabetologia 2022; 65:721-732. [PMID: 35106618 PMCID: PMC8894310 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In our modern society, artificial light is available around the clock and most people expose themselves to electrical light and light-emissive screens during the dark period of the natural light/dark cycle. Such suboptimal lighting conditions have been associated with adverse metabolic effects, and redesigning indoor lighting conditions to mimic the natural light/dark cycle more closely holds promise to improve metabolic health. Our objective was to compare metabolic responses to lighting conditions that resemble the natural light/dark cycle in contrast to suboptimal lighting in individuals at risk of developing metabolic diseases. METHODS Therefore, we here performed a non-blinded, randomised, controlled, crossover trial in which overweight insulin-resistant volunteers (n = 14) were exposed to two 40 h laboratory sessions with different 24 h lighting protocols while staying in a metabolic chamber under real-life conditions. In the Bright day-Dim evening condition, volunteers were exposed to electric bright light (~1250 lx) during the daytime (08:00-18:00 h) and to dim light (~5 lx) during the evening (18:00-23:00 h). Vice versa, in the Dim day-Bright evening condition, volunteers were exposed to dim light during the daytime and bright light during the evening. Randomisation and allocation to light conditions were carried out by sequential numbering. During both lighting protocols, we performed 24 h indirect calorimetry, and continuous core body and skin temperature measurements, and took frequent blood samples. The primary outcome was plasma glucose focusing on the pre- and postprandial periods of the intervention. RESULTS Spending the day in bright light resulted in a greater increase in postprandial triacylglycerol levels following breakfast, but lower glucose levels preceding the dinner meal at 18:00 h, compared with dim light (5.0 ± 0.2 vs 5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l, n = 13, p=0.02). Dim day-Bright evening reduced the increase in postprandial glucose after dinner compared with Bright day-Dim evening (incremental AUC: 307 ± 55 vs 394 ± 66 mmol/l × min, n = 13, p=0.009). After the Bright day-Dim evening condition the sleeping metabolic rate was identical compared with the baseline night, whereas it dropped after Dim day-Bright evening. Melatonin secretion in the evening was strongly suppressed for Dim day-Bright evening but not for Bright day-Dim evening. Distal skin temperature for Bright day-Dim evening was lower at 18:00 h (28.8 ± 0.3°C vs 29.9 ± 0.4°C, n = 13, p=0.039) and higher at 23:00 h compared with Dim day-Bright evening (30.1 ± 0.3°C vs 28.8 ± 0.3°C, n = 13, p=0.006). Fasting and postprandial plasma insulin levels and the respiratory exchange ratio were not different between the two lighting protocols at any time. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, these findings suggest that the indoor light environment modulates postprandial substrate handling, energy expenditure and thermoregulation of insulin-resistant volunteers in a time-of-day-dependent manner. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03829982. FUNDING We acknowledge the financial support from the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative: an initiative with support from the Dutch Heart Foundation (CVON2014-02 ENERGISE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Frieder Harmsen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Doligkeit
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Schlangen
- Human-Technology Interaction Group and Intelligent Lighting Institute, Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Dautzenberg
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Rense
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorsel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke C M Gordijn
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Chrono@Work, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Boswijk E, de Ligt M, Habets MFJ, Mingels AMA, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Mottaghy FM, Schrauwen P, Wildberger JE, Bucerius J. Resveratrol treatment does not reduce arterial inflammation in males at risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial. Nuklearmedizin 2021; 61:33-41. [PMID: 34918332 DOI: 10.1055/a-1585-7215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resveratrol has shown promising anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro and animal studies. We aimed to investigate this effect on arterial inflammation in vivo. METHODS This was an additional analysis of a double-blind randomized crossover trial which included eight male subjects with decreased insulin sensitivity who underwent an 18F-fluoroxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT after 34 days of placebo and resveratrol treatment (150 mg/day). 18F-FDG uptake was analyzed in the carotid arteries and the aorta, adipose tissue regions, spleen, and bone marrow as measures for arterial and systemic inflammation. Maximum target-to-background ratios (TBRmax) were compared between resveratrol and placebo treatment with the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Median values are shown with their interquartile range. RESULTS Arterial 18F-FDG uptake was non-significantly higher after resveratrol treatment (TBRmax all vessels 1.7 (1.6-1.7)) in comparison to placebo treatment (1.5 (1.4-1.6); p=0.050). Only in visceral adipose tissue, the increase in 18F-FDG uptake after resveratrol reached statistical significance (p=0.024). Furthermore, CRP-levels were not significantly affected by resveratrol treatment (p=0.091). CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol failed to attenuate arterial or systemic inflammation as measured with 18F-FDG PET in subjects at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, validation of these findings in larger human studies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Boswijk
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marlies de Ligt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Fleur J Habets
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alma M A Mingels
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Joachim E Wildberger
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Bucerius
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Gottingen, Germany
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement SciencesSchool for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)Maastricht University Medical Center +MaastrichtThe Netherlands
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5
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Nascimento EBM, Moonen MPB, Remie CME, Gariani K, Jörgensen JA, Schaart G, Hoeks J, Auwerx J, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P. Nicotinamide Riboside Enhances In Vitro Beta-adrenergic Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1437-1447. [PMID: 33524145 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Elevating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels systemically improves metabolic health, which can be accomplished via nicotinamide riboside (NR). Previously, it was demonstrated that NR supplementation in high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice decreased weight gain, normalized glucose metabolism, and enhanced cold tolerance. OBJECTIVE Because brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a major source of thermogenesis, we hypothesize that NR stimulates BAT in mice and humans. DESIGN AND INTERVENTION HFD-fed C56BL/6J mice were supplemented with 400 mg/kg/day NR for 4 weeks and subsequently exposed to cold. In vitro primary adipocytes derived from human BAT biopsies were pretreated with 50 µM or 500 µM NR before measuring mitochondrial uncoupling. Human volunteers (45-65 years; body mass index, 27-35 kg/m2) were supplemented with 1000 mg/day NR for 6 weeks to determine whether BAT activity increased, as measured by [18F]FDG uptake via positron emission tomography-computed tomography (randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study with NR supplementation). RESULTS NR supplementation in HFD-fed mice decreased adipocyte cell size in BAT. Cold exposure further decreased adipocyte cell size on top of that achieved by NR alone independent of ex vivo lipolysis. In adipocytes derived from human BAT, NR enhanced in vitro norepinephrine-stimulated mitochondrial uncoupling. However, NR supplementation in human volunteers did not alter BAT activity or cold-induced thermogenesis. CONCLUSIONS NR stimulates in vitro human BAT but not in vivo BAT in humans. Our research demonstrates the need for further translational research to better understand the differences in NAD+ metabolism in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmani B M Nascimento
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences; Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel P B Moonen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences; Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn M E Remie
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences; Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Karim Gariani
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences; Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences; Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences; Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences; Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences; Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
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6
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Remie CME, Moonen MPB, Roumans KHM, Nascimento EBM, Gemmink A, Havekes B, Schaart G, Kornips E, Joris PJ, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Hoeks J, Kersten S, Hesselink MKC, Phielix E, Lichtenbelt WDVM, Schrauwen P. Metabolic responses to mild cold acclimation in type 2 diabetes patients. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1516. [PMID: 33750795 PMCID: PMC7943816 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild cold acclimation for 10 days has been previously shown to markedly improve insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Here we show in a single-arm intervention study (Trialregister.nl ID: NL4469/NTR5711) in nine patients with type 2 diabetes that ten days of mild cold acclimation (16–17 °C) in which observable, overt shivering was prevented, does not result in improved insulin sensitivity, postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism or intrahepatic lipid content and only results in mild effects on overnight fasted fat oxidation, postprandial energy expenditure and aortic augmentation index. The lack of marked metabolic effects in this study is associated with a lack of self-reported shivering and a lack of upregulation of gene expression of muscle activation or muscle contraction pathways in skeletal muscle and suggests that some form of muscle contraction is needed for beneficial effects of mild cold acclimation. Cold acclimation has been shown to have beneficial metabolic effects, including improved insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Here the authors show that a mild cold acclimation regiment during which overt shivering was prevented did not result in improved insulin sensitivity in a small group of patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn M E Remie
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel P B Moonen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Kay H M Roumans
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Emmani B M Nascimento
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Gemmink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, WE, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands.
