1
|
Unnikrishan A, Khalid NK, Rayaroth MP, Thomas S, Nazim A, Aravindakumar CT, Aravind UK. Occurrence and distribution of steroid hormones (estrogen) and other contaminants of emerging concern in a south indian water body. Chemosphere 2024; 351:141124. [PMID: 38211796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Steroid hormones (SHs) are among the important classes of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) whose detection in aquatic environments is vital due to their potential adverse health impacts. Their detection is challenging because of their lower stability in natural conditions and low concentrations. This study reports the presence of steroid hormones in a major river system, the Periyar River, in Kerala (India). Water samples were collected from thirty different river locations in the case of SHs and five locations within these in the case of other CECs. These were subjected to LC-MS/MS and LC-Q-ToF/MS analyses. Five SHs, estriol, estrone, 17 β estradiol, progesterone, and hydroxy progesterone, were separated and targeted using MS techniques. The studies of the water samples confirmed the presence of the first three estrogens in different sampling sites, with estrone present in all the sampling sites. The concentration of estrone was detected in the range from 2 to 15 ng/L. Estriol and estradiol concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 5 ng/L and 1-6 ng/L, respectively. The hormones at some selected sites were continuously monitored for seven months. The chosen areas include the feed water sites for the drinking water treatment plants across the river. The monthly data revealed that estrone is the only SHs detected in all the samples in the selected months. The highest concentration of SH was found in August. Twelve CECs belonging to pharmaceuticals and personal care products were identified and quantified. In addition, 31 other CECs were also identified using non-target analysis. A detailed study of the hormone mapping reported here is the first from any South Indian River.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amitha Unnikrishan
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, 682022, Kerala, India
| | - Nejumal K Khalid
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Manoj P Rayaroth
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Shiny Thomas
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facilities (SAIFs), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Akhil Nazim
- Inter University Instrumentation Centre (IUIC), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre (IUIC), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facilities (SAIFs), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, 682022, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kong DM, Tang Z, Liu ZH, Dang Z, Guo PR, Song YM, Liu Y. Simultaneous determination of twelve natural estrogens in dairy milk using liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:112908-112921. [PMID: 37843706 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
There have been many analytical methods for natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk samples, but in most of which, only four major estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-estradiol (αE2)) were included. This work developed an effective GC-MS analytical method for simultaneous analysis of twelve natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk sample, in which eight far-less well-known natural estrogens (2-hydroxyestone (2OHE1), 4-hydroxyestrone (4OHE1), 2-hydroxyestradiol (2OHE2), 4-hydroxyestradiol (4OHE2), 16-epiestriol (16epiE3), 16α-hydroxyestrone (16αOHE1), 16-ketoestradiol (16ketoE2) and 17epiestriol (17epiE3)) were included besides the four major natural estrogens. With liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction, twelve natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk could be effectively extracted. The established method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9991), low limits of detections (LODs, 0.02-0.11 ng/g), as well as excellent recoveries (64-117%) with satisfactory low relative standard deviations (RSDs, 0.8-14.7%). This established method was applied to seven commercial dairy milk samples, and all the twelve natural estrogens were frequently detected except for 4OHE2 without detection in any sample. Our results showed that the concentration contribution ratios of the eight far-less well-known natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk samples contributed to 32-83%, while the corresponding contribution ratios based on estrogen equivalence (EEQ) were 21-62%. This work highlighted the high abundance of the eight far-less well-known natural estrogens in commercial dairy milk based on both concentration and EEQ, which has been neglected for a long time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Ming Kong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Zhao Tang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng-Ran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu-Mei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Civil and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Odinga ES, Zhou X, Mbao EO, Ali Q, Waigi MG, Shiraku ML, Ling W. Distribution, ecological fate, and risks of steroid estrogens in environmental matrices. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136370. [PMID: 36113656 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, steroidal estrogens (SEs) such as 17α-ethylestradiol (EE2), 17β-estradiol (E2),17α-estradiol (17α-E2), estriol (E3) and estrone (E1) have elicited worldwide attention due to their potentially harmful effects on human health and aquatic organisms even at low concentration ng/L. Natural steroidal estrogens exhibit greater endocrine disruption potency due to their high binding effect on nuclear estrogen receptors (ER). However, less has been explored regarding their associated environmental risks and fate. A comprehensive bibliometric study of the current research status of SEs was conducted using the Web of Science to assess the development trends and current knowledge of SEs in the last two decades, from 2001 to 2021 October. The number of publications has tremendously increased from 2003 to 2021. We summarized the contamination status and the associated ecological risks of SEs in different environmental compartments. The results revealed that SEs are ubiquitous in surface waters and natural SEs are most studied. We further carried out an in-depth evaluation and synthesis of major research hotspots and the dominant SEs in the matrices were E1, 17β-E2, 17α-E2, E3 and EE2. Nonetheless, investigations of SEs in soils, groundwater, and sediments remain scarce. This study elucidates SEs distribution, toxicological risks, ecological fate and mitigation measures, which will be beneficial for future monitoring, management, and risk assessment. Further studies are recommended to assess the toxicological risks of different SEs in complex environmental matrices to pursue a more precise and holistic quantitative estimation of estrogenic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Stephen Odinga
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Evance Omondi Mbao
- Department of Geosciences and the Environment, The Technical University of Kenya, PO Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Qurban Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Margaret L Shiraku
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Wanting Ling
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Oliveira Santos AD, do Nascimento MTL, Sanson AL, Dos Santos RF, Felix LC, da Silva de Freitas A, Hauser-Davis RA, da Fonseca EM, Neto JAB, Bila DM. Pharmaceuticals, natural and synthetic hormones and phenols in sediments from an eutrophic estuary, Jurujuba Sound, Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 184:114176. [PMID: 36206614 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A screening for microcontaminants performed by gas chromatography detected several microcontaminants in 12 sediment samples from the eutrophic estuary Guanabara Bay (GB) in southeastern Brazil. Bisphenol A (BPA) ranged from 1.4 to 20.3 ng g-1, 4-octylphenol, from <limit of detection (LD) to 0.9 ng g-1, 4-nonylphenol, from <LD to 3 ng g-1, gemfibrozil, from <LD to 1.4 ng g-1, naproxen, from <LD to 15.5 ng g-1m Ibuprofen, from <LD ng g-1 and diclofenac, from <LD to 0.9 ng g-1. Among estrogens, estrone, estradiol, ethinylestradiol and estriol were detected, ranging, respectively from <LD to 5.7 ng g-1, <LD to 18.1 ng g-1, <LD to 22.9 ng g-1 and <LD to 0.5 ng g-1. A strong and positive correlation between 4-nonylphenol and estrone and a moderate and positive correlation between bisphenol A and estradiol were noted. These findings demonstrating high levels of the detected microcontaminants in all analyzed samples, indicating chronic GB pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dalva de Oliveira Santos
- Departamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-340 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Ananda Lima Sanson
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia do Centro de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, NUPEB- UFOP, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Rejany Ferreira Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Louise Cruz Felix
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alex da Silva de Freitas
- Departamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-340 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Estefan Monteiro da Fonseca
- Departamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-340 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Baptista Neto
- Departamento de Geologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24210-340 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniele Maia Bila
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bilal M, Rizwan K, Adeel M, Barceló D, Awad YA, Iqbal HMN. Robust strategies to eliminate endocrine disruptive estrogens in water resources. Environ Pollut 2022; 306:119373. [PMID: 35500715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence and ubiquitous distribution of estrogens, i.e., estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) in our water matrices, is an issue of global concern. Public and regulatory authorities are concerned and placing joint efforts to eliminate estrogens and related environmentally hazardous compounds, due to their toxic influences on the environmental matrices, ecology, and human health, even at low concentrations. However, most of the available literature is focused on the occurrence of estrogens in different water environments with limited treatment options. Thus, a detailed review to fully cover the several treatment processes is needed. This review comprehensively and comparatively discusses many physical, chemical, and biological-based treatments to eliminate natural estrogens, i.e., estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) and related synthetic estrogens, e.g., 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and other related hazardous compounds. The covered techniques include adsorption, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, ultrasonication, photocatalysis of estrogenic compounds, Fenton, Fenton-like and photo-Fenton degradation of estrogenic compounds, electro-Fenton degradation of estrogenic compounds, ozonation, and biological methods for the removal of estrogenic compounds are thoroughly discussed with suitable examples. The studies revealed that treatment plants based on chemical and biological approaches are cost-friendly for removing estrogenic pollutants. Further, there is a need to properly monitor and disposal of the usage of estrogenic drugs in humans and animals. Additional studies are required to explore a robust and more advanced oxidation treatment strategy that can contribute effectively to industrial-scale applications. This review may assist future investigations, monitoring, and removing estrogenic compounds from various environmental matrices. In concluding remarks, a way forward and future perspectives focusing on bridging knowledge gaps in estrogenic compounds removal are also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an, 223003, China
| | - Komal Rizwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, 57000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adeel
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, iPRACS, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, c/Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H(2)O, 17003, Girona, Spain; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, India
