LC-MS and MALDI-MSI-based metabolomic approaches provide insights into the spatial-temporal metabolite profiles of Tartary buckwheat achene development

Tartary buckwheat, celebrated as the "king of grains" for its flavonoid and phenolic acid richness, has health-promoting properties. Despite significant morphological and metabolic variations in mature achenes, research on their developmental process is limited. Utilizing Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging, we conducted spatial-temporal metabolomics on two cultivars during achene development. Metabolic profiles including 17 phenolic acids and 83 flavonoids are influenced by both varietal distinctions and developmental intricacies. Notably, flavonols, as major flavonoids, accumulated with achene ripening and showed a tissue-specific distribution. Specifically, flavonol glycosides and aglycones concentrated in the embryo, while methylated flavonols and procyanidins in the hull. Black achenes at the green achene stage have higher bioactive compounds and enhanced antioxidant capacity. These findings provide insights into spatial and temporal characteristics of metabolites in Tartary buckwheat achenes and serve as a theoretical guide for selecting optimal resources for food production.

Metabolomic analysis reveals the effect of ultrasonic-microwave pretreatment on flavonoids in tribute Citrus powder

In this study, the ultrasonic-microwave pretreatment was defined as a processing technology in the production of tribute citrus powder, and it could increase the flavonoid compounds in the processing fruit powder. A total of 183 upregulated metabolites and 280 downregulated metabolites were obtained by non-targeted metabolomics, and the differential metabolites was mainly involved in the pathways of flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. A total of 8 flavonoid differential metabolites were obtained including 5 upregulated metabolites (6"-O-acetylglycitin, scutellarin, isosakuranin, rutin, and robinin), and 3 downregulated metabolites (astragalin, luteolin, and (-)-catechin gallate) by flavonoids-targeted metabolomics. The 8 flavonoid differential metabolites participated in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways, and isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathways. The results provide a reference for further understanding the relationship between food processing and food components, and also lay a basis for the development of food targeted-processing technologies.

Efficient reduction of Cr(VI) by guava (Psidium guajava) leaf extract and its mitigation effect on Cr toxicity in rice seedlings

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a toxic element that has negative impacts on crop growth and yield. Using plant extracts to convert toxic Cr(VI) into less toxic Cr(III) may be a more favorable option compared to chemical reducing agents. In this study, the potential effects and mechanisms of using an aqueous extract of Psidium guajava L. leaves (AEP) in reducing Cr(VI) toxicity in rice were comprehensively studied. Firstly, the reducing power of AEP for Cr(VI) was confirmed by the cyclic voltammetry combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) assays. The highest Cr(VI) reduction efficiency reached approximately 78% under 1.5 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mL of AEP and 10 mg/L Cr(VI) condition. Additionally, Cr(VI) stress had a significant inhibitory effect on rice growth. However, the exogenous application of AEP alleviated the growth inhibition and oxidative damage of rice under Cr(VI) stress by increasing the activity and level of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Furthermore, the addition of AEP restored the ultrastructure of root cells, promoted Cr adsorption onto root cell walls, and limited the translocation Cr to shoots. In shoots, AEP application also triggered the expression of specific genes involved in Cr defense and detoxification response, including photosynthesis pathways, antioxidant systems, flavonoids biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction. These results suggest that AEP is an efficient reduction agent for Cr(VI), and exogenous application of AEP may be a promising strategy to mitigate the harm of Cr(VI) on rice, ultimately contributing to improved crop yield in Cr-contaminated environments.

Argel's stemmoside C as a novel natural remedy for mice with alcohol-induced gastric ulcer based on its molecular mechanistic pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Solenostemma argel is widely distributed in Africa & Asia with traditional usage in alleviating abdominal colic, aches, & cramps. This plant is rich in phytochemicals, which must be explored for its pharmacological effects.

PURPOSE

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is the digestion of the digestive tube. PUD not only interferes with food digestion & nutrient absorption, damages one of the largest defensive barriers against pathogenic micro-organisms, but also impedes drug absorption & bioavailability, rendering the oral route, the most convenient way, ineffective. Omeprazole, one of the indispensable cost-effective proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) extensively prescribed to control PUD, is showing growing apprehensions toward multiple drug interactions & side effects. Hence, finding a natural alternative with Omeprazole-like activity & limited side effects is a medical concern.

STUDY DESIGN

Therefore, we present Stemmoside C as a new gastroprotective phytochemical agent isolated from Solenostemma argel to be tested in upgrading doses against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in mice compared to negative, positive, & reference Omeprazole groups.

METHODS

We carried out in-depth pharmacological & histopathological studies to determine the possible mechanistic pathway.

RESULTS

Our results showed that Stemmoside C protected the stomach against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers parallel to Omeprazole. Furthermore, the mechanistic studies revealed that Stemmoside C produced its effect using an orchestrated array of different mechanisms. Stemmoside C stimulates stomach defense by increasing COX-2, PGE-2, NO, & TFF-1 healing factors, IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine, & Nrf-2 & HO-1 anti-oxidant pathways. It also suppresses stomach ulceration by inhibiting leucocyte recruitment, especially neutrophils, leading to subsequent inhibition of NF-κBp65, TNF-α, IL-1β, & iNOS pro-inflammatory cytokines & JAK-1/STAT-3 inflammation-induced carcinogenicity cascade in addition to MMP-9 responsible for tissue degradation.

CONCLUSION

These findings cast light on Stemmoside C's clinical application against gastric ulcer progression, recurrence, & tumorigenicity & concurrently with chemotherapy.

Ginkgolide C inhibits ROS-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in chondrocytes to ameliorate osteoarthritis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ginkgo biloba, as the most widely available medicinal plant worldwide, has been frequently utilized for treat cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, diabetic and other diseases. Due to its distinct pharmacological effects, it has been broadly applications in pharmaceuticals, health products, dietary supplements, and so on. Ginkgolide C (GC), a prominent extract of Ginkgo biloba, possesses potential in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant efficacy.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

To determine whether GC mitigated the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage in a Monosodium Iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA) rat model by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the specific underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vivo, an OA rat model was established by intra-articular injection of MIA. The protective effect of GC (10 mg/kg) on articular cartilage was evaluated. Application of ATDC5 cells to elucidate the mechanism of the protective effect of GC on articular cartilage. Specifically, the expression levels of molecules associated with cartilage ECM degrading enzymes, OS, ERS, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were analyzed.

RESULTS

In vivo, GC ameliorated MIA-induced OA rat joint pain, and exhibited remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti- ECM degradation effects via inhibition of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, the release of inflammatory factors, and the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes in cartilage. Mechanically, GC inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by restraining ROS-mediated p-IRE1α and activating Nrf2/NQO1 signal path, thereby alleviating OA. The ROS scavenger NAC was as effective as GC in reducing ROS production and inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.

CONCLUSIONS

GC have exerted chondroprotective effects by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.

Protective effects of an alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The rhizome of Kaempferia galanga L., a medicinal and edible Plant, was widely distributed in many Asian and African counties. It has been traditionally used to treat gastroenteritis, hypertension, rheumatism and asthma. However, there is a lack of modern pharmacology studies regarding its anti-gastric ulcer activity.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to investigate the protective effects of an extract from K. galanga L. rhizome (Kge) and its active components kaempferol and luteolin on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The kge was prepared by ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and the contents of kaempferol and luteolin were determined by HPLC. The mice were randomly divided into seven groups: blank control (0.5 % CMC-Na; 0.1 mL/10 g), untreatment (0.5 % CMC-Na; 0.1 mL/10 g), Kge (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), kaempferol (100 mg/kg) and luteolin (100 mg/kg) groups. The mice were treated intragastrically once daily for 7 days. At 1 h post the last administration, the mice in all groups except the blank control group were intragastrically administrated with anhydrous alcohol (0.1 mL/10 g) once to induce gastric ulcer. Then, fasting was continued for 1 h, followed by sample collection for evaluation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay.

RESULTS

The contents of kaempferol and luteolin in Kge were determined as 3713 μg/g and 2510 μg/g, respectively. Alcohol induced severely damages with edema, inflammatory cell infiltration and bleeding, and the ulcer index was 17.63 %. After pre-treatment with Kge (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), kaempferol and luteolin, the pathological lesions were obviously alleviated and ulcer indices were reduced to 13.42 %, 11.65 %, 6.54 %, 3.58 % and 3.85 %, respectively. In untreated group, the contents of Ca2+, myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, NO, cyclic adenosine monophosphate and histamine were significantly increased, while the contents of hexosamine, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and prostaglandin E2 were significantly decreased; the transcriptional levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, calcitonin gene related peptide, substance P, M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, histamine H2 receptor, cholecystokinin 2 receptor and H+/K+ ATPase were significantly increased when compared with the blank control group. After pre-treatment, all of these changes were alleviated, even returned to normal levels. Kge exhibited anti-gastric ulcer activity and the high dose of Kge (400 mg/kg) exhibited comparable activity to that of kaempferol and luteolin.

CONCLUSION

The study showed that K. galanga L., kaempferol, and luteolin have protective effects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. This is achieved by regulating the mucosal barrier, oxidative stress, and gastric regulatory mediators, as well as inhibiting the TRPV1 signaling pathway and gastric acid secretion, ultimately reducing the gastric ulcer index.