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7
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Sellers AJ, Pallubinsky H, Rense P, Bijnens W, van de Weijer T, Moonen-Kornips E, Schrauwen P, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. The effect of cold exposure with shivering on glucose tolerance in healthy men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:193-205. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00642.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study to examine the effect of cold-induced shivering on subsequent glucose tolerance determined under thermoneutral conditions. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations increased during the oral glucose tolerance test post shivering. Additionally, insulin sensitivity indices suggest insulin resistance following cold exposure. These results provide evidence for an acute post-shivering response, whereby glucose metabolism has deteriorated, contrary to the results from earlier studies on cold acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jake Sellers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Pallubinsky
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Rense
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Bijnens
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke van de Weijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Fuchs CJ, Smeets JS, Senden JM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ. Hot-water Immersion Does Not Increase Post-exercise Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000679648.55146.ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Fuchs CJ, Smeets JSJ, Senden JM, Zorenc AH, Goessens JPB, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Hot-water immersion does not increase postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance-type exercise in healthy, young males. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1012-1022. [PMID: 32191599 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00836.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of postexercise hot-water immersion on postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during recovery from a single bout of resistance-type exercise in healthy, young men. Twelve healthy, adult men (age: 23 ± 1 y) performed a single bout of resistance-type exercise followed by 20 min of water immersion of both legs. One leg was immersed in hot water [46°C: hot-water immersion (HWI)], while the other leg was immersed in thermoneutral water (30°C: CON). After water immersion, a beverage was ingested containing 20 g intrinsically L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]-leucine labeled milk protein with 45 g of carbohydrates. In addition, primed continuous L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]-leucine infusions were applied, with frequent collection of blood and muscle samples to assess myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in vivo over a 5-h recovery period. Muscle temperature immediately after water immersion was higher in the HWI compared with the CON leg (37.5 ± 0.1 vs. 35.2 ± 0.2°C; P < 0.001). Incorporation of dietary protein-derived L-[1-13C]-phenylalanine into myofibrillar protein did not differ between the HWI and CON leg during the 5-h recovery period (0.025 ± 0.003 vs. 0.024 ± 0.002 MPE; P = 0.953). Postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates did not differ between the HWI and CON leg based upon L-[1-13C]-leucine (0.050 ± 0.005 vs. 0.049 ± 0.002%/h; P = 0.815) and L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine (0.048 ± 0.002 vs. 0.047 ± 0.003%/h; P = 0.877), respectively. Hot-water immersion during recovery from resistance-type exercise does not increase the postprandial rise in myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. In addition, postexercise hot-water immersion does not increase the capacity of the muscle to incorporate dietary protein-derived amino acids in muscle tissue protein during subsequent recovery.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to assess the effect of postexercise hot-water immersion on postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and the incorporation of dietary protein-derived amino acids into muscle protein. We observed that hot-water immersion during recovery from a single bout of resistance-type exercise does not further increase myofibrillar protein synthesis rates or augment the postprandial incorporation of dietary protein-derived amino acids in muscle throughout 5 h of postexercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H Zorenc
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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10
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Fuchs CJ, Kouw IWK, Churchward-Venne TA, Smeets JSJ, Senden JM, Lichtenbelt WDVM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Postexercise cooling impairs muscle protein synthesis rates in recreational athletes. J Physiol 2019; 598:755-772. [PMID: 31788800 PMCID: PMC7028023 DOI: 10.1113/jp278996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points Protein ingestion and cooling are strategies employed by athletes to improve postexercise recovery and, as such, to facilitate muscle conditioning. However, whether cooling affects postprandial protein handling and subsequent muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from exercise has not been assessed. We investigated the effect of postexercise cooling on the incorporation of dietary protein‐derived amino acids into muscle protein and acute postprandial (hourly) as well as prolonged (daily) myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance‐type exercise over 2 weeks. Cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers the capacity of the muscle to take up and/or direct dietary protein‐derived amino acids towards de novo myofibrillar protein accretion. In addition, cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during prolonged resistance‐type exercise training. Individuals aiming to improve skeletal muscle conditioning should reconsider applying cooling as a part of their postexercise recovery strategy.
Abstract We measured the impact of postexercise cooling on acute postprandial (hourly) as well as prolonged (daily) myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during adaptation to resistance‐type exercise over 2 weeks. Twelve healthy males (aged 21 ± 2 years) performed a single resistance‐type exercise session followed by water immersion of both legs for 20 min. One leg was immersed in cold water (8°C: CWI), whereas the other leg was immersed in thermoneutral water (30°C: CON). After water immersion, a beverage was ingested containing 20 g of intrinsically (l‐[1‐13C]‐phenylalanine and l‐[1‐13C]‐leucine) labelled milk protein with 45 g of carbohydrates. In addition, primed continuous l‐[ring‐2H5]‐phenylalanine and l‐[1‐13C]‐leucine infusions were applied, with frequent collection of blood and muscle samples to assess myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in vivo over a 5 h recovery period. In addition, deuterated water (2H2O) was applied with the collection of saliva, blood and muscle biopsies over 2 weeks to assess the effects of postexercise cooling with protein intake on myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during more prolonged resistance‐type exercise training (thereby reflecting short‐term training adaptation). Incorporation of dietary protein‐derived l‐[1‐13C]‐phenylalanine into myofibrillar protein was significantly lower in CWI compared to CON (0.016 ± 0.006 vs. 0.021 ± 0.007 MPE; P = 0.016). Postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were lower in CWI compared to CON based upon l‐[1‐13C]‐leucine (0.058 ± 0.011 vs. 0.072 ± 0.017% h−1, respectively; P = 0.024) and l‐[ring‐2H5]‐phenylalanine (0.042 ± 0.009 vs. 0.053 ± 0.013% h−1, respectively; P = 0.025). Daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates assessed over 2 weeks were significantly lower in CWI compared to CON (1.48 ± 0.17 vs. 1.67 ± 0.36% day−1, respectively; P = 0.042). Cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise reduces myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and, as such, probably impairs muscle conditioning. Protein ingestion and cooling are strategies employed by athletes to improve postexercise recovery and, as such, to facilitate muscle conditioning. However, whether cooling affects postprandial protein handling and subsequent muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from exercise has not been assessed. We investigated the effect of postexercise cooling on the incorporation of dietary protein‐derived amino acids into muscle protein and acute postprandial (hourly) as well as prolonged (daily) myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance‐type exercise over 2 weeks. Cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers the capacity of the muscle to take up and/or direct dietary protein‐derived amino acids towards de novo myofibrillar protein accretion. In addition, cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during prolonged resistance‐type exercise training. Individuals aiming to improve skeletal muscle conditioning should reconsider applying cooling as a part of their postexercise recovery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cas J Fuchs
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Boswijk E, Franssen R, Vijgen GHEJ, Wierts R, van der Pol JAJ, Mingels AMA, Cornips EMJ, Majoie MHJM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Mottaghy FM, Wildberger JE, Bucerius J. Short-term discontinuation of vagal nerve stimulation alters 18F-FDG blood pool activity: an exploratory interventional study in epilepsy patients. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:101. [PMID: 31773320 PMCID: PMC6879675 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vagus nerve activation impacts inflammation. Therefore, we hypothesized that vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) influenced arterial wall inflammation as measured by 18F-FDG uptake. Results Ten patients with left-sided VNS for refractory epilepsy were studied during stimulation (VNS-on) and in the hours after stimulation was switched off (VNS-off). In nine patients, 18F-FDG uptake was measured in the right carotid artery, aorta, bone marrow, spleen, and adipose tissue. Target-to-background ratios (TBRs) were calculated to normalize the respective standardized uptake values (SUVs) for venous blood pool activity. Median values are shown with interquartile range and compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Arterial SUVs tended to be higher during VNS-off than VNS-on [SUVmax all vessels 1.8 (1.5–2.2) vs. 1.7 (1.2–2.0), p = 0.051]. However, a larger difference was found for the venous blood pool at this time point, reaching statistical significance in the vena cava superior [meanSUVmean 1.3 (1.1–1.4) vs. 1.0 (0.8–1.1); p = 0.011], resulting in non-significant lower arterial TBRs during VNS-off than VNS-on. Differences in the remaining tissues were not significant. Insulin levels increased after VNS was switched off [55.0 pmol/L (45.9–96.8) vs. 48.1 pmol/L (36.9–61.8); p = 0.047]. The concurrent increase in glucose levels was not statistically significant [4.8 mmol/L (4.7–5.3) vs. 4.6 mmol/L (4.5–5.2); p = 0.075]. Conclusions Short-term discontinuation of VNS did not show a consistent change in arterial wall 18F-FDG-uptake. However, VNS did alter insulin and 18F-FDG blood levels, possibly as a result of sympathetic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Boswijk
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Renee Franssen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy H E J Vijgen
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), Postbus 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Wierts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem A J van der Pol
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alma M A Mingels
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin M J Cornips
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marian H J M Majoie
- Department of Research & Development, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Sterkselseweg 65, 5591 VE, Heeze, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Academic Center for Epileptology, Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe & Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,MHENS School of Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 60, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim E Wildberger
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bucerius
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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12
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Te Kulve M, Schlangen LJM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Early evening light mitigates sleep compromising physiological and alerting responses to subsequent late evening light. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16064. [PMID: 31690740 PMCID: PMC6831674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of electric light and electronic devices has resulted in an excessive exposure to light during the late-evening and at night. This late light exposure acutely suppresses melatonin and sleepiness and delays the circadian clock. Here we investigate whether the acute effects of late-evening light exposure on our physiology and sleepiness are reduced when this light exposure is preceded by early evening bright light. Twelve healthy young females were included in a randomised crossover study. All participants underwent three evening (18:30-00:30) sessions during which melatonin, subjective sleepiness, body temperature and skin blood flow were measured under different light conditions: (A) dim light, (B) dim light with a late-evening (22:30-23:30) light exposure of 750 lx, 4000 K, and (C) the same late-evening light exposure, but now preceded by early-evening bright light exposure (18.30-21.00; 1200 lx, 4000 K). Late-evening light exposure reduced melatonin levels and subjective sleepiness and resulted in larger skin temperature gradients as compared to dim. Interestingly, these effects were reduced when the late-evening light was preceded by an early evening 2.5-hour bright light exposure. Thus daytime and early-evening exposure to bright light can mitigate some of the sleep-disruptive consequences of light exposure in the later evening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Te Kulve
- Department of Human Biology & Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,bba indoor environmental consultancy, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Luc J M Schlangen
- Intelligent Lighting Institute, Department of Human Technology Interaction, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Signify, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Veselá S, Kingma BRM, Frijns AJH, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Effect of local skin blood flow during light and medium activities on local skin temperature predictions. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:439-450. [PMID: 31466784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The quality of local skin temperature prediction by thermophysiological models depends on the local skin blood flow (SBF) control functions. These equations were derived for low activity levels (0.8-1met) and mostly in sitting or supine position. This study validates and discusses the prediction of foot SBF during activities of 1-3met in male and females, and the effect on the foot skin temperature prediction (ΔTskin,foot) using the thermophysiological simulation model ThermoSEM. The SBF at the foot was measured for ten male and ten female human subjects at baseline and during three activities (sitting, walking at 1km/h, preferred walking around 3km/h). Additional measurements included the energy expenditure, local skin temperatures (Tskin,loc), environmental conditions and body composition. Measured, normalized foot SBF is 2-8 times higher than the simulated SBF during walking sessions. Also, SBF increases are significantly higher in females vs. males (preferred walking: 4.8±1.5 versus 2.7±1.4, P < 0.05). The quality of ΔTskin,foot using the simulated foot SBF is poor (median deviation is -4.8°C, maximumumdeviationis-6°C). Using the measured SBF in ThermoSEM results in an improved local skin temperature prediction (new maximum deviation is -3.3°C). From these data a new SBF model was developed that includes the walking activity level and gender, and improves SBF prediction and ΔTskin,foot of the thermophysiological model. Accurate SBF and local skin temperature predictions are beneficial in optimizing thermal comfort simulations in the built environment, and might also be applied in sport science or patient's temperature management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Veselá
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands.
