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Gonzales-Vigil E, vonLoessl ME, Chen JY, Li S, Haslam TM, Kunst L, Mansfield SD. Understanding the Role of Populus ECERIFERUM2-Likes in the Biosynthesis of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids for Cuticular Waxes. Plant Cell Physiol 2021; 62:827-838. [PMID: 33749753 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes are derived from very-long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) precursors made by the concerted action of four enzymes that form the fatty acid (FA) elongation complex. The condensing enzyme of the complex confers specificity to substrates of different chain lengths, yet on its own cannot account for the biosynthesis of VLCFAs longer than 28 carbons (C28). Recent evidence from Arabidopsis thaliana points to a synergistic role of clade II BAHD acyltransferases and condensing enzymes in the elongation of VLCFAs beyond C28. In Populus trichocarpa, clade II is composed of seven uncharacterized paralogous genes (PtCER2-like1-7). In the present study, five of these genes were heterologously expressed in yeast and their respective FA profiles were determined. PtCER2-likes differentially altered the accumulation of C28 and C30 FAs when expressed in the presence of the condensing enzyme AtCER6. Among these, PtCER2-like5 produced the highest levels of C28 FAs in yeast and its expression was localized to the epidermis in β-glucuronidase-reporter poplar lines, consistent with a role in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Complementation of the A. thaliana cer2-5 mutant with PtCER2-like5 increased the levels of C28-derived cuticular waxes at the expense of C30-derived components. Together, these results demonstrate that the role of CER2-likes in cuticular wax biosynthesis is conserved in Populus clade II BAHD acyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Gonzales-Vigil
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Michelle E vonLoessl
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jeff Y Chen
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sitong Li
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tegan M Haslam
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Ren L, Sun H, Dai S, Feng S, Qiao K, Wang J, Gong S, Zhou A. Identification and Characterization of MIKC c-Type MADS-Box Genes in the Flower Organs of Adonis amurensis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179362. [PMID: 34502271 PMCID: PMC8430553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adonis amurensis is a perennial herbaceous flower that blooms in early spring in northeast China, where the night temperature can drop to −15 °C. To understand flowering time regulation and floral organogenesis of A. amurensis, the MIKCc-type MADS (Mcm1/Agamous/ Deficiens/Srf)-box genes were identified and characterized from the transcriptomes of the flower organs. In this study, 43 non-redundant MADS-box genes (38 MIKCc, 3 MIKC*, and 2 Mα) were identified. Phylogenetic and conserved motif analysis divided the 38 MIKCc-type genes into three major classes: ABCDE model (including AP1/FUL, AP3/PI, AG, STK, and SEPs/AGL6), suppressor of overexpression of constans1 (SOC1), and short vegetative phase (SVP). qPCR analysis showed that the ABCDE model genes were highly expressed mainly in flowers and differentially expressed in the different tissues of flower organs, suggesting that they may be involved in the flower organ identity of A. amurensis. Subcellular localization revealed that 17 full-length MADSs were mainly localized in the nucleus: in Arabidopsis, the heterologous expression of three full-length SOC1-type genes caused early flowering and altered the expression of endogenous flowering time genes. Our analyses provide an overall insight into MIKCc genes in A. amurensis and their potential roles in floral organogenesis and flowering time regulation.
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Qin B, Lu T, Xu Y, Shen W, Liu F, Xie X, Li Y, Wang K, Li R. Identification and characterization of An-4, a potential quantitative trait locus for awn development in rice. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:298. [PMID: 34187351 PMCID: PMC8240324 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03055-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Awn of rice is an important domestication trait closely associated with yield traits. Therefore, the identification of genes for awn development is of great significance for the elucidation of molecular mechanism of awn development and the genetic improvement of yield traits in rice. RESULTS In this study, using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from a long-awned Guangxi common wild rice (GXCWR, Oryza rufipogon Griff.) and a short-awned indica cultivar 9311, we identified An-4, a potential quantitative trait locus (QTL) for awn development. Then, An-4 was fine mapped into a 56-kb region of chromosome 2, which contained four annotated genes. Among these four annotated genes, Os02g0594800 was concluded to be the potential candidate gene for An-4. An-4 exhibited pleiotropic effects on awn development and several yield traits. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that An-4 significantly promoted awn development at Sp7 and Sp8 stage of spikelet development. Transcriptome analysis suggested that An-4 might influence the development of awn by regulating the expression of genes related to growth, developmental process, channel regulation and extracellular region. By contrast to those of 9311, the expression level of OsRR5 in CSSL128 was significantly down-regulated, whereas the expression levels of OsCKX2 and OsGA2ox5 in CSSL128 were significantly up-regulated. In addition, our study showed that An-4 had additive effects with other genes for awn development, such as An-1, An-2/LABA1 and An-3/GAD1/RAE2. CONCLUSIONS The identification of An-4 lays a foundation for cloning of An-4 and further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of awn development. Moreover, the identification of favorable allelic variation of An-4 from 9311 will be useful to improve rice yield traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
| | - Taian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Xuyang Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yunzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Rongbai Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Agricultural College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
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Jeelani SM, Singh J, Sharma A, Rather GA, Ali SA, Gupta AP, Singh S, Lattoo SK. In-vitro cytotoxicity in relation to chemotypic diversity in diploid and tetraploid populations of Gentiana kurroo Royle. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 274:113966. [PMID: 33647427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gentiana kurroo is a multipurpose critically endangered medicinal herb prescribed as medicine in Ayurveda in India and exhibits various pharmacological properties including anti-cancer activity. The species is rich repository of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites together with secoiridoidal glycosides. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed to investigate the chemical diversity in different populations/cytotypes prevailing in G. kurroo to identify elite genetic stocks in terms of optimum accumulation/biosynthesis of desired metabolites and having higher in-vitro cytotoxicity potential in relation to chemotypic diversity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The wild plants of the species were collected from different ranges of altitudes from the Kashmir Himalayas. For cytological evaluation, the standard meiotic analysis was performed. The standard LC-MS/MS technique was employed for phytochemical analysis based on different marker compounds viz. sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside. Different tissues such as root-stock, aerial parts, and flowers were used for chemo-profiling. Further, the methanolic extracts of diploid and tetraploid cytotypes were assessed for cytotoxic activity by using MTT assay against four different human cancer cell lines. RESULTS The quantification of major bioactive compounds based on tissue- and location-specific comparison, as well as in-vitro cytotoxic potential among extant cytotypes, was evaluated. The comprehensive cytomorphological studies of the populations from NW Himalayas revealed the occurrence of different chromosomal races viz. n = 13, 26. The tetraploid cytotype was hitherto unreported. The tissue-specific chemo-profiling revealed relative dominance of different phytoconstituents in root-stock. There was a noticeable increase in the quantity of the analyzed compounds in relation to increasing ploidy status along the increasing altitudes. The MTT assay of methanolic extracts of diploid and tetraploid cytotypes displayed significant cytotoxicity potential in tetraploids. The root-stock extracts of tetraploids were highly active extracts with IC50 value ranges from 5.65 to 8.53 μg/mL against HCT-116 colon cancer. CONCLUSION The chemical evaluation of major bioactive compounds in diverse cytotypes from different plant parts along different altitudes presented an appreciable variability in sweroside, swertiamarin, and gentiopicroside contents. Additionally, the concentrations of these phytoconstituents varied for cytotoxicity potential among different screened cytotypes. This quantitative difference of active bio-constituents was in correspondence with the growth inhibition percentage of different tested cancer cell lines. Thus, the present investigation strongly alludes towards a prognostic approach for the identification of elite cytotypes/chemotypes with significant pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mudassir Jeelani
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
| | - Jasvinder Singh
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Arti Sharma
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Gulzar A Rather
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Sheikh Abid Ali
- Division of Biotechnology, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Branch Laboratory, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, 190005, India
| | - Ajai Prakash Gupta
- Quality Control and Quality Assurance Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Shashank Singh
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Surrinder K Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
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Saitoh A, Takase T, Abe H, Watahiki M, Hirakawa Y, Kiyosue T. ZEITLUPE enhances expression of PIF4 and YUC8 in the upper aerial parts of Arabidopsis seedlings to positively regulate hypocotyl elongation. Plant Cell Rep 2021; 40:479-489. [PMID: 33386962 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microarray and genetic analyses reveal that ZTL induces the expression of genes related to auxin synthesis, thereby promoting hypocotyl elongation. ZTL is a blue-light receptor that possesses a light-oxygen-voltage-sensing (LOV) domain, an F-box motif, and a kelch repeat domain. ZTL promotes hypocotyl elongation under high temperature (28 °C) in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, the mechanism of this regulation is unknown. Here, we divided seedlings into hypocotyls and upper aerial parts, and performed microarray analyses. In hypocotyl, 1062 genes were down-regulated in ztl mutants (ztl-3 and ztl-105) compared with wild type; some of these genes encoded enzymes involved in cell wall modification, consistent with reduced hypocotyl elongation. In upper aerial parts, 1038 genes were down-regulated in the ztl mutants compared with wild type; these included genes involved in auxin synthesis and auxin response. Furthermore, the expression of the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) gene, which encodes a transcription factor known to positively regulate YUCCA genes (YUCs), was also decreased in the ztl mutants. Genetic analysis revealed that overexpression of PIF4 and YUC8 could restore the suppressed hypocotyl length in the ztl mutants. Our results suggest that ZTL induces expression of YUC8 via PIF4 in upper aerial parts and promotes hypocotyl elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Saitoh
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Takase
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Experimental Plant Division, Department of Biological Systems, RIKEN, BioResource Center, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Masaaki Watahiki
- Faculty of Science, Division of Biological Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kitaku Kita 10 Nishi 8, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirakawa
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kiyosue
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