Genome-wide analyses of the GbAP2 subfamily reveal the function of GbTOE1a in salt and drought stress tolerance in Ginkgo biloba

The APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factors play crucial roles in plant growth and stage transition. Ginkgo biloba is an important medicinal plant renowned for the rich flavonoid content in its leaves. In this study, 18 GbAP2s were identified from the G. biloba genome and classified into three clusters. We found that the members of the euAP2 cluster, including four TOEs (GbTOE1a/1b/1c/3), exhibited a higher expression level in most samples compared to other members. Specifically, GbTOE1a may have a positive regulatory role in salt and drought stress responses. The overexpression of GbTOE1a in G. biloba calli resulted in a significant increase in the flavonoid content and upregulation of flavonoid biosynthesis genes, including PAL, 4CL, CHS, F3H, FLSs, F3'Hs, OMT, and DFRs. By contrast, the silencing of GbTOE1a in seedlings decreased the flavonoid content and the expression of flavonoid synthesizing genes. In addition, the silenced seedlings exhibited decreased antioxidant levels and a higher sensitivity to salt and drought treatments, suggesting a crucial role of GbTOE1a in G. biloba salt and drought tolerance. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first investigation into the identification and characterization of GbAP2s in G. biloba. Our results lay a foundation for further research on the regulatory role of the AP2 family in flavonoid synthesis and stress responses.

Analysis of Lemon Verbena Polyphenol Metabolome and Its Correlation with Oxidative Stress under Glucotoxic Conditions in Adipocyte

Lemon verbena has been shown to ameliorate obesity-related oxidative stress, but the intracellular final effectors underlying its antioxidant activity are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to correlate the antioxidant capacity of plasma metabolites of lemon verbena (verbascoside, isoverbascoside, hydroxytyrosol, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, homoprotocatechuic acid, and luteolin-7-diglucuronide) with their uptake and intracellular metabolism in hypertrophic adipocytes under glucotoxic conditions. To this end, intracellular ROS levels were measured, and the intracellular metabolites were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). The results showed that the plasma metabolites of lemon verbena are absorbed by adipocytes and metabolized through phase II reactions and that the intracellular appearance of these metabolites correlates with the decrease in the level of glucotoxicity-induced oxidative stress. It is postulated that the biotransformation and accumulation of these metabolites in adipocytes contribute to the long-term antioxidant activity of the extract.

Encapsulation of propolis extract in ovalbumin protein particles: characterization and in vitro digestion

The encapsulation of propolis has shown promising results for the protection of bioactive compounds, local and gradual release and masking the astringent taste. Ovoalbumin is a protein of animal origin found in large amounts in egg whites, which has good properties as a wall material for particles.The objective of this study was to microencapsulate propolis by spray drying. The best condition for microencapsulation was achieved with 4% ovalbumin at 120 °C, where there was the greatest encapsulation efficiency (88.20%) and spherical shape. However, the increase of ovalbumin concentration resulted lower yields (< 52%). As for the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the increase of ovalbumin concentration caused an increase of the size with average diameter and formation of spherical microcapsules. The phenolic compounds were already released in the gastric fluid condition (stomach).

Cdc48 and its co-factor Ufd1 extract CENP-A from centromeric chromatin and can induce chromosome elimination in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

CENP-A determines the identity of the centromere. Because the position and size of the centromere and its number per chromosome must be maintained, the distribution of CENP-A is strictly regulated. In this study, we have aimed to understand mechanisms to regulate the distribution of CENP-A (Cnp1SP) in fission yeast. A mutant of the ufd1+ gene (ufd1-73) encoding a cofactor of Cdc48 ATPase is sensitive to Cnp1 expressed at a high level and allows mislocalization of Cnp1. The level of Cnp1 in centromeric chromatin is increased in the ufd1-73 mutant even when Cnp1 is expressed at a normal level. A preexisting mutant of the cdc48+ gene (cdc48-353) phenocopies the ufd1-73 mutant. We have also shown that Cdc48 and Ufd1 proteins interact physically with centromeric chromatin. Finally, Cdc48 ATPase with Ufd1 artificially recruited to the centromere of a mini-chromosome (Ch16) induce a loss of Cnp1 from Ch16, leading to an increased rate of chromosome loss. It appears that Cdc48 ATPase, together with its cofactor Ufd1 remove excess Cnp1 from chromatin, likely in a direct manner. This mechanism may play a role in centromere disassembly, a process to eliminate Cnp1 to inactivate the kinetochore function during development, differentiation, and stress response.

Comprehensive antifungal investigation of natural plant extracts against Neosartorya spp. (Aspergillus spp.) of agriculturally significant microbiological contaminants and shaping their metabolic profile

Fungi belonging to the genus Neosartorya (teleomorph of Aspergillus spp.) are of great concern in the production and storage of berries and fruit-based products, mainly due to the production of thermoresistant ascospores that cause food spoilage and possible secretion of mycotoxins. We initially tested the antifungal effect of six natural extracts against 20 isolates of Neosartorya spp. using a traditional inhibition test on Petri dishes. Tested isolates did not respond uniformly, creating 5 groups of descending sensitivity. Ten isolates best representing of the established sensitivity clusters were chosen for further investigation using a Biolog™ MT2 microplate assay with the same 6 natural extracts. Additionally, to test for metabolic profile changes, we used a Biolog™ FF microplate assay after pre-incubation with marigold extract. All natural extracts had an inhibitory effect on Neosartorya spp. growth and impacted its metabolism. Lavender and tea tree oil extracts at a concentration of 1000 µg mL-1 presented the strongest antifungal effect during the inhibition test, however all extracts exhibited inhibitory properties at even the lowest dose (5 µg mL-1). The fungal stress response in the presence of marigold extract was characterized by a decrease of amino acids and carbohydrates consumption and an uptake of carboxylic acids on the FF microplates, where the 10 studied isolates also presented differences in their innate resilience, creating 3 distinctive sensitivity groups of high, average and low sensitivity. The results confirm that natural plant extracts and essential oils inhibit and alter the growth and metabolism of Neosartorya spp. suggesting a possible future use in sustainable agriculture as an alternative to chemical fungicides used in traditional crop protection.

Withania somnifera root extract inhibits MGO-induced skin fibroblast cells dysfunction via ECM-integrin interaction

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, known as Ashwagandha, has long been used in traditional medicine in Ayurveda, India, a representative adaptogen. The main active constituents of W. somnifera are withanolides, and the root is often used as a medicine with a wide range of pharmacological activities, which can be used to treat insomnia, neurasthenia, diabetes mellitus and skin cancer.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Whole-component qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on W. somnifera. We explored the ameliorative effect of the adaptogen representative plant W. somnifera on the senescence events of MGO-injured fibroblasts and its action mechanism and verified the hypotheses that WS can inhibit the accumulation of AGEs and regulate the dynamic balance among the components of the ECM by modulating the expression of integrin β1 receptor; as a result, WS maintains cellular behavioural and biological functions in a normal range and retards the aging of skin from the cellular level.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, the components of WS were first qualitatively and quantitatively analysed by HPLC fingerprinting and LC-MS detection. Second, a model of MGO-induced injury of CML-overexpressing fibroblasts was established. ELISA was used to detect CML expression and the synthesis of key extracellular matrix ECM protein components COL1, FN1, LM5 and TNC synthesis; CCK-8 was used to detect cell viability; EDU was used to detect cell proliferation capacity; fluorescence was used to detect cell adhesion capacity; and migration assay were used to detect cell migration capacity; qRT-PCR was used to detect the regulatory pathway TGF-β1 and MMP-2, MMP-9 in ECMs; immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of ITGB1; and WB was used to detect the expression of COL1, FN1, LM5, Tnc, TGF-β1, MMP-2, MMP-9 and ITGB1.

RESULTS

In total, 27 active ingredients were analysed from WS, which mainly consisted of withanolide components, such as withaferin A and withanolide A. Based on the model of MGO-induced fibroblast senescence injury, WS significantly inhibited CML synthesis. By up-regulating the expression of integrin β1, it upregulated the expression of the TGF-β1 gene, which is closely related to the generation of ECMs, downregulated the expression of the MMP-2 and MMP-9 genes, which are closely related to the degradation of ECMs, maintained the dynamic balance of the four types of ECMs, and improved cell viability as well as proliferation, migration and adhesion abilities.

CONCLUSIONS

WS can prevent cellular behavioural dysfunction and delay skin ageing by reducing the accumulation of CML, upregulating the expression of the ITGB1 receptor, maintaining the normal function of ECM-integrin receptor interaction and preventing an imbalance between the production and degradation of protein components of ECMs. The findings reported in this study suggest that WS as a CML inhibitor can modulate ECM-integrin homeostasis and has great potential in the field of aging retardation.

Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Endophytic Bacillus spp. and Identification of Secondary Metabolites Produced Against the Phytopathogenic Fungi

Endophytic bacteria serve as a rich source of diverse antimicrobial compounds. Recently, there has been a growing interest in utilizing endophytic Bacillus spp. as biological agents against phytogenic fungi, owing to their potential to produce a wide range of antimicrobial substances. The objective of this research was to investigate the protective abilities of 15 endophytic Bacillus spp. isolated from previous study from wheat plant, against the phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium graminearum and Macrophomina phaseolina. A dual culture plate assay was conducted as a preliminary analysis, revealing that 7 out of 15 endophytic Bacillus spp. demonstrated inhibition against one or both of the phytopathogenic fungi used in this study. All seven endophytes were further assessed for the presence of diffusible antifungal metabolites. The cultures were grown in potato dextrose broth for 120 h, and the cell-free supernatant was extracted and analyzed using the cup plate method. The methanolic extract yielded similar results to the dual culture plate analysis, except for WL2-15. Additionally, deformities in the mycelial structure were examined under the light microscope upon exposure to methanolic extract. Furthermore, the analysis and identification of metabolites were carried out via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of methanolic extract from selected seven endophytic Bacillus spp. The chromatogram revealed the presence of some major peaks such as tridecanoic acid, methyl ester, hydroperoxide, 1-methylbutyl, 9-octadecenamide, (z)-, hexane-1,3,4-triol, 3,5-dimethyl- tetradecanoic acid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of these biocontrol agents in endophytic Bacillus spp. Interestingly, volatile organic compound production was also seen in all the isolates against the phytopathogenic fungi.

A multi-modal approach to investigate Desmodium gangeticum's influence on stress-induced male infertility: In vivo, in vitro, and in silico assessments

Physical and psychological stress has an inverse relation with male libido and sperm quality. The present study investigates the potential fertility-enhancing properties of Desmodium gangeticum (DG) root extracts in male Wister rats subjected to immobilization-induced stress (SIMB). DG roots were extracted using n-hexane (HEDG), chloroform (CEDG), and water (AEDG). In the pilot study, aphrodisiac protentional was investigated at two doses (125 and 250 mg kg-1) of each extract. In the main study, the HEDG and AEDG at 125 and 250 mg kg-1 were challenged for the stress by immobilization (SIMB), for 6 h daily over 28 days. Parameters assessed included aphrodisiac effects, gonadosomatic index (GSI), semen quality, sperm quantity, fructose content, serum hormonal levels, testicular oxidative stress, and testicular histopathology. Additional in silico studies, including the lipid solubility index, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and SymMap studies were conducted for validation. HEDG demonstrated significant aphrodisiac activity, improved - GSI, sperm quality and quantity, and fructose content, serum testosterone levels, histological changes induced by SIMB in the testes. Swiss ADME studies indicated Gangetin (a pterocarpan) had a high brain permeation index (4.81), a superior docking score (-8.22), and higher glide energy (-42.60), compared with tadalafil (-7.17). The 'Lig fit Prot' plot in molecular dynamics simulations revealed a strong alignment between Gangetin and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5). HEDG exerts aphrodisiac effects by increasing blood testosterone levels and affecting PDE5 activity. The protective effects on spermatozoa-related parameters and testicular histological changes are attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, of pterocarpan (gangetin).

UHPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS Metabolic Profiling of a Medicinal Flourensia Fiebrigii Chemotype

The comparative metabolic profiling and their biological properties of eight extracts obtained from diverse parts (leaves, flowers, roots) of the medicinal plant Flourensia fiebrigii S.F. Blake, a chemotype growing in highland areas (2750 m a.s.l.) of northwest Argentina, were investigated. The extracts were analysed by GC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of encecalin (relative content: 24.86 %) in ethereal flower extract (EF) and this benzopyran (5.93 %) together sitosterol (11.35 %) in the bioactive ethereal leaf exudate (ELE). By UHPLC-MS/MS the main compounds identified in both samples were: limocitrin, (22.31 %), (2Z)-4,6-dihydroxy-2-[(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methylidene]-1-benzofuran-3-one (21.31 %), isobavachin (14.47 %), naringenin (13.50 %), and sternbin, (12.49 %). Phytocomplexes derived from aerial parts exhibited significant activity against biofilm production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, reaching inhibitions of 74.7-99.9 % with ELE (50 μg/mL). Notably, the extracts did not affect nutraceutical and environmental bacteria, suggesting a selective activity. ELE also showed the highest reactive species scavenging ability. This study provides valuable insights into the potential applications of this chemotype.

Lagerstroemia macrocarpa extract inhibits Th2-mediated STAT6 signaling pathway in human keratinocytes

In this study, we examined physiological functions as a key material to develop cosmeceuticals using extracts of Lagerstroemia macrocarpa Wall. Ex Kurz (L. macrocarpa). Initially, the L. macrocarpa extract was treated by different concentration and antioxidant assay (DPPH and ABTS) were performed to measure free radical scavenging ability. In the cytotoxicity experiment, the extract was treated into human epidermal keratinocytes with different concentrations to measure cytotoxicity. We found that the extract induces differentiation markers such as keratin (KRT)1, KRT2, KRT9, KRT10 in keratinocytes. Furthermore, the extract significantly induces involucrin (IVL), loricrin (LOR), claudin1 (CLDN1), and filaggrin (FLG) expression, suggesting that it may enhance skin barrier functions. Especially, the extract restored FLG expression inhibited by interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 in in vitro atopic dermatitis-like model. Therefore, we expect L. macrocarpa extract will be an effective material to develop the therapeutic and cosmeceutical of atopic dermatitis.

Antioxidant and Anti-Obesity Effects of Juglans mandshurica in 3T3-L1 Cells and High-Fat Diet Obese Rats

Juglans mandshurica Maxim. walnut (JMW) is well-known for the treatment of dermatosis, cancer, gastritis, diarrhea, and leukorrhea in Korea. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its anti-obesity activity remains unknown. In the current study, we aimed to determine whether JMW can influence adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet rats and determine the antioxidant activity. The 20% ethanol extract of JMW (JMWE) had a total polyphenol content of 133.33 ± 2.60 mg GAE/g. Considering the antioxidant capacity, the ABTS and DPPH values of 200 μg/ml of JMWE were 95.69 ± 0.94 and 79.38 ± 1.55%, respectively. To assess the anti-obesity activity of JMWE, we analyzed the cell viability, fat accumulation, and adipogenesis-related factors, including CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). We found that total lipid accumulation and triglyceride levels were reduced, and the fat accumulation rate decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, JMWE suppressed adipogenesis-related factors C/EBPα, PPARγ, and SREBP1c, as well as FAS and ACC, both related to lipogenesis. Moreover, animal experiments revealed that JMWE could be employed to prevent and treat obesity-related diseases. Hence, JMWE could be developed as a healthy functional food and further explored as an anti-obesity drug.

Waterlogging in soil restricts the growth of Gleditsia sinensis seedlings and inhibits the accumulation of lignans and phenolic acids in thorns

Gleditsia sinensis, commonly known as Chinese Zaojiao, has important economic value and medicinal compounds in its fruits and thorns, making it widely cultivated artificially in China. However, the available literature on the impact of waterlogging on the growth of G. sinensis seedlings and the accumulation of metabolite compounds in its thorns is limited. To address this knowledge gap, G. sinensis seedlings were planted in soil supplemented with pindstrup substrate, which enhances the water-holding capacity of the soil. The analyses of morphological traits and nutrient elements in one-year-old G. sinensis seedlings grown naturally under ambient conditions and metabolite accumulation in its thorns were conducted. The results showed that the waterlogged soil significantly diminished the height, fresh weight, and dry weight of seedling roots and stems (P < 0.05). Furthermore, waterlogging hindered the uptake of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), as well as the transport of potassium (K). The identified metabolites within the thorns were categorized into 16 distinct groups. Relative to the control soil, fatty acids and derivatives were the most down-regulated metabolites in the waterlogged soil, accounting for 40.58% of the total metabolites, followed by lignans (38.71%), phenolic acids (34.48%), saccharides and alcohols (34.15%), steroids (16.67%), alkaloids (12.24%), flavonoids (9.28%), and glycerophospholipids (7.41%). Conversely, nucleotides and derivatives experienced the greatest up-regulation in the waterlogged soil, accounting for 50.00% of the total metabolites. In conclusion, waterlogging negatively impacted the growth of G. sinensis seedlings and inhibited the accumulation of metabolites. Hence, when considering the accumulation of secondary metabolites such as lignans and phenolic acids, appropriate management of soil moisture levels should be taken into account.

An overview of the ameliorative efficacy of Catharanthus roseus extract against Cd2+ toxicity: implications for human health and remediation strategies

Rapid industrialization has led to an increase in cadmium pollution, a dangerously toxic heavy metal. Cadmium (Cd) is released into the environment through industrial processes and can contaminate air, water, and soil. This pollution poses a significant risk to human health and has become a pressing concern in many industrialized areas. Due to its extended half-life, it leads to a range of health problems, including hepato-nephritic toxicity, brain damage, and degenerative bone disorders. Intoxication alters various intracellular parameters, leading to inflammation, tissue injury, and oxidative stress within cells, which disrupts normal cellular functions and can eventually result in cell death. It has also been linked to the development of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. These adverse effects highlight the urgent need to address cadmium pollution and find effective solutions to mitigate its impact on human health. This article highlights the Cd-induced risks and the role of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) extract as a source of alternative medicine in alleviating the symptoms. Numerous herbal remedies often contain certain bioactive substances, such as polyphenols and alkaloids, which have the power to mitigate these adverse effects by acting as antioxidants and lowering oxidative cell damage. Research conducted in the field of alternative medicine has revealed its enormous potential to meet demands that may be effectively used in safeguarding humans and their environment. The point of this review is to investigate whether C. roseus extract, known for its bioactive substances, is being investigated for its potential to mitigate the harmful effects of cadmium on health. Further investigation is needed to fully understand its effectiveness. Moreover, it is important to explore the potential environmental benefits of using C. roseus extract to reduce the negative effects of Cd. This review conducted in the field of alternative medicine has revealed its enormous potential to meet demands that could have significant implications for both human health and environmental sustainability.