| | - Youssef Ahmed Awad
- Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Halawa E, Ryad L, El-Shenawy NS, Al-Eisa RA, EL-Hak HNG. Evaluation of acetamiprid and azoxystrobin residues and their hormonal disrupting effects on male rats using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259383. [PMID: 34855766 PMCID: PMC8638893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds as pesticides affect the hormonal balance, and this can result in several diseases. Therefore, the analysis of representative hormones with acetamiprid (AC) and azoxystrobin (AZ) was a good strategy for the investigation of the endocrine-disrupting activity of pesticides. Hence, a sensitive and rapid analytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. The method was validated for the analysis of AC, AZ, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone in the serum, testis, and liver of rats. The correlation between the residues of pesticides and the disturbance of the endocrine system was evaluated. The different mass parameters, mobile phase types, analytical columns, injection volumes, and extraction solvents were compared to get the lowest limit of detection of the studied compounds. The detection limits of AC, AZ, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone were 0.05, 0.05, 1.0, 10, and 1.0 ng/ml, respectively. The method developed was applied to evaluate the changes in these hormones induced by the duration of exposure to AC and AZ in rat testis and serum. The hormones level in rat serum and testis had a significant decrease as they were oral gavage treated with different high concentrations of studied pesticides. Both pesticides were distributed in the body of rats by the multi-compartment model (liver, testis, and serum).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy Halawa
- Agricultural Research Center, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Lamia Ryad
- Agricultural Research Center, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Nahla S. El-Shenawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Rasha A. Al-Eisa
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba N. Gad EL-Hak
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu L, Liu M, Wang Z, Liu T, Liu S, Wang B, Pan B, Dong X, Guo W. Correlation between steroid levels in follicular fluid and hormone synthesis related substances in its exosomes and embryo quality in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:74. [PMID: 34001150 PMCID: PMC8127216 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00749-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic disorder with various manifestations and complex etiology. Follicular fluid (FF) serves as the complex microenvironment for follicular development. However, the correlation between the concentration of steroid in FF and the pathogenesis of PCOS is still unclear. METHODS Twenty steroid levels in FF from ten patients with PCOS and ten women with male-factor infertility undergoing in vitro fertilization were tested by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in order to explore their possibly correlation with PCOS. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of core enzymes in steroid synthesis pathway from exosomes of FF were also detected by qPCR. RESULTS The estriol (p < 0.01), estradiol (p < 0.05) and prenenolone (p < 0.01) levels in FF of PCOS group were significantly increased, compared to the normal group, and the progesterone levels (p < 0.05) were decreased in PCOS group. Increased mRNA levels of CYP11A, CYP19A and HSD17B2 of exosomes were accompanied by the hormonal changes in FF. Correlation analysis showed that mRNA levels of CYP11A and HSD17B2 were negatively correlated with percent of top-quality embryos and rate of embryos develop to blastocyst. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that increased levels of estrogen and pregnenolone in follicular fluid may affect follicle development in PCOS patients, and the mechanism is partially related to HSD17B1, CYP19A1 and CYP11A1 expression change in FF exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 111 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Miao Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 250 Xiao Mu Qiao Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 111 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.725 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Suying Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 250 Xiao Mu Qiao Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Beili Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 111 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Baishen Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 111 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Xi Dong
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 250 Xiao Mu Qiao Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 111 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 668 Jin Hu Road, Xiamen, 361015, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu J, Wu D, Yu Y, Liu J, Li G, Wu Y. Highly sensitive determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in foodstuffs through magnetic solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:1666-1675. [PMID: 32888325 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), proved to be potential carcinogenic threats to human health, have received great concerns in food field. It was essential to develop effective methods to detect EDCs in food samples. The present study proposed an efficient method to determine trace EDCs including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and bisphenol A (BPA) based on magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) coupled high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in meat samples. RESULTS Fe3 O4 @COF(TpBD)/TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized via functionalization of magnetic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) nanoparticles, and used as absorbents of MSPE to enrich EDCs. The efficient EDCs enrichment relies on π-π stacking interaction, hydrogen bonding, and the interaction between titanium ions (IV, Ti4+ ) and hydroxyl groups in EDCs, which improves the selectivity and sensitivity. Under the optimized conditions, target EDCs were rapidly extracted through MSPE with 5 min. Combining Fe3 O4 @COF(TpBD)/TiO2 based MSPE and HPLC-MS/MS to determine EDCs, good linearities were observed with correlation coefficient (R2 ) ≥ 0.9989. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.13-0.41 μg kg-1 and 0.66-1.49 μg kg-1 , respectively. Moreover, the proposed method was successfully applied to real samples analysis. CONCLUSIONS The established MSPE-HPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to determine EDCs in meat samples with rapidness, improved selectivity and sensitivity. It shows great prospects for EDCs detection in other complicated matrices. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Yanxin Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Jichao Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Torres NH, Santos GDOS, Romanholo Ferreira LF, Américo-Pinheiro JHP, Eguiluz KIB, Salazar-Banda GR. Environmental aspects of hormones estriol, 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol: Electrochemical processes as next-generation technologies for their removal in water matrices. Chemosphere 2021; 267:128888. [PMID: 33190907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hormones as a group of emerging contaminants have been increasingly used worldwide, which has increased their concern at the environmental level in various matrices, as they reach the water bodies through effluents due to the ineffectiveness of conventional treatments. Here we review the environmental scenario of hormones estriol (E3), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), explicitly their origins, their characteristics, interactions, how they reach the environment, and, above all, the severe pathological and toxicological damage to animals and humans they produce. Furthermore, studies for the treatment of these endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are deepened using electrochemical processes as the remediation methods of the respective hormones. In the reported studies, these micropollutants were detected in samples of surface water, underground, soil, and sediment at concentrations that varied from ng L-1 to μg L-1 and are capable of causing changes in the endocrine system of various organisms. However, although there are studies on the ecotoxicological effects concerning E3, E2, and EE2 hormones, little is known about their environmental dispersion and damage in quantitative terms. Moreover, biodegradation becomes the primary mechanism of removal of steroid estrogens removal by sewage treatment plants, but it is still inefficient, which shows the importance of studying electrochemically-driven processes such as the Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOP) and electrocoagulation for the removal of emerging micropollutants. Thus, this review covers information on the occurrence of these hormones in various environmental matrices, their respective treatment, and effects on exposed organisms for ecotoxicology purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Hortense Torres
- Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil.
| | - Géssica de Oliveira Santiago Santos
- Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Katlin Ivon Barrios Eguiluz
- Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Richard Salazar-Banda
- Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil; Graduate Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia, 49032-490, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Honorio JF, Veit MT, Tavares CRG. Alternative adsorbents applied to the removal of natural hormones from pig farming effluents and characterization of the biofertilizer. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:28429-28435. [PMID: 30387055 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pig farming has a very strong economic importance in Brazil. The residues from this activity are applied to the soil because of their excellent characteristics as biofertilizers. The present study aimed at studying the estrone, 17β-estradiol, and estriol natural hormones, emerging contaminants present in this type of residue that are not mentioned in the current legislation. The characterization of the pig farming effluent presented high concentrations of hormones (mg L-1). The objective was to apply the biosorbents to the removal of the hormones in batch systems directly in the manure heaps without affecting the potential of the effluent as a fertilizer. It was verified that the adsorption of hormones using the rice husk biomass in natura and soybean hull in natura, abundant alternative adsorbents, presented a good capacity of removal of hormones. The presence of the organic materials (rice husk and soybean hull) caused few alterations in the biofertilizer characteristics, demonstrating that these adsorbents present a potential of application in batch treatment systems, with possible applications related to pig farming effluents containing natural hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ferandin Honorio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bl. E-46, Maringá, PR, CEP: 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Teresinha Veit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Western Paraná, Toledo Campus. Rua da Faculdade, 645; Jardim La Salle, Toledo, PR, CEP: 85903-000, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Granhen Tavares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bl. E-46, Maringá, PR, CEP: 87020-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pusceddu FH, Sugauara LE, de Marchi MR, Choueri RB, Castro ÍB. Estrogen levels in surface sediments from a multi-impacted Brazilian estuarine system. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 142:576-580. [PMID: 31232341 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen levels were assessed in surface sediments from one of the most industrialized and urbanized estuarine systems in Latin America (SSES, Santos and São Vicente estuarine system). Estriol (E3) presented quantifiable levels in all sampled sites, ranging from 20.9 ng g-1 to 694.2 ng g-1. 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) were also detected in almost all sampled sites. The highest concentration of E2 was 23.9 ng g-1, whereas high levels of EE2 86.3 ng g-1. The occurrence of estrogens in SSES was diffuse and partially related to a domestic sewage outfall. Estrogens were also found in areas with substantial contribution of sanitary effluents from domiciles not covered by sanitation services. Our results reinforce that studies on environmental contamination by estrogens should not be spatially limited to the vicinities of point sources. These results contribute to raise awareness on the need of a formal approach to assess ecological risks of estrogens in the SSES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy Elaine Sugauara