| | - Boris R M Kingma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands; TNO, The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Unit Defense, Safety & Security, Soesterberg, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan J H Frijns
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Dept. of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism of Maastricht University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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14
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Nascimento EBM, Konings M, Schaart G, Groen AK, Lütjohann D, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P, Plat J. In vitro effects of sitosterol and sitostanol on mitochondrial respiration in human brown adipocytes, myotubes and hepatocytes. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2039-2045. [PMID: 31317217 PMCID: PMC7351807 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Lowering of LDL cholesterol levels by plant sterols and stanols is associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular disease in humans. Plant sterols and stanols also lower triacylglycerol (TG). However, it is not fully understood how reduction in TG is achieved and what the full potential of plant sterols and stanols is on whole-body metabolism. We here hypothesize that high levels of plant sterols and stanols stimulate whole-body energy expenditure, which can be attributed to changes in mitochondrial function of brown adipose tissue (BAT), skeletal muscle and liver. Methods Phytosterolemic mice were fed chow diets for 32 weeks to examine whole-body weight gain. In vitro, 24-h incubation were performed in adipocytes derived from human BAT, human myotubes or HepG2 human hepatocytes using sitosterol or sitostanol. Following mitochondrial function was assessed using seahorse bioanalyzer. Results Chow feeding in phytosterolemic mice resulted in diminished increase in body weight compared to control mice. In vitro, sitosterol or sitostanol did not change mitochondrial function in adipocytes derived from human BAT or in cultured human myotubes. Interestingly, maximal mitochondrial function in HepG2 human hepatocytes was decreased following sitosterol or sitostanol incubation, however, only when mitochondrial function was assessed in low glucose-containing medium. Conclusions Beneficial in vivo effects of plant sterols and stanols on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism are well recognized. Our results indicate that alterations in human mitochondrial function are apparently not involved to explain these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmani B M Nascimento
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Konings
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 ZG, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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15
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Moonen MP, Nascimento EB, van Kroonenburgh MJ, Brandjes D, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Absence of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake using Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Madelung's disease: A case report. Clin Obes 2019; 9:e12302. [PMID: 30815996 PMCID: PMC6593737 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Madelung's disease is characterized by the manifestation of multiple ectopic lipomas, usually found in the cervical-thoracic region, however, clinical manifestation may vary among patients. It has been postulated that lipomas associated with Madelung's disease are linked to brown adipose tissue (BAT) due to the presence of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Therefore, we here investigated whether BAT activity is present in a patient with Madelung's disease. 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) uptake using PET/CT after a cooling procedure was measured together with body temperature and energy expenditure. Finally, adipose tissue biopsies were taken from the lipomas for gene expression analysis and histology. 18 F-FDG uptake was not detected after the cooling procedure in the lipomas. Furthermore, adipose tissue biopsies derived from the lipomas did not express UCP1. We thus conclude that cold-stimulated BAT activity was not detected in lipomas associated with Madelung's disease. Additional research in other patients is needed to unravel the role of dysfunctional BAT in Madelung's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel P.B. Moonen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
| | - Emmani B.M. Nascimento
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
| | | | - Dees Brandjes
- Department of Internal MedicineSlotervaart Medical CentreAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in MetabolismMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
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16
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Fuchs CJ, Kouw IW, Churchward-Venne TA, Smeets JS, Senden JM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ. Post-exercise Cooling Impairs Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates In Healthy Young Males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000562130.34883.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Boswijk E, Sanders KJC, Broeders EPM, de Ligt M, Vijgen GHEJ, Havekes B, Mingels AMA, Wierts R, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P, Mottaghy FM, Wildberger JE, Bucerius J. TSH suppression aggravates arterial inflammation - an 18F-FDG PET study in thyroid carcinoma patients. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:1428-1438. [PMID: 30859432 PMCID: PMC6533218 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04292-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to investigate the influence of both hypothyroidism and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression on vascular inflammation, as assessed with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). Methods Ten thyroid carcinoma patients underwent an 18F-FDG PET/CT during post-thyroidectomy hypothyroidism and during thyrotropin (TSH) suppression after 131I (radioiodine) ablation therapy. We analysed the 18F-FDG uptake in the carotids, aortic arch, ascending, descending, and abdominal aorta to investigate the effects of thyroid hormone status on arterial inflammation. Target-to-background ratios (TBRs) corrected for blood pool activity were established for all arterial territories. Results were further compared to euthyroid historic control subjects. Results In general, there was a trend towards higher vascular TBRs during TSH suppression than during hypothyroidism (TBRmax all vessels = 1.6 and 1.8, respectively, p = 0.058), suggesting a higher degree of arterial inflammation. In concurrence with this, we found increased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels after levothyroxine treatment (CRP = 2.9 mg/l and 4.8 mg/l, p = 0.005). An exploratory comparison with euthyroid controls showed significant higher TBRs during TSH suppression for the carotids, aortic arch, thoracic descending aorta, and when all vascular territories were combined (TBRmaxp = 0.013, p = 0.016, p = 0.030 and p = 0.018 respectively). Conclusions Arterial inflammation is increased during TSH suppression. This finding sheds new light on the underlying mechanism of the suspected increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with TSH suppression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00259-019-04292-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Boswijk
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J C Sanders
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evie P M Broeders
- Department of Family Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre (Amsterdam UMC), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies de Ligt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy H E J Vijgen
- Department of Surgery, Franciscus, Kleiweg 500, 3045 PM, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alma M A Mingels
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Wierts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim E Wildberger
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bucerius
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Abstract
The role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in non-shivering thermogenesis is well established in animals. BAT is activated following cold exposure, resulting in non-shivering thermogenesis, to ensure a constant body temperature. In mitochondria of brown adipocytes, glucose and fatty acids are used as substrate for uncoupling resulting in heat production. Activated BAT functions as a sink for glucose and fatty acids and this hallmark has designated BAT a target in the fight against metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. In order to make valid claims regarding BAT activity in humans, BAT activity needs to be quantified. The combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and computer tomography (CT) analysis is currently the most frequently used imaging technique to determine BAT activity in humans. Here, we will discuss the history of PET/CT and radioisotopes used to determine BAT activity in humans. Moreover, we will assess how PET/CT is used to determine BAT activity following cold and exercise.