The Antiobesity Effects of Rosehip (Rosa canina) Flesh by Antagonizing the PPAR Gamma Activity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

SCOPE

The rosehip (Rosa canina) is a perennial shrub with a reddish pseudofruit that has demonstrated antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, and antiobesogenic effects in rodent models but there is low information about the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects on the onset and progression of diet-induced obesity.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Four-week-old C57BL/6J male mice are subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD)-supplemented or not with R. canina flesh for 18 weeks. The results indicated that the R. canina flesh exerts a preventive effect on HFD-induced obesity with a significant reduction in body-weight gain and an improvement of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance caused by a HFD. At the tissue level, subcutaneous white adipose tissue exhibits a higher number of smaller adipocytes, with decreased lipogenesis. On its side, the liver shows a significant decrease in lipid droplet content and in the expression of genes related to lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose metabolism. Finally, the data suggest that most of these effects agree with the presence of a putative Perosxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) antagonist in the R. canina flesh.

CONCLUSIONS

R. canina flesh dietary supplementation slows down the steatotic effect of a HFD at least in part through the regulation of the transcriptional activity of PPARγ.

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Japanese Herbal Medicine Kyoseihatekigan on Vocal Fold Wound Healing

OBJECTIVES

The Japanese herbal medicine kyoseihatekigan (KHG) has been used to alleviate the symptoms of croaky voice and globus hystericus, and each of its components has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the mechanisms underlying these beneficial actions of KHG on the vocal folds remain largely unknown. We examined the effects of KHG on rat vocal fold wound healing and assessed its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

STUDY DESIGN

Animal model.

METHODS

The vocal folds of Sprague-Dawley rats were unilaterally injured under endoscopy. Rats were divided into three groups based on KHG dosing from pre injury day 4 to post injury day 3: 0 mg/kg/day (sham group), 500 mg/kg/day (1% KHG group) and 1000 mg/kg/day (2% KHG group). Histologic changes were examined to assess the degree of inflammation and oxidative stress at day 3, and fibrosis at day 56. In addition, gene expression related to pro-inflammatory cytokines and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) signaling was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

RESULTS

Histologic analysis showed that the 1% and 2% KHG treatments significantly decreased cell infiltration and the 4-hydroxy-2-nonenalx-immunopositive area, and increased hyaluronic acid at day 3. Both KHG treatments significantly decreased fibrosis at day 56. qPCR revealed that mRNA of interleukin-1β and cyclooxygenase-2 were significantly suppressed at day 1 and TGF-β1 mRNA was significantly downregulated at day 5 in both KHG groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The current findings suggest that KHG has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in the early phase of vocal fold wound healing, which can lead to better wound healing with less scar formation.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) leaf extract modulates the expression of heme oxygenase-1 to attenuate osteoclast differentiation

Osteoporosis is an aging disease characterized by an imbalance between bone formation and resorption. However, drugs that inhibit bone resorption have various adverse effects. Ginseng (Panax ginseng), a prominent herbal medicine in East Asia for >2000 years, is renowned for its manifold beneficial properties, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-adipogenic activities. Despite its long history of use, the pharmacological functions of ginseng leaves are not yet fully comprehended. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects of ginseng leaf extract (GLE) on receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining revealed that GLE had significant anti-osteoclastogenic activity. GLE significantly reduced mRNA levels of osteoclast differentiation markers including TRAP, nuclear factor of activated T cell cytoplasmic 1, and cathepsin K. It also suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secretion of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in RANKL-treated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, GLE upregulated dose- and time-dependently the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), eventually suppressing ROS production and HMGB1 secretion. This effects of GLE were significantly reversed by Tin Protoporphyrin IX dichloride, an inhibitor of HO-1, and HO-1 shRNA, indicating that HO-1 potently inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting ROS production and HMGB1 secretion. Taken together, these observations suggest that GLE could have therapeutic potential as a natural product-derived medicine for the treatment of bone disorders.

A comprehensive review on Moringa oleifera nanoparticles: importance of polyphenols in nanoparticle synthesis, nanoparticle efficacy and their applications

Moringa oleifera is one of the popular functional foods that has been tremendously exploited for synthesis of a vast majority of metal nanoparticles (NPs). The diverse secondary metabolites present in this plant turn it into a green tool for synthesis of different NPs with various biological activities. In this review, we discussed different types of NPs including silver, gold, titanium oxide, iron oxide, and zinc oxide NPs produced from the extract of different parts of M. oleifera. Different parts of M. oleifera take a role as the reducing, stabilizing, capping agent, and depending on the source of extract, the color of solution changes within NP synthesis. We highlighted the role of polyphenols in the synthesis of NPs among major constituents of M. oleifera extract. The different synthesis methods that could lead to the formation of various sizes and shapes of NPs and play crucial role in biomedical application were critically discussed. We further debated the mechanism of interaction of NPs with various sizes and shapes with the cells, and further their clearance from the body. The application of NPs made from M. oleifera extract as anticancer, antimicrobial, wound healing, and water treatment agent were also discussed. Small NPs show better antimicrobial activity, while they can be easily cleared from the body through the kidney. In contrast, large NPs are taken by the mono nuclear phagocyte system (MPS) cells. In case of shape, the NPs with spherical shape penetrate into the bacteria, and show stronger antibacterial activity compared to the NPs with other shapes. Finally, this review aims to correlate the key characteristics of NPs made from M. oleifera extract, such as size and shape, to their interactions with the cells for designing and engineering them for bio-applications and especially for therapeutic purposes.

A Capsicum annuum L. seed extract exerts anti-neuroexcitotoxicity in HT22 hippocampal neurons

The hippocampal memory deficit stands out as a primary symptom in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. While numerous therapeutic candidates have been proposed, they primarily serve to delay disease progression. Given the irreversible brain atrophy or injury associated with these conditions, current research efforts are concentrated on preventive medicine strategies. Herein, we investigated whether the extracts of Capsicum annuum L. seeds (CSE) and Capsicum annuum L. pulp (CPE) have preventive properties against glutamate-induced neuroexcitotoxicity (one of the main causes of Alzheimer's disease) in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. Pretreatment with CSE demonstrated significant anti-neuroexcitotoxic activity, whereas CPE did not exhibit such effects. Specifically, CSE pretreatment dose-dependently inhibited the elevation of excitotoxic elements (intracellular calcium influx and reactive oxygen species; ROS) and apoptotic elements (p53 and cleaved caspase-3). In addition, the glutamate-induced alterations of neuronal activity indicators (brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BDNF and cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation; CREB) were significantly attenuated by CSE treatment. We also found that luteolin is the main bioactive compound corresponding to the anti-neuroexcitotoxic effects of CSE. Our results strongly suggest that Capsicum annuum L. seeds (but not its pulp) could be candidates for neuro-protective resources especially under conditions of neuroexcitotoxicity. Its underlying mechanisms may involve the amelioration of ROS-mediated cell death and BDNF-related neuronal inactivity and luteolin would be an active compound.

A review of the functional activities of chia seed and the mechanisms of action related to molecular targets

In recent years, as a functional potential pseudocereal, chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) has been of great interest for its comprehensive nutritional profile and attractive qualities after ingestion. It is reported that a reasonable dietary supplementation of chia seed (CS) contributes to the prevention and treatment of acute and chronic diseases (inflammation, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, kidney stone, etc.). CS contains a variety of bioactive macromolecular substances, such as oil, protein and gum, which manifest distinguished health-promoting activities in both in vivo and in vitro research studies. This article provides a comprehensive compendium on the functional importance of CS, in the context of biological activities and mechanism of actions of CS. Specifically, CS and its components alleviate inflammation and regulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism by regulating key influencing factors in the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), peroxisome-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathways and the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-mediated insulin signaling pathway. In the meantime, predictions of metabolic pathways of CS peptides based on the known tracks of newly researched active peptides were proposed, with the aim of emphasizing the enormous research space of CS peptides compared to other functional active peptides.

Genome sequencing and functional analysis of a multipurpose medicinal herb Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy)

Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson, also known as Giloy, is among the most important medicinal plants that have numerous therapeutic applications in human health due to the production of a diverse array of secondary metabolites. To gain genomic insights into the medicinal properties of T. cordifolia, the genome sequencing was carried out using 10× Genomics linked read and Nanopore long-read technologies. The draft genome assembly of T. cordifolia was comprised of 1.01 Gbp, which is the genome sequenced from the plant family Menispermaceae. We also performed the genome size estimation for T. cordifolia, which was found to be 1.13 Gbp. The deep sequencing of transcriptome from the leaf tissue was also performed. The genome and transcriptome assemblies were used to construct the gene set, resulting in 17,245 coding gene sequences. Further, the phylogenetic position of T. cordifolia was also positioned as basal eudicot by constructing a genome-wide phylogenetic tree using multiple species. Further, a comprehensive comparative evolutionary analysis of gene families contraction/expansion and multiple signatures of adaptive evolution was performed. The genes involved in benzyl iso-quinoline alkaloid, terpenoid, lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were found with signatures of adaptive evolution. These evolutionary adaptations in genes provide genomic insights into the presence of diverse medicinal properties of this plant. The genes involved in the common symbiosis signalling pathway associated with endosymbiosis (Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) were found to be adaptively evolved. The genes involved in adventitious root formation, peroxisome biogenesis, biosynthesis of phytohormones, and tolerance against abiotic and biotic stresses were also found to be adaptively evolved in T. cordifolia.