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Mary Rodrigues de Marchi
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Barrett ES, Mbowe O, Thurston SW, Butts S, Wang C, Nguyen R, Bush N, Redmon JB, Sheshu S, Swan SH, Sathyanarayana S. Predictors of Steroid Hormone Concentrations in Early Pregnancy: Results from a Multi-Center Cohort. Matern Child Health J 2019; 23:397-407. [PMID: 30659461 PMCID: PMC6397082 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-018-02705-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To identify factors predicting maternal sex steroid hormone concentrations in early pregnancy. Methods The Infant Development and the Environment Study recruited healthy pregnant women from academic medical centers in four US cities. Gold standard liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure maternal sex steroids concentrations (total testosterone [TT], free testosterone [FT], estrone [E1], estradiol [E2], and estriol [E3] concentrations) in serum samples from 548 women carrying singletons (median = 11.7 weeks gestation). Women completed questionnaires on demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Results In multivariable linear regression analyses, hormone concentrations varied in relation to maternal age, body mass index (BMI), race, and parity. Older mothers had significantly lower levels of most hormones; for every year increase in maternal age, there was a 1-2% decrease in E1, E2, TT, and FT. By contrast, each unit increase in maternal BMI was associated 1-2% lower estrogen (E1, E2, E3) levels, but 1-2% higher androgen (TT, FT) concentrations. Hormone concentrations were 4-18% lower among parous women, and for each year elapsed since last birth, TT and FT were 1-2% higher (no difference in estrogens). Androgen concentrations were 18-30% higher among Black women compared to women of other races. Fetal sex, maternal stress, and lifestyle factors (including alcohol and tobacco use) were not related to maternal steroid concentrations. Conclusions for Practice Maternal demographic factors predict sex steroid hormone concentrations during pregnancy, which is important given increasing evidence that the prenatal endocrine environment shapes future risk of chronic disease for both mother and offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Barrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Omar Mbowe
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sally W Thurston
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Butts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christina Wang
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruby Nguyen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nicole Bush
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Bruce Redmon
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sukrita Sheshu
- Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang R, Tiosano D, Sánchez-Guijo A, Hartmann MF, Wudy SA. Characterizing the steroidal milieu in amniotic fluid of mid-gestation: A LC-MS/MS study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:47-56. [PMID: 30031148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth and development of an embryo or fetus during human pregnancy mainly depend on intact hormone biosynthesis and metabolism in maternal amniotic fluid (AF). We investigated the hormonal milieu in AF and developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 14 sulfated and 6 unconjugated steroids in AF. 65 A F samples (male: female = 35: 30) of mid-gestation ranging from 16th week of gestation to 25th week of gestation were analyzed. Reference data of 20 steroid levels in AF of healthy women were provided. 13 sulfated and 3 unconjugated steroids were for the first time quantified in AF by LC-MS/MS. Highest concentrations were found for pregnenolone sulfate (PregS: mean ± SD, 8.6 ± 3.7 ng/mL), 17α-hydroxypregnenolone sulfate (17OHPregS: 4.9 ± 2.0 ng/mL), epitestosterone sulfate (eTS: 7.3 ± 3.6 ng/mL), 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16OH-DHEAS: 21.5 ± 10.7 ng/mL), androsterone sulfate (AnS: 9.2 ± 7.4 ng/mL), estrone sulfate (E1S: 3.0 ± 3.0 ng/mL), estriol 3-sulfate (E3S: 8.1 ± 4.0 ng/mL) and estriol (E3: 1.2 ± 0.4 ng/mL). Only testosterone (T) showed a significant sex difference (p < 0.0001). Correlations between AF steroids mirrored the steroid metabolism of the feto-placental unit, and not only confirmed the classical steroid pathway, but also pointed to a sulfated steroid pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - D Tiosano
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 30196, Israel
| | - A Sánchez-Guijo
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - M F Hartmann
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - S A Wudy
- Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Pediatric Endocrinology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang S, Zhu Z, He J, Yue X, Pan J, Wang Z. Steroidal and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in surface water of Bahe River, China: Distribution, bioaccumulation, risk assessment and estrogenic effect on Hemiculter leucisculus. Environ Pollut 2018; 243:103-114. [PMID: 30172116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated selected steroidal and phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the surface water of the Bahe River (China) using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Their effect on the wild sharpbelly Hemiculter leucisculus was investigated. The concentrations of 4-t-octylphenol, nonylphenol, bisphenol-A, estrone, 17 β-estradiol, 17 α-Ethinylestradiol, and estriol were up to 126.0, 634.8, 1573.1, 55.9, 23.9, 31.5, and 5.2 ng L-1 in the surface water, and up to 26.4, 103.5, 146.9, 14.2, 9.3, 13.8, and 1.3 ng g-1 in the fish muscle tissue, respectively. High estrogen equivalent levels and hazard quotients were found in the middle and lower reaches of the river, and the pollution in these regions caused enhanced growth conditions, inhibition of gonad growth, and suppression of spermatogenesis in H. leucisculus. The up-regulation of Vitellogenin mRNA expression in male fish, collected from relatively heavily EDCs contaminated areas, indicates a potential estrogenic effect. The differential expression profiles of genes related to steroidogenesis at all sampling sites suggests that these endpoints may play an important role for the pollution monitoring of estrogenic EDCs in the Bahe River.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zeliang Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiafa He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoya Yue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianxiong Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zaizhao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xue W, Xiao K, Liang P, Huang X. Roles of membrane and organic fouling layers on the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals in microfiltration. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 72:176-184. [PMID: 30244744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the adsorption behavior of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is important for enhancing the treatment performance and preventing potential secondary pollution caused by EDCs desorption in a microfiltration system. The dynamic adsorption of four representative EDCs, namely estriol (E3), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in a microfiltration system was investigated using the Thomas' model. The product of the equilibrium constant and the total adsorption capacity of the membrane, Ka, for E3, E2, EE2, and 4-NP were 4.91, 9.78, 15.6, and 826, respectively, strongly correlating with the compound octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW). Adsorption appeared to be enhanced when organic fouling formed on the surface of membrane, indicating the role of an additional adsorption column for EDCs acted by a fouling layer in microfiltration. Results of a comparison between the Ka values for clean membrane and fouled membrane illustrated that the significant contribution made by fouling layers may be attributed to the foulant layer's hydrophobicity (in the case of calcium humate layer) and thickness (in the case of calcium alginate layer). This study provided a novel perspective to quantitatively analyze the dynamic adsorption behavior of trace pollutants in membrane process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Xue
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Peng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ashfaq M, Li Y, Wang Y, Qin D, Rehman MSU, Rashid A, Yu CP, Sun Q. Monitoring and mass balance analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds and their transformation products in an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic wastewater treatment system in Xiamen, China. Chemosphere 2018; 204:170-177. [PMID: 29655110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence, removal and mass balance of 8 endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), including estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethinylestradiol (EE2), triclosan (TCS), triclocarbon (TCC), 4-n-nonyl phenol (NP) and 4-n-octyl phenol (OP), along with 5 of their transformation products (TPs), including 4-hydroxy estrone (4-OH E1), 4-hydroxy estradiol (4-OH E2), methyl triclosan (MeTCS), carbanilide (NCC), dichlorocarbanilide (DCC) in a wastewater treatment plant. Generally, E3 showed the highest concentrations in wastewater with median value of 514 ng/L in influent, while TCS and TCC showed highest level in sludge and suspended solids (SS) with median value of 960 and 724 μg/kg, respectively. Spatial variations were observed along each unit of the wastewater treatment processes for dissolved analytes in wastewater and adsorbed analytes in suspended solids and sludge. Special emphasis was placed to understand the mass load of EDCs and their TPs to the wastewater treatment unit and mass loss during the wastewater treatment processes. Mass loss based on both aqueous and suspended phase concentration revealed that majority of these chemicals were significantly removed during the treatment process except for TCS, TCC, and three of their TPs (MeTCS, NCC, DCC), which were released or generated during the treatment process. Mass load results showed that 42.4 g of these EDCs and their TPs entered this wastewater treatment system daily via influent, whereas 6.15 g and 7.60 g were discharged through effluent and sludge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashfaq
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Dan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100043, China
| | - Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rashid