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Zhang Z, Pei X, Zhang R, Lu Y, Zheng J, Zheng Y. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of small heat shock protein 17.3 gene from Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl. in response to abiotic stress. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9325-9335. [PMID: 33242181 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sorbus pohuashanensis, a native tree species in China that is distributed at high altitudes. However, the problem of adaptability when introducing S. pohuashanensis to low altitude areas has not been solved. sHSPs can respond and play an essential role when exposing to abiotic stresses for plants. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression patterns underlying the abiotic stress response of the small heat shock protein 17.3 gene from S. pohuashanensis (SpHSP17.3) at growing low altitude. 1 to 4 years old seedlings of S. pohuashanensis were used as materials for the gene cloning, the tissue-specific expression and the expression analysis underlying the response to abiotic stress using the transgentic methods and qPCR. We identified the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of SpHSP17.3 of 471 bp, which encodes a 17.3 kD protein of 156 amino acids that is located in cytoplasmic. We found that SpHSP17.3 had the highest expression in the stem, followed sequentially by fruit, root, and flower. The expression level of SpHSP17.3 in the leaves was significantly induced by the high temperature (42 °C), NaCl salt and drought stress of S. pohuashanensis. Notably, the same SpHSP17.3 expression trend was detected in the SpHSP17.3-overexpressing homozygous transgenic Arabidopsis underlying the high temperature, NaCl salt and drought stress, and the SpHSP17.3-overexpressing homozygous transgenic Arabidopsis also showed higher seed germination rates under the NaCl salt stress conditions. Our results suggested that SpHSP17.3 is involved in the response to high temperature, Nacl salt, and drought stress which would play a certain effect in the adaptability of introduction and domestication of S. pohuashanensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xin Pei
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yizeng Lu
- Shandong Provincial Center of Forest Tree Germplasm Resources, Jinan, 250102, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yongqi Zheng
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
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Hossain MS, Ahmed R, Haque MS, Alam MM, Islam MS. Identification and validation of reference genes for real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis in jute. BMC Mol Biol 2019; 20:13. [PMID: 31035927 PMCID: PMC6489354 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-019-0130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the availability of genome sequences, gene expression analysis of jute has drawn considerable attention for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of fiber development and improving fiber quality. Gene expression profiles of a target gene can provide valuable clues towards the understanding of its biological function. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is the best method for targeted gene expression analysis due to its sensitivity and reproducibility. However, calculating relative expression requires reference genes, which must be stable across various biological conditions. For this purposes, 11 prospective genes namely, 28S RNA, ACT7, CYP, EF1A, EF2, ETIF3E, GAPDH, PP2Ac, PTB, UBC2 and UBI1 were evaluated for their potential use as reference genes in jute. RESULTS The expression stabilities of eleven prospective genes were analyzed in various jute plant tissues, such as the root, stick, bark, leaf, flower, seed and fiber, as well as under abiotic (waterlogged, drought and salinity) and biotic stress (infestation with Macrophomina phaseolina) conditions with different time points. All 11 genes were variably expressed in different tissues and stress conditions. To find suitable reference genes in different sample sets, a comprehensive approach based on four statistical algorithms such as GeNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder the ΔCt was used. The PP2Ac and EF2 genes were the most stably expressed across the different tissues. ACT7 and UBC2 were suitable reference genes under drought stress, and CYP and PP2Ac were the most appropriate after inoculation with Macrophomina phaseolina. Under salinity stress, PP2Ac and UBC2 were the best genes, and ACT7 and PP2Ac were the most suitable under waterlogged conditions. CONCLUSION Expression stability of reference genes from jute varied in different tissues and selected experimental conditions. Our results provide a valuable resource for the accurate normalization of gene expression experiments in fiber research for important bast fiber crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sabbir Hossain
- Basic and Applied Research on Jute Project, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rasel Ahmed
- Basic and Applied Research on Jute Project, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Samiul Haque
- Basic and Applied Research on Jute Project, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Monjurul Alam
- Basic and Applied Research on Jute Project, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahidul Islam
- Basic and Applied Research on Jute Project, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Guo T, Wang N, Xue Y, Guan Q, van Nocker S, Liu C, Ma F. Overexpression of the RNA binding protein MhYTP1 in transgenic apple enhances drought tolerance and WUE by improving ABA level under drought condition. Plant Sci 2019; 280:397-407. [PMID: 30824018 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
MhYTP1 is involved in post-transcriptional regulation as a member of YT521-homology (YTH) domain-containing RNA-binding proteins. We previously cloned MhYTP1 and found it participated in various biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, its function in long-term moderate drought has not been verified. Thus, we explored its biological role in response to drought. Under drought condition, the net photosynthesis rate (Pn) and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly elevated in MhYTP1-overexpressing (OE) apple plants when compared with the non-transgenic (NT) controls. Further analysis indicated MhYTP1 expression was associated with elevated ABA content, increased stomatal density and reduced stomatal aperture. In addition, to gain insight into the function of stem-specific expression of MhYTP1, grafting experiments were performed. Interestingly, lower transpiration rate (Tr) and higher WUE were observed when transgenic plants were used as scions as opposed to rootstocks and when transgenic rather than NT plants were used as rootstocks, indicating MhYTP1 plays crucial roles in grafted plants. These results define a function for MhYTP1 in promoting tolerance to drought conditions, and suggest that MhYTP1 can serve as a candidate gene for future apple drought resistance breeding with the help of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangchun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Steven van Nocker
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Rosa-Téllez S, Anoman AD, Flores-Tornero M, Toujani W, Alseek S, Fernie AR, Nebauer SG, Muñoz-Bertomeu J, Segura J, Ros R. Phosphoglycerate Kinases Are Co-Regulated to Adjust Metabolism and to Optimize Growth. Plant Physiol 2018; 176:1182-1198. [PMID: 28951489 PMCID: PMC5813584 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In plants, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) converts 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate in glycolysis but also participates in the reverse reaction in gluconeogenesis and the Calvin-Benson cycle. In the databases, we found three genes that encode putative PGKs. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PGK1 was localized exclusively in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic tissues, while PGK2 was expressed in the chloroplast/plastid of photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic cells. PGK3 was expressed ubiquitously in the cytosol of all studied cell types. Measurements of carbohydrate content and photosynthetic activities in PGK mutants and silenced lines corroborated that PGK1 was the photosynthetic isoform, while PGK2 and PGK3 were the plastidial and cytosolic glycolytic isoforms, respectively. The pgk1.1 knockdown mutant displayed reduced growth, lower photosynthetic capacity, and starch content. The pgk3.2 knockout mutant was characterized by reduced growth but higher starch levels than the wild type. The pgk1.1 pgk3.2 double mutant was bigger than pgk3.2 and displayed an intermediate phenotype between the two single mutants in all measured biochemical and physiological parameters. Expression studies in PGK mutants showed that PGK1 and PGK3 were down-regulated in pgk3.2 and pgk1.1, respectively. These results indicate that the down-regulation of photosynthetic activity could be a plant strategy when glycolysis is impaired to achieve metabolic adjustment and optimize growth. The double mutants of PGK3 and the triose-phosphate transporter (pgk3.2 tpt3) displayed a drastic growth phenotype, but they were viable. This implies that other enzymes or nonspecific chloroplast transporters could provide 3-phosphoglycerate to the cytosol. Our results highlight both the complexity and the plasticity of the plant primary metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rosa-Téllez
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Armand Djoro Anoman
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - María Flores-Tornero
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Walid Toujani
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Saleh Alseek
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sergio G Nebauer
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Muñoz-Bertomeu
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Juan Segura
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Roc Ros
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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10
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Gou J, Fu C, Liu S, Tang C, Debnath S, Flanagan A, Ge Y, Tang Y, Jiang Q, Larson PR, Wen J, Wang ZY. The miR156-SPL4 module predominantly regulates aerial axillary bud formation and controls shoot architecture. New Phytol 2017; 216:829-840. [PMID: 28877340 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Grasses possess basal and aerial axillary buds. Previous studies have largely focused on basal bud (tiller) formation but scarcely touched on aerial buds, which may lead to aerial branch development. Genotypes with and without aerial buds were identified in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), a dedicated bioenergy crop. Bud development was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Microarray, RNA-seq and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to identify regulators of bud formation. Gene function was characterized by down-regulation and overexpression. Overexpression of miR156 induced aerial bud formation in switchgrass. Various analyses revealed that SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN LIKE4 (SPL4), one of the miR156 targets, directly regulated aerial axillary bud initiation. Down-regulation of SPL4 promoted aerial bud formation and increased basal buds, while overexpression of SPL4 seriously suppressed bud formation and tillering. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR identified potential downstream genes of SPL4. Unlike all previously reported genes acting as activators of basal bud initiation, SPL4 acts as a suppressor for the formation of both aerial and basal buds. The miR156-SPL4 module predominantly regulates aerial bud initiation and partially controls basal bud formation. Genetic manipulation of SPL4 led to altered plant architecture with increased branching, enhanced regrowth after cutting and improved biomass yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Gou
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266101, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chaorong Tang
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, China
| | - Smriti Debnath
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Amy Flanagan
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Yaxin Ge
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Qingzhen Jiang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Preston R Larson
- Samuel Roberts Noble Microscopy Laboratory, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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11
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Elazab A, Serret MD, Araus JL. Interactive effect of water and nitrogen regimes on plant growth, root traits and water status of old and modern durum wheat genotypes. Planta 2016; 244:125-44. [PMID: 26992389 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The selection of the ideal root drought adaptive traits should take into account the production and maintenance of root tissues alongside the capacity to capture soil resources. Ten old and modern Spanish durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) genotypes were grown in lysimeters under two contrasting water and nitrogen regimes to study the effect of such growth conditions on: (1) the aerial biomass, (2) the growth and structure of the roots and (3) the relationships of the root structure with aerial biomass, photosynthetic and transpirative characteristics and water use efficiency. Both high water and nitrogen regimes significantly increased aerial biomass. Root dry biomass and root length increased and decreased in response to improved water supply and nitrogen regimes, respectively. No significant correlations were detected between aerial biomass and any root trait under well-watered conditions. Under water stress aerial biomass was negatively correlated with root dry biomass, root length and root weight density and positively correlated with the specific root length, particularly for the subset of old genotypes. The high nitrogen regime significantly enriched the carbon isotope composition of the flag leaf (δ (13)CFL) and hindered the effect of the high water regime on decreasing δ (13)CFL enrichment. Thus, positive correlations of aerial biomass with δ (13)CFL were detected regardless of the water regime. The study revealed: (1) the importance of root traits for higher aerial biomass under the low water regime; (2) that the interaction between nitrogen and the water regime may affect the predictive nature of the δ (13)C in drought breeding programs; and (3) the selection of the ideal root system structure should take into account the metabolic costs of the production and maintenance of root tissues alongside the capacity of capturing resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhalim Elazab