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Moonen MP, Nascimento EB, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Human brown adipose tissue: Underestimated target in metabolic disease? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Boon MR, Hanssen MJW, Brans B, Hülsman CJM, Hoeks J, Nahon KJ, Bakker C, van Klinken JB, Havekes B, Schaart G, Jazet IM, Rensen PCN, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Effect of L-arginine on energy metabolism, skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue in South Asian and Europid prediabetic men: a randomised double-blinded crossover study. Diabetologia 2019; 62:112-122. [PMID: 30377712 PMCID: PMC6290676 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Individuals of South Asian origin are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities compared with Europids. Disturbances in energy metabolism may contribute to this increased risk. Skeletal muscle and possibly also brown adipose tissue (BAT) are involved in human energy metabolism and nitric oxide (NO) is suggested to play a pivotal role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis in both tissues. We aimed to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of supplementation with L-arginine, a precursor of NO, on energy metabolism by BAT and skeletal muscle, as well as glucose metabolism in South Asian men compared with men of European descent. METHODS We included ten Dutch South Asian men (age 46.5 ± 2.8 years, BMI 30.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and ten Dutch men of European descent, that were similar with respect to age and BMI, with prediabetes (fasting plasma glucose level 5.6-6.9 mmol/l or plasma glucose levels 2 h after an OGTT 7.8-11.1 mmol/l). Participants took either L-arginine (9 g/day) or placebo orally for 6 weeks in a randomised double-blind crossover study. Participants were eligible to participate in the study when they were aged between 40 and 55 years, had a BMI between 25 and 35 kg/m2 and did not have type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, ethnicity was defined as having four grandparents of South Asian or white European origin, respectively. Blinding of treatment was done by the pharmacy (Hankintatukku) and an independent researcher from Leiden University Medical Center randomly assigned treatments by providing a coded list. All people involved in the study as well as participants were blinded to group assignment. After each intervention, glucose tolerance was determined by OGTT and basal metabolic rate (BMR) was determined by indirect calorimetry; BAT activity was assessed by cold-induced [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography scanning. In addition, a fasting skeletal muscle biopsy was taken and analysed ex vivo for respiratory capacity using a multisubstrate protocol. The primary study endpoint was the effect of L-arginine on BAT volume and activity. RESULTS L-Arginine did not affect BMR, [18F]FDG uptake by BAT or skeletal muscle respiration in either ethnicity. During OGTT, L-arginine lowered plasma glucose concentrations (AUC0-2 h - 9%, p < 0.01), insulin excursion (AUC0-2 h - 26%, p < 0.05) and peak insulin concentrations (-26%, p < 0.05) in Europid but not South Asian men. This coincided with enhanced cold-induced glucose oxidation (+44%, p < 0.05) in Europids only. Of note, in skeletal muscle biopsies several respiration states were consistently lower in South Asian men compared with Europid men. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION L-Arginine supplementation does not affect BMR, [18F]FDG uptake by BAT, or skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in Europid and South Asian overweight and prediabetic men. However, L-arginine improves glucose tolerance in Europids but not in South Asians. Furthermore, South Asian men have lower skeletal muscle oxidative capacity than men of European descent. FUNDING This study was funded by the EU FP7 project DIABAT, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, the Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation and the Dutch Heart Foundation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02291458.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte R Boon
- Dept of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, post zone C7Q, Leiden University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Mark J W Hanssen
- Dept of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn Brans
- Dept of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Cindy J M Hülsman
- Dept of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Dept of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kimberly J Nahon
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, post zone C7Q, Leiden University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Bakker
- Dept of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan B van Klinken
- Dept of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Dept of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Dept of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Dept of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, post zone C7Q, Leiden University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, post zone C7Q, Leiden University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Dept of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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21
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Broeders EPM, Vijgen GHEJ, Havekes B, Bouvy ND, Mottaghy FM, Kars M, Schaper NC, Schrauwen P, Brans B, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Correction: Thyroid Hormone Activates Brown Adipose Tissue and Increases Non-Shivering Thermogenesis-A Cohort Study in a Group of Thyroid Carcinoma Patients. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209225. [PMID: 30540852 PMCID: PMC6291114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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22
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Nahon KJ, Kantae V, den Haan R, Hanssen MJW, Harms AC, van der Stelt M, Hankemeier T, Jazet IM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Rensen PCN, Boon MR. Gene Expression of Endocannabinoid System Components in Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue of South Asians and White Caucasians with Overweight. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1332-1337. [PMID: 30070030 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate whether markers of endocannabinoid signaling differed between men with overweight of South Asian and white Caucasian descent. METHODS We included South Asian (n = 10) and white Caucasian (n = 10) men with overweight and prediabetes aged 35 to 50 years. Plasma samples were analyzed for endocannabinoids, their congeners, and lipids. In white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle biopsies, mRNA expression of genes involved in the endocannabinoid system (ECS) was assessed using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Fasting lipid oxidation and glucose oxidation were determined with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Compared to white Caucasians, South Asians had higher levels of plasma 2-linoleoyl glycerol (P < 0.01) and N-linoleoylethanolamine (P < 0.05). Interestingly, in skeletal muscle of South Asians, expression of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 was 10-fold lower (P < 0.001) and that of the endocannabinoid degradation enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase 2 (FAAH2) was 5-fold lower (P < 0.001) compared to white Caucasians. Expression of genes involved in the ECS in WAT were not different between the two ethnicities. After pooling of both ethnicities, plasma 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) positively correlated with plasma triglycerides (R = 0.77, P < 0.001) and lipid oxidation (R = 0.55, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS South Asian men with overweight have higher plasma 2-linoleoyl glycerol and N-linoleoylethanolamine levels and lower expression of CB receptors and the endocannabinoid degradation enzyme FAAH2 in skeletal muscle compared to white Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Nahon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Roy den Haan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J W Hanssen
- Department of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Amy C Harms
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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23
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Wefers J, van Moorsel D, Hansen J, Connell NJ, Havekes B, Hoeks J, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Duez H, Phielix E, Kalsbeek A, Boekschoten MV, Hooiveld GJ, Hesselink MKC, Kersten S, Staels B, Scheer FAJL, Schrauwen P. Circadian misalignment induces fatty acid metabolism gene profiles and compromises insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7789-7794. [PMID: 29987027 PMCID: PMC6065021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1722295115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian misalignment, such as in shift work, has been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, direct effects of circadian misalignment on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and the muscle molecular circadian clock have never been studied in humans. Here, we investigated insulin sensitivity and muscle metabolism in 14 healthy young lean men [age 22.4 ± 2.8 years; body mass index (BMI) 22.3 ± 2.1 kg/m2 (mean ± SD)] after a 3-d control protocol and a 3.5-d misalignment protocol induced by a 12-h rapid shift of the behavioral cycle. We show that short-term circadian misalignment results in a significant decrease in muscle insulin sensitivity due to a reduced skeletal muscle nonoxidative glucose disposal (rate of disappearance: 23.7 ± 2.4 vs. 18.4 ± 1.4 mg/kg per minute; control vs. misalignment; P = 0.024). Fasting glucose and free fatty acid levels as well as sleeping metabolic rate were higher during circadian misalignment. Molecular analysis of skeletal muscle biopsies revealed that the molecular circadian clock was not aligned to the inverted behavioral cycle, and transcriptome analysis revealed the human PPAR pathway as a key player in the disturbed energy metabolism upon circadian misalignment. Our findings may provide a mechanism underlying the increased risk of type 2 diabetes among shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wefers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorsel
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hansen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels J Connell
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hélène Duez
- Université de Lille-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Inserm UMR 1011, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Inserm UMR 1011, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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24
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Nascimento EBM, Sparks LM, Divoux A, van Gisbergen MW, Broeders EPM, Jörgensen JA, Schaart G, Bouvy ND, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P. Genetic Markers of Brown Adipose Tissue Identity and In Vitro Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:135-140. [PMID: 29178600 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity decreases with age and obesity. In addition to uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), several genetic markers of BAT in humans have been published. However, the link between human BAT activity and genetic markers has been inadequately explored. METHODS White adipose tissue (WAT) and BAT biopsies were obtained from 16 patients undergoing deep neck surgery. In vitro differentiated adipocytes were used to measure norepinephrine-stimulated mitochondrial uncoupling as a measure of in vitro BAT activity. Gene expression was determined in adipose tissue biopsies. RESULTS Norepinephrine increased in vitro BAT activity in adipocytes derived from human BAT, and this increase was abolished by propranolol. Furthermore, in vitro BAT activity showed a negative correlation to age and BMI. UCP1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression showed a positive correlation to in vitro BAT activity, while zinc finger protein of cerebellum 1 (ZIC1) mRNA showed a negative correlation to in vitro BAT activity. In human BAT biopsies, UCP1 mRNA showed negative correlations to age and BMI, while ZIC1 mRNA showed positive correlations to age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS Differentiated adipocytes derived from human BAT maintain intrinsic characteristics of the donor. High ZIC1 mRNA does not necessarily reflect high BAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmani B M Nascimento
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Adeline Divoux
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Marike W van Gisbergen
- Department of Radiotherapy, GROW - School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht Comprehensive Cancer Center, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Evie P M Broeders
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole D Bouvy
- Department of General Surgery, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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25
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van Dam AD, Hanssen MJW, van Eenige R, Quinten E, Sips HC, Hülsman CJM, Jazet IM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Ottenhoff THM, Haks MC, Rensen PCN, Boon MR. South Asian men have lower expression of IFN signalling genes in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle compared with white men. Diabetologia 2017; 60:2525-2528. [PMID: 28887664 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, post zone C7Q, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Mark J W Hanssen
- Department of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Robin van Eenige
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, post zone C7Q, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Quinten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hetty C Sips
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, post zone C7Q, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cindy J M Hülsman
- Department of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, post zone C7Q, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, post zone C7Q, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, post zone C7Q, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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26
