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Shrestha S, Mishra G, Hamal M, Dhital R, Shrestha S, Shrestha A, Shah NP, Khanal M, Gurung S, Caws M. Quantifying the potential epidemiological impact of a 2-year active case finding for tuberculosis in rural Nepal: a model-based analysis. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e062123. [PMID: 37914308 PMCID: PMC10626874 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Active case finding (ACF) is an important tuberculosis (TB) intervention in high-burden settings. However, empirical evidence garnered from field data has been equivocal about the long-term community-level impact, and more data at a finer geographic scale and data-informed methods to quantify their impact are necessary. METHODS Using village development committee (VDC)-level data on TB notification and demography between 2016 and 2017 in four southern districts of Nepal, where ACF activities were implemented as a part of the IMPACT-TB study between 2017 and 2019, we developed VDC-level transmission models of TB and ACF. Using these models and ACF yield data collected in the study, we estimated the potential epidemiological impact of IMPACT-TB ACF and compared its efficiency across VDCs in each district. RESULTS Cases were found in the majority of VDCs during IMPACT-TB ACF, but the number of cases detected within VDCs correlated weakly with historic case notification rates. We projected that this ACF intervention would reduce the TB incidence rate by 14% (12-16) in Chitwan, 8.6% (7.3-9.7) in Dhanusha, 8.3% (7.3-9.2) in Mahottari and 3% (2.5-3.2) in Makwanpur. Over the next 10 years, we projected that this intervention would avert 987 (746-1282), 422 (304-571), 598 (450-782) and 197 (172-240) cases in Chitwan, Dhanusha, Mahottari and Makwanpur, respectively. There was substantial variation in the efficiency of ACF across VDCs: there was up to twofold difference in the number of cases averted in the 10 years per case detected. CONCLUSION ACF data confirm that TB is widely prevalent, including in VDCs with relatively low reporting rates. Although ACF is a highly efficient component of TB control, its impact can vary substantially at local levels and must be combined with other interventions to alter TB epidemiology significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourya Shrestha
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gokul Mishra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mukesh Hamal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Suman Gurung
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Maxine Caws
- Birat Nepal Medical Trust, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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102
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Tamang B, Pokhrel BR, Shrestha J, Gautam N, Sharma BK. Hypovitaminosis D among Blood Samples of Patients Presenting to the Department of Biochemistry of a Tertiary Care Center. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2023; 61:864-867. [PMID: 38289742 PMCID: PMC10725237 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.8319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypovitaminosis D is a global public health problem affecting approximately one billion people, with a particularly high prevalence in South Asia. Several hospital-based studies from Nepal show a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D. However, large-scale community-based studies are lacking. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among blood samples of patients presenting to the Department of Biochemistry of a tertiary care centre. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among blood samples of patients presenting to the Department of Biochemistry of a tertiary care centre from 3 November 2022 to 30 April 2023 after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 136/22). Patients of all age groups and genders who were sent for the evaluation of Vitamin D at the laboratory were included. A convenience sampling technique was used. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% Confidence Interval. Results Out of 376 patients, hypovitaminosis was seen in 274 (72.87%) (68.38-77.36, 95% Confidence Interval). Vitamin D insufficiency was present in 252 (91.97%) and vitamin D deficiency was present in 22 (8.03%) participants. Conclusions The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was found to be higher than other studies done in similar settings. Keywords prevalence; vitamin D; vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binaya Tamang
- Department of Biochemistry, Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Buddhi Raj Pokhrel
- Department of Biochemistry, Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Jharana Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry, Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Narayan Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry, Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
| | - Binit Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Universal College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal
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Dorji T, Giri S, Tshering U, LeVine S, Tshering U, Chhetri S, Dhakal N, Gaikwad SN, Flaherty GT, Lucero-Prisno DE, McIntosh S. Challenges in the management of high-altitude illnesses and emergencies in Bhutan and Nepal. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 56:102660. [PMID: 37926372 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Many popular tourist attractions and trekking routes in Bhutan and Nepal are situated between 3000 and 6000 m in elevation. High-altitude emergencies are becoming more common and medical providers must be aware of the practical and medical issues in managing these disorders. We reflect on the challenges in providing high-altitude emergency medical services in Bhutan and Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinley Dorji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Regional Referral Hospital, Gelephu, Bhutan.