Bio-stimulants from medicinally and nutritionally significant plant extracts mitigate drought adversities in Zea mays through enhanced physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant activities

Drought stress poses a substantial threat to global plant productivity amid increasing population and rising agricultural demand. To overcome this problem, the utilization of organic plant growth ingredients aligns with the emphasis on eco-friendly farming practices. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the influence of 30 botanical extracts on seed germination, seedling vigor, and subsequent maize plant growth under normal and water deficit conditions. Specifically, eight extracts showed significant enhancement in agronomical parameters (ranging from ∼2 % to ∼ 183 %) and photosynthetic pigments (ranging from ∼21 % to ∼ 195 %) of seedlings under drought conditions. Extended tests on maize in a greenhouse setting confirmed that the application of six extracts viz Moringa oleifera leaf (MLE), bark (MBE), Terminalia arjuna leaf (ALE), bark (ABE), Aegel marmelos leaf (BLE), and Phyllanthus niruri leaf (AmLE) improved plant growth and drought tolerance, as evident in improved physio-biochemical parameters. GC-MS analysis of the selected extracts unveiled a total of 51 bioactive compounds, including sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, and amino acids, and might be playing pivotal roles in plant acclimatization to drought stress. In conclusion, MLE, MBE, BLE, and ABE extracts exhibit significant potential for enhancing seedling establishment and growth in maize under both normal and water deficit conditions.

Study of pesticidal activity of bioactive compounds of Neowestiellopsis persica strain A1387 in improving the antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of wheat to sunn pest

Cyanobacteria have been recognized for their advantageous impact on plant growth and development. The application of certain techniques has the potential to enhance various aspects of plant development, including growth, yield, proximate content (such as protein and carbohydrate levels), as well as the ability to withstand abiotic stresses such as herbicide exposure. The current investigation focused on examining the influence of bioactive compounds derived from the cyanobacterium Neowestiellopsis persica strain A1387 on enhancing the antioxidant and anyimicrobial activity of wheat plants in their defense against the plant pathogenic Sunn pest. The findings of the study indicate that the levels of H2O2 and GPx in wheat plants that were infected with aphids were significantly elevated compared to the treatments where aphids and cyanobacteria extract were present. The confirmation of these results was achieved through the utilization of confocal and fluorescent microscope tests, respectively. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the constituents of the cyanobacterial extract augmented the plant's capacity to withstand stress by enhancing its defense mechanisms. In a broader context, the utilization of cyanobacterial extract demonstrated the ability to regulate the generation and impact of oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), while concurrently enhancing the functionality of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes within wheat plants. This facilitation enabled the plants to effectively manage oxidative stress. Moreover, the findings of the antibacterial activity assessment conducted on the extract derived from cyanobacteria demonstrated notable susceptibility. The bacteria that exhibited the highest sensitivity to the extract of cyanobacterium Neowestiellopsis persica strain A1387 were staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conversely, salmonella typhi demonstrated the greatest resistance to the aforementioned extract. The potential impact of cyanobacteria extract on the antioxidative response of wheat plants to sunn pest infestation represents a novel contribution to the existing body of knowledge on the interaction between wheat plants and aphids.

The long noncoding RNAs lnc10 and lnc11 regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in Ginkgo biloba

Although long non-coding RNAs have been recognized to play important roles in plant, their possible functions and potential mechanism in Ginkgo biloba flavonoid biosynthesis are poorly understood. Flavonoids are important secondary metabolites and healthy components of Ginkgo biloba. They have been widely used in food, medicine, and natural health products. Most previous studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms of structural genes and transcription factors that regulate flavonoid biosynthesis. Few reports have examined the biological functions of flavonoid biosynthesis by long non-coding RNAs in G. biloba. Long noncoding RNAs associated with flavonoid biosynthesis in G. biloba have been identified through RNA sequencing, but the function of lncRNAs has not been reported. In this study, the expression levels of lnc10 and lnc11 were identified. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that lnc10 and lnc11 were expressed in all detected organs, and they showed significantly higher levels in immature and mature leaves than in other organs. In addition, to fully identify the function of lnc10 and lnc11 in flavonoid biosynthesis in G. biloba, lnc10 and lnc11 were cloned from G. biloba, and were transformed into Arabidopsis and overexpressed. Compared with the wild type, the flavonoid content was increased in transgenic plants. Moreover, the RNA-sequencing analysis of wild-type, lnc10-overexpression, and lnc11-overexpression plants screened out 2019 and 2552 differentially expressed genes, and the transcript levels of structural genes and transcription factors associated with flavonoid biosynthesis were higher in transgenic Arabidopsis than in the wild type, indicating that lnc10 and lnc11 activated flavonoid biosynthesis in the transgenic lines. Overall, these results suggest that lnc10 and lnc11 positively regulate flavonoid biosynthesis in G. biloba.

Evaluation of the protective effects of curcumin-rich turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract against isotretinoin-induced liver damage in rats

AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of curcumin-rich turmeric (CRT) extract against isotretinoin (ISO)-induced liver damage through routine biochemical parameters and oxidative stress parameters that indicate liver damage.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

42 albino Wistar rats of 200 g were randomly grouped as Group I: Healthy control, Group II: Sunflower oil, Group III: Curcumin 200 mg/kg, Group IV: ISO control groups (7.5 mg/kg), Group V: Curcumin 50 mg/kg + ISO 7.5 mg/kg, Group VI: Curcumin 100 mg/kg + ISO 7.5 mg/kg, Group VII: Curcumin 200 mg/kg + ISO 7.5 mg/kg. At the end, after the rats were killed, their blood and liver tissues were collected. ALT and AST levels in serum; superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), GSH, and MDA levels in liver tissue were determined.

RESULTS

Our results showed that ALT, AST, and MDA levels increased, and SOD and GSH levels decreased in the ISO-administered group compared to the healthy control group. CRT 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg groups were compared to ISO group. A dose-dependent increase in protective effect was observed. A decrease in ALT, AST, and MDA levels, and an increase in SOD and GSH levels were determined. A protective effect was found at all doses. The best protective effect was in the CRT 200 mg/kg group.

CONCLUSION

CRT extract can be considered a candidate herbal medicine for the elimination of liver damage in individuals using ISO. However, further experimental and clinical validation should be studied.

Ginkgo biloba extract protects against tartrazine-induced testicular toxicity in rats: involvement of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms

The use of additives, especially colorants, in food and pharmaceutical industry is increasing dramatically. Currently, additives are classified as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Concerns have been raised about the potential hazards of food additives to reproductive organs and fertility. The present study investigates the reproductive toxicity of tartrazine (TRZ), a synthetic colorant, in male rats and aims to explore the curative effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) against TRZ-induced testicular toxicity. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: the control (0.5 ml distilled water), the EGb group (100 mg/kg EGb alone), the TRZ group (7.5 mg/kg TRZ alone), and the TRZ-EGb group (7.5 mg/kg TRZ plus 100 mg/kg EGb). The doses were administered orally in distilled water once daily for 28 days. Toxicity studies of TRZ investigated testicular redox state, serum gonadotropins, and testosterone levels, testicular 17 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, sperm count and quality, levels of inflammatory cytokines, and caspase-3 expression as an apoptotic marker. Also, histopathological alterations of the testes were examined. TRZ significantly affected the testicular redox status as indicated by the increase in malondialdehyde and the decrease in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. It also disrupted serum gonadotropins (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) and testosterone levels and the activity of testicular 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Additionally, TRZ adversely affected sperm count, motility, viability, and abnormality. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and expression of caspase-3 were increased in the testes. Histopathological examination of the testes supported the alterations mentioned above. Administration of EGb significantly ameliorated TRZ-induced testicular toxicity in rats. In conclusion, EGb protected against TRZ-induced testicular toxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.

Effect of dietary intervention with Capsicum annuum extract on growth performance, physiological status, innate immune response, and related gene expression in Nile tilapia

The red pepper (Capsicum annuum) has gained great attention recently because of its biological and pharmacological characteristics. The present approach aimed to evaluate the effects of C. annuum alcoholic extract (CAE) supplementation on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance, physiological status, some metabolic, immune, and regulatory genes expression, and resistance against Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Fish (22.26 ± 0.19 g) were assigned to four treatments (five replicates, each with 10 fish replicate-1) and fed tested diets for 60 days. The experimental diets were supplemented with CAE at 0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g kg-1, expressed as CAE0, CAE0.4, CAE0.8, and CAE1.6, respectively. The findings exhibited that CAE dietary supplementation improved growth performance, feed utilization, elevated growth hormone level, and digestive enzyme activities (amylase and protease), and lowered leptin hormone in a level-dependent manner. Boosting the mRNA expression of the transporter proteins (solute carrier family 15 member 2 and solute carrier family 26 member 6) and insulin-like growth factor-1 genes with a decrease in the myostatin gene expression was noticed in the CAE-fed groups. The innate immune (serum bactericidal activity %, complement 3, and phagocytic activity %) and antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity) parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) improved, and the serum malondialdehyde level was significantly decreased by CAE dietary inclusion. A marked upregulation in the mRNA expression of interleukins (il-1β, il-6, il-8, and il-10), transforming growth factor-β, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione synthetase genes were observed in CAE-fed groups. Dietary CAE decreased the cumulative mortalities after the challenge with S. agalactiae by 20, 13.33, and 10% in CAE0.4, CAE0.8, and CAE1.6, respectively, compared to the control (40%). Overall, dietary supplementation with CAE could improve growth performance and physiological status, and modulate the expression of several regulatory genes in Nile tilapia. The recommended level of CAE is 1.6 g kg-1 to augment growth and health status.