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Paulus A, Maenen M, Drude N, Nascimento EBM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Mottaghy FM, Bauwens M. Synthesis, radiosynthesis and in vitro evaluation of 18F-Bodipy-C16/triglyceride as a dual modal imaging agent for brown adipose tissue. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182297. [PMID: 28817670 PMCID: PMC5560730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brown adipose tissue research is in the focus in the field of endocrinology. We designed a dual-modal fluorescent/PET fatty acid based tracer on commercially available Bodipy-C16, which can be synthesized to its corresponding triglyceride and which combines the benefits of fluorescent and PET imaging. Methods Bodipy-C16 was coupled to 1,3-diolein resulting in Bodipy-triglyceride. Bodipy-C16 and Bodipy-triglyceride compounds were radiolabeled with 18F using an 18F/19F exchange reaction to yield a dual-modal imaging molecule. Uptake of radiolabeled and non-labeled Bodipy-C16 and Bodipy-triglyceride was analyzed by fluorescence imaging and radioactive uptake in cultured adipocytes derived from human brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue. Results Bodipy-C16 and Bodipy-triglyceride were successfully radiolabeled and Bodipy-C16 showed high shelf life and blood plasma stability (99% from 0–4 h). The uptake of Bodipy-C16 increased over time in cultured adipocytes, which was further enhanced after beta-adrenergic stimulation with norepinephrine. The uptake of Bodipy-C16 was inhibited by oleic acid and CD36 inhibitor sulfosuccinimidyl-oleate. The poor solubility of Bodipy-triglyceride did not allow stability or in vitro experiments. Conclusion The new developed dual modal fatty acid based tracers Bodipy-C16 and Bodipy-triglyceride showed promising results to stimulate further in vivo evaluation and will help to understand brown adipose tissues role in whole body energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Paulus
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Uniklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Marco Maenen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Natascha Drude
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Uniklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Emmani B. M. Nascimento
- Department of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht MD, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology & Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht MD, The Netherlands
| | - Felix M. Mottaghy
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Uniklinikum Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Bauwens
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine, MUMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Te Kulve M, Schlangen LJM, Schellen L, Frijns AJH, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. The impact of morning light intensity and environmental temperature on body temperatures and alertness. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:72-81. [PMID: 28366816 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoor temperature and light exposure are known to affect body temperature, productivity and alertness of building occupants. However, not much is known about the interaction between light and temperature exposure and the relationship between morning light induced alertness and its effect on body temperature. Light intensity and room temperature during morning office hours were investigated under strictly controlled conditions. In a randomized crossover study, two white light conditions (4000K, either bright 1200lx or dim 5lx) under three different room temperatures (26, 29 and 32°C) were investigated. A lower room temperature increased the core body temperature (CBT) and lowered skin temperature and the distal-proximal temperature gradient (DPG). Moreover, a lower room temperature reduced the subjective sleepiness and reaction time on an auditory psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), irrespective of the light condition. Interestingly, the morning bright light exposure did affect thermophysiological parameters, i.e. it decreased plasma cortisol, CBT and proximal skin temperature and increased the DPG, irrespective of the room temperature. During the bright light session, subjective sleepiness decreased irrespective of the room temperature. However, the change in sleepiness due to the light exposure was not related to these physiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Te Kulve
- Department of Human Biology & Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Lisje Schellen
- Department of Human Biology & Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Built Environment and Infrastructure, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J H Frijns
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
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Abstract
In our westernised society, the level of physical activity is low. Interventions that increase energy expenditure are generally associated with an improvement in metabolic health. Exercise and exercise training increase energy metabolism and are considered to be among the best strategies for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. More recently, cold exposure has been suggested to have a therapeutic value in type 2 diabetes. At a cellular level, there is evidence that increasing the turnover of cellular substrates such as fatty acids is associated with preventive effects against lipid-induced insulin resistance. Cellular energy sensors may underlie the effects linking energy turnover with metabolic health effects. Here we review data supporting the hypothesis that increasing energy and substrate turnover has beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and should be considered a target for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. BOX 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. BOX 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Hanssen MJW, van der Lans AAJJ, Brans B, Hoeks J, Jardon KMC, Schaart G, Mottaghy FM, Schrauwen P, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Short-term Cold Acclimation Recruits Brown Adipose Tissue in Obese Humans. Diabetes 2016; 65:1179-89. [PMID: 26718499 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of brown adipose tissue (BAT) has emerged as a potential tool to combat obesity and associated metabolic complications. Short-term cold acclimation has been shown not only to enhance the presence and activity of BAT in lean humans but also to improve the metabolic profile of skeletal muscle to benefit glucose uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes. Here we examined whether short-term cold acclimation also induced such adaptations in 10 metabolically healthy obese male subjects. A 10-day cold acclimation period resulted in increased cold-induced glucose uptake in BAT, as assessed by [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography. BAT activity was negatively related to age, with a similar trend for body fat percentage. In addition, cold-induced glucose uptake in BAT was positively related to glucose uptake in visceral white adipose tissue, although glucose uptake in visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue depots was unchanged upon cold acclimation. Cold-induced skeletal muscle glucose uptake tended to increase upon cold acclimation, which was paralleled by increased basal GLUT4 localization in the sarcolemma, as assessed through muscle biopsies. Proximal skin temperature was increased and subjective responses to cold were slightly improved at the end of the acclimation period. These metabolic adaptations to prolonged exposure to mild cold may lead to improved glucose metabolism or prevent the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J W Hanssen
- Departments of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk A J J van der Lans
- Departments of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn Brans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Departments of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly M C Jardon
- Departments of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Departments of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Departments of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Departments of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Broeders EPM, Vijgen GHEJ, Havekes B, Bouvy ND, Mottaghy FM, Kars M, Schaper NC, Schrauwen P, Brans B, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Thyroid Hormone Activates Brown Adipose Tissue and Increases Non-Shivering Thermogenesis--A Cohort Study in a Group of Thyroid Carcinoma Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145049. [PMID: 26784028 PMCID: PMC4718641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Thyroid hormone receptors are present on brown adipose tissue (BAT), indicating a role for thyroid hormone in the regulation of BAT activation. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of thyroid hormone withdrawal followed by thyroid hormone in TSH-suppressive dosages, on energy expenditure and brown adipose tissue activity. Subjects/Methods This study was a longitudinal study in an academic center, with a follow-up period of 6 months. Ten patients with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma eligible for surgical treatment and subsequent radioactive iodine ablation therapy were studied in a hypothyroid state after thyroidectomy and in a subclinical hyperthyroid state (TSH-suppression according to treatment protocol). Paired two-tailed t-tests and linear regression analyses were used. Results Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was significantly higher after treatment with synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine) than in the hypothyroid state (BMR 3.8 ± 0.5 kJ/min versus 4.4 ± 0.6 kJ/min, P = 0.012), and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) significantly increased from 15 ± 10% to 25 ± 6% (P = 0.009). Mean BAT activity was significantly higher in the subclinical hyperthyroid state than in the hypothyroid state (BAT standard uptake value (SUVMean) 4.0 ± 2.9 versus 2.4 ± 1.8, P = 0.039). Conclusions Our study shows that higher levels of thyroid hormone are associated with a higher level of cold-activated BAT. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02499471
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie P. M. Broeders
- MUMC+, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- MUMC+, Department of General Surgery, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Guy H. E. J. Vijgen
- MUMC+, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- St. Franciscus Gasthuis, Department of Surgery, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- MUMC+, Department of General Surgery, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Havekes
- MUMC+, Department of Endocrinology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole D. Bouvy
- MUMC+, Department of General Surgery, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Felix M. Mottaghy
- MUMC+, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marleen Kars
- MUMC+, Department of Endocrinology, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Boudewijn Brans
- MUMC+, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Puar T, van Berkel A, Gotthardt M, Havekes B, Hermus ARMM, Lenders JWM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Xu Y, Brans B, Timmers HJLM. Genotype-Dependent Brown Adipose Tissue Activation in Patients With Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:224-32. [PMID: 26574955 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-3205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PGLs) may have brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation induced by catecholamine excess. (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) can be used for the localization of both PGLs and BAT. It is unknown whether BAT is specifically affected by altered cellular energy metabolism in patients with SDHx- and VHL-related PGLs. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine endocrine and paracrine effects of catecholamine excess on BAT activation in patients with PGLs as detected by (18)F-FDG PET/CT, taking into account genetic variation. DESIGN Patients with PGLs who were fully genetically characterized underwent presurgical (18)F-FDG PET/CT imaging for tumor localization and to quantify BAT activation. SETTING The study was conducted at a single Dutch tertiary referral center. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION Seventy-three patients, aged 52.4 ± 15.4 years, with a body mass index of 25.2 ± 4.1 kg/m(2), mean ± SD, were grouped into sporadic, cluster 1 (SDHx, VHL) and cluster 2 (RET, NF1, MAX) mutations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES (18)F-FDG mean standard uptake values were assessed in predefined BAT locations, including perirenal fat. RESULTS Twenty-one of 73 patients (28.8%) exhibited BAT activation. BAT activation was absent in all six patients with nonsecreting PGLs. No difference in (18)F-FDG uptake by perirenal fat on the side of the pheochromocytoma and the contralateral side was observed (mean standard uptake value of 0.80 vs 0.78, respectively, P = .42). The prevalence of BAT activation did not differ between sporadic (28.9%), cluster 1 (40.0%), and cluster 2 patients (15.4%, P= .36). CONCLUSION Patients with PGLs exhibit a high prevalence of BAT activation on (18)F-FDG PET/CT. This is likely due to systemic catecholamine excess. BAT activation is not associated with specific germline mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Puar
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.P., A.v.B., A.R.M.M.H., H.J.L.M.T.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.G.), and Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.M.L.), Division of Vascular Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology (T.P.), Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine (B.H.), Division of Endocrinology, and Department of Human Biology (W.D.v.M.L.), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and Department of Medical Imaging (B.B.), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (J.W.M.L.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Quantitative Medicine (Y.X.), Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Anouk van Berkel