| | - Sweta Giri
- Faculty of Postgraduate Medicine, Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan; Bhutan Emergency Aeromedical Retrieval, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan.
| | - Ugyen Tshering
- Faculty of Postgraduate Medicine, Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimphu, Bhutan; Bhutan Emergency Aeromedical Retrieval, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan.
| | - Shankar LeVine
- Faculty of Postgraduate Medicine, Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan; Department of Emergency Medicine at Dartmouth, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, NH, USA.
| | - Ugyen Tshering
- Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan.
| | - Sunit Chhetri
- Department of Internal Medicine, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
| | - Narayan Dhakal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shree Birendra Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | | | | | - Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Scott McIntosh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Erchick DJ, Lama TP, Khatry SK, Katz J, Mullany LC, Zavala E, LeClerq SC, Christian P, Tielsch JM. Supplementation with fortified balanced energy-protein during pregnancy and lactation and its effects on birth outcomes and infant growth in southern Nepal: protocol of a 2×2 factorial randomised trial. BMJ Paediatr Open 2023; 7:e002229. [PMID: 37923345 PMCID: PMC10626787 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2023-002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many women in low and middle-income countries enter pregnancy with low nutritional reserves with increased risk of fetal growth restriction and poor birth outcomes, including small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and preterm birth. Balanced energy-protein (BEP) supplements have shown reductions in risk of stillbirth and SGA, yet variations in intervention format and composition and limited evidence on the impact of BEP during lactation on growth outcomes warrant further study. This paper describes the protocol of the Maternal Infant Nutrition Trial (MINT) Study, which aims to evaluate the impact of a fortified BEP supplement during pregnancy and lactation on birth outcomes and infant growth in rural Nepal. METHODS AND ANALYSIS MINT is a 2×2 factorial, household randomised, unblinded, efficacy trial conducted in a subarea of Sarlahi District, Nepal. The study area covers six rural municipalities with about 27 000 households and a population of approximately 100 000. Married women (15-30 years) who become pregnant are eligible for participation in the trial and are randomly assigned at enrolment to supplementation with fortified BEP or not and at birth to fortified BEP supplementation or not until 6 months post partum. The primary pregnancy outcome is incidence of SGA, using the INTERGROWTH-21st standard, among live born infants with birth weight measured within 72 hours of delivery. The primary infant growth outcome is mean length-for-age z-score at 6 months using the WHO international growth reference. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA (IRB00009714), the Committee on Human Research IRB at The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA (081739), and the Ethical Review Board of the Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal (174/2018). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03668977.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Erchick
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tsering P Lama
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project Sarlahi (NNIPS), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Subarna K Khatry
- Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project Sarlahi (NNIPS), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luke C Mullany
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eleonor Zavala
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven C LeClerq
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project Sarlahi (NNIPS), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Parul Christian
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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105
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Joshi AB, Banjara MR, Chuke S, Kroeger A, Jain S, Aseffa A, Reeder JC. Assessment of the impact of implementation research on the Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) elimination efforts in Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011714. [PMID: 37943733 PMCID: PMC10635428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nepal, Bangladesh, and India signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2005 to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem from the Indian subcontinent by 2015. By 2021, the number of reported VL cases in these countries had declined by over 95% compared to 2007. This dramatic success was achieved through an elimination programme that implemented early case detection and effective treatment, vector control, disease surveillance, community participation, and operational research that underpinned these strategies. The experience offered an opportunity to assess the contribution of implementation research (IR) to VL elimination in Nepal. Desk review and a stakeholder workshop was conducted to analyse the relationship between key research outputs, major strategic decisions in the national VL elimination programme, and annual number of reported new cases over time between 2005 and 2023. The results indicated that the key