Effect of white jade snail secretion on antioxidant capacity and intestinal microbial diversity in mouse model of acute gastric ulcer

BACKGROUND

In the present work, acute gastric ulcer models were constructed by administering hydrochloric acid/ethanol. The mice ingested white jade snail secretion (WJSS) through gastric infusion. Ulcer areas in gastric tissue were recorded, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also measured. Notably, high-throughput 16S rDNA analysis of intestinal flora and determination of amino acid composition in feces were performed to understand the effect of WJSS on model mice.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, the ulcer area in the WJSS low-, medium- and high-concentration groups declined by 28.02%, 39.57% and 77.85%, respectively. MDA content decreased by 24.71%, 49.58% and 64.25%, and SOD relative enzyme activity fell by 28.19%, 43.37% and 9.60%, respectively. The amounts of amino acids in the low-, medium- and high-concentration groups were slightly lower, and probiotic bacteria such as Bacteroidetes and Lactobacillales increased in different-concentration WJSS groups. Adding WJSS contributes to the establishment of beneficial intestinal flora and the absorption of amino acids.

CONCLUSION

Our results showed that WJSS has a beneficial effect on inhibiting hydrochloric acid-ethanolic gastric ulcers, suggesting that WJSS has excellent potential as a novel anti-ulcer agent. Combined with ulcer area, MDA content, SOD content, gut probiotics and other indicators, a high concentration of WJSS had the best protective effect on acute gastric ulcer. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines by selected southern African medicinal plants in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Bark is frequently used in southern African traditional medicine to treat inflammation, yet it remains to be rigorously examined for its immunological and anti-inflammatory activity.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Barks obtained from ten important and popular southern Africa plants were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties against the secretion of some pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) as well as chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2) in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The inhibitory effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts were determined using cytokine multiplex-bead assays in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated and unstimulated RAW 264.7 cells.

RESULTS

Overall, the ethanol extracts were more potent cytokine inhibitors compared to the aqueous extracts. The LPS-stimulated cells treated with the ethanol extracts of Erythrina lysistemon Hutch., Pterocelastrus rostratus Walp. Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex Krauss and Warburgia salutaris (G. Bertol.) Chiov., demonstrated significant (p < 0.005) inhibition up to 85% of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α secretion compared to the LPS control. Additionally, P. rostratus and S. cordatum aqueous bark extracts substantially decreased the secretion of all the tested cytokines and chemokines. Chemical investigation of the S. cordatum extract resulted in the identification of four ellagic acid derivatives: ellagic acid 4-O-α-rhamnopyranoside (1), ellagic acid 4-O-α-4″-acetylrhamnopyranoside (2), 3-O-methylellagic acid 4'-O-α-3″-O-acetylrhamnopyranoside (3) and 3-O-methylellagic acid 4'-O-α-4″-O-acetylrhamnopyranoside (4), along with mixtures of ellagic acid 4-O-α-2″-acetylrhamnopyranoside (5), ellagic acid 4-O-α-3″-acetylrhamnopyranoside (6) and ellagic acid (7). Their structures were confirmed by mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and comparison with data from literature.

CONCLUSION

The cytokine inhibition properties of most of the medicinal plants screened herein are reported for the first time. Our results provide insights into the mechanism of action by which the selected southern African medicinal plants regulate inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and photoprotective activity of standardised Gaultheria procumbens L. leaf, stem, and fruit extracts in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Gaultheria procumbens L. is a polyphenolic-rich medicinal and food plant. Its leaves, stems, and fruits are traditional anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial herbal medicines used to treat internal and external inflammation-related ailments, including rheumatic diseases, influenza, the common cold, fever, and skin and periodontal problems. Moreover, G. procumbens leaf extract is used for skin care as an anti-ageing and anti-wrinkle ingredient.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Various environmental factors, especially solar ultraviolet radiation, accelerate skin ageing by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. Despite the dermoprotective and anti-ageing applications, the impact of G. procumbens on human dermal fibroblasts is unknown. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and photoprotective activity of G. procumbens standardised leaf, stem, and fruit extracts in cellular models, including human dermal fibroblasts (Hs68 cells) under UVA-irradiation, the primary pro-ageing skin stressor.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Hs68 fibroblasts were pre-treated (24h) with G. procumbens extracts (0.5-100 μg/mL) or reference compounds followed by UVA-irradiation (8 J/cm2). Cell viability and metabolic activity were measured by CCK-8 and MTT assays in human Hs68 and mouse L929 fibroblasts, respectively. The ROS level, SOD, and GST activities were estimated by fluorescence and spectrophotometric techniques. The pro-inflammatory potential (NF-κB transcription factor activation) was checked using THP1-Blue™ NF-κB cells, and the anti-inflammatory activity was studied by measuring IL-8, ICAM-1, and NF-κB levels and phosphorylation of Erk kinase in LPS-stimulated Hs68 cells by spectrophotometry and confocal microscopy. The UVA-induced DNA damage and cell migration were evaluated by comet and scratch assays, respectively.

RESULTS

The extracts did not affect the metabolic activity of mouse L929 fibroblasts and the viability of unirradiated human Hs68 cells. Additionally, the extracts noticeably enhanced the viability of UVA-irradiated Hs68 cells up to 115-120% (p < 0.001) for stem and leaf extract at 25 μg/mL. All extracts in a wide concentration range (0.5-100 μg/mL) did not activate monocytes or induce the NF-κB transcription factor in LPS-stimulated Hs68 fibroblasts. On the other hand, the extracts (5-25 μg/mL) restored the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, i.e., SOD and GST, up to 120-140% (p < 0.001) in the UVA-irradiated Hs68 cells. Moreover, a statistically significant reduction of ROS, IL-8, ICAM-1, and NF-κB levels by up to 48%, 88%, 43%, and 39%, respectively (p < 0.001) and strong suppression of Erk kinase activation was observed for the extracts (25-50 μg/mL) in LPS-stimulated human fibroblasts. The total DNA damage (% tail DNA) in irradiated Hs68 cells was also strongly decreased by up to 66-69% (p < 0.001) at 50 μg/mL. However, the treatment with the extracts did not relevantly enhance the cell migration of Hs68 fibroblasts.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that G. procumbens may effectively protect human skin fibroblast from UVA irradiation. The leaf and stem extracts were the most potent antioxidants, while fruit and stem extracts revealed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity. The observed effects support the traditional use of aerial plant parts (leaves, stems, and fruits) in treating inflammation-related skin disorders cross-linked with oxidative stress and the topical application of Gaultheria extracts as anti-ageing agents intended for skin care.

The protective role of Achyranthes aspera extract against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by alleviating oxidative stress, inflammation, and PANoptosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Achyranthes aspera, a widely recognized medicinal plant, is used in various cultures for treating different ailments, including renal dysfunction; however, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of its protective effects and the underlying signaling networks involved.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the action of A. aspera by employing an integrative approach including functional and tissue imaging as well as comprehensive genomics analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is a well-established animal model for acute kidney injury (AKI). In this study, we investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of the action of A. aspera water-soluble extract (AAW) on a murine model of cisplatin-induced AKI. The evaluation includes measurements of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels, histology examination, and transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing.

RESULTS

In male ICR mice, oral administration of AAW at doses of 0.5-1.0 g/kg significantly reduced cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. This effect included the amelioration of tubular injury, renal fibrosis, and the lowering of BUN and SCr levels. AAW also effectively decreased oxidative markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrotyrosine (NT), along with inflammation markers, including COX-2, iNOS, NLRP3, and pP65NFκB. Moreover, AAW administration induced a dose-dependent increase in the expression of two protective factors, Nrf2 and BcL2, and suppressed apoptosis, as evidenced by reduced levels of truncated caspase 3 (t-Casp3). To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling networks, next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis was employed. The results revealed that AAW mitigated apoptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis pathways by inhibiting inflammation signaling pathways, such as the TNFα-, NFκB-, NETs-, and leukocyte transendothelial migration pathways. Additionally, AAW was found to enhance protective signaling pathways, including the cGMP/PKG-, cAMP-, AMPK-, and mTOR-dependent activation of autophagy and mitophagy pathways. The primary bioactive compound found in AAW was identified as 20-hydroxyecdysone (0.36%).

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates that AAW reduces cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The protective effects of AAW are attributed to its modulation of multiple molecular signaling networks. Specifically, AAW downregulates genes and signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and PANoptosis. Simultaneously, it upregulates genes and signaling pathways associated with cell survival, including autophagy and mitophagy pathways.