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Trimble JO, Hampton S. Trace Level Analysis of Airborne Hormone Particulates. Int J Pharm Compd 2018; 22:257-263. [PMID: 29878894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trace levels of airborne hormones during the pharmaceutical compounding process are analyzed by air monitoring and surface sampling. This study is discussed in two parts: the first part discusses the analysis of particulates suspended in the air by using video particle counting; the second part discusses the analysis of particulates settled on the surface by using surface wipe sampling. One solution to the problem of airborne hormones is to incorporate the hormones into a vehicle like a semisolid cream with high surface tension such that there are no powders to be used during the pharmaceutical compounding process. The analytical method for this study was performed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Shi P, Zhou S, Xiao H, Qiu J, Li A, Zhou Q, Pan Y, Hollert H. Toxicological and chemical insights into representative source and drinking water in eastern China. Environ Pollut 2018; 233:35-44. [PMID: 29053996 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water safety is continuously threatened by the emergence of numerous toxic organic pollutants (TOPs) in environmental waters. In this study, an approach integrating in vitro bioassays and chemical analyses was performed to explore toxicological profiles of representative source and drinking water from waterworks of the Yangtze River (Yz), Taihu Lake (Th), and the Huaihe River (Hh) basins in eastern China. Overall, 34 of 96 TOPs were detected in all water samples, with higher concentrations in both source and drinking water samples of Hh, and pollutant profiles also differed across different river basins. Non-specific bioassays indicated that source water samples of Hh waterworks showed higher genotoxicity and mutagenicity than samples of Yz and Th. An EROD assay demonstrated dioxin-like toxicity which was detected in 5 of 7 source water samples, with toxin concentration levels ranging from 62.40 to 115.51 picograms TCDD equivalents per liter of water (eq./L). PAHs and PCBs were not the main contributors to observed dioxin-like toxicity in detected samples. All source water samples induced estrogenic activities of 8.00-129.00 nanograms 17β-estradiol eq./L, and estrogens, including 17α-ethinylestradiol and estriol, contributed 40.38-84.15% of the observed activities in examined samples. While drinking water treatments efficiently removed TOPs and their toxic effects, and estrogenic activity was still observed in drinking water samples of Hh. Altogether, this study indicated that the representative source water in eastern China, especially that found in Hh, may negatively affect human health, a finding that demonstrates an urgent requirement for advanced drinking water treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Sicong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Jingfan Qiu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Henner Hollert
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, PR China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang K, Fent K. Determination of two progestin metabolites (17α-hydroxypregnanolone and pregnanediol) and different classes of steroids (androgens, estrogens, corticosteroids, progestins) in rivers and wastewaters by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Sci Total Environ 2018; 610-611:1164-1172. [PMID: 31096410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and robust method was developed for routine analysis of two progestin metabolites, 17α-hydroxypregnanolone (17OH-Δ5P) and pregnanediol (PD), and 31 other natural and synthetic steroids and related metabolites (estrogens, androgens, corticosteroids, progestins) in river water, as well as influents and effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) using HPLC-MS/MS combined with solid-phase extraction. For the various matrixes considered, the optimized method showed satisfactory performance with recoveries of 70-120% for most of target steroids. The method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 0.01 to 3ng/L for river water, 0.02 to 10ng/L for WWTP effluents, and 0.1 to 40ng/L for influents with good linearity and reproducibility. The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of steroids in rivers and WWTP influent and effluents. WWTP influents concentrations of 17OH-Δ5P and PD were 51-256ng/L and up to 400ng/L, respectively, along with androstenedione (concentration range: 38-220ng/L), testosterone (11-26ng/L), estrone (2.3-37ng/L), 17β-estradiol (N.D.-8.7ng/L), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (N.D.-66ng/L), medroxyprogesterone acetate (N.D.-5.3ng/L), and progesterone (2.0-22ng/L), while only androstenedione (ADD), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3) were detected in effluent with concentrations ranging up to 1.7ng/L, 0.90ng/L and 0.8ng/L, respectively. In river water samples, only ADD and E1 were detected with concentrations up to 1.0ng/L and 0.91ng/L. Our procedure represents the first method for analyzing 17OH-Δ5P and PD in environmental samples along with a large series of steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Olatunji OS, Fatoki OS, Opeolu BO, Ximba BJ, Chitongo R. Determination of selected steroid hormones in some surface water around animal farms in Cape Town using HPLC-DAD. Environ Monit Assess 2017; 189:363. [PMID: 28667415 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a method for the simultaneous determination of two steroid hormones, 17β-estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), and a hormone mimicking polycarbonate, bisphenol-A (BPA), was developed and validated. This was thereafter used for the determination of the levels of the hormones in surface water collected around some livestock farms. The sensitivity of the method allowed the LODs and LOQs of the hormones and mimic hormone in the range 1.14-2.510 and 3.42-7.53 μg/L, respectively. The results revealed wide variability in the concentrations of E2 and E3, while BPA was not detected at any of the sampling stations. The concentration of E3 ranged between <1.14 and 45.5 μg/L (N = 120) in station 2 water. The highest concentration of E2 (15.7 μg/L, N = 80) was observed in water from station 1. The varied concentrations may be connected with the nature and sources of release, inconsistencies in analyte distribution due to dynamics of water flow pattern and the physical/chemical properties of the receiving water bodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olatunde S Olatunji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Olalekan S Fatoki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Beatrice O Opeolu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bhekumusa J Ximba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rumbidzai Chitongo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cohen A, Ross NW, Smith PM, Fawcett JP. Analysis of 17β-estradiol, estriol and estrone in American eel (Anguilla rostrata) tissue samples using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray differential ion mobility tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2017; 31:842-850. [PMID: 28295771 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 17β-Estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) and estriol (E3) are steroid hormones responsible for the regulation of the female reproductive system. Estradiol is planned to be used to feminize eels in aquaculture in order to improve their size and marketability. The residual levels of these hormones in fish tissue must be monitored to meet the requirements of food regulatory agencies. Few studies have studied these hormones in complex biological matrices such as fish tissue. METHODS We developed a method to analyze E1, E2 and E3 in fish tissue using liquid chromatography in combination with differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The mass spectrometer was operated in negative polarity selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. To test the performance of this method, residual levels of E1, E2 and E3 were measured in the muscle tissue of juvenile eels subjected to feminization treatment with E2. RESULTS We report that following 17β-estradiol treatment, E2 is rapidly metabolized from the eel tissue, with a 50% depletion rate per day. Five days post-treatment, E2 returned to the level found in non-treated controls, similar to levels found in wild mature female eels. CONCLUSIONS The method presented herein allows the quantitative analysis of E1, E2 and E3 in fish tissue samples. Under the experimental conditions, E2 in fish tissue samples returned to physiological levels post hormonal treatment. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cohen
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Neil W Ross
- NovaEel Inc., 2161 Armcrescent E Dr., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Paul M Smith
- NovaEel Inc., 2161 Armcrescent E Dr., Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - James P Fawcett
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3H 4R2
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Belhaj D, Athmouni K, Jerbi B, Kallel M, Ayadi H, Zhou JL. Estrogenic compounds in Tunisian urban sewage treatment plant: occurrence, removal and ecotoxicological impact of sewage discharge and sludge disposal. Ecotoxicology 2016; 25:1849-1857. [PMID: 27660067 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence, fate and ecotoxicological assessment of selected estrogenic compounds were investigated at Tunisian urban sewage treatment plant. The influents, effluents, as well as primary, secondary and dehydrated sludge, were sampled and analyzed for the target estrogens to evaluate their fate. All target compounds were detected in both sewage and sludge with mean concentrations from 0.062 to 0.993 μg L-1 and from 11.8 to 792.9 μg kg-1dry weight, respectively. A wide range of removal efficiencies during the treatment processes were observed, from 6.3 % for estrone to 76.8 % for estriol. Ecotoxicological risk assessment revealed that the highest ecotoxicological risk in sewage effluent and dehydrated sludge was due to 17β-estradiol with a risk quotient (RQ) of 4.6 and 181.9, respectively, and 17α-ethinylestradiol with RQ of 9.8 and 14.85, respectively. Ecotoxicological risk after sewage discharge and sludge disposal was limited to the presence of 17β-estradiol in dehydrated-sludge amended soil with RQ of 1.38. Further control of estrogenic hormones in sewage effluent and sludge is essential before their discharge and application in order to prevent their introduction into the natural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalel Belhaj
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Aquatic Ecosystems, Ecology and Planktonology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, FSS, Street Soukra Km 3.5, BP 1171, Sfax, CP 3000, Tunisia.
| | - Khaled Athmouni
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Aquatic Ecosystems, Ecology and Planktonology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, FSS, Street Soukra Km 3.5, BP 1171, Sfax, CP 3000, Tunisia
| | - Bouthaina Jerbi
- ENIS. Engineering laboratory of Environment and Ecotechnology. LR16ES19, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Street Soukra Km 3.5. BP 1173, Sfax, CP 3038, Tunisia
| | - Monem Kallel
- ENIS. Engineering laboratory of Environment and Ecotechnology. LR16ES19, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Street Soukra Km 3.5. BP 1173, Sfax, CP 3038, Tunisia
| | - Habib Ayadi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Biodiversity and Aquatic Ecosystems, Ecology and Planktonology, University of Sfax-Tunisia, FSS, Street Soukra Km 3.5, BP 1171, Sfax, CP 3000, Tunisia
| | - John L Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hamilton LA, Tremblay LA, Northcott GL, Boake M, Lim RP. The impact of variations of influent loading on the efficacy of an advanced tertiary sewage treatment plant to remove endocrine disrupting chemicals. Sci Total Environ 2016; 560-561:101-109. [PMID: 27096490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of changes in influent load on the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) by sewage treatment has not been fully characterised. This study assessed the efficacy of an advanced tertiary sewage treatment plant (STP) to remove EDCs during normal and peak flow events of sewage influent using trace chemical analysis of selected EDCs and four estrogenic in vitro bioassays. During the summer holiday season, influent volume increased by 68%, nutrient concentrations by at least 26% and hydraulic retention time was reduced by 40% compared with base flow conditions. Despite these pressures on the treatment system the concentrations and mass loading of estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, Bisphenol A, 4-t-octylphenol and technical nonylphenol were not significantly higher (p>0.05) during the peak flow conditions compared with base flow conditions. Chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays showed that the efficacy of the STP in removing EDCs was not affected by the different loadings between baseline and peak flow regimes. This study demonstrates that large flow variations within the design capacity of advanced multi-stage STPs should not reduce the removal efficacy of EDCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Hamilton
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Louis A Tremblay
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Grant L Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Michael Boake
- Veolia Water Australia, Level 4, Bay Centre, 65 Pirrama Road, Pyrmont, NSW 2009, Australia