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.P., A.v.B., A.R.M.M.H., H.J.L.M.T.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.G.), and Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.M.L.), Division of Vascular Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology (T.P.), Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine (B.H.), Division of Endocrinology, and Department of Human Biology (W.D.v.M.L.), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and Department of Medical Imaging (B.B.), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (J.W.M.L.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Quantitative Medicine (Y.X.), Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.P., A.v.B., A.R.M.M.H., H.J.L.M.T.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.G.), and Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.M.L.), Division of Vascular Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology (T.P.), Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine (B.H.), Division of Endocrinology, and Department of Human Biology (W.D.v.M.L.), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and Department of Medical Imaging (B.B.), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (J.W.M.L.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Quantitative Medicine (Y.X.), Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Bas Havekes
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.P., A.v.B., A.R.M.M.H., H.J.L.M.T.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.G.), and Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.M.L.), Division of Vascular Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology (T.P.), Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine (B.H.), Division of Endocrinology, and Department of Human Biology (W.D.v.M.L.), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and Department of Medical Imaging (B.B.), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (J.W.M.L.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Quantitative Medicine (Y.X.), Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Ad R M M Hermus
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.P., A.v.B., A.R.M.M.H., H.J.L.M.T.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.G.), and Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.M.L.), Division of Vascular Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology (T.P.), Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine (B.H.), Division of Endocrinology, and Department of Human Biology (W.D.v.M.L.), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and Department of Medical Imaging (B.B.), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (J.W.M.L.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Quantitative Medicine (Y.X.), Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Jacques W M Lenders
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.P., A.v.B., A.R.M.M.H., H.J.L.M.T.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.G.), and Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.M.L.), Division of Vascular Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology (T.P.), Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine (B.H.), Division of Endocrinology, and Department of Human Biology (W.D.v.M.L.), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and Department of Medical Imaging (B.B.), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (J.W.M.L.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Quantitative Medicine (Y.X.), Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.P., A.v.B., A.R.M.M.H., H.J.L.M.T.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.G.), and Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.M.L.), Division of Vascular Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology (T.P.), Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine (B.H.), Division of Endocrinology, and Department of Human Biology (W.D.v.M.L.), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and Department of Medical Imaging (B.B.), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (J.W.M.L.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Quantitative Medicine (Y.X.), Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.P., A.v.B., A.R.M.M.H., H.J.L.M.T.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.G.), and Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.M.L.), Division of Vascular Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology (T.P.), Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine (B.H.), Division of Endocrinology, and Department of Human Biology (W.D.v.M.L.), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and Department of Medical Imaging (B.B.), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (J.W.M.L.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Quantitative Medicine (Y.X.), Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Boudewijn Brans
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.P., A.v.B., A.R.M.M.H., H.J.L.M.T.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.G.), and Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.M.L.), Division of Vascular Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology (T.P.), Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine (B.H.), Division of Endocrinology, and Department of Human Biology (W.D.v.M.L.), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and Department of Medical Imaging (B.B.), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (J.W.M.L.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Quantitative Medicine (Y.X.), Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Henri J L M Timmers
- Department of Internal Medicine (T.P., A.v.B., A.R.M.M.H., H.J.L.M.T.), Division of Endocrinology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.G.), and Department of Internal Medicine (J.W.M.L.), Division of Vascular Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology (T.P.), Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore; Department of Internal Medicine (B.H.), Division of Endocrinology, and Department of Human Biology (W.D.v.M.L.), NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and Department of Medical Imaging (B.B.), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (J.W.M.L.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Quantitative Medicine (Y.X.), Duke-National University Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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Pallubinsky H, Schellen L, Kingma BRM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Human thermoneutral zone and thermal comfort zone: effects of mild heat acclimation. Extrem Physiol Med 2015. [PMCID: PMC4580796 DOI: 10.1186/2046-7648-4-s1-a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Dijk W, Heine M, Vergnes L, Boon MR, Schaart G, Hesselink MKC, Reue K, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Olivecrona G, Rensen PCN, Heeren J, Kersten S. ANGPTL4 mediates shuttling of lipid fuel to brown adipose tissue during sustained cold exposure. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26476336 PMCID: PMC4709329 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation via cold exposure is increasingly scrutinized as a potential approach to ameliorate cardio-metabolic risk. Transition to cold temperatures requires changes in the partitioning of energy substrates, re-routing fatty acids to BAT to fuel non-shivering thermogenesis. However, the mechanisms behind the redistribution of energy substrates to BAT remain largely unknown. Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), a protein that inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, is highly expressed in BAT. Here, we demonstrate that ANGPTL4 is part of a shuttling mechanism that directs fatty acids derived from circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to BAT during cold. Specifically, we show that cold markedly down-regulates ANGPTL4 in BAT, likely via activation of AMPK, enhancing LPL activity and uptake of plasma triglyceride-derived fatty acids. In contrast, cold up-regulates ANGPTL4 in WAT, abolishing a cold-induced increase in LPL activity. Together, our data indicate that ANGPTL4 is an important regulator of plasma lipid partitioning during sustained cold. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08428.001 The body stores energy in the form of fat molecules. Most of these molecules are stored in white fat cells. Other fat cells, the so-called brown fat cells, consume fats and produce heat to maintain body temperature in cold conditions. The capacity of brown fat cells to consume fats has led researchers to investigate whether brown fat cells might be a key to combat obesity. When an organism is cold, fat is shuttled to the brown fat cells. An enzyme called lipoprotein lipase is involved in a process that allows these fat molecules to be taken up by brown fat cells. However, it was not clear exactly how this process works. A protein called Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) inhibits the activity of lipoprotein lipase in white fat cells and is also found at high levels in brown fat cells. Here, Dijk et al. used genetic and biochemical approaches to study the role of ANGPTL4 in the fat cells of mice. The experiments show that when mice are exposed to cold, the levels of ANGPTL4 decrease in the brown fat cells. This allows the activity of lipoprotein lipase to increase so that these cells are able to take up more fat molecules. However, the opposite happens in white fat cells during cold exposure. The levels of ANGPTL4 increase, which decreases the activity of lipoprotein lipase in white fat cells to allow fat molecules to be shuttled specifically to the brown fat cells. Further experiments suggest that the opposite regulation of ANGPTL4 in brown and white fat cells could be due to a protein called AMPK. This protein is found at higher levels in brown fat cells than in white fat cells and is produced by brown fat cells during cold exposure. Taken together, Dijk et al. show that organs and cells work together to ensure that fat molecules are appropriately distributed to cells in need of energy, such as to brown fat cells during cold. How these findings could be used to stimulate fat consumption by brown fat cells in humans remains open for further investigation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08428.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden Univeristy Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden Univeristy Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
ASC-1, PAT2, and P2RX5 are newly identified cell-surface proteins that may distinguish brown/beige from white adipocytes in mouse and human adipose tissue (Ussar et al., this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmani B M Nascimento
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616; 6200MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616; 6200MD Maastricht, the Netherlands. Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9600; 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands
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van der Lans AAJJ, Vosselman MJ, Hanssen MJW, Brans B, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Supraclavicular skin temperature and BAT activity in lean healthy adults. J Physiol Sci 2015; 66:77-83. [PMID: 26420686 PMCID: PMC4676963 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-015-0398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 'gold standard' for measuring brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans is [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT-imaging. With this technique subjects are exposed to ionizing radiation and are therefore limited in the number of scans that can be performed. We investigated the relation between supraclavicular skin temperatures and BAT activity values using a strictly temperature-controlled air-cooling protocol. Data of 36 male subjects was analyzed. BAT activity was evaluated by [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT-imaging and skin temperature was measured by means of wireless temperature sensors. Supraclavicular skin temperature dropped less compared to skin temperatures at other sites (all P values <0.01). A significant positive correlation was found between the change in supraclavicular skin temperature with BAT activity (R (2) 0.23), and the change in supraclavicular skin temperature and non-shivering thermogenesis (R (2) 0.18, both P values <0.01). The correlations indicate that supraclavicular skin temperature (changes) can potentially be used as a qualitative measure of BAT activity and BAT thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk A J J van der Lans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, PO BOX 616, 6200, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten J Vosselman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, PO BOX 616, 6200, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J W Hanssen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, PO BOX 616, 6200, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn Brans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P Debyelaan 25, 6229, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, PO BOX 616, 6200, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Schrauwen P, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Spiegelman BM. The future of brown adipose tissues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1704-7. [PMID: 25957230 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The recent recognition that humans possess active depots of brown adipose tissue has boosted the interest in this tissue as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Furthermore, it was also revealed that brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans may consist of so-called beige or brite adipocytes. So far, cold exposure is recognised as the strongest activator of BAT in humans, but there is much ongoing research focused on finding alternative activators of BAT. The consequences of long-term BAT activation and/or cold exposure on metabolic health are still unknown, and this represents an area of intensive research. This is one of a series of commentaries under the banner '50 years forward', giving personal opinions on future perspectives in diabetes, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Diabetologia (1965-2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 616, 6200MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands,