Insights into How Plant-Derived Extracts and Compounds Can Help in the Prevention and Treatment of Keloid Disease: Established and Emerging Therapeutic Targets

Keloid is a disease in which fibroblasts abnormally proliferate and synthesize excessive amounts of extracellular matrix, including collagen and fibronectin, during the healing process of skin wounds, causing larger scars that exceed the boundaries of the original wound. Currently, surgical excision, cryotherapy, radiation, laser treatment, photodynamic therapy, pressure therapy, silicone gel sheeting, and pharmacotherapy are used alone or in combinations to treat this disease, but the outcomes are usually unsatisfactory. The purpose of this review is to examine whether natural products can help treat keloid disease. I introduce well-established therapeutic targets for this disease and various other emerging therapeutic targets that have been proposed based on the phenotypic difference between keloid-derived fibroblasts (KFs) and normal epidermal fibroblasts (NFs). We then present recent studies on the biological effects of various plant-derived extracts and compounds on KFs and NFs. Associated ex vivo, in vivo, and clinical studies are also presented. Finally, we discuss the mechanisms of action of the plant-derived extracts and compounds, the pros and cons, and the future tasks for natural product-based therapy for keloid disease, as compared with existing other therapies. Extracts of Astragalus membranaceus, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Aneilema keisak, Galla Chinensis, Lycium chinense, Physalis angulate, Allium sepa, and Camellia sinensis appear to modulate cell proliferation, migration, and/or extracellular matrix (ECM) production in KFs, supporting their therapeutic potential. Various phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other plant-derived compounds could modulate different cell signaling pathways associated with the pathogenesis of keloids. For now, many studies are limited to in vitro experiments; additional research and development are needed to proceed to clinical trials. Many emerging therapeutic targets could accelerate the discovery of plant-derived substances for the prevention and treatment of keloid disease. I hope that this review will bridge past, present, and future research on this subject and provide insight into new therapeutic targets and pharmaceuticals, aiming for effective keloid treatment.

Highly Efficient Verbascoside Production from Olive (Olea europea L. var. Cellina di Nardò) In Vitro Cell Cultures

Olive (Olea europea L.) is one of the oldest and most important fruit tree species cultivated in the Mediterranean region. Various plant tissues, drupes, and olive oil contain several phenolics (including verbascoside, although it is present in the plant at a low level) that are well-known for their highly beneficial effects on human health. An in vitro olive cell suspension culture (cultivar Cellina di Nardò, "CdN") was established, characterized for its growth and morphological features. Furthermore, a vital and relatively uniform population of protoplasts was generated from the olive suspension culture to investigate their cellular characteristics during growth. The polyphenolic extract of the in vitro "CdN" olive cells contained almost exclusively verbascoside, as revealed by the UPLC-ESI-MS analysis. The content of verbascoside reached up to 100 mg/g DW, with an average production rate of approximately 50 mg/g DW over one year of culture. This level of production has not been previously reported in a limited number of previous studies. This remarkable production of verbascoside was associated with an exceptionally high antioxidant capacity. The high level of verbascoside production and purity of the extract make this system a promising tool for secondary metabolite production.

Aqueous M. oleifera leaf extract alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice through suppression of inflammation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) is a perennial deciduous tree with considerable agricultural and pharmacological value. Nearly all parts of the tree are edible, and nearly all parts are used in traditional medicine. Leaves of M. oleifera have the functions of hypoglycemic (antidiabetic), anti-cancer and anti-oxidant stress, but less research pay attention to the anti-inflammatory effect of M. oleifera leaves.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gut with no ideal medication. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Intestinal organoids and mice as in vitro and in vivo models to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves on inflammation induced by TNF-α and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) respectively. The expression of inflammatory cytokines and proliferation-related genes were evaluated by RT-qPCR, respectively. The compounds in the leaf extract were determined by LC/MS, and network pharmacology approach was employed to predict 54 anti-IBD potential targets of quercetin-3-galactoside (QG) and isoquercitrin (IS).

RESULTS

We found that the extract protected against damage to intestinal organoids caused by tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and significantly down-regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines. The extract also suppressed the TNF-α-induced expression of Pcna, c-Myc, and c-Jun. Additionally, oral administration of the extract also ameliorated DSS-induced colon damage (colonic shortening, loss of goblet cells and overall abnormal cellularity), and inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines and proliferation-related genes in colitis. By LC/MS we identified nearly 2000 of the compounds in the leaf extract, of the flavonoids identified, QG and IS made up the largest percentage; both have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, network pharmacology approach was employed to predict 54 anti-IBD potential targets of QG and IS. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that the overlapping targets participated in response to oxidative stress and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory capability, in vitro and in vivo, of the aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves and suggests its potential phytotherapeutic treatment for IBD.

Biochemical Aspects of Putative Aminotransferase Responsible for Converting Vanillin to Vanillylamine in the Capsaicinoid Biosynthesis Pathway in Capsicum Plants

The biosynthesis pathway of capsaicinoids includes the conversion of vanillin to vanillylamine, where putative aminotransferase (pAMT) is thought to be the enzyme responsible in Capsicum plants. The objectives of this study were to prove that pAMT is the enzyme responsible for this conversion in plants and to clarify its catalytic properties using biochemical methods. Both an extract of habanero placenta and recombinant pAMT (rpAMT) constructed by using an Escherichia coli expression system were able to convert vanillin to vanillylamine in the presence of γ-aminobutyric acid as an amino donor and pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme. Conversion from vanillin to vanillylamine by the placenta extract was significantly attenuated by adding an anti-pAMT antibody to the reaction system. The amino donor specificity and affinity for vanillin of rpAMT were similar to those of the placenta extract. We thus confirmed that pAMT is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of vanillin to vanillylamine in capsaicinoid synthesis in Capsicum fruits. Therefore, we propose that pAMT should henceforth be named vanillin aminotransferase (VAMT).

Supramolecular study of the interaction between mannoproteins from Torulaspora delbrueckii and flavanols

In this work, three mannoprotein extracts were obtained from T. delbrueckii by enzymatic and chemical treatments. The obtained mannoprotein extracts showed important differences in their molecular weight distribution and monosaccharide composition, although no significant differences were found in their protein content. In order to evaluate the possible influence of mannoprotein characteristics in the interaction with flavanols, mannoprotein-flavanol interactions were studied by HPLC-DAD-MS and ITC. The results obtained indicate that the mannoprotein extracts were able to precipitate flavanols to a different extent. Furthermore, the degree of flavanol precipitation seemed not to be related to the affinity of the interaction but to the type of intermolecular forces. In this sense, a higher proportion of hydrogen bonding could favor a greater crosslinking between aggregates promoting flavanol precipitation. This, in turn, could be related to the MP characteristics since the presence of β-glucan moieties might have an effect on the formation of hydrogen bonds.

Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) ameliorates ethanol-induced cognitive impairment by modulating NMDA and GABA-A receptors in rat hippocampus

Brain damage caused by ethanol abuse may lead to permanent damage, including severe dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ginger powder on ethanol-induced cognitive disorders by examining oxidative damage and inflammation status, and the gene expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptors in the hippocampus of male rats. 24 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated randomly to four groups as follows control, ethanol (4g/kg/day, by gavage), ginger (1g/kg/day, by gavage), and ginger-ethanol. At the end of the study, memory and learning were evaluated by the shuttle box test. Moreover, to explore mechanisms involved in ethanol-induced cognitive impairment and the protective effect of ginger, the expression of Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NMDA receptor, and GABA-A receptor was measured along with inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in the hippocampus tissue. The results showed that ethanol could induce cognitive impairment in the ethanol group, while pretreatment with ginger could reverse it. The gene expression of the NF-κB/ Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/Interleukin (IL)-1β pathway and NMDA and GABA-A receptors significantly increased in the ethanol group compared to the control group. While pretreatment with ginger could significantly improve ethanol-induced cognitive impairment through these pathways in the ginger-ethanol group compared to the ethanol group (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that ginger powder could ameliorate ethanol-induced cognitive impairment by modulating the expression of NMDA and GABA-A receptors and inhibiting oxidative damage and the NF-κB/TNF-α/IL-1β pathway in the rat hippocampus.

Excessive composite pollution carbon sources enhance the bio-fertilizer efficiency of Tetradesmus obliquus: focused on cultivation period

Microalgae can use carbon sources in sludge extract prepared from sludge. Moreover, the high concentration of CO2 and the large number of carbon sources in the liquid phase will promote microalgae growth and metabolism. In this experiment, Tetradesmus obliquus was cultivated with sludge extract at 30% CO2. Algae liquid (the name used to describe the fertilizer made in this research) was further prepared as lettuce fertilizer. The effect of different times of microalgae culture (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days) on the fertilizer efficiency of the algae liquid was evaluated by lettuce hydroponic experiments. The findings indicate that lettuce cultivated in algae liquid collected on the 15th and 30th days exhibited superior performance in terms of growth, antioxidant capacity, and nutritional quality. We analyzed the experimental results in the context of microalgae metabolic mechanisms, aiming to contribute experience and data essential for the development of industrial microalgae fertilizer production.

Drug-induced liver injury and anti-hepatotoxic effect of herbal compounds: a metabolic mechanism perspective

BACKGROUND

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most challenging and thought-provoking liver problem for hepatologists owing to unregulated medication usage in medical practices, nutritional supplements, and botanicals. Due to underreporting, analysis, and identification issues, clinically evaluated medication hepatotoxicity is prevalent yet hard to quantify.

PURPOSE

This review's primary objective is to thoroughly compare pharmaceutical drugs and herbal compounds that have undergone clinical trials, focusing on their metabolic mechanisms contributing to the onset of liver illnesses and their hepatoprotective effects.