| | - Richard P Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, (UTS), PO Box 123, Broadway NSW, 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Praveena SM, Lui TS, Hamin N, Razak SQNA, Aris AZ. Occurrence of selected estrogenic compounds and estrogenic activity in surface water and sediment of Langat River (Malaysia). Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:442. [PMID: 27353134 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and estrogenic activities of steroid estrogens, such as the natural estrone (E1), 17β estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3), as well as the synthetic 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), were investigated in eight sampling points along the Langat River (Malaysia). Surface water samples were collected at 0.5 m and surface sediment 0-5 cm from the river surface. Instrument analysis of steroid estrogens was determined by UPLC-ESI-MS with an ultra-performance liquid chromatograph (Perkin Elmer FX15) coupled to a Q Trap function mass spectrophotometer (model 3200: AB Sciex). Steroid estrogen concentrations were higher in the Langat River sediments than those in its surface water. In surface water, E1 was not detected in any sampling point, E2 was only detected in two midstream sampling points (range 0-0.004 ng/L), E3 in three sampling points (range 0-0.002 ng/L), and EE2 in four sampling points (range 0-0.02 ng/L). E1 and E2 were detected in sediments from all sampling points, E3 in five sampling points, while EE2 only in one midstream sample (3.29E-4 ng/g). Sewage treatment plants, farming waste, and agricultural activities particularly present midstream and downstream were identified as potential sources of estrogens. Estrogenic activity expressed as estradiol equivalents (EEQs) was below 1 ng/L in all samples for both surface water and sediment, indicating therefore a low potential estrogenic risk to the aquatic environment. Although the health risks are still uncertain for drinking water consumers exposed to low levels of steroid estrogen concentrations, Langat River water is unacceptable for direct drinking purposes without treatment. Further studies of endocrine disruptors in Malaysian waters are highly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty Of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Tang Seok Lui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty Of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nur'Aqilah Hamin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty Of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Quistina Noorain Abdul Razak
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty Of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sornalingam K, McDonagh A, Zhou JL. Photodegradation of estrogenic endocrine disrupting steroidal hormones in aqueous systems: Progress and future challenges. Sci Total Environ 2016; 550:209-224. [PMID: 26815298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews different photodegradation technologies used for the removal of four endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs): estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The degradation efficiency is greater under UV than visible light; and increases with light intensity up to when mass transfer becomes the rate limiting step. Substantial rates are observed in the environmentally relevant range of pH7-8, though higher rates are obtained for pH above the pKa (~10.4) of the EDCs. The effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on EDC photodegradation are complex with both positive and negative impacts being reported. TiO2 remains the best catalyst due to its superior activity, chemical and photo stability, cheap commercial availability, capacity to function at ambient conditions and low toxicity. The optimum TiO2 loading is 0.05-1gl(-1), while higher loadings have negative impact on EDC removal. The suspended catalysts prove to be more efficient in photocatalysis compared to the immobilised catalysts, while the latter are considered more suitable for commercial scale applications. Photodegradation mostly follows 1st or pseudo 1st order kinetics. Photodegradation typically eradicates or moderates estrogenic activity, though some intermediates are found to exhibit higher estrogenicity than the parent EDCs; the persistence of estrogenic activity is mainly attributed to the presence of the phenolic moiety in intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kireesan Sornalingam
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Andrew McDonagh
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - John L Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Haig SJ, Gauchotte-Lindsay C, Collins G, Quince C. Bioaugmentation Mitigates the Impact of Estrogen on Coliform-Grazing Protozoa in Slow Sand Filters. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:3101-10. [PMID: 26895622 PMCID: PMC4841604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as estrogens, is a growing issue for human and animal health as they have been shown to cause reproductive and developmental abnormalities in wildlife and plants and have been linked to male infertility disorders in humans. Intensive farming and weather events, such as storms, flash flooding, and landslides, contribute estrogen to waterways used to supply drinking water. This paper explores the impact of estrogen exposure on the performance of slow sand filters (SSFs) used for water treatment. The feasibility and efficacy of SSF bioaugmentation with estrogen-degrading bacteria was also investigated, to determine whether removal of natural estrogens (estrone, estradiol, and estriol) and overall SSF performance for drinking water treatment could be improved. Strains for SSF augmentation were isolated from full-scale, municipal SSFs so as to optimize survival in the laboratory-scale SSFs used. Concentrations of the natural estrogens, determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealed augmented SSFs reduced the overall estrogenic potency of the supplied water by 25% on average and removed significantly more estrone and estradiol than nonaugmented filters. A negative correlation was found between coliform removal and estrogen concentration in nonaugmented filters. This was due to the toxic inhibition of protozoa, indicating that high estrogen concentrations can have functional implications for SSFs (such as impairing coliform removal). Consequently, we suggest that high estrogen concentrations could impact significantly on water quality production and, in particular, on pathogen removal in biological water filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Haig
- School
of Engineering, Rankine Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
- Phone: 734-764-6350. E-mail:
| | | | - Gavin Collins
- School
of Engineering, Rankine Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
- Microbial
Ecophysiology Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Christopher Quince
- School
of Engineering, Rankine Building, University
of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Backe WJ. An Ultrasensitive (Parts-Per-Quadrillion) and SPE-Free Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Estrogens in Surface Water. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:14311-8. [PMID: 26580084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method is presented here that is sensitive to the parts-per-quadrillion (pg/L) for estrogens in surface water. The estrogens included for study were estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, and equilin. The method consisted of the small-scale liquid-liquid extraction of surface water followed by derivation with dansyl chloride. Analyte separation and detection were performed by high-pressure liquid-chromatography and tandem mass-spectrometry. A large volume (100 μL) of the sample was injected on-column to increase the analyte mass sent to the detector. The detection limits of the method were 0.045 ng/L for estrone, 0.086 ng/L for 17β-estradiol, 0.030 ng/L for estriol, 0.049 ng/L for 17α-ethinylestradiol, and 0.13 ng/L for equilin. The whole-method accuracy ranged from 93 ± 5.8% to 105 ± 4.5% for all the analytes at two different spike levels. Similarly, the precision of the method was less than 8.0% relative standard deviation. The final method was used to analyze a series of samples from the Mississippi River spanning 51 river miles. Estrone was detected in all of the samples and 17β-estradiol was detected in one. Concentrations of estrone ranged from between the detection and quantification limits up to 0.63 ng/L. Increases in the concentration of estrone could be observed downstream from potential sources including a drinking water treatment plant. 17β-estradiol was detected below its quantitation limit in a sample taken downstream from a wastewater treatment plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Will J Backe
- Public Health Laboratory, Minnesota Department of Health , 601 Robert St. N., P.O. Box 64899, , Saint Paul, Minnesota 55164-0899, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ke X, Wang C, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Gui S. Characterization of estrogenic receptor agonists and evaluation of estrogenic activity in the sediments of Liaohe River protected areas. Mar Pollut Bull 2015; 100:176-181. [PMID: 26388445 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic activity of 12 sediment samples from Liaohe River protected areas was evaluated by the recombinant yeast bioassays. The bioassay-derived 17β-estradiol equivalents of crude extracts (Bio-EEQcrudes) were between 52.2 and 207.6pg/g dry weight. The most concerned estrogenic receptor (ER) agonists including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), 4-nonylphenols (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined. The concentrations of E1, E2, E3, EE2, BPA, andΣ10OCPs ranged up to 203.3pg/g, 185.8pg/g, 237.7pg/g, 188.5pg/g, 51.0ng/g, and 3.6ng/g, respectively. Taken together with polarity-based fractionation, in vitro bioassay and chemical analysis, it indicated that E1, E2, and EE2 were the predominant ER agonists and were mainly from the discharge of domestic wastewater and breeding wastewater. Meanwhile, this study showed that the establishment of protected areas had not obviously reduced the ecological risk caused by ER agonists in Liaohe River protected areas sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ke
- College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Chunyong Wang
- College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, China.
| | - Shaofeng Gui
- College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
He D, Ye X, Xiao Y, Zhao N, Long J, Zhang P, Fan Y, Ding S, Jin X, Tian C, Xu S, Ying C. Dietary exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals in metropolitan population from China: a risk assessment based on probabilistic approach. Chemosphere 2015; 139:2-8. [PMID: 26025473 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The intake of contaminated foods is an important exposure pathway for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, data on the occurrence of EDCs in foodstuffs are sporadic and the resultant risk of co-exposure is rarely concerned. In this study, 450 food samples representing 7 food categories (mainly raw and fresh food), collected from three geographic cities in China, were analyzed for eight EDCs using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Besides estrone (E1), other EDCs including diethylstilbestrol (DES), nonylphenol (NP), bisphenol A (BPA), octylphenol (OP), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and estriol (E3) were ubiquitous in food. Dose-dependent relationships were found between NP and EE2 (r=0.196, p<0.05), BPA (r=0.391, p<0.05). Moreover, there existed a correspondencebetween EDCs congener and food category. Based on the obtained database of EDCs concentration combined with local food consumption, dietary EDCs exposure was estimated using the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) system. The 50th and 95th percentile exposure of any EDCs isomer were far below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value identically. However, the sum of 17β-estradiol equivalents (∑EEQs) exposure in population was considerably larger than the value of exposure to E2, which implied the underlying resultant risk of multiple EDCs in food should be concern. In conclusion, co-exposure via food consumption should be considered rather than individual EDCs during health risk evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Preventive medicine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Yonghua Xiao
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, China.