- Unit of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Dolors Serret
- Unit of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Araus
- Unit of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Gkizi D, Lehmann S, L'Haridon F, Serrano M, Paplomatas EJ, Métraux JP, Tjamos SE. The Innate Immune Signaling System as a Regulator of Disease Resistance and Induced Systemic Resistance Activity Against Verticillium dahliae. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2016; 29:313-23. [PMID: 26780421 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-15-0261-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the plant innate immune responses against pathogens have been extensively studied, while biocontrol interactions between soilborne fungal pathogens and their hosts have received much less attention. Treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana with the nonpathogenic bacterium Paenibacillus alvei K165 was shown previously to protect against Verticillium dahliae by triggering induced systemic resistance (ISR). In the present study, we evaluated the involvement of the innate immune response in the K165-mediated protection of Arabidopsis against V. dahliae. Tests with Arabidopsis mutants impaired in several regulators of the early steps of the innate immune responses, including fls2, efr-1, bak1-4, mpk3, mpk6, wrky22, and wrky29 showed that FLS2 and WRKY22 have a central role in the K165-triggered ISR, while EFR1, MPK3, and MPK6 are possible susceptibility factors for V. dahliae and bak1 shows a tolerance phenomenon. The resistance induced by strain K165 is dependent on both salicylate and jasmonate-dependent defense pathways, as evidenced by an increased transient accumulation of PR1 and PDF1.2 transcripts in the aerial parts of infected plants treated with strain K165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Gkizi
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Silke Lehmann
- 2 School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Floriane L'Haridon
- 3 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Mario Serrano
- 4 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Epaminondas J Paplomatas
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Jean-Pierre Métraux
- 3 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; and
| | - Sotirios E Tjamos
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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13
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Jain M, Chevala VVSN, Garg R. Genome-wide discovery and differential regulation of conserved and novel microRNAs in chickpea via deep sequencing. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:5945-58. [PMID: 25151616 PMCID: PMC4203128 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential components of complex gene regulatory networks that orchestrate plant development. Although several genomic resources have been developed for the legume crop chickpea, miRNAs have not been discovered until now. For genome-wide discovery of miRNAs in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), we sequenced the small RNA content from seven major tissues/organs employing Illumina technology. About 154 million reads were generated, which represented more than 20 million distinct small RNA sequences. We identified a total of 440 conserved miRNAs in chickpea based on sequence similarity with known miRNAs in other plants. In addition, 178 novel miRNAs were identified using a miRDeep pipeline with plant-specific scoring. Some of the conserved and novel miRNAs with significant sequence similarity were grouped into families. The chickpea miRNAs targeted a wide range of mRNAs involved in diverse cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation (transcription factors), protein modification and turnover, signal transduction, and metabolism. Our analysis revealed several miRNAs with differential spatial expression. Many of the chickpea miRNAs were expressed in a tissue-specific manner. The conserved and differential expression of members of the same miRNA family in different tissues was also observed. Some of the same family members were predicted to target different chickpea mRNAs, which suggested the specificity and complexity of miRNA-mediated developmental regulation. This study, for the first time, reveals a comprehensive set of conserved and novel miRNAs along with their expression patterns and putative targets in chickpea, and provides a framework for understanding regulation of developmental processes in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Jain
- Functional and Applied Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067, India
| | - V V S Narayana Chevala
- Functional and Applied Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067, India
| | - Rohini Garg
- Functional and Applied Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 110067, India
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14
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Avia K, Kärkkäinen K, Lagercrantz U, Savolainen O. Association of FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1-like gene FTL2 expression with growth rhythm in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). New Phytol 2014; 204:159-170. [PMID: 24942643 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of the timing of bud set, an important trait in conifers, is relevant for adaptation and forestry practice. In common garden experiments, both Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) show a latitudinal cline in the trait. We compared the regulation of their bud set biology by examining the expression of PsFTL2, a Pinus sylvestris homolog to PaFTL2, a FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (FT/TFL1)-like gene, the expression levels of which have been found previously to be associated with the timing of bud set in Norway spruce. In a common garden study, we analyzed the relationship of bud phenology under natural and artificial photoperiods and the expression of PsFTL2 in a set of Scots pine populations from different latitudes. The expression of PsFTL2 increased in the needles preceding bud set and decreased during bud burst. In the northernmost population, even short night periods were efficient to trigger this expression, which also increased earlier under all photoperiodic regimes compared with the southern populations. Despite the different biology, with few limitations, the two conifers that diverged 140 million yr ago probably share an association of FTL2 with bud set, pointing to a common mechanism for the timing of growth cessation in conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komlan Avia
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katri Kärkkäinen
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, METLA, University of Oulu, PO Box 413, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulf Lagercrantz
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752, 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Outi Savolainen
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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15
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Kendziorek M, Barabasz A, Rudzka J, Tracz K, Mills RF, Williams LE, Antosiewicz DM. Approach to engineer tomato by expression of AtHMA4 to enhance Zn in the aerial parts. J Plant Physiol 2014; 171:1413-22. [PMID: 25046762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the potential for using AtHMA4 to engineer enhanced efficiency of Zn translocation to shoots, and to increase the Zn concentration in aerial tissues of tomato. AtHMA4, a P1B-ATPase, encodes a Zn export protein known to be involved in the control of Zn root-to-shoot translocation. In this work, 35S::AtHMA4 was expressed in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Beta). Wild-type and transgenic plants were tested for Zn and Cd tolerance; Zn, Fe and Cd accumulation patterns, and for the expression of endogenous Zn/Fe-homeostasis genes. At 10μM Zn exposure, a higher Zn concentration was observed in leaves of AtHMA4-expressing lines compared to wild-type, which is promising in terms of Zn biofortification. AtHMA4 also transports Cd and at 0.25μM Cd the transgenic plants showed similar levels of this element in leaves to wild-type but lower levels in roots, therefore indicating a reduction of Cd uptake due to AtHMA4 expression. Expression of this transgene AtHMA4 also resulted in distinct changes in Fe accumulation in Zn-exposed plants, and Fe/Zn-accumulation in Cd-exposed plants, even though Fe is not a substrate for AtHMA4. Analysis of the transcript abundance of key Zn/Fe-homeostasis genes showed that the pattern was distinct for transgenic and wild-type plants. The reduction of Fe accumulation observed in AtHMA4-transformants was accompanied by up-regulation of Fe-deficiency marker genes (LeFER, LeFRO1, LeIRT1), whereas down-regulation was detected in plants with the status of Fe-sufficiency. Furthermore, results strongly suggest the importance of the up-regulation of LeCHLN in the roots of AtHMA4-expressing plants for efficient translocation of Zn to the shoots. Thus, the modifications of Zn/Fe/Cd translocation to aerial plant parts due to AtHMA4 expression are closely related to the alteration of the endogenous Zn-Fe-Cd cross-homeostasis network of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kendziorek
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Miecznikowa Str. 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Barabasz
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Miecznikowa Str. 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Justyna Rudzka
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Miecznikowa Str. 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tracz
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Miecznikowa Str. 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Rebecca F Mills
- University of Southampton, Centre for Biological Sciences, Building 85, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine E Williams
- University of Southampton, Centre for Biological Sciences, Building 85, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Danuta Maria Antosiewicz
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Miecznikowa Str. 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland.
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16
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Lorentz L, Gaines TA, Nissen SJ, Westra P, Strek HJ, Dehne HW, Ruiz-Santaella JP, Beffa R. Characterization of glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus tuberculatus populations. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:8134-42. [PMID: 24956036 DOI: 10.1021/jf501040x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds has recently increased dramatically. Six suspected glyphosate-resistant Amaranthus tuberculatus populations were studied to confirm resistance and determine the resistance mechanism. Resistance was confirmed in greenhouse for all six populations with glyphosate resistance factors (R/S) between 5.2 and 7.5. No difference in glyphosate absorption or translocation was observed between resistant and susceptible individuals. No mutation at amino acid positions G101, T102, or P106 was detected in the EPSPS gene coding sequence, the target enzyme of glyphosate. Analysis of EPSPS gene copy number revealed that all glyphosate-resistant populations possessed increased EPSPS gene copy number, and this correlated with increased expression at both RNA and protein levels. EPSPS Vmax and Kcat values were more than doubled in resistant plants, indicating higher levels of catalytically active expressed EPSPS protein. EPSPS gene amplification is the main mechanism contributing to glyphosate resistance in the A. tuberculatus populations analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Lorentz
- Bayer CropScience, Industriepark Hoechst, Building H872, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Hauck OK, Scharnberg J, Escobar NM, Wanner G, Giavalisco P, Witte CP. Uric acid accumulation in an Arabidopsis urate oxidase mutant impairs seedling establishment by blocking peroxisome maintenance. Plant Cell 2014; 26:3090-100. [PMID: 25052714 PMCID: PMC4145134 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.124008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Purine nucleotides can be fully catabolized by plants to recycle nutrients. We have isolated a urate oxidase (uox) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that accumulates uric acid in all tissues, especially in the developing embryo. The mutant displays a reduced germination rate and is unable to establish autotrophic growth due to severe inhibition of cotyledon development and nutrient mobilization from the lipid reserves in the cotyledons. The uox mutant phenotype is suppressed in a xanthine dehydrogenase (xdh) uox double mutant, demonstrating that the underlying cause is not the defective purine base catabolism, or the lack of UOX per se, but the elevated uric acid concentration in the embryo. Remarkably, xanthine accumulates to similar levels in the xdh mutant without toxicity. This is paralleled in humans, where hyperuricemia is associated with many diseases whereas xanthinuria is asymptomatic. Searching for the molecular cause of uric acid toxicity, we discovered a local defect of peroxisomes (glyoxysomes) mostly confined to the cotyledons of the mature embryos, which resulted in the accumulation of free fatty acids in dry seeds. The peroxisomal defect explains the developmental phenotypes of the uox mutant, drawing a novel link between uric acid and peroxisome function, which may be relevant beyond plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver K Hauck