METHODS

The data was gathered from several online sources, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, using appropriate keywords.

RESULTS

The prevalence of conventional and herbal medicine is rising. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic mechanism is necessary to mitigate the hepatotoxicity induced by drugs and facilitate the incorporation or substitution of herbal medicine instead of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, pre-clinical pharmacological research has the potential to facilitate the development of natural products as therapeutic agents, displaying promising possibilities for their eventual clinical implementation.

CONCLUSIONS

Acetaminophen, isoniazid, rifampicin, diclofenac, and pyrogallol have been identified as the most often reported synthetic drugs that produce hepatotoxicity by oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis during the last several decades. Due to their ability to downregulate many factors (such as cytokines) and activate several enzyme/enzyme systems, herbal substances (such as Gingko biloba extract, curcumin, resveratrol, and silymarin) provide superior protection against harmful mechanisms which induce hepatotoxicity with fewer adverse effects than their synthetic counterparts.

Nutrient intake, digestibility, and utilization in goats fed graded levels of hempseed cake finisher diets

Globally, the price of soybean meal, the most common proteinaceous ingredient in livestock diets, has become highly expensive prompting a search for alternative ingredients. Hemp seed cake is a promising alternative but could be limited by its high neutral detergent fiber and ether extract contents which impede nutrient intake and digestibility. However, some ruminant species such as goats have superior ability to digest high fiber and ether extract diets. Thus, the current research evaluated nutrient intake and digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial protein synthesis of goats fed hempseed cake as a substitute for soybean meal in finisher diets. A total of 25 Kalahari Red castrates (27 ± 3 kg, 4-5 months old) were assigned to five dietary treatments (5 goats/ diet) in a completely randomized design. A maize-lucerne-based finishing diet was formulated with hempseed cake substituting soybean meal as the primary protein ingredient at 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 g/kg dry matter. Ether extract intake exhibited a positive linear trend (P ≤ 0.05) while crude protein intake and microbial nitrogen supply exhibited a negative linear trend (P ≤ 0.05) with dietary inclusion of hempseed cake. However, feeding hempseed cake did not influence (P > 0.05) apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and nitrogen use efficiency. In conclusion, the substitution of soybean meal for hempseed cake decreased crude protein intake and microbial nitrogen supply in goat finisher diets without compromising nutrient digestibility and nitrogen use efficiency. The study recommends partial or full replacement of soybean meal with hempseed cake in goat finisher diets.

Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Extract on Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells and Lipid Accumulation in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Flavonoids and phenolic acid are two of the rich polyphenols found in cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). The effects of cinnamon extract on the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells and prohibitory lipid accumulation in male mice fed a high-fat diet were examined. Upon treating 3T3-L1 cells with cinnamon for 3 days, the cinnamon inhibited lipid accumulation and increased gene expression levels, such as those of adiponectin and leptin. In in vivo experiments, mice were randomized into four groups after a one-week acclimation period, as follows: normal diet, normal diet + 1% cinnamon extract, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet + 1% cinnamon extract. After 14 weeks of supplementation, we found that cinnamon extract increased the expression of lipolysis-related proteins, such as AMPK, p-ACC, and CPT-1, and reduced the expression of lipid-synthesis-related proteins, such as SREBP-1c and FAS, in liver tissue. Our results show that cinnamon extract may exhibit anti-obesity effects via the inhibition of lipid synthesis and adipogenesis and the induction of lipolysis in both 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells and mice fed a high-fat diet. Accordingly, cinnamon extract may have potential anti-obesity effects.

Totum-070, a Polyphenol-Rich Plant Extract, Prevents Hypercholesterolemia in High-Fat Diet-Fed Hamsters by Inhibiting Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and hypercholesterolemia is a central risk factor for atherosclerosis. This study evaluated the effects of Totum-070, a plant-based polyphenol-rich supplement, in hamsters with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced dyslipidemia. The molecular mechanisms of action were explored using human Caco2 enterocytes. Totum-070 supplementation reduced the total cholesterol (-41%), non-HDL cholesterol (-47%), and triglycerides (-46%) in a dose-dependent manner, compared with HFD. HFD-induced hepatic steatosis was also significantly decreased by Totum-070, an effect associated with the reduction in various lipid and inflammatory gene expression. Upon challenging with olive oil gavage, the post-prandial triglyceride levels were strongly reduced. The sterol excretion in the feces was increased in the HFD-Totum-070 groups compared with the HFD group and associated with reduction of intestinal cholesterol absorption. These effects were confirmed in the Caco2 cells, where incubation with Totum-070 inhibited cholesterol uptake and apolipoprotein B secretion. Furthermore, a microbiota composition analysis revealed a strong effect of Totum-070 on the alpha and beta diversity of bacterial species and a significant decrease in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. Altogether, our findings indicate that Totum-070 lowers hypercholesterolemia by reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption, suggesting that its use as dietary supplement may be explored as a new preventive strategy for cardiovascular diseases.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Allium cepa L. peel extracts via inhibition of JAK-STAT pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Allium cepa L. (A. cepa) is one of the oldest cultivated plants in the world. A. cepa has been used in traditional folk medicine to treat inflammatory disease in several regions, such as Palestine and Serbia. A. cepa peel has a higher content of flavonoids, such as quercetin, than the edible parts. These flavonoids alleviate inflammatory diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of A. cepa peel extract-obtained using various extraction methods-and their underlying mechanisms require further investigation.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Although research to find safe anti-inflammatory substances in various natural products has been actively conducted for many years, it is important to continue identifying potential anti-inflammatory effects in natural materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ethnopharmacological properties of the A. cepa peel extract, whose efficacy when obtained through different extraction methods and underlying action mechanisms is not well known. The present study specifically aimed to observe the anti-inflammatory effects of the A. cepa peel extracts obtained using various extraction methods and the related detailed mechanisms of A. cepa peel extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The total flavonoid content of the A. cepa peel extracts was determined the diethylene glycol colorimetric method and measured using a calibration curve prepared using quercetin as a standard solution. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ABTS assay, and cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay. NO production was measured using Griess reagent. Protein levels were measured by western blotting, and mRNA expression was measured by RT-qPCR. Secreted cytokines were analyzed using ELISA or cytokine arrays. In the GSE160086 dataset, we calculated Z-scores for individual genes of interest and displayed using a heat map.

RESULTS

Of the three A. cepa peel extracts obtained using different extraction methods, the A. cepa peel 50% EtOH extract (AP50E) was the most effective at inhibiting LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, AP50E significantly reduced the levels of pro-inflammation cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-27. Additionally, AP50E directly inhibited the Janus kinase-signaling transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

These results showed that AP50E exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-induced RAW264.7 mouse macrophages by directly inhibiting JAK-STAT signaling. Based on these findings, we propose AP50E as a potential candidate for the development of preventive or therapeutic agents against inflammatory diseases.

Antitumor and antibacterial activity of metabolites of endophytic Colletotrichum siamense isolated from coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv IAPAR-59)

Endophytic fungi produce a range of known metabolites and several others, not yet explored, which present important biological activities from the pharmaceutical and industrial perspective. Several studies have reported the diversity of endophytes in Coffea arabica plants, although few have been described in organic cultures. In the current paper, we describe the chemical profile of specialized metabolites in the ethyl acetate phase in a strain of the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum siamense associated with coffee (Coffea arabica L.) (Rubiaceae) and its potential against tumor cells and bacteria of medical and food importance. Cytotoxicity assays in tumor cells MCF-7 and HepG2/C3A were performed by MTT and microdilution in broth to evaluate the antibacterial action of metabolic extract. The antiproliferative assay showed promising results after 24 h of treatment, with 50% injunction concentrations for the two cell types. UHPLC-MS/MS analyses with an electrospray ionization source were used to analyze the extracts and identify compounds of species Colletotrichum siamense, which is still little explored as a source of active metabolites. Many of these compounds observed in the endophytic need to be chemically synthesized in industry, at high costs, while production by the fungus becomes a chemically and economically more viable alternative. Pyrocatechol, gentisyl alcohol, and alpha-linolenic acid, associated with different mechanisms of action against tumor cells, were detected among the main compounds. The extract of the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum siamense presented several compounds with pharmacological potential and antibacterial activity, corroborating its potential in biotechnological applications.

Antiviral, virucidal and antioxidant properties of Artemisia annua against SARS-CoV-2

Natural products are a rich source of bioactive molecules that have potential pharmacotherapeutic applications. In this study, we focused on Artemisia annua (A. annua) and its enriched extracts which were biologically evaluated in vitro as virucidal, antiviral, and antioxidant agents, with a potential application against the COVID-19 infection. The crude extract showed virucidal, antiviral and antioxidant effects in concentrations that did not affect cell viability. Scopoletin, arteannuin B and artemisinic acid (single fractions isolated from A. annua) exerted a considerable virucidal and antiviral effect in vitro starting from a concentration of 50 µg/mL. Data from Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) showed that the inhibition of the viral infection was due to the interaction of these compounds with the 3CLpro and Spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that the main interaction of compounds may interfere with the viral pathways during the insertion and the replication process. The present study suggests that natural extract of A. annua and its components could have a key role as antioxidants and antiviral agents and support the fight against SARS-CoV-2 variants and other possible emerging Coronaviruses.