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van der Lans AAJJ, Boon MR, Haks MC, Quinten E, Schaart G, Ottenhoff TH, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Cold acclimation affects immune composition in skeletal muscle of healthy lean subjects. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/7/e12394. [PMID: 26149277 PMCID: PMC4552515 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Low environmental temperatures have a profound effect on biological processes in the body, including the immune system. Cold exposure coincides with hormonal changes, which may directly or indirectly alter the immune system, even in the skeletal muscle. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cold acclimation on immune composition in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained from 17 healthy lean subjects before and after 10 days of mild cold exposure (15 °: C, 6 h/day). Nonshivering thermogenesis was calculated by indirect calorimetry. We found that cold acclimation increased nonshivering thermogenesis from 10.8 ± 7.5 before to 17.8 ± 11.1% after cold acclimation (P < 0.01), but did not affect plasma catecholamine nor cytokine levels. In contrast, cold acclimation affected mRNA expression of several immune cell markers in skeletal muscle. It downregulated expression of the Th17 markers RORC (-28%, P < 0.01) and NEDD4L (-15%, P < 0.05), as well as the regulatory T-cell marker FOXP3 (-13%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, cold acclimation downregulated expression of the M2 macrophage markers CCL22 (-50%, P < 0.05), CXCL13 (-17%, P < 0.05) and CD209 (-15%, P < 0.05), while the M1 macrophage marker IL12B was upregulated (+141%, P < 0.05). Cold acclimation also enhanced several markers related to interferon (IFN) signaling, including TAP1 (+12%, P < 0.01), IFITM1/3 (+11%, P < 0.05), CD274 (+36%, P < 0.05) and STAT 2 (+10%, P < 0.05). In conclusion, 10 days of intermittent cold exposure induces marked changes in the expression of immune cell markers in skeletal muscle of healthy lean subjects. The physiological consequences and therapeutic relevance of these changes remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk A J J van der Lans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Quinten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom H Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Hanssen MJW, Broeders E, Samms RJ, Vosselman MJ, van der Lans AAJJ, Cheng CC, Adams AC, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Schrauwen P. Serum FGF21 levels are associated with brown adipose tissue activity in humans. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10275. [PMID: 25985218 PMCID: PMC4434994 DOI: 10.1038/srep10275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The obesity pandemic has spurred a need for novel therapies to prevent and treat metabolic complications. The recent rediscovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans made this tissue a possible therapeutic target, due to its potentially substantial contributions to energy homeostasis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as a facilitator of cold-induced thermogenesis in humans. Furthermore, pre-clinical studies revealed that FGF21 administration leads to improvement in the metabolic consequences of obesity, such as dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. Here we studied plasma FGF21 levels in two cohorts of human subjects, in whom BAT activity was determined using an individualized cooling protocol by [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT scan. Importantly, we found that circulating FGF21 levels correlated with BAT activity during acute cold exposure in male subjects. In addition, FGF21 levels were related to the change in core temperature upon acute cold exposure, indicating a role for FGF21 in maintaining normothermia, possibly via activation of BAT. Furthermore, cold acclimation increased BAT activity in parallel with increased FGF21 levels. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that FGF21 levels in humans are related to BAT activity, suggesting that FGF21 may represent a novel mechanism via which BAT activity in humans may be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J W Hanssen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism,Maastricht University Medical Centre+(MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Evie Broeders
- 1] Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism,Maastricht University Medical Centre+(MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands [2] Department of surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+(MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ricardo J Samms
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46285
| | - Maarten J Vosselman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism,Maastricht University Medical Centre+(MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk A J J van der Lans
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism,Maastricht University Medical Centre+(MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christine C Cheng
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46285
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46285
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism,Maastricht University Medical Centre+(MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism,Maastricht University Medical Centre+(MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Bucerius J, Vijgen GHEJ, Brans B, Bouvy ND, Bauwens M, Rudd JHF, Havekes B, Fayad ZA, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Mottaghy FM. Impact of bariatric surgery on carotid artery inflammation and the metabolic activity in different adipose tissues. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e725. [PMID: 25997038 PMCID: PMC4602867 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we unravel a molecular imaging marker correlated with the known reduction of cardiovascular events (most commonly related to vulnerable plaques) in morbidly obese patients after bariatric surgery (BaS).We prospectively imaged 10 morbidly obese subjects with F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography before and 1 year after BaS. F-FDG uptake-which is enhanced in inflamed, atherosclerotic vessels and in metabolically active adipose tissues-was quantified in the carotids, pericardial adipose tissue (PAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), as well as brown adipose tissue (BAT). The degree of carotid inflammation was compared to lean and overweight controls.Carotid inflammation significantly declined leading to an F-FDG uptake comparable to the 2 control groups. Metabolic activity significantly decreased in PAT and VAT and increased in BAT.BaS leads to a normalization of carotid artery inflammation and a beneficial impact on the metabolic activity in PAT, VAT, and BAT that is related to the metabolic syndrome observed in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bucerius
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine (JB, BB, MB, FMM); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) (JB), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Nuclear Medicine (JB, FMM), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Human Biology (GHEJV, MB, BH, WDVML), School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism (NUTRIM); Department of General Surgery (GHEJV, NDB), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (JHFR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Division of Endocrinology (BH), Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute (ZAF); Department of Radiology (ZAF); and Department of Cardiology, Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute, and Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center (ZAF), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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Hanssen MJW, Wierts R, Hoeks J, Gemmink A, Brans B, Mottaghy FM, Schrauwen P, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Glucose uptake in human brown adipose tissue is impaired upon fasting-induced insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2015; 58:586-95. [PMID: 25500952 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) has recently emerged as a potential target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, owing to its capacity to actively clear glucose from the circulation—at least upon cold exposure. The effects of insulin resistance on the capacity of human BAT to take up glucose are unknown. Prolonged fasting is known to induce insulin resistance in peripheral tissues in order to spare glucose for the brain. METHODS We studied the effect of fasting-induced insulin resistance on the capacity of BAT to take up glucose during cold exposure as well as on cold-stimulated thermogenesis. BAT glucose uptake was assessed by means of cold-stimulated dynamic 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([(18)F]FDG-PET/CT) imaging. RESULTS We show that a 54 h fasting period markedly decreases both cold-induced BAT glucose uptake and nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) during cold stimulation. In vivo molecular imaging and modelling revealed that the reduction of glucose uptake in BAT was due to impaired cellular glucose uptake and not due to decreased supply. Interestingly, decreased BAT glucose uptake upon fasting was related to a decrease in core temperature during cold exposure, pointing towards a role for BAT in maintaining normothermia in humans. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Cold-stimulated glucose uptake in BAT is strongly reduced upon prolonged fasting. When cold-stimulated glucose uptake in BAT is also reduced under other insulin-resistant states, such as diabetes, cold-induced activation of BAT may not be a valid way to improve glucose clearance by BAT under such conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.trialregister.nl NTR3523 FUNDING: This work was supported by the EU FP7 project DIABAT (HEALTH-F2-2011-278373 to WDvML) and by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (TOP 91209037 to WDvML).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J W Hanssen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Obesity is the result of disequilibrium between energy intake and energy expenditure (EE). Successful long-term weight loss is difficult to achieve with current strategies for the correction of this caloric imbalance. Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a possible therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic diseases. In recent years, more knowledge about the function and stimulation of bat has been obtained. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is currently seen as the main effector for brown fat function. Also, interplay between the thyroid axis and SNS plays an important role in BAT thermogenesis. Almost daily new pathways for the induction of BAT thermogenesis and 'browning' of white adipose tissue (WAT) are identified. Especially the activation of BAT via endogenous pathways has received strong scientific attention. Here we will discuss the relevance of several pathways in activating BAT and their implications for the treatment of obesity. In this review we will focus on the discussion of the most promising endocrine and paracrine pathways to stimulate BAT, by factors and pathways that naturally occur in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evie Broeders
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , the Netherlands
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Horowitz M, Kenny GP, McAllen RM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Thermal physiology in a changing thermal world. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:22-6. [PMID: 27226998 PMCID: PMC4843882 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1017088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This editorial focuses on articles submitted to the Temperature call “Thermal Physiology in a Changing Thermal World.” It highlights an array of topics related to thermoregulatory and metabolic functions in adverse environments, and the complexity and adaptability of the systems to changing climatic conditions, at various levels of body organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Horowitz
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology; Faculty of Dentistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem ; Israel
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human Environmental Physiological Research Unit; University of Ottawa ; Canada
| | - Robin M McAllen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; University of Melbourne; Melbourne, VIC Australia; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience; University Of Melbourne; Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism of Maastricht University Medical Center ; The Netherlands
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Abstract
Since 2009, the presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans has been irrefutably proven. It is estimated that active BAT can contribute up to 2.5-5% of resting metabolic rate in humans, suggesting that sustained activation of BAT may alleviate obesity and associated disorders. In the current chapter, the discovery of BAT in adult humans will be discussed. Furthermore, the characteristics of human BAT, methods to visualize the tissue as well as physiological and pharmacological methods to enhance its activity will be stressed.
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van der Lans AAJJ, Wierts R, Vosselman MJ, Schrauwen P, Brans B, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in human adults: methodological issues. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R103-13. [PMID: 24871967 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00021.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) depots in human adults was undisputedly proven approximately seven years ago. Here we give an overview of all dedicated studies that were published on cold-induced BAT activity in adult humans that appeared since then. Different cooling protocols and imaging techniques to determine BAT activity are reviewed. BAT activation can be achieved by means of air- or water-cooling protocols. The most promising approach is individualized cooling, during which subjects are studied at the lowest temperature for nonshivering condition, probably revealing maximal nonshivering thermogenesis. The highest BAT prevalence (i.e., close to 100%) is observed using the individualized cooling protocol. Currently, the most widely used technique to study the metabolic activity of BAT is deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose ([18F]FDG)-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging. Dynamic imaging provides quantitative information about glucose uptake rates, whereas static imaging reflects overall BAT glucose uptake, localization, and distribution. In general, standardized uptake values (SUV) are used to quantify BAT activity. An accurate determination of total BAT volume is hampered by the limited spatial resolution of the PET image, leading to spillover. Different research groups use different SUV threshold values, which make it difficult to directly compare BAT activity levels between studies. Another issue is the comparison of [18F]FDG uptake in BAT with respect to other tissues or upon with baseline values. This comparison can be performed by using the “fixed volume” methodology. Finally, the potential use of other relatively noninvasive methods to quantify BAT, like magnetic resonance imaging or thermography, is discussed.