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Scharnberg
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nieves Medina Escobar
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Witte
- Freie Universität Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Grubb CD, Zipp BJ, Kopycki J, Schubert M, Quint M, Lim EK, Bowles DJ, Pedras MSC, Abel S. Comparative analysis of Arabidopsis UGT74 glucosyltransferases reveals a special role of UGT74C1 in glucosinolate biosynthesis. Plant J 2014; 79:92-105. [PMID: 24779768 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of glucosinolates and their regulation has provided a powerful framework for the exploration of fundamental questions about the function, evolution, and ecological significance of plant natural products, but uncertainties about their metabolism remain. Previous work has identified one thiohydroximate S-glucosyltransferase, UGT74B1, with an important role in the core pathway, but also made clear that this enzyme functions redundantly and cannot be the sole UDP-glucose dependent glucosyltransferase (UGT) in glucosinolate synthesis. Here, we present the results of a nearly comprehensive in vitro activity screen of recombinant Arabidopsis Family 1 UGTs, which implicate other members of the UGT74 clade as candidate glucosinolate biosynthetic enzymes. Systematic genetic analysis of this clade indicates that UGT74C1 plays a special role in the synthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates, a conclusion strongly supported by phylogenetic and gene expression analyses. Finally, the ability of UGT74C1 to complement phenotypes and chemotypes of the ugt74b1-2 knockout mutant and to express thiohydroximate UGT activity in planta provides conclusive evidence for UGT74C1 being an accessory enzyme in glucosinolate biosynthesis with a potential function during plant adaptation to environmental challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Douglas Grubb
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
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19
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Kim YB, Shin Y, Tuan PA, Li X, Park Y, Park NI, Park SU. Molecular cloning and characterization of genes involved in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis from Prunella vulgaris. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1221-7. [PMID: 24739190 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Prunella vulgaris L., commonly known as "self-heal" or "heal-all," is a perennial herb with a long history of medicinal use. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), and 4-coumarate:coenzyme-A (CoA) ligase (4CL) are important enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway and in the accumulation of rosmarinic acid (RA), which is a major secondary metabolite in P. vulgaris. In this study, we isolated cDNAs encoding PvPAL, PvC4H, and Pv4CL from P. vulgaris using rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amino acid sequence alignments of PvPAL, PvC4H, and Pv4CL showed high sequence identity to those of other plants. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was used to determine the transcript levels of genes involved in RA biosynthesis in the flowers, leaves, stems, and roots of P. vulgaris. The transcript levels of PvPAL, PvC4H, and Pv4CL1 were the highest in flowers, whereas Pv4CL2 was the highest in roots. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis also showed the highest RA content in the flowers (3.71 mg/g dry weight). We suggest that the expression of the PvPAL, PvC4H, and Pv4CL1 genes is correlated with the accumulation of RA. Our results revealed that P. vulgaris flowers are appropriate for medicinal usage, and our findings provide support for increasing RA production in this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Bok Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University
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20
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Hay AS, Pieper B, Cooke E, Mandáková T, Cartolano M, Tattersall AD, Ioio RD, McGowan SJ, Barkoulas M, Galinha C, Rast MI, Hofhuis H, Then C, Plieske J, Ganal M, Mott R, Martinez-Garcia JF, Carine MA, Scotland RW, Gan X, Filatov DA, Lysak MA, Tsiantis M. Cardamine hirsuta: a versatile genetic system for comparative studies. Plant J 2014; 78:1-15. [PMID: 24460550 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A major goal in biology is to identify the genetic basis for phenotypic diversity. This goal underpins research in areas as diverse as evolutionary biology, plant breeding and human genetics. A limitation for this research is no longer the availability of sequence information but the development of functional genetic tools to understand the link between changes in sequence and phenotype. Here we describe Cardamine hirsuta, a close relative of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana, as an experimental system in which genetic and transgenic approaches can be deployed effectively for comparative studies. We present high-resolution genetic and cytogenetic maps for C. hirsuta and show that the genome structure of C. hirsuta closely resembles the eight chromosomes of the ancestral crucifer karyotype and provides a good reference point for comparative genome studies across the Brassicaceae. We compared morphological and physiological traits between C. hirsuta and A. thaliana and analysed natural variation in stamen number in which lateral stamen loss is a species characteristic of C. hirsuta. We constructed a set of recombinant inbred lines and detected eight quantitative trait loci that can explain stamen number variation in this population. We found clear phylogeographic structure to the genetic variation in C. hirsuta, thus providing a context within which to address questions about evolutionary changes that link genotype with phenotype and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela S Hay
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
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Jagadeeswaran G, Li YF, Sunkar R. Redox signaling mediates the expression of a sulfate-deprivation-inducible microRNA395 in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2014; 77:85-96. [PMID: 24164591 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA395 (miR395) is a conserved miRNA that targets a low-affinity sulfate transporter (AST68) and three ATP sulfurylases (APS1, APS3 and APS4) in higher plants. In this study, At2g28780 was confirmed as another target of miR395 in Arabidopsis. Interestingly, several dicots contained genes homologous to At2g28780 and a cognate miR395 complementary site but possess a gradient of mismatches at the target site. It is well established that miR395 is induced during S deprivation in Arabidopsis; however, the signaling pathways that mediate this regulation are unknown. Several findings in the present study demonstrate that redox signaling plays an important role in induction of miR395 during S deprivation. These include the following results: (i) glutathione (GSH) supplementation suppressed miR395 induction in S-deprived plants (ii) miR395 is induced in Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to Arsenate or Cu(2+) , which induces oxidative stress (iii), S deprivation-induced oxidative stress, and (iv) compromised induction of miR395 during S deprivation in cad2 mutant (deficient in GSH biosynthesis) that is defective in glutaredoxin-dependent redox signaling and ntra/ntrb (defective in thioredoxin reductases a and b) double mutants that are defective in thioredoxin-dependent redox signaling. Collectively, these findings strongly support the involvement of redox signaling in inducing the expression of miR395 during S deprivation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 740748, USA
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22
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Ding C, Zhang T, Wang X, Zhou F, Yang Y, Yin Y. Effects of soil type and genotype on cadmium accumulation by rootstalk crops: implications for phytomanagement. Int J Phytoremediation 2014; 16:1018-1030. [PMID: 24933899 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2013.810581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The variations of Cd accumulation in three rootstalk crop species (radish, carrot and potato) were investigated by using twelve cultivars grown in acidic Ferralsols and neutral Cambisols under two Cd treatments (0.3 and 0.6 mg kg(-1)) in a pot experiment The result showed that the total Cd uptake was significantly affected by genotype, soil type and interaction between them, suggesting the importance of selecting proper cultivars for phytoextraction in a given soil type. Among the cultivars tested, potato cultivar Luyin No.1 in Ferralsols and radish cultivar Zhedachang in Cambisols exhibited the highest Cd phytoextraction efficiency in aerial parts (4.45% and 0.59%, respectively) under 0.6 mg kg-1 Cd treatment. Furthermore, the Cd concentrations in their edible parts were below the National Food Hygiene Standard of China (0.1 mg kg(-1), fresh weight). Therefore, phytomanagement of slightly Cd-contaminated soils using rootstalk crops for safe food production combined with long-term phytoextraction was feasible, and potato cultivar Luyin No.1 for Ferralsols and radish cultivar Zhedachang for Cambisols were promising candidates for this approach.
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Toujani W, Muñoz-Bertomeu J, Flores-Tornero M, Rosa-Téllez S, Anoman AD, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Ros R. Functional characterization of the plastidial 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase family in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2013; 163:1164-78. [PMID: 24058165 PMCID: PMC3813641 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.226720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This work contributes to unraveling the role of the phosphorylated pathway of serine (Ser) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by functionally characterizing genes coding for the first enzyme of this pathway, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH). We identified two Arabidopsis plastid-localized PGDH genes (3-PGDH and EMBRYO SAC DEVELOPMENT ARREST9 [EDA9]) with a high percentage of amino acid identity with a previously identified PGDH. All three genes displayed a different expression pattern indicating that they are not functionally redundant. pgdh and 3-pgdh mutants presented no drastic visual phenotypes, but eda9 displayed delayed embryo development, leading to aborted embryos that could be classified as early curled cotyledons. The embryo-lethal phenotype of eda9 was complemented with an EDA9 complementary DNA under the control of a 35S promoter (Pro-35S:EDA9). However, this construct, which is poorly expressed in the anther tapetum, did not complement mutant fertility. Microspore development in eda9.1eda9.1 Pro-35S:EDA9 was arrested at the polarized stage. Pollen from these lines lacked tryphine in the interstices of the exine layer, displayed shrunken and collapsed forms, and were unable to germinate when cultured in vitro. A metabolomic analysis of PGDH mutant and overexpressing plants revealed that all three PGDH family genes can regulate Ser homeostasis, with PGDH being quantitatively the most important in the process of Ser biosynthesis at the whole-plant level. By contrast, the essential role of EDA9 could be related to its expression in very specific cell types. We demonstrate the crucial role of EDA9 in embryo and pollen development, suggesting that the phosphorylated pathway of Ser biosynthesis is an important link connecting primary metabolism with development.
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Alieva AJ, Aminov NK. [Influence of D genome of wheat on expression of novel type spike branching in hybrid populations of 171ACS line]. Genetika 2013; 49:1284-1291. [PMID: 25470929 DOI: 10.7868/s0016675813110027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A 171ACS line (AABBDD, 2n = 6x = 42) has been crossed with the tetra- (AABB and AAGG, 2n = 4x = 28) and octoploid (AAAABBGG, 2n = 8x = 56) wheat species without the D genome, as well as with hexaploid (AABBDD and AAGGDD, 2n = 6x = 42) wheat species and tetra- (AADD, 2n = 4x = 28) and hexaploid (AADDSS, 2n = 6x = 42) amphidiploids that have the D genome. The inheritance of a novel type of spike branching in these obtained hybrid populations F1-F3 was studied. According to the results of a morphogenetic analysis of hybrid populations derived from crossings between 171ACS and wheat species without the D genome, the novel type of branching was found to be controlled by a single recessive gene (although a phenotype of the 171ACS line gives a handle for a doubt about occurrence of the second gene) and the 171ACS line is a source of gene of the novel type branching. However, not a single branched spike plant was observed in hybrid populations that were produced by crosses of the 171ACS line with wheat species, as well as with amphidiploids that have the D genome. This result also experimentally confirmed the inhibitor effect of chromosomes of the D genome on the expression of the spike-branching trait. The appearance of branched spike forms, together with normal spiked plants in hybrid populations of the 171ACS line and T. araraticum Jakubz. (AAGG) or T. fungicidum Zhuk. (AAAABBGG) confirmed that, as opposed to the D genome, neither genome G nor genome B demonstrated the inhibition of the expression of the spike-branching trait. In conclusion, keeping in mind that branching is exhibited in hybrid progenies obtained from crosses between the 171ACS line and wheat species with AABB and AAGG genomes, it can be said that this gene belongs to the A genome.