| | - Nana Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Jia Long
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Piwei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Shibin Ding
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Chong Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Chenjiang Ying
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang Y, Cao X, Zhang M, Wang J. Occurrence and distribution of endocrine-disrupting compounds in the Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake along the Central Yangtze River, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:17644-17652. [PMID: 26150298 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lakes along the Yangzte River are very important for inhabitants due to their ecosystem service values. In this study, the level of eight endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) was studied in the Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake. In each lake, 21 water samples and 21 sediment samples were collected. The total concentrations of eight EDCs in surface water (47.60-419.82 ng L(-1), mean value: 225.65 ng L(-1)) and sediments (202.71-635.36 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw), mean value 371.90 ng g(-1) dw) of Honghu Lake were significantly higher than those in surface water (43.52-394.21 ng L(-1), mean value 153.03 ng L(-1)) and sediment (70.01-464.63 ng g(-1) dw, mean value 238.42 ng g(-1) dw) in East Dongting Lake. 4-Nonylphenol (NP), 4-octylphenol (OP), and bisphenol A (BPA) in surface water and sediments were main EDCs in two lakes. No correlation relationships were found between concentrations of EDCs in water and sediment from two lakes. The concentrations of OP and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in sediments of Honghu Lake had significant positive correlation with the content of total organic carbon (TOC). The concentrations of EDCs in outlet of Honghu Lake were comparable to those in the main lake, whereas the EDCs in outlet of East Dongting Lake were lower than those in the main lake. The EDCs in Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake may have a significant potential biological effect on fish based on the estimation of EDC estrogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinhua Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhao F, Chai D, Lu J, Yu J, Liu S. Novel chemiluminescent imaging microtiter plates for high-throughput detection of multiple serum biomarkers related to Down's syndrome via soybean peroxidase as label enzyme. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6117-26. [PMID: 26105511 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel chemiluminescent (CL) imaging microtiter plates with high-throughput, low-cost, and simple operation for detection of four biomarkers related to Down's syndrome screening were developed and evaluated. To enhance the sensitivity of CL immunosensing, soybean peroxidase (SBP) was used instead of horseradish peroxide (HRP) as a label enzyme. The microtiter plates were fabricated by simultaneously immobilizing four capture monoclonal antibodies, anti-inhibin-A, anti-unconjugated oestriol (anti-uE3), anti-alpha-fetoprotein (anti-AFP), and beta anti-HCG (anti-β-HCG), on nitrocellulose (NC) membrane to form immunosensing microtiter wells. Under a sandwiched immunoassay, the CL signals on each sensing site of the microtiter plates were collected by a charge-coupled device (CCD), presenting an array-based chemiluminescence imaging method for detection of four target antigens in a well at the same time. The linear response to the analyte concentration ranged from 0.1 to 40 ng/mL for inhibin-A, 0.075 to 40 ng/mL for uE3, 0.2 to 400 ng/mL for AFP, and 0.4 to 220 ng/mL for β-HCG. The proposed microtiter plates possessed high-throughput, good stability, and acceptable accuracy for detection of four antigens in clinical serum samples and demonstrated potential for practical applicability of the proposed method to Down's syndrome screening. Graphical Abstract Schematic evaluation of the microtiter plater for simultaneous detection of the four biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Suzhou Research Institute of Southeast University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shepherd BO, Erler DV, Tait DR, van Zwieten L, Kimber S, Eyre BD. Behaviour of estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals in permeable carbonate sands. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:11340-11348. [PMID: 25804658 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of four estrogenic endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estriol (E3), was measured in saturated and unsaturated carbonate sand-filled columns dosed with wastewater from a sewage treatment plant. The estrogen equivalency (EEQ) of inlet wastewater was 1.2 ng L(-1) and was remediated to an EEQ of 0.5 ng L(-1) through the unsaturated carbonate sand-filled columns. The high surface area of carbonate sand and associated high microbial activity may have assisted the degradation of these estrogens. The fully saturated sand columns showed an increase in total estrogenic potency with an EEQ of 2.4 ng L(-1), which was double that of the inlet wastewater. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in total estrogenic potency between aerobic and anaerobic columns. The breakdown of conjugated estrogens to estrogenic EDCs formed under long residence time and reducing conditions may have been responsible for the increase in the fully saturated columns. This may also be explained by the desorption of previously sorbed estrogenic EDCs. The effect of additional filter materials, such as basalt sediment and coconut fibre, on estrogenic EDC reduction was also tested. None of these amendments provided improvements in estrogen remediation relative to the unamended unsaturated carbonate sand columns. Aerobic carbonate sand filters have good potential to be used as on-site wastewater treatment systems for the reduction of estrogenic EDCs. However, the use of fully saturated sand filters, which are used to promote denitrification, and the loss of nitrogen as N2 were shown to cause an increase in EEQ. The potential for the accumulation of estrogenic EDCs under anaerobic conditions needs to be considered when designing on-site sand filtration systems required to reduce nitrogen. Furthermore, the accumulation of estrogens under anaerobic conditions such as under soil absorption systems or leachate fields has the potential to contaminate groundwater especially when the water table levels fluctuate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O Shepherd
- Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang A, Wang J, Li Y. Performance of calcium peroxide for removal of endocrine-disrupting compounds in waste activated sludge and promotion of sludge solubilization. Water Res 2015; 71:125-139. [PMID: 25613412 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Removal of six phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) (estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol, estriol, bisphenol A, and 4-nonylphenols) from waste activated sludge (WAS) was investigated using calcium peroxide (CaO2) oxidation. Effects of initial pH and CaO2 dosage were investigated. The impacts of CaO2 treatment on sludge solubilization and anaerobic digestion were also evaluated. Specifically, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in EDC degradation during CaO2 oxidation was tested. Effects of 6 metal ions contained in the sludge matrix on EDC degradation were also evaluated. The results showed that CaO2 treatment can be a promising technology for EDC removal and facilitating sludge reuse. The EDC removal efficiencies increased with the increase in CaO2 dosage. At CaO2 doses of more than 0.34 g per gram of total solid (g g(-1) TS), more than 50% of EDCs were removed in a wide pH range of 2-12. Higher removal efficiencies were achieved at initial pH values of 12 and 2. The products of EDCs during CaO2 oxidation had less estrogenic activity than the originals. Under the conditions of neutral pH and CaO2 dosage = 0.34 g g(-1) TS, the sludge solubilization can be improved by increasing the soluble total organic carbon (STOC) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction by 25% and 27% in 7 d, respectively; the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was enhanced by 96% in the 15 d following anaerobic digestion. The ROS released by CaO2 are the main factors contributing to EDC removal, among which, hydroxyl radicals (OH) play the most important role. Metal ions contained in the sludge matrix also affected EDC removal. For most cases, Fe, Cu, and Zn had positive effects; Mn and Ag had negative effects; and Mg had an insignificant effect on EDC removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hubinger JC. Determination of estriol, estradiol, estrone, and progesterone in cosmetic products. J Cosmet Sci 2015; 66:113-128. [PMID: 26454975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the development and validation of a reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV detection for the determination of the hormones estriol, estradiol, estrone, and progesterone in topically applied products. The developed method was then used to conduct a postmarket survey of consumer products for these hormones. Each product was first mixed with Celite and then extracted with methanol. Extracts were cleaned on a Waters Oasis HLB solid phase extraction cartridge, and then analyzed using reversed phase HPLC. The analytes were separated using an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB C8 (5 μm, 250 mm by 4.6 mm) analytical column and detected by their absorbance at 230 nm. Chromatographic separation was achieved by a 1.0-ml/min linear gradient from 30% acetonitrile and 70% water to 80% acetonitrile and 20% water over 30 min. A final 5 min hold time and a re-equilibration time of 10 min were used to prepare the column for subsequent analysis. Recovery from two different brand lotions spiked with three different levels of estriol, estradiol, estrone, and progesterone ranged from 81.8% to 101%. In this study, a total of 70 cosmetic products were surveyed. Twenty two (63%) of the 35 products were labeled as containing an estrogen and/ or progesterone and also provided quantitative label information about the hormone ingredient. The most frequently labeled hormones were progesterone (66%), estriol (46%), estradiol (11%), and estrone (6%). Six products labeled as containing estriol were found to contain estradiol. An estrogen and/or progesterone were found in 34 products at concentrations ranging from 86.0 to 26,800 μg/g. Progesterone was not found in one product labeled as containing this hormone. An additional 35 products, which did not list hormones on their labels, were analyzed and estrogen or progesterone was not detected in these products.
Collapse
|
35
|
Petrie B, McAdam EJ, Hassard F, Stephenson T, Lester JN, Cartmell E. Diagnostic investigation of steroid estrogen removal by activated sludge at varying solids retention time. Chemosphere 2014; 113:101-108. [PMID: 25065796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The impact of solids retention time (SRT) on estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) removal in an activated sludge plant (ASP) was examined using a pilot plant to closely control operation. Exsitu analytical methods were simultaneously used to enable discrimination of the dominant mechanisms governing estrogen removal following transitions in SRT from short (3d) to medium (10d) and long (27d) SRTs which broadly represent those encountered at full-scale. Total estrogen (∑EST, i.e., sum of E1, E2, E3 and EE2) removals which account for aqueous and particulate concentrations were 70±8, 95±1 and 93±2% at 3, 10 and 27d SRTs respectively. The improved removal observed following an SRT increase from 3 to 10d was attributable to the augmented biodegradation of the natural estrogens E1 and E2. Interestingly, estrogen biodegradation per bacterial cell increased with SRT. These were 499, 1361 and 1750ng 10(12) viable cells(-1)d(-1). This indicated an improved efficiency of the same group or the development of a more responsive group of bacteria. In this study no improvement in absolute ∑EST removal was observed in the ASP when SRT increased from 10 to 27d. However, batch studies identified an augmented biomass sorption capacity for the more hydrophobic estrogens E2 and EE2 at 27d, equivalent to an order of magnitude. The lack of influence on estrogen removal during pilot plant operation can be ascribed to their distribution within activated sludge being under equilibrium. Consequently, lower wastage of excess sludge inherent of long SRT operation counteracts any improvement in sorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Petrie
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Ewan J McAdam
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Francis Hassard
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Tom Stephenson
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - John N Lester
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Elise Cartmell
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang LP, Wang XH, Ya ML, Wu YL, Li YY, Zhang ZL. Levels of endocrine disrupting compounds in South China Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2014; 85:628-633. [PMID: 24556359 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of estrogens in the aquatic environment has become a major concern worldwide because of their strong endocrine disrupting potency. In this study, concentrations of four estrogenic compounds, estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3) were determined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses in surface water from South China Sea, and distributions and potential risks of their estrogenic activity were assessed. The estrogenic compounds E1, E2 and E3 were detected in most of the samples, with their concentrations up to 11.16, 3.71 and 21.63 ng L(-1). However, EE2 was only detected in 3 samples. Causality analysis, EEQ values from chemical analysis identified E2 as the main responsible compounds. Based on the EEQ values in the surface water, high estrogenic risks were in the coastal water, and low estrogenic risks in the open sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Miao-Lei Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yu-Ling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yong-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zu-lin Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
One of the major problems in obstetrics and pediatrics is preterm birth. A new method of prediction of preterm birth is by salivary estriol. This study aimed to determine the predictive value of single measurement of salivary estriol and its relationship with preterm birth. In this study, the salivary specimens of 466 pregnant women of 25-34 weeks gestational age were collected and kept in a freezer until delivery. Consequently, the salivary specimens were thawed and estriol levels were measured. The cut-off point for estriol was determined by a receiver operating characteristics curve. Salivary estriol levels equal to or higher than the cut-off point (2.6 ng m(-1)) were considered as the estriol (+) group and those lower than 2.6 ng mL(-1) were considered as the estriol (-) group. Our findings showed that 36 (18.3%) subjects in the estriol (+) group and 22 (8.2%) subjects in the estriol (-) group had preterm deliveries. There was a significant relationship between salivary estriol levels and preterm birth (χ2 = 10.636, p = 0.001). Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values (positive and negative) of estriol were 62, 60, 18.3 and 82%, respectively. Single measurement of salivary estriol at 25-34 weeks of gestation, with its high negative predictive values, could be beneficial to identify women who will not develop preterm labor. This outcome suggests that unnecessary interventions should be avoided to prevent preterm births.