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Vosselman MJ, Vijgen GHEJ, Kingma BRM, Brans B, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Frequent extreme cold exposure and brown fat and cold-induced thermogenesis: a study in a monozygotic twin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101653. [PMID: 25014028 PMCID: PMC4094425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mild cold acclimation is known to increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT) in humans. We here tested the effect of a lifestyle with frequent exposure to extreme cold on BAT and CIT in a Dutch man known as 'the Iceman', who has multiple world records in withstanding extreme cold challenges. Furthermore, his monozygotic twin brother who has a 'normal' sedentary lifestyle without extreme cold exposures was measured. METHODS The Iceman (subject A) and his brother (subject B) were studied during mild cold (13°C) and thermoneutral conditions (31°C). Measurements included BAT activity and respiratory muscle activity by [18F]FDG-PET/CT imaging and energy expenditure through indirect calorimetry. In addition, body temperatures, cardiovascular parameters, skin perfusion, and thermal sensation and comfort were measured. Finally, we determined polymorphisms for uncoupling protein-1 and β3-adrenergic receptor. RESULTS Subjects had comparable BAT activity (A: 1144 SUVtotal and B: 1325 SUVtotal), within the range previously observed in young adult men. They were genotyped with the polymorphism for uncoupling protein-1 (G/G). CIT was relatively high (A: 40.1% and B: 41.9%), but unlike during our previous cold exposure tests in young adult men, here both subjects practiced a g-Tummo like breathing technique, which involves vigorous respiratory muscle activity. This was confirmed by high [18F]FDG-uptake in respiratory muscle. CONCLUSION No significant differences were found between the two subjects, indicating that a lifestyle with frequent exposures to extreme cold does not seem to affect BAT activity and CIT. In both subjects, BAT was not higher compared to earlier observations, whereas CIT was very high, suggesting that g-Tummo like breathing during cold exposure may cause additional heat production by vigorous isometric respiratory muscle contraction. The results must be interpreted with caution given the low subject number and the fact that both participants practised the g-Tummo like breathing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J. Vosselman
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism – NUTRIM, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Guy H. E. J. Vijgen
- Department of Surgery (G.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Boris R. M. Kingma
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism – NUTRIM, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn Brans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Kingma BR, Frijns AJ, Schellen L, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Beyond the classic thermoneutral zone: Including thermal comfort. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 1:142-9. [PMID: 27583296 PMCID: PMC4977175 DOI: 10.4161/temp.29702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermoneutral zone is defined as the range of ambient temperatures where the body can maintain its core temperature solely through regulating dry heat loss, i.e., skin blood flow. A living body can only maintain its core temperature when heat production and heat loss are balanced. That means that heat transport from body core to skin must equal heat transport from skin to the environment. This study focuses on what combinations of core and skin temperature satisfy the biophysical requirements of being in the thermoneutral zone for humans. Moreover, consequences are considered of changes in insulation and adding restrictions such as thermal comfort (i.e. driver for thermal behavior). A biophysical model was developed that calculates heat transport within a body, taking into account metabolic heat production, tissue insulation, and heat distribution by blood flow and equates that to heat loss to the environment, considering skin temperature, ambient temperature and other physical parameters. The biophysical analysis shows that the steady-state ambient temperature range associated with the thermoneutral zone does not guarantee that the body is in thermal balance at basal metabolic rate per se. Instead, depending on the combination of core temperature, mean skin temperature and ambient temperature, the body may require significant increases in heat production or heat loss to maintain stable core temperature. Therefore, the definition of the thermoneutral zone might need to be reformulated. Furthermore, after adding restrictions on skin temperature for thermal comfort, the ambient temperature range associated with thermal comfort is smaller than the thermoneutral zone. This, assuming animals seek thermal comfort, suggests that thermal behavior may be initiated already before the boundaries of the thermoneutral zone are reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Rm Kingma
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism of Maastricht University Medical Center+; Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Jh Frijns
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Eindhoven University of Technology; Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lisje Schellen
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism of Maastricht University Medical Center+; Maastricht, The Netherlands; School of Built Environment and Infrastructure; Avans University of Applied Sciences; Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism of Maastricht University Medical Center+; Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Boon MR, Bakker LEH, van der Linden RAD, Pereira Arias-Bouda L, Smit F, Verberne HJ, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Jazet IM, Rensen PCN. Supraclavicular skin temperature as a measure of 18F-FDG uptake by BAT in human subjects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98822. [PMID: 24922545 PMCID: PMC4055666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has emerged as a novel player in energy homeostasis in humans and is considered a potential new target for combating obesity and related diseases. The current 'gold standard' for quantification of BAT volume and activity is cold-induced 18F-FDG uptake in BAT. However, use of this technique is limited by cost and radiation exposure. Given the fact that BAT is a thermogenic tissue, mainly located in the supraclavicular region, the aim of the current study was to investigate whether cold-induced supraclavicular skin temperature and core body temperature may be alternative markers of BAT activation in humans. SUBJECTS/METHODS BAT volume and activity were measured in 24 healthy lean adolescent males (mean age 24.1±0.8 years), using cold-induced 18F-FDG uptake with PET-CT. Core body temperature was measured continuously in the small intestine with use of an ingestible telemetric capsule and skin temperature was measured by eighteen wireless iButtons attached to the skin following ISO-defined locations. RESULTS Proximal and distal (hand/feet) skin temperatures markedly decreased upon cold exposure, while supraclavicular skin temperature significantly increased (35.2±0.1 vs. 35.5±0.1°C, p = 0.001). Furthermore, cold-induced supraclavicular skin temperature positively correlated with both total (R2 = 0.28, P = 0.010) and clavicular BAT volume (R2 = 0.20, P = 0.030) and clavicular SUVmax (R2 = 0.27, P = 0.010), while core body temperature did not. CONCLUSIONS Supraclavicular skin temperature as measured by iButtons may have predictive value for BAT detection in adult humans. This is highly desirable considering the increasing interest in pharmacological interventions to stimulate BAT in human subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION NTR 2473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëtte R. Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leontine E. H. Bakker
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne A. D. van der Linden
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lenka Pereira Arias-Bouda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rijnland Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Smit
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rijnland Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
| | - Hein J. Verberne
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M. Jazet
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Jacquot CM, Schellen L, Kingma BR, van Baak MA, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Influence of thermophysiology on thermal behavior: the essentials of categorization. Physiol Behav 2014; 128:180-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bakker LEH, Boon MR, van der Linden RAD, Arias-Bouda LP, van Klinken JB, Smit F, Verberne HJ, Jukema JW, Tamsma JT, Havekes LM, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Jazet IM, Rensen PCN. Brown adipose tissue volume in healthy lean south Asian adults compared with white Caucasians: a prospective, case-controlled observational study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:210-7. [PMID: 24622751 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals of south Asian origin have a very high risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared with white Caucasians. We aimed to assess volume and activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is thought to have a role in energy metabolism by combusting fatty acids and glucose to produce heat and might contribute to the difference in incidence of type 2 diabetes between ethnic groups. METHODS We enrolled Dutch nationals with south Asian ancestry and matched Caucasian participants at The Rijnland Hospital (Leiderdorp, Netherlands). Eligible participants were healthy lean men aged 18-28 years, and we matched groups for BMI. We measured BAT volume and activity with cold-induced (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) PET CT scans, and assessed resting energy expenditure, non-shivering thermogenesis, and serum parameters. This study is registered with the Netherlands Trial Register, number 2473. FINDINGS Between March 1, 2013, and June 1, 2013, we enrolled 12 participants in each group; one Caucasian participant developed hyperventilation after (18)F-FDG administration, and was excluded from all cold-induced and BAT measurements. Compared with Caucasian participants, south Asian participants did not differ in age (mean 23.6 years [SD 2.8] for south Asians vs 24.6 years [2.8] for Caucasians) or BMI (21.5 kg/m(2) [2.0] vs 22.0 kg/m(2) [1.6]), but were shorter (1.74 m [0.06] vs 1.85 m [0.04]) and lighter (65.0 kg [8.5] vs 75.1 kg [7.2]). Thermoneutral resting energy expenditure was 1297 kcal per day (SD 123) in south Asian participants compared with 1689 kcal per day (193) in white Caucasian participants (difference -32%, p=0.0008). On cold exposure, shiver temperature of south Asians was 2.0°C higher than Caucasians (p=0.0067) and non-shivering thermogenesis was increased by 20% in white Caucasians (p<0.0001) but was not increased in south Asians. Although the maximum and mean standardised uptake values of (18)F-FDG in BAT did not differ between groups, total BAT volume was lower in south Asians (188 mL [SD 81]) than it was in Caucasians (287 mL [169]; difference -34%, p=0.04). Overall, BAT volume correlated positively with basal resting energy expenditure in all assessable individuals (β=0.44, p=0.04). INTERPRETATION Lower resting energy expenditure, non-shivering thermogenesis, and BAT volumes in south Asian populations might underlie their high susceptibility to metabolic disturbances, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Development of strategies to increase BAT volume and activity might help prevent and treat such disorders, particularly in south Asian individuals. FUNDING Dutch Heart Foundation (2009T038) and Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation (2012.11.1500).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leontine E H Bakker
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Rianne A D van der Linden
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Jan B van Klinken
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frits Smit
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rijnland Hospital, Leiderdorp, Netherlands
| | - Hein J Verberne
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jouke T Tamsma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Louis M Havekes
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; TNO-Biosciences, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wouter D van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Jazet
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Vijgen GHEJ, Bouvy ND, Leenen L, Rijkers K, Cornips E, Majoie M, Brans B, van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Vagus nerve stimulation increases energy expenditure: relation to brown adipose tissue activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77221. [PMID: 24194874 PMCID: PMC3806746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is inversely related to obesity and positively related to energy expenditure. BAT is highly innervated and it is suggested the vagus nerve mediates peripheral signals to the central nervous system, there connecting to sympathetic nerves that innervate BAT. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is used for refractory epilepsy, but is also reported to generate weight loss. We hypothesize VNS increases energy expenditure by activating BAT. METHODS AND FINDINGS Fifteen patients with stable vns therapy (age: 45 ± 10 yrs; body mass index; 25.2 ± 3.5 kg/m(2)) were included between January 2011 and June 2012. Ten subjects were measured twice, once with active and once with inactivated VNS. Five other subjects were measured twice, once with active VNS at room temperature and once with active VNS under cold exposure in order to determine maximal cold-induced BAT activity. BAT activity was assessed by 18-Fluoro-Deoxy-Glucose-Positron-Emission-Tomography-and-Computed-Tomography. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was significantly higher when VNS was turned on (mean change; +2.2%). Mean BAT activity was not significantly different between active VNS and inactive VNS (BAT SUV(Mean); 0.55 ± 0.25 versus 0.67 ± 0.46, P = 0.619). However, the change in energy expenditure upon VNS intervention (On-Off) was significantly correlated to the change in BAT activity (r = 0.935, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS VNS significantly increases energy expenditure. The observed change in energy expenditure was significantly related to the change in BAT activity. This suggests a role for BAT in the VNS increase in energy expenditure. Chronic VNS may have a beneficial effect on the human energy balance that has potential application for weight management therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered in the Clinical Trial Register under the ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01491282.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy H. E. J. Vijgen
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism – NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole D. Bouvy
- Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Leenen
- Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Rijkers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Cornips
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marian Majoie
- Epilepsy Center Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn Brans
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D. van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism – NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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