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Zhu TT, Jin L, Du T, Cui ZJ, Zhang XF, Wu D. [Genetic relationship analysis of Ephedra intermedia from different habitat in Gansu by ISSR analysis]. Zhong Yao Cai 2013; 36:1397-1401. [PMID: 24620679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the genetic relationship of Ephedra intermedia from different habitats in Gansu. METHODS The genetic diversity and genetic relationship of E. intermedia from different habitats in Gansu were studied by ISSR molecular marker technique. RESULTS Twelve ISSR primers were selected from 70 ISSR primers and used for ISSR amplification. Total 112 loci were amplified, in which 81 were polymorphic loci, the average percentage of polymorphie bands (PPB) was 72.32%. Clustering results indicated that the wild species and cultivating species were clustered into different group. The wild species, which had closer distance, were clustered into a group. CONCLUSION E. intermedia of different habitats in Gansu have rich genetic diversities among species, it is the reason that E. intermedia has strong adaptability and wide distribution. Further, the genetic distance of E. intermedia is associated with geographical distance, the further distance can hinder the gene flow.
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Masoero F, Gallo A, Giuberti G, Fiorentini L, Moschini M. Effect of water-saving irrigation regime on whole-plant yield and nutritive value of maize hybrids. J Sci Food Agric 2013; 93:3040-3045. [PMID: 23512720 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of a water-saving irrigation regime on yield, chemical composition, rumen in situ dry matter disappearance (DMD) and neutral detergent fiber disappearance (NDFD), along with 7 h in vitro starch degradability (7 h IVSD), in maize hybrids selected for whole-plant silage making was investigated. A plot experiment was conducted in a continental climate location and four commercial maize hybrids (FAO class 700) were used in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of irrigation treatments (fully irrigated (FI) and water-saving regime (WS)) and four replicates/treatment. The total amount of irrigation water was 494 mm in FI plots and 367 mm in WS plots, the latter achieved by skipping irrigations at vegetative growth stage, silking and blistering. RESULTS Whole-plant yield, chemical composition, DMD, NDFD and 7 h IVSD slightly differed among hybrids and were not influenced by irrigation treatments. Plant dry matter content was lower in FI than WS plots (320 vs. 341 g kg⁻¹) , respectively; P < 0.05). Differences among hybrids were recorded for starch and acid detergent fiber contents (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The lack of differences on yield and nutritive value in tested maize hybrids grown under different water supply suggests the water-saving regime could be suitable for an optimal use of available water in maize management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Masoero
- Feed and Food Science and Nutrition Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Hentrich M, Böttcher C, Düchting P, Cheng Y, Zhao Y, Berkowitz O, Masle J, Medina J, Pollmann S. The jasmonic acid signaling pathway is linked to auxin homeostasis through the modulation of YUCCA8 and YUCCA9 gene expression. Plant J 2013; 74:626-37. [PMID: 23425284 PMCID: PMC3654092 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between phytohormones play important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development, but knowledge of the networks controlling hormonal relationships, such as between oxylipins and auxins, is just emerging. Here, we report the transcriptional regulation of two Arabidopsis YUCCA genes, YUC8 and YUC9, by oxylipins. Similar to previously characterized YUCCA family members, we show that both YUC8 and YUC9 are involved in auxin biosynthesis, as demonstrated by the increased auxin contents and auxin-dependent phenotypes displayed by gain-of-function mutants as well as the significantly decreased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels in yuc8 and yuc8/9 knockout lines. Gene expression data obtained by qPCR analysis and microscopic examination of promoter-reporter lines reveal an oxylipin-mediated regulation of YUC9 expression that is dependent on the COI1 signal transduction pathway. In support of these findings, the roots of the analyzed yuc knockout mutants displayed a reduced response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The similar response of the yuc8 and yuc9 mutants to MeJA in cotyledons and hypocotyls suggests functional overlap of YUC8 and YUC9 in aerial tissues, while their function in roots shows some specificity, probably in part related to different spatio-temporal expression patterns of the two genes. These results provide evidence for an intimate functional relationship between oxylipin signaling and auxin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Hentrich
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Petra Düchting
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Youfa Cheng
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Josette Masle
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joaquín Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Corresponding author: Stephan Pollmann; Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Autopista M-40, km 38, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain; Tel.: +34-91-336-4589; Fax: +34-91-715-7721;
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Faustino LI, Bulfe NML, Pinazo MA, Monteoliva SE, Graciano C. Dry weight partitioning and hydraulic traits in young Pinus taeda trees fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus in a subtropical area. Tree Physiol 2013; 33:241-51. [PMID: 23355634 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants of Pinus taeda L. from each of four families were fertilized with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) or N + P at planting. The H family had the highest growth in dry mass while the L family had the lowest growth. Measurements of plant hydraulic architecture traits were performed during the first year after planting. Stomatal conductance (gs), water potential at predawn (Ψpredawn) and at midday (Ψmidday), branch hydraulic conductivity (ks and kl) and shoot hydraulic conductance (K) were measured. One year after planting, dry weight partitioning of all aboveground organs was performed. Phosphorus fertilization increased growth in all four families, while N fertilization had a negative effect on growth. L family plants were more negatively affected than H family plants. This negative effect was not due to limitations in N or P uptake because plants from all the families and treatments had the same N and P concentration in the needles. Phosphorus fertilization changed some hydraulic parameters, but those changes did not affect growth. However, the negative effect of N can be explained by changes in hydraulic traits. L family plants had a high leaf dry weight per branch, which was increased by N fertilization. This change occurred together with a decrease in shoot conductance. Therefore, the reduction in gs was not enough to avoid the drop in Ψmidday. Consequently, stomatal closure and the deficient water status of the needles resulted in a reduction in growth. In H family plants, the increase in the number of needles per branch due to N fertilization was counteracted by a reduction in gs and also by a reduction in tracheid lumen size and length. Because of these two changes, Ψmidday did not drop and water availability in the needles was adequate for sustained growth. In conclusion, fertilization affects the hydraulic architecture of plants, and different families develop different strategies. Some of the hydraulic changes can explain the negative effect of N fertilization on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Faustino
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (CONICET-UNLP), Diag 113 495, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Pascal S, Bernard A, Sorel M, Pervent M, Vile D, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Lessire R, Domergue F, Joubès J. The Arabidopsis cer26 mutant, like the cer2 mutant, is specifically affected in the very long chain fatty acid elongation process. Plant J 2013; 73:733-46. [PMID: 23384041 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant aerial organs are covered by cuticular waxes, which form a hydrophobic crystal layer that mainly serves as a waterproof barrier. Cuticular wax is a complex mixture of very long chain lipids deriving from fatty acids, predominantly of chain lengths from 26 to 34 carbons, which result from acyl-CoA elongase activity. The biochemical mechanism of elongation is well characterized; however, little is known about the specific proteins involved in the elongation of compounds with more than 26 carbons available as precursors of wax synthesis. In this context, we characterized the three Arabidopsis genes of the CER2-like family: CER2, CER26 and CER26-like . Expression pattern analysis showed that the three genes are differentially expressed in an organ- and tissue-specific manner. Using individual T-DNA insertion mutants, together with a cer2 cer26 double mutant, we characterized the specific impact of the inactivation of the different genes on cuticular waxes. In particular, whereas the cer2 mutation impaired the production of wax components longer than 28 carbons, the cer26 mutant was found to be affected in the production of wax components longer than 30 carbons. The analysis of the acyl-CoA pool in the respective transgenic lines confirmed that inactivation of both genes specifically affects the fatty acid elongation process beyond 26 carbons. Furthermore, ectopic expression of CER26 in transgenic plants demonstrates that CER26 facilitates the elongation of the very long chain fatty acids of 30 carbons or more, with high tissular and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Pascal
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, UMR5200, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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Tuan PA, Park SU. Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase in bitter melon (Momordica charantia). J Plant Physiol 2013; 170:115-120. [PMID: 23043987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids at various chain positions to form a broad spectrum of apocarotenoids, including aromatic substances, pigments and phytohormones. Using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR method, we isolated three cDNA-encoding CCDs (McCCD1, McCCD4, and McNCED) from Momordica charantia. Amino acid sequence alignments showed that they share high sequence identity with other orthologous genes. Quantitative real-time RT PCR (reverse transcriptase PCR) analysis revealed that the expression of McCCD1 and McCCD4 was highest in flowers, and lowest in roots and old leaves (O-leaves). During fruit maturation, the two genes displayed differential expression, with McCCD1 peaking at mid-stage maturation while McCCD4 showed the lowest expression at that stage. The mRNA expression level of McNCED, a key enzyme involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, was high during fruit maturation and further increased at the beginning of seed germination. When first-leaf stage plants of M. charantia were exposed to dehydration stress, McNCED mRNA expression was induced primarily in the leaves and, to a lesser extend, in roots and stems. McNCED expression was also induced by high temperature and salinity, while treatment with exogenous ABA led to a decrease. These results should be helpful in determining the substrates and cleavage sites catalyzed by CCD genes in M. charantia, and also in defining the roles of CCDs in growth and development, and in the plant's response to environmental stress.