Collapse
|
38
|
Fu YJ, Ling WT, Dong CX, Liu J, Gao YZ, Pan YL. [Estrogens determination of livestock dung based on UE-SPE-HPLC/FLD]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2013; 24:3280-3288. [PMID: 24564161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A method for detecting the estrogens estriol, 17beta-estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, and bisphenol A in livestock dung was established by the combination of ultrasonic extraction (UE), solid phase extraction (SPE) purification, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector (FLD). The dung samples were extracted with ethyl acetate ultrasonication for 30 min, and purified with C18 solid phase extraction column and related solvents. The test four estrogens in the dung samples were isolated with Inertsil ODS-SP-C18 reversed-phase columns (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm), and the isolated estrogens were detected with HPLC/FLD. The mobile phase of HPLC for the detection was methanol/acetonitrile/water (volume ratio of 20:30:50), with a flow rate of 0.8 mL x min(-1). The excitation and emission wavelengths of FLD were 280 and 310 nm, respectively, the HPLC column temperature was 40 degrees C, and the injection volume was 20 microL. Good linearity (correlation coefficient greater than 0.9995) was observed by the HPLC/FLD detection when the test four estrogens concentrations were in the range of 1.00-1000.00 microg x L(-1). The detection limit of estriol, bisphenol A, 17beta-estradiol, and ethinyl estradiol was 3.35, 5.01, 2.13, and 1.12 microg x kg(-1), respectively. When the added estrogens concentrations of pig, cow, and chicken dung samples were 0.05, 0.40, and, 1.00 microg x kg(-1), the average recovery of the four estrogens was 75.1%-91.1%, 78.4%-117.0%, and 78.6%-97.8%, respectively, with the relatively standard deviations (RSD, n = 6) all less than 6%. By adopting the established SPE-HPLC/FLD method to detect the estrogens in real pig, cow, and chicken dung samples from parts of the large-scale livestock raising farms in Nanjing of East China, the detection reproducibility was high, and the detection limit was low, being available and effective for the detection of the estrogens in livestock dung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Jie Fu
- Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wan-Ting Ling
- Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chang-Xun Dong
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yan-Zheng Gao
- Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu-Lan Pan
- Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen Y, Zhang K, Zuo Y. Direct and indirect photodegradation of estriol in the presence of humic acid, nitrate and iron complexes in water solutions. Sci Total Environ 2013; 463-464:802-9. [PMID: 23872181 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical behavior of a natural estrogen estriol (E3) was investigated in the presence of the natural photoreactive constituents including nitrate, iron(III), and humic acid (HA). The direct photodegradation of E3 increased with increasing incident light intensity, decreasing initial concentration of E3 and increasing pH in the range of 6.0 to 10.0. The direct photodegradation of the deprotonated speciation of E3 was much faster than that of its protonated form. The presence of NO3(-) and iron(III) promoted the photochemical loss of E3 in the aqueous solutions. The quenching experiments verified that hydroxyl radicals were predominantly responsible for the indirect photodegradation of E3. HA could act as photosensitizer, light screening agent and free radical quencher. For the first time, the enhancement or inhibition effect of HA on photodegradation was found to depend on the irradiation light intensity. HA enhanced the photodegradation of E3 under sunlight or weak irradiation of simulated sunlight. In contrast, under high irradiation light intensity, HA inhibited the photodegradation. The hydroxylation photoproducts were identified using GC-MS and the photodegradation pathway of E3 was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, United States; School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Avberšek M, Žegura B, Filipič M, Uranjek-Ževart N, Heath E. Determination of estrogenic potential in waste water without sample extraction. J Hazard Mater 2013; 260:527-533. [PMID: 23811375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the modification of the ER-Calux assay for testing water samples without sample extraction (NE-(ER-Calux) assay). The results are compared to those obtained with ER-Calux assay and a theoretical estrogenic potential obtained by GC-MSD. For spiked tap and waste water samples there was no statistical difference between estrogenic potentials obtained by the three methods. Application of NE-(ER-Calux) to "real" influent and effluents from municipal waste water treatment plants and receiving surface waters found that the NE-(ER-Calux) assay gave higher values compared to ER-Calux assay and GC-MSD. This is explained by the presence of water soluble endocrine agonists that are usually removed during extraction. Intraday dynamics of the estrogenic potential of a WWTP influent and effluent revealed an increase in the estrogenic potential of the influent from 12.9 ng(EEQ)/L in the morning to a peak value of 40.0 ng(EEQ)/L in the afternoon. The estrogenic potential of the effluent was <LOD (<0.68 ng(EEQ)/L). The overall reduction in estrogenic potential was 92-98%. Daytime estrogenic potential values varied significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miha Avberšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xue T, Zhao Y, Dong J, Li H. [Establishment of the dot immunoenzyme filtration assay for quantitative detection of estriol]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2013; 29:874-876. [PMID: 23948419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To make anti-estriol (E3) monoclonal antibody (mAb) with high specificity, and develop a rapid, simple and sensitive method for the detection of E3 in county-level institutions. METHODS The compounds of E3 were conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP), bonine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) respectively by the method of active ester, and the hybridoma cell lines secreting specific anti-E3 mAb were developed via monoclonal antidody technology. The dot immunoenzyme filtration assay in competitive-inhibition format was established with nitrocellulose membrane as solid-phase carrier and anti-E3 mAb as coating antibody. RESULTS 5 hybridoma cell lines secreting specific anti-E3 mAb were obtained with E3-mAb titers in the range of 1×10(5); to 5×10(5); and the affinity constant (Ka) from 5.1×10(8); L/mol to 5.2×10(9); L/mol. The limit of detecting (LOD) value for E3 was 2 ng/mL and the detection range was 2-200 ng/mL. CONCLUSION The dot immunoenzyme filtration assay with high-speed detection, easy accessibility and high sensitivity was successfully established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xue
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kostich M, Flick R, Martinson J. Comparing predicted estrogen concentrations with measurements in US waters. Environ Pollut 2013; 178:271-7. [PMID: 23587857 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The range of exposure rates to the steroidal estrogens estrone (E1), beta-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and ethinyl estradiol (EE2) in the aquatic environment was investigated by modeling estrogen introduction via municipal wastewater from sewage plants across the US. Model predictions were compared to published measured concentrations. Predictions were congruent with most of the measurements, but a few measurements of E2 and EE2 exceed those that would be expected from the model, despite very conservative model assumptions of no degradation or in-stream dilution. Although some extreme measurements for EE2 may reflect analytical artifacts, remaining data suggest concentrations of E2 and EE2 may reach twice the 99th percentile predicted from the model. The model and bulk of the measurement data both suggest that cumulative exposure rates to humans are consistently low relative to effect levels, but also suggest that fish exposures to E1, E2, and EE2 sometimes substantially exceed chronic no-effect levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Kostich
- Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Studies on estrogenic disrupting compounds (EDCs) occurrence and identification of main responsible compounds in river water discharged into the sea are of significance. In the present research, we screened estrogenic activities of 10 river water samples from 3 main rivers discharged into Bohai Sea in Tianjin using a recombinant two-hybrid yeast assay and chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All sample extracts induced significant estrogenic activity, with 17beta-estradiol equivalents (EEQ) of raw water ranging from 5.72 to 59.06 ng/L. Six most concerned EDCs in the river water samples including estrone, 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, estriol, diethylstilbestrol and estradiol valerate were determined, with their concentrations up to 50.70, 31.40, 24.40, 37.20, 2.56, and 8.47 ng/L, respectively. Through causality analysis by comparing the EEQ values of yeast assay and chemical analysis, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol and 17beta-estradiol were identified as the main contributors to the estrogenic effects of the river samples, accounting for the whole estrogenic activities (62.99% to 185.66%), and estrogen antagonistic compounds might presented in the heavy polluted water samples. The proposed approach using both chemical analysis and bioassay could be used for identification and evaluation of the estrogenic activity of EDCs in river water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Rao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Surujlal-Naicker S, Bux F. Application of radio-immunoassays to assess the fate of estrogen EDCs in full scale wastewater treatment plants. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2013; 48:37-47. [PMID: 23030386 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.707832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater effluents have been documented as major contributors of hormone endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in to the aquatic ecosystem. The need for rapid, simple and cost effective methods to detect these EDCs has increased. The use of Radio-immunoassays (RIA) were assessed to determine the fate of estradiol in a laboratory batch test and the three natural estrogens (estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3)) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different types of configurations. Precision of the RIAs were done using intra-assay and inter-assay validations. The E2 intra-assay variation was <8% and inter-assay variation was <11% for standards 1 to 6. E1 RIA showed less than 8% for both the intra-assay and inter-assay variations. E3 RIA showed extremely good variations with both the intra and inter-assay variations being below <8% for all standards. The lab scale investigation showed a 94% reduction in E2 after 5 h and after 10 h both E2 and E1 were no longer detected. The simple activated sludge process, the biological nutrient removal (BNR) activated sludge process and the oxidation pond had final effluent concentrations of 10.75, 5.96 and 25.48 pg E2/mL respectively; 20.80, 9.30 and 46.55 pg E1/mL, respectively, and 0.12, 0.07 and 0.17 ng E3/mL, respectively. Thus far findings indicated that the RIA can be employed as a rapid technique for detection of natural estrogens in water. Results indicate that these potential problematic hormone EDCs are still present in final wastewater effluents that are discharged in to South African aquatic sources.