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MESH Headings
- Abscisic Acid/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Biosynthetic Pathways
- Carotenoids/chemistry
- Carotenoids/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cold Temperature
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Dehydration
- Dioxygenases/genetics
- Dioxygenases/isolation & purification
- Dioxygenases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Germination
- Hot Temperature
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Momordica charantia/enzymology
- Momordica charantia/genetics
- Momordica charantia/growth & development
- Momordica charantia/physiology
- Organ Specificity
- Phylogeny
- Plant Components, Aerial/enzymology
- Plant Components, Aerial/genetics
- Plant Components, Aerial/growth & development
- Plant Components, Aerial/physiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Roots/enzymology
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Plant Roots/growth & development
- Plant Roots/physiology
- Seeds/enzymology
- Seeds/genetics
- Seeds/growth & development
- Seeds/physiology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stress, Physiological
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Anh Tuan
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal defence hypothesis (ODH) predicts that tissues that contribute most to a plant's fitness and have the highest probability of being attacked will be the parts best defended against biotic threats, including herbivores. In general, young sink tissues and reproductive structures show stronger induced defence responses after attack from pathogens and herbivores and contain higher basal levels of specialized defensive metabolites than other plant parts. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms responsible for these developmentally regulated defence patterns remain unknown. SCOPE This review summarizes current knowledge about optimal defence patterns in above- and below-ground plant tissues, including information on basal and induced defence metabolite accumulation, defensive structures and their regulation by jasmonic acid (JA). Physiological regulations underlying developmental differences of tissues with contrasting defence patterns are highlighted, with a special focus on the role of classical plant growth hormones, including auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins and brassinosteroids, and their interactions with the JA pathway. By synthesizing recent findings about the dual roles of these growth hormones in plant development and defence responses, this review aims to provide a framework for new discoveries on the molecular basis of patterns predicted by the ODH. CONCLUSIONS Almost four decades after its formulation, we are just beginning to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the patterns of defence allocation predicted by the ODH. A requirement for future advances will be to understand how developmental and defence processes are integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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Bouaziz D, Pirrello J, Ben Amor H, Hammami A, Charfeddine M, Dhieb A, Bouzayen M, Gargouri-Bouzid R. Ectopic expression of dehydration responsive element binding proteins (StDREB2) confers higher tolerance to salt stress in potato. Plant Physiol Biochem 2012; 60:98-108. [PMID: 22922109 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dehydration responsive element binding proteins (DREB) are members of a larger family of transcription factors, many of which have been reported to contribute to plant responses to abiotic stresses in several species. While, little is known about their role in potato (Solanum tuberosum). This report describes the cloning and characterization of a DREB transcription factor cDNA, StDREB2, isolated from potato (cv Nicola) plants submitted to salt treatment. Based on a multiple sequence alignment, this protein was classified into the A-5 group of DREB subfamily. Expression studies revealed that StDREB2 was induced in leaves, roots and stems upon various abiotic stresses and in response to exogenous treatment with abscisic acid (ABA). In agreement with this expression pattern, over-expression of StDREB2 in transgenic potato plants resulted in enhanced tolerance to salt stress. These data suggest that the isolated StDREB2 encodes a functional protein involved in plant response to different abiotic stresses. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that the StDREB2 protein bound specifically to the DRE core element (ACCGAGA) in vitro. Moreover, Semi quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript level of a putative target gene i.e. δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) was up-regulated in transgenic plants submitted to salt stress conditions. A concomitant increase in proline accumulation was also observed under these conditions. Taking together, all these data suggest that StDREB2 takes part in the processes underlying plant responses to abiotic stresses probably via the regulation of ABA hormone signaling and through a mechanism allowing proline synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donia Bouaziz
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Végétales Appliquées à l'Amélioration des Cultures, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Toda T, Fujii S, Noguchi K, Kazama T, Toriyama K. Rice MPR25 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein and is essential for RNA editing of nad5 transcripts in mitochondria. Plant J 2012; 72:450-60. [PMID: 22747551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are involved in the modification of organelle transcripts. In this study, we investigated the molecular function in rice of the mitochondrial PPR-encoding gene MITOCHONDRIAL PPR25 (MPR25), which belongs to the E subgroup of the PPR family. A Tos17 knockout mutant of MPR25 exhibited growth retardation and pale-green leaves with reduced chlorophyll content during the early stages of plant development. The photosynthetic rate in the mpr25 mutant was significantly decreased, especially under strong light conditions, although the respiration rate did not differ from that of wild-type plants. MPR25 was preferentially expressed in leaves. FLAG-tagged MPR25 accumulated in mitochondria but not in chloroplasts. Direct sequencing revealed that the mpr25 mutant fails to edit a C-U RNA editing site at nucleotide 1580 of nad5, which encodes a subunit of complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) of the respiratory chain in mitochondria. RNA editing of this site is responsible for a change in amino acid from serine to leucine. Recombinant MPR25 directly interacted with the proximal region of the editing site of nad5 transcripts. However, the NADH dehydrogenase activity of complex I was not affected in the mutant. By contrast, genes encoding alternative NADH dehydrogenases and alternative oxidase were up-regulated. The mpr25 mutant may therefore provide new information on the coordinated interaction between mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Cell Respiration
- Chloroplasts/genetics
- Chloroplasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Light
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics
- NADH Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Oryza/enzymology
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/growth & development
- Oryza/radiation effects
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Photosynthesis
- Plant Components, Aerial/enzymology
- Plant Components, Aerial/genetics
- Plant Components, Aerial/growth & development
- Plant Components, Aerial/radiation effects
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Roots/enzymology
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Plant Roots/growth & development
- Plant Roots/radiation effects
- Protein Transport
- RNA Editing
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins
- Seedlings/enzymology
- Seedlings/genetics
- Seedlings/growth & development
- Seedlings/radiation effects
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Toda
- Laboratory of Environmental Plant Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Shang QM, Li L, Dong CJ. Multiple tandem duplication of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes in Cucumis sativus L. Planta 2012; 236:1093-105. [PMID: 22572777 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1659-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first entry enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and therefore plays a key role in both plant development and stress defense. In many plants, PAL is encoded by a multi-gene family, and each member is differentially regulated in response to environmental stimuli. In the present study, we report that PAL in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is encoded for by a family of seven genes (designated as CsPAL1-7). All seven CsPALs are arranged in tandem in two duplication blocks, which are located on chromosomes 4 and 6, respectively. The cDNA and protein sequences of the CsPALs share an overall high identity to each other. Homology modeling reveals similarities in their protein structures, besides several slight differences, implying the different activities in conversion of phenylalanine. Phylogenic analysis places CsPAL1-7 in a separate cluster rather than clustering with other plant PALs. Analyses of expression profiles in different cucumber tissues or in response to various stress or plant hormone treatments indicate that CsPAL1-7 play redundant, but divergent roles in cucumber development and stress response. This is consistent with our finding that CsPALs possess overlapping but different cis-elements in their promoter regions. Finally, several duplication events are discussed to explain the evolution of the cucumber PAL genes.
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MESH Headings
- Abscisic Acid/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cucumis sativus/drug effects
- Cucumis sativus/enzymology
- Cucumis sativus/genetics
- Cucumis sativus/physiology
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Duplication
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Organ Specificity
- Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Plant Components, Aerial/drug effects
- Plant Components, Aerial/enzymology
- Plant Components, Aerial/genetics
- Plant Components, Aerial/physiology
- Plant Growth Regulators/physiology
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Roots/drug effects
- Plant Roots/enzymology
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Plant Roots/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Seedlings/drug effects
- Seedlings/enzymology
- Seedlings/genetics
- Seedlings/physiology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stress, Physiological
- Tandem Repeat Sequences
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Mao Shang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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35
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Chen L, Ren F, Zhou L, Wang QQ, Zhong H, Li XB. The Brassica napus calcineurin B-Like 1/CBL-interacting protein kinase 6 (CBL1/CIPK6) component is involved in the plant response to abiotic stress and ABA signalling. J Exp Bot 2012; 63:6211-22. [PMID: 23105131 PMCID: PMC3481211 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) gene, BnCIPK6, was isolated in Brassica napus. Through yeast two-hybrid screening, 27 interaction partners (including BnCBL1) of BnCIPK6 were identified in Brassica napus. Interaction of BnCIPK6 and BnCBL1 was further confirmed by BiFC (bimolecular fluorescence complementation) in plant cells. Expressions of BnCIPK6 and BnCBL1 were significantly up-regulated by salt and osmotic stresses, phosphorous starvation, and abscisic acid (ABA). Furthermore, BnCIPK6 promoter activity was intensively induced in cotyledons and roots under NaCl, mannitol, and ABA treatments. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with over-expressing BnCIPK6, its activated form BnCIPK6M, and BnCBL1 enhanced high salinity and low phosphate tolerance, suggesting that the functional interaction of BnCBL1 and BnCIPK6 may be important for the high salinity and phosphorous deficiency signalling pathways. In addition, activation of BnCIPK6 confers Arabidopsis plants hypersensitive to ABA. On the other hand, over-expression of BnCIPK6 in Arabidopsis cipk6 mutant completely rescued the low-phosphate-sensitive and ABA-insensitive phenotypes of this mutant, further suggesting that BnCIPK6 is involved in the plant response to high-salinity, phosphorous deficiency, and ABA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, and Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Qing-Qing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xue-Bao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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36
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Yeap WC, Ooi TEK, Namasivayam P, Kulaveerasingam H, Ho CL. EgRBP42 encoding an hnRNP-like RNA-binding protein from Elaeis guineensis Jacq. is responsive to abiotic stresses. Plant Cell Rep 2012; 31:1829-1843. [PMID: 22699852 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have been implicated as regulatory proteins involved in the post-transcriptional processes of gene expression in plants under various stress conditions. In this study, we report the cloning and characterization of a gene, designated as EgRBP42, encoding a member of the plant heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-like RBP family from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). EgRBP42 consists of two N-terminal RNA recognition motifs and a glycine-rich domain at the C-terminus. The upstream region of EgRBP42 has multiple light-responsive, stress-responsive regulatory elements and regulatory elements associated with flower development. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of EgRBP42 showed that EgRBP42 was expressed in oil palm tissues tested, including leaf, shoot apical meristem, root, female inflorescence, male inflorescence and mesocarp with the lowest transcript level in the roots. EgRBP42 protein interacted with transcripts associated with transcription, translation and stress responses using pull-down assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The accumulation of EgRBP42 and its interacting transcripts were induced by abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought, submergence, cold and heat stresses in leaf discs. Collectively, the data suggested that EgRBP42 is a RBP, which responds to various abiotic stresses and could be advantageous for oil palm under stress conditions. Key message EgRBP42 may be involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of stress-related genes important for plant stress response and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chin Yeap
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
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37
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Yu H, Du X, Zhang F, Zhang F, Hu Y, Liu S, Jiang X, Wang G, Liu D. A mutation in the E2 subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Arabidopsis reduces plant organ size and enhances the accumulation of amino acids and intermediate products of the TCA cycle. Planta 2012; 236:387-99. [PMID: 22391856 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (mtPDC) plays a pivotal role in controlling the entry of carbon into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle for energy production. This multi-enzyme complex consists of three components: E1, E2, and E3. In Arabidopsis, there are three genes, mtE2-1, mtE2-2, and mtE2-3, which encode the putative mtPDC E2 subunit but how each of them contributes to the total mtPDC activity remains unknown. In this work, we characterized an Arabidopsis mutant, m132, that has abnormal small organs. Molecular cloning indicated that the phenotype of m132 is caused by a mutation in the mtE2-1 gene, which results in a truncation of 109 amino acids at the C-terminus of the encoded protein. In m132, mtPDC activity is only 30% of the WT and ATP production is severely impaired. The mutation in the mtE2-1 gene also leads to the over-accumulation of most intermediate products of the TCA cycle and of all the amino acids for protein synthesis. Our results suggest that, among the three mtE2 genes, mtE2-1 is a major contributor to the function of Arabidopsis mtPDC and that the functional disruption of mtE2-1 profoundly affects plant growth and development, as well as its metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/analysis
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Amino Acids/metabolism
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis/ultrastructure
- Chromosome Mapping
- Citric Acid Cycle/genetics
- Cytokinins/analysis
- Cytokinins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Mitochondria/enzymology
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Organ Size/genetics
- Phenotype
- Plant Components, Aerial/enzymology
- Plant Components, Aerial/genetics
- Plant Components, Aerial/growth & development
- Plant Components, Aerial/ultrastructure
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex/genetics
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex/metabolism
- Pyruvic Acid/analysis
- Pyruvic Acid/metabolism
- Seedlings/enzymology
- Seedlings/genetics
- Seedlings/growth & development
- Seedlings/ultrastructure
- Seeds/enzymology
- Seeds/genetics
- Seeds/growth & development
- Seeds/ultrastructure
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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38
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Abstract
Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) fibres are specialized trichomes a few centimetres in length that grow from the seed coat. Few genes directly involved in the differentiation of these epidermal cells have been identified. These include GhMYB25-like and GhMYB25, two related MYB transcription factors that regulate fibre cell initiation and expansion. We have also identified a putative homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) transcription factor, GhHD-1, expressed in trichomes and early fibres that might play a role in cotton fibre initiation. Here, we characterize GhHD-1 homoeologues from tetraploid G. hirsutum and show, using reporter constructs and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), that they are expressed predominantly in epidermal tissues during early fibre development, and in other tissues bearing epidermal trichomes. Silencing of GhHD-1 reduced trichome formation and delayed the timing of fibre initiation. Constitutive overexpression of GhHD-1 increased the number of fibres initiating on the seed, but did not affect leaf trichomes. Expression of GhHD-1 in cotton silenced for different fibre MYBs suggest that in ovules it acts downstream of GhMYB25-like, but is unaffected in GhMYB25- or GhMYB109-silenced plants. Microarray analysis of silencing and overexpression lines of GhHD-1 indicated that it potentially regulates the levels of ethylene and reactive oxidation species (ROS) through a WRKY transcription factor and calcium-signalling pathway genes to activate downstream genes necessary for cell expansion and elongation.
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39
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Song X, Wang D, Ma L, Chen Z, Li P, Cui X, Liu C, Cao S, Chu C, Tao Y, Cao X. Rice RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 acts in small RNA biogenesis and spikelet development. Plant J 2012; 71:378-89. [PMID: 22443269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants have evolved multiple RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs), which work with Dicer-like (DCL) proteins to produce different classes of small RNAs with specialized molecular functions. Here we report that OsRDR6, the rice (Oryza sativa L.) homolog of Arabidopsis RDR6, acts in the biogenesis of various types and sizes of small RNAs. We isolated a rice osrdr6-1 mutant, which was temperature sensitive and showed spikelet defects. This mutant displays reduced accumulation of tasiR-ARFs, the conserved trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs) derived from the TAS3 locus, and ectopic expression of tasiR-ARF target genes, the Auxin Response Factors (including ARF2 and ARF3/ETTIN). The loss of tasiR-mediated repression of ARFs in osrdr6-1 can explain its morphological defects, as expression of two non-targeted ARF3 gene constructs (ARF3muts) in a wild-type background mimics the osrdr6 and osdcl4-1 mutant phenotypes. Small RNA high-throughput sequencing also reveals that besides tasiRNAs, 21-nucleotide (nt) phased small RNAs are also largely dependent on OsRDR6. Unexpectedly, we found that osrdr6-1 has a strong impact on the accumulation of 24-nt phased small RNAs, but not on unphased ones. Our work uncovers the key roles of OsRDR6 in small RNA biogenesis and directly illustrates the crucial functions of tasiR-ARFs in rice development.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Mapping
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/genetics
- Gene Library
- Genetic Complementation Test
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Mutation
- Oryza/cytology
- Oryza/enzymology
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/growth & development
- Plant Components, Aerial/cytology
- Plant Components, Aerial/enzymology
- Plant Components, Aerial/genetics
- Plant Components, Aerial/growth & development
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Roots/cytology
- Plant Roots/enzymology
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Plant Roots/growth & development
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/genetics
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/metabolism
- Seedlings/cytology
- Seedlings/enzymology
- Seedlings/genetics
- Seedlings/growth & development
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Temperature
- Transgenes
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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40
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Junker A, Mönke G, Rutten T, Keilwagen J, Seifert M, Thi TMN, Renou JP, Balzergue S, Viehöver P, Hähnel U, Ludwig-Müller J, Altschmied L, Conrad U, Weisshaar B, Bäumlein H. Elongation-related functions of LEAFY COTYLEDON1 during the development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 2012; 71:427-42. [PMID: 22429691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) controls aspects of early embryogenesis and seed maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana. To identify components of the LEC1 regulon, transgenic plants were derived in which LEC1 expression was inducible by dexamethasone treatment. The cotyledon-like leaves and swollen root tips developed by these plants contained seed-storage compounds and resemble the phenotypes produced by increased auxin levels. In agreement with this, LEC1 was found to mediate up-regulation of the auxin synthesis gene YUCCA10. Auxin accumulated primarily in the elongation zone at the root-hypocotyl junction (collet). This accumulation correlates with hypocotyl growth, which is either inhibited in LEC1-induced embryonic seedlings or stimulated in the LEC1-induced long-hypocotyl phenotype, therefore resembling etiolated seedlings. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed a number of phytohormone- and elongation-related genes among the putative LEC1 target genes. LEC1 appears to be an integrator of various regulatory events, involving the transcription factor itself as well as light and hormone signalling, especially during somatic and early zygotic embryogenesis. Furthermore, the data suggest non-embryonic functions for LEC1 during post-germinative etiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Junker
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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41
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Rast MI, Simon R. Arabidopsis JAGGED LATERAL ORGANS acts with ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 to coordinate KNOX and PIN expression in shoot and root meristems. Plant Cell 2012; 24:2917-33. [PMID: 22822207 PMCID: PMC3426123 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.099978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organ initiation requires the specification of a group of founder cells at the flanks of the shoot apical meristem and the creation of a functional boundary that separates the incipient primordia from the remainder of the meristem. Organ development is closely linked to the downregulation of class I KNOTTED1 LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) genes and accumulation of auxin at sites of primordia initiation. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana JAGGED LATERAL ORGANS (JLO), a member of the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARY DOMAIN (LBD) gene family, is required for coordinated organ development in shoot and floral meristems. Loss of JLO function results in ectopic expression of the KNOX genes SHOOT MERISTEMLESS and BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP), indicating that JLO acts to restrict KNOX expression. JLO acts in a trimeric protein complex with ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2), another LBD protein, and AS1 to suppress BP expression in lateral organs. In addition to its role in KNOX regulation, we identified a role for AS2 in regulating PINFORMED (PIN) expression and auxin transport from embryogenesis onwards together with JLO. We propose that different JLO and AS2 protein complexes, possibly also comprising other LBD proteins, coordinate auxin distribution and meristem function through the regulation of KNOX and PIN expression during Arabidopsis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen I. Rast
- Institut für Entwicklungsgenetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institut für Entwicklungsgenetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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42
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Wieckowski Y, Schiefelbein J. Nuclear ribosome biogenesis mediated by the DIM1A rRNA dimethylase is required for organized root growth and epidermal patterning in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2012; 24:2839-56. [PMID: 22829145 PMCID: PMC3426118 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Position-dependent patterning of hair and non-hair cells in the Arabidopsis thaliana root epidermis is a powerful system to study the molecular basis of cell fate specification. Here, we report an epidermal patterning mutant affecting the ADENOSINE DIMETHYL TRANSFERASE 1A (DIM1A) rRNA dimethylase gene, predicted to participate in rRNA posttranscriptional processing and base modification. Consistent with a role in ribosome biogenesis, DIM1A is preferentially expressed in regions of rapid growth, and its product is nuclear localized with nucleolus enrichment. Furthermore, DIM1A preferentially accumulates in the developing hair cells, and the dim1A point mutant alters the cell-specific expression of the transcriptional regulators GLABRA2, CAPRICE, and WEREWOLF. Together, these findings suggest that establishment of cell-specific gene expression during root epidermis development is dependent upon proper ribosome biogenesis, possibly due to the sensitivity of the cell fate decision to relatively small differences in gene regulatory activities. Consistent with its effect on the predicted S-adenosyl-l-Met binding site, dim1A plants lack the two 18S rRNA base modifications but exhibit normal pre-rRNA processing. In addition to root epidermal defects, the dim1A mutant exhibits abnormal root meristem division, leaf development, and trichome branching. Together, these findings provide new insights into the importance of rRNA base modifications and translation regulation for plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Wieckowski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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43
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Wang X, Tang C, Huang X, Li F, Chen X, Zhang G, Sun Y, Han D, Kang Z. Wheat BAX inhibitor-1 contributes to wheat resistance to Puccinia striiformis. J Exp Bot 2012; 63:4571-84. [PMID: 22696283 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BAX inihibitor-1 (BI-1) is proposed to be a cell death suppressor conserved in both animals and plants. The ability of BI-1 genes to inhibit programmed cell death (PCD) has been well studied in animals, but the physiological importance of BI-1 in plant-microbe interactions remains unclear. This study characterized BI-1 from wheat infected by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). The deduced TaBI-1 protein contained a Bax inhibitor domain and seven transmembrane regions conserved among members of the BI-1 family. Transcription of TaBI-1 was detected in all wheat tissues tested (culms, roots, leaves, anthers, and spikelets). Furthermore, TaBI-1 exhibited positive transcriptional responses to Pst infection and abiotic stresses. Overexpression of TaBI-1 in tobacco blocked Bax-induced cell death. Silencing TaBI-1 in plants of a resistant wheat genotype converted a resistant reaction to a relatively susceptible reaction when inoculated with an avirulent pathotype of the pathogen, and increased the area per infection site, but the percentage of necrotic cells did not change significantly, indicating that TaBI-1, a negative cell death regulator, contributes to wheat resistance to stripe rust. These results provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of wheat resistance to stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
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44