Collapse
|
45
|
Hamid H, Eskicioglu C. Fate of estrogenic hormones in wastewater and sludge treatment: A review of properties and analytical detection techniques in sludge matrix. Water Res 2012; 46:5813-33. [PMID: 22939851 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic hormones (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)) are the major contributor to the total estrogenicity in waterways. Presence of these compounds in biosolids is also causing concern in terms of their use as soil amendment. In comparison with wastewater treatment, removal of estrogenic compounds in sewage sludge has received less attention. This paper presents a literature review regarding the source and occurrence of these pollutants in our environment. The removal pathways of estrogenic compounds in engineered systems, such as full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), are also discussed. Review of the fate studies revealed that activated sludge system with nutrient removal shows very high (>90%) removal of estrogenic hormones in most of the cases. Although, aerobic digestion showed better attenuation of estrogenic compounds, anaerobic digestion increased the overall estrogenicity of biosolids. Finally, this paper highlights the challenges involved in analytical determination of these compounds in sewage sludge matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hamid
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 1137 Alumni Ave., Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li YX, Han W, Yang M, Feng CH, Lu XF, Zhang FS. Migration of natural estrogens around a concentrated dairy-feeding operation. Environ Monit Assess 2012; 184:5035-5041. [PMID: 21915602 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Concentrated animal feeding operations have been recognized as one of the most important contributors of natural estrogens which show significant endocrine-disrupting properties in aquatic environments. In this study, the concentrations of 17α-estradiol (17α-E2), 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3) in several matrices, including soils (surface and deep), sediments (surface and deep), and groundwaters, around a typical dairy farm were surveyed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Of the two farmlands, surface and subsurface sediments in waste lagoon and along effluent drainage drench, the concentrations of 17α-E2, 17β-E2, and E1 ranged from below detection limit to the highest level of 6.60 μg/kg, except that E3 was not detectable. Three estrogens of 17α-E2, 17β-E2, and E1 with the concentrations of 3.18-31.61 ng/L were observed in two groundwater samples. The results clearly demonstrated the vertical migration and horizontal transport of estrogens in the investigated area. Within 750-m distance, it was observed the attenuation of 17α-E2, 17β-E2, and E1 along the effluent route and the horizontal migration of estrogens was less than 1,350 m in this survey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Anderson PD, Johnson AC, Pfeiffer D, Caldwell DJ, Hannah R, Mastrocco F, Sumpter JP, Williams RJ. Endocrine disruption due to estrogens derived from humans predicted to be low in the majority of U.S. surface waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2012; 31:1407-1415. [PMID: 22488655 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to assess the combined risk estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), and estriol (E3) pose to aquatic wildlife across United States watersheds, two sets of predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for significant reproductive effects in fish were compared to predicted environmental concentrations (PECs). One set of PNECs was developed for evaluation of effects following long-term exposures. A second set was derived for short-term exposures. Both sets of PNECs are expressed as a 17β-estradiol equivalent (E2-eq), with 2 and 5 ng/L being considered the most likely levels above which fish reproduction may be harmed following long-term and short-term exposures, respectively. A geographic information system-based water quality model, Pharmaceutical Assessment and Transport Evaluation (PhATE™), was used to compare these PNECs to mean and low flow concentrations of the steroid estrogens across 12 U.S. watersheds. These watersheds represent approximately 19% of the surface area of the 48 North American states, contain 40 million people, and include over 44,000 kilometers of rivers. This analysis determined that only 0.8% of the segments (less than 1.1% of kilometers) of these watersheds would have a mean flow E2-eq concentration exceeding the long-term PNEC of 2.0 ng/L; only 0.5% of the segments (less than 0.8% of kilometers) would have a critical low flow E2-eq exceeding the short-term PNEC of 5 ng/L. Those few river segments where the PNECs were exceeded were effluent dominated, being either headwater streams with a publicly owned treatment works (POTW), or flowing through a highly urbanized environment with one or several POTWs. These results suggest that aquatic species in most U.S. surface waters are not at risk from steroid estrogens that may be present as a result of human releases.
Collapse
|
48
|
Silva CP, Otero M, Esteves V. Processes for the elimination of estrogenic steroid hormones from water: a review. Environ Pollut 2012; 165:38-58. [PMID: 22402263 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural estrogens such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and the synthetic one, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), are excreted by humans and animals and enter into environment through discharge of domestic sewage effluents and disposal of animal waste. The occurrence of these substances in aquatic ecosystems may affect the endocrine system of humans and wildlife so it has emerged as a major concern for water quality. Extensive research has being carried out during the last decades on the efficiency of the degradation and/or removal of these hormones in sewage treatment plants (STPs). Conventional and advanced treatments have been investigated by different authors for the elimination of estrogens from water. This paper aims to review the different processes and treatments that have been applied for the elimination of E1, E2, E3 and EE2 from water. With this purpose, physical, biological and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have been addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Patrícia Silva
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chen WL, Wang GS, Gwo JC, Chen CY. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry determination of feminizing chemicals in river water, sediment and tissue pretreated using disk-type solid-phase extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion. Talanta 2011; 89:237-45. [PMID: 22284486 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study developed and validated a method of measuring the feminizing chemicals 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxycarboxylate (NP(1)EC), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP(1)EO), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP(2)EO), estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethinyl estradiol and bisphenol A in river water, sediment, and tissue using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) and isotope-dilution techniques. Water samples were pretreated using disk-type automated solid-phase extraction (SPE). Solid samples of sediment, fish, and clams were treated with matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) using C(8) adsorbent. Eluents were directly passed following alumina cartridges for cleanup. The signal intensity of analytes on electrospray ionization (ESI) was compared with that of atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). The analytes were separated on a UHPLC C(18) column with aqueous 10-mM ammonium acetate for NPEOs and aqueous 10-mM N-methylmorpholine for the other compounds. On-line cleanup was evaluated using two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2-D LC). ESI could provide satisfactory response for all of the analytes. Though APPI did not offer suitable response for NP(1)EO, NP(2)EO and NP(1)EC, it provided better signal intensities for the steroid estrogens (1.0-2.4 times) and the phenols (3.2-4.4 times) than ESI. UHPLC shortened chromatographic time to less than 10 min. Disk-type automated SPE and MSPD dramatically increased the throughput of sample preparation. The extraction efficiency on surface water samples ranged from 10% to 91%. The extraction efficiency of MSPD on sediment, fish, and clams was 51-101%, 36-109%, and 30-111%, respectively. Acidic alumina cleanup was essential for the analysis of the tissue sample, and reduced matrix effects better than 2-D LC on-line cleanup. The limits of detection (LODs) in water ranged from 0.81 ng/L to 89.9 ng/L. The LODs in sediment and tissue ranged from tens of pg/g wet weight to only a few ng/g wet weight. This method proved to be accurate and reproducible, as both quantitative biases and relative deviations remained smaller than 20% at three spiked levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Hsu-Chou Rd., Taipei 10055, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Avberšek M, Žegura B, Filipič M, Heath E. Integration of GC-MSD and ER-Calux® assay into a single protocol for determining steroid estrogens in environmental samples. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409:5069-5075. [PMID: 21924456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There are many published studies that use either chemical or biological methods to investigate steroid estrogens in the aquatic environment, but rarer are those that combine both. In this study, gas chromatography with mass selective detection (GC-MSD) and the ER-Calux(®) estrogenicity assay were integrated into a single protocol for simultaneous determination of natural (estrone--E1, 17β-estradiol--E2, estriol--E3) and synthetic (17α-ethinylestradiol--EE2) steroid estrogens concentrations and the total estrogenic potential of environmental samples. For integration purposes, several solvents were investigated and the commonly used dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) in the ER-Calux(®) assay was replaced by ethyl acetate, which is more compatible with gas chromatography and enables the same sample to be analysed by both GC-MSD and the ER-Calux(®) assay. The integrated protocol was initially tested using a standard mixture of estrogens. The results for pure standards showed that the estrogenicity calculated on the basis of GC-MSD and the ER-Calux(®) assay exhibited good correlation (r(2)=0.96; α=0.94). The result remained the same when spiked waste water extracts were tested (r(2)=0.92, α=1.02). When applied to real waste water influent and effluent samples the results proved (r(2)=0.93; α=0.99) the applicability of the protocol. The main advantages of this newly developed protocol are simple sample handling for both methods, and reduced material consumption and labour. In addition, it can be applied as either a complete or sequential analysis where the ER-Calux(®) assay is used as a pre-screening method prior to the chemical analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miha Avberšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|