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Sun X, Korir NK, Han J, Shangguan LF, Kayesh E, Leng XP, Fang JG. Characterization of grapevine microR164 and its target genes. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9463-72. [PMID: 22733489 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an extensive class of newly identified small RNAs that regulate gene expression at post-transcription level by mRNA cleavage or translation. In our study, we used qRT-PCR and found that Vv-miR164 is expression in grapevine leaves, stems, tendrils, inflorescences, flowers and fruits. In addition, two potential target genes for Vv-miR164 were also found and verified by PPM-RACE and RLM-RACE. The results not only maps the cleavage site of the target mRNA but allowed for detection the expression pattern of cleaved fragments that can indicate the regulatory function of this miRNA on its target genes. These target genes were explored by qRT-PCR where some exhibited different expression patterns from their corresponding miRNA, indicating the cleavage mode of the miRNA on its target genes. The efficient and powerful approach used in this study can help in further understanding of how miRNAs cleaved their target mRNAs. Results from this study prove the importance of Vv-miR164 in regulating development and growth of grapes, and adds to the existing knowledge of small RNA-mediated regulation in grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Irmisch S, Krause ST, Kunert G, Gershenzon J, Degenhardt J, Köllner TG. The organ-specific expression of terpene synthase genes contributes to the terpene hydrocarbon composition of chamomile essential oils. BMC Plant Biol 2012; 12:84. [PMID: 22682202 PMCID: PMC3423072 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The essential oil of chamomile, one of the oldest and agronomically most important medicinal plant species in Europe, has significant antiphlogistic, spasmolytic and antimicrobial activities. It is rich in chamazulene, a pharmaceutically active compound spontaneously formed during steam distillation from the sesquiterpene lactone matricine. Chamomile oil also contains sesquiterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons which are produced by the action of terpene synthases (TPS), the key enzymes in constructing terpene carbon skeletons. RESULTS Here, we present the identification and characterization of five TPS enzymes contributing to terpene biosynthesis in chamomile (Matricaria recutita). Four of these enzymes were exclusively expressed in above-ground organs and produced the common terpene hydrocarbons (-)-(E)-β-caryophyllene (MrTPS1), (+)-germacrene A (MrTPS3), (E)-β-ocimene (MrTPS4) and (-)-germacrene D (MrTPS5). A fifth TPS, the multiproduct enzyme MrTPS2, was mainly expressed in roots and formed several Asteraceae-specific tricyclic sesquiterpenes with (-)-α-isocomene being the major product. The TPS transcript accumulation patterns in different organs of chamomile were consistent with the abundance of the corresponding TPS products isolated from these organs suggesting that the spatial regulation of TPS gene expression qualitatively contribute to terpene composition. CONCLUSIONS The terpene synthases characterized in this study are involved in the organ-specific formation of essential oils in chamomile. While the products of MrTPS1, MrTPS2, MrTPS4 and MrTPS5 accumulate in the oils without further chemical alterations, (+)-germacrene A produced by MrTPS3 accumulates only in trace amounts, indicating that it is converted into another compound like matricine. Thus, MrTPS3, but also the other TPS genes, are good markers for further breeding of chamomile cultivars rich in pharmaceutically active essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Irmisch
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University, Hoher Weg 8, Halle 06120, Germany
- Current address: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Sandra T Krause
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University, Hoher Weg 8, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jörg Degenhardt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University, Hoher Weg 8, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University, Hoher Weg 8, Halle 06120, Germany
- Current address: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, Jena 07745, Germany
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Ojangu EL, Tanner K, Pata P, Järve K, Holweg CL, Truve E, Paves H. Myosins XI-K, XI-1, and XI-2 are required for development of pavement cells, trichomes, and stigmatic papillae in Arabidopsis. BMC Plant Biol 2012; 12:81. [PMID: 22672737 PMCID: PMC3424107 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positioning and dynamics of vesicles and organelles, and thus the growth of plant cells, is mediated by the acto-myosin system. In Arabidopsis there are 13 class XI myosins which mediate vesicle and organelle transport in different cell types. So far the involvement of five class XI myosins in cell expansion during the shoot and root development has been shown, three of which, XI-1, XI-2, and XI-K, are essential for organelle transport. RESULTS Simultaneous depletion of Arabidopsis class XI myosins XI-K, XI-1, and XI-2 in double and triple mutant plants affected the growth of several types of epidermal cells. The size and shape of trichomes, leaf pavement cells and the elongation of the stigmatic papillae of double and triple mutant plants were affected to different extent. Reduced cell size led to significant size reduction of shoot organs in the case of triple mutant, affecting bolt formation, flowering time and fertility. Phenotype analysis revealed that the reduced fertility of triple mutant plants was caused by delayed or insufficient development of pistils. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the class XI myosins XI-K, XI-1 and XI-2 have partially redundant roles in the growth of shoot epidermis. Myosin XI-K plays more important role whereas myosins XI-1 and XI-2 have minor roles in the determination of size and shape of epidermal cells, because the absence of these two myosins is compensated by XI-K. Co-operation between myosins XI-K and XI-2 appears to play an important role in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Ly Ojangu
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Krista Tanner
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Pille Pata
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristel Järve
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Carola L Holweg
- Nachhaltigkeits-Projekte, Alte Str. 13, 79249, Merzhausen, Germany
| | - Erkki Truve
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Heiti Paves
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
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Yuan H, Liu D. Functional disruption of the pentatricopeptide protein SLG1 affects mitochondrial RNA editing, plant development, and responses to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2012; 70:432-44. [PMID: 22248025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Land plants contain a large family of genes that encode for pentatricopeptide (PPR) proteins. To date, few of these PPR proteins have been functionally characterized. In this study, we have analyzed an Arabidopsis mutant, slg1, which exhibits slow growth and delayed development. In addition, slg1 shows an enhanced response to ABA and increased tolerance to drought stress. The SLG1 gene encodes a PPR protein that is localized in mitochondria. In the slg1 mutant, RNA editing in a single site of the mitochondrial transcript nad3 is abolished. nad3 is a subunit of complex I of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. As a consequence, the NADH dehydrogenase activity of complex I in slg1 is strongly impaired and production of ATP is reduced. When responding to ABA treatment, slg1 accumulates more H(2) O(2) in its guard cells than the wild type. The slg1 mutant also has an increased expression of genes involved in the alternative respiratory pathway, which may compensate for the disrupted function of complex I and help scavenge the excess accumulation of H(2) O(2). Our functional characterization of the slg1 mutant revealed a putative link between mitochondrial RNA editing and plant responses to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Yuan H, Liu D. Functional disruption of the pentatricopeptide protein SLG1 affects mitochondrial RNA editing, plant development, and responses to abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2012. [PMID: 22248025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Land plants contain a large family of genes that encode for pentatricopeptide (PPR) proteins. To date, few of these PPR proteins have been functionally characterized. In this study, we have analyzed an Arabidopsis mutant, slg1, which exhibits slow growth and delayed development. In addition, slg1 shows an enhanced response to ABA and increased tolerance to drought stress. The SLG1 gene encodes a PPR protein that is localized in mitochondria. In the slg1 mutant, RNA editing in a single site of the mitochondrial transcript nad3 is abolished. nad3 is a subunit of complex I of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. As a consequence, the NADH dehydrogenase activity of complex I in slg1 is strongly impaired and production of ATP is reduced. When responding to ABA treatment, slg1 accumulates more H(2) O(2) in its guard cells than the wild type. The slg1 mutant also has an increased expression of genes involved in the alternative respiratory pathway, which may compensate for the disrupted function of complex I and help scavenge the excess accumulation of H(2) O(2). Our functional characterization of the slg1 mutant revealed a putative link between mitochondrial RNA editing and plant responses to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Stes E, Prinsen E, Holsters M, Vereecke D. Plant-derived auxin plays an accessory role in symptom development upon Rhodococcus fascians infection. Plant J 2012; 70:513-527. [PMID: 22181713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians has a profound impact on plant development, mainly through its principal virulence factors, a mix of synergistically acting cytokinins that induce shoot formation. Expression profiling of marker genes for several auxin biosynthesis routes and mutant analysis demonstrated that the bacterial cytokinins stimulate the auxin biosynthesis of plants via specific targeting of the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) pathway, resulting in enhanced auxin signaling in infected tissues. The double mutant tryptophan aminotransferase 1-1 tryptophan aminotransferase related 2-1 (taa1-1 tar2-1) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), in which the IPA pathway is defective, displayed a decreased responsiveness towards R. fascians infection, although bacterial colonization and virulence gene expression were not impaired. These observations implied that plant-derived auxin was employed to reinforce symptom formation. Furthermore, the increased auxin production and, possibly, the accumulating bacterial cytokinins in infected plants modified the polar auxin transport so that new auxin maxima were repetitively established and distributed, a process that is imperative for symptom onset and maintenance. Based on these findings, we extend our model of the mode of action of bacterial and plant signals during the interaction between R. fascians and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Stes
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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Cortés-Romero C, Martínez-Hernández A, Mellado-Mojica E, López MG, Simpson J. Molecular and functional characterization of novel fructosyltransferases and invertases from Agave tequilana. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35878. [PMID: 22558253 PMCID: PMC3340406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructans are the main storage polysaccharides found in Agave species. The synthesis of these complex carbohydrates relies on the activities of specific fructosyltransferase enzymes closely related to the hydrolytic invertases. Analysis of Agave tequilana transcriptome data led to the identification of ESTs encoding putative fructosyltransferases and invertases. Based on sequence alignments and structure/function relationships, two different genes were predicted to encode 1-SST and 6G-FFT type fructosyltransferases, in addition, 4 genes encoding putative cell wall invertases and 4 genes encoding putative vacuolar invertases were also identified. Probable functions for each gene, were assigned based on conserved amino acid sequences and confirmed for 2 fructosyltransferases and one invertase by analyzing the enzymatic activity of recombinant Agave protein s expressed and purified from Pichia pastoris. The genome organization of the fructosyltransferase/invertase genes, for which the corresponding cDNA contained the complete open reading frame, was found to be well conserved since all genes were shown to carry a 9 bp mini-exon and all showed a similar structure of 8 exons/7 introns with the exception of a cell wall invertase gene which has 7 exons and 6 introns. Fructosyltransferase genes were strongly expressed in the storage organs of the plants, especially in vegetative stages of development and to lower levels in photosynthetic tissues, in contrast to the invertase genes where higher levels of expression were observed in leaf tissues and in mature plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Cortés-Romero
- Department of Plant Genetic Engineering, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Erika Mellado-Mojica
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Mercedes G. López
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - June Simpson
- Department of Plant Genetic Engineering, Cinvestav-Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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