decisions across the strategic elements, throughout the course of the elimination programme (such as on the most appropriate tools for diganostics and treatment, and on best strategies for case finding and vector management), were IR informed. IR itself responded dynamically to changes that resulted from interventions, addressing new questions that emerged from the field. Close collaboration between researchers, programme managers, and implementers in priority setting, design, conduct, and review of studies facilitated uptake of evidence into policy and programmatic activities. VL case numbers in Nepal are now reduced by 90% compared to 2005. Although direct attribution of disease decline to research outputs is difficult to establish, the Nepal experience demonstrates that IR can be a critical enabler for disease elimination. The lessons can potentially inform IR strategies in other countries with diseases targeted for elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Ballabh Joshi
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center (PHIDReC), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sachi Chuke
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center (PHIDReC), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Axel Kroeger
- Freiburg University, Centre for Medicine and Society, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saurabh Jain
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John C. Reeder
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
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Mahato RK, Karna AK, Thakur N, Bajracharya B, Pyakurel UR, Hayman DTS, Talvani A, Alam J, Pandey KR, Pathak N, Singh UN, Upadhyaya MK, Shrestha MP, Paudel KP, Morita K, Pandey BD. An Early Epidemiological Investigation of COVID-19 in Parsa, Nepal. Asia Pac J Public Health 2023; 35:564-567. [PMID: 37737120 DOI: 10.1177/10105395231201937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kumar Mahato
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ajit Kumar Karna
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
- USAID's Strengthening Systems for Better Health Activity, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nishant Thakur
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijay Bajracharya
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division/Malaria Program Management Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Uttam Raj Pyakurel
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Andre Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Jahir Alam
- Birgunj Metropolitan City Office, Birgunj, Nepal
| | - Krishna Raj Pandey
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | | | | | - Krishna Prasad Paudel
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kouichi Morita
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Bhandari G, Bhandari S, Byanju R, Pradhan S, Sah RK, Kandel RP, Thompson IJ, Rotchford AP, West SK, Muñoz B, Stevens VM, Oatts JT, Ou Y, Lietman TM, O’Brien KS, Keenan JD. Relationship Between Intraocular Pressure and Age: A Population-Based Study in Nepal. J Glaucoma 2023; 32:983-988. [PMID: 37670512 PMCID: PMC10840987 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
PRCIS Intraocular pressure (IOP) decreased with age in a population-based study in Nepal, from a mean of 14.1 mm Hg among those 60-64 years old to 13.0 mm Hg among those 80 years old or older. PURPOSE Few studies have assessed the distribution of IOP from the Indian subcontinent, despite its large population and high burden of glaucoma. The objective of this study was to assess the distribution of IOP measurements from adults living in a lowland region of Nepal. METHODS In a population-based cross-sectional study, all individuals aged 60 years and older from an area of lowland Nepal were invited for an IOP assessment with a rebound tonometer. RESULTS Of 160 communities (28,672 people aged ≥60 y) enrolled, 79 (13,808 people aged ≥60 y) were randomly selected for IOP testing. Of those eligible, 10,017 (72.5%) individuals underwent tonometry. Mean IOP decreased monotonically over 5-year age groups, from 14.1 mm Hg (SD: 3.6) among those aged 60-64 years to 13.0 mm Hg (SD: 4.2) among those 80 years or older. The 97.5th percentile IOP measurement was 21.0 mm Hg for all age groups. In adjusted analyses, younger age, self-reported diabetes, and higher population density were each associated with higher IOP, and self-reported cataract surgery was associated with lower IOP. CONCLUSIONS Mean IOP was lower among older individuals in Nepal, consistent with many studies from East Asia and in contrast to many studies from western populations. These results suggest that ethnic background might be a consideration when diagnosing ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Isabel J Thompson
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan P Rotchford
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, Gartnavel Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sheila K West
- Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Beatriz Muñoz
- Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valerie M Stevens
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julius T Oatts
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kieran S O’Brien
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Keenan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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K. C. D, Shrestha N, Shrestha R, Sunuwar DR, Poudyal A. Household food security access and dietary diversity amidst COVID-19 pandemic in rural Nepal; an evidence from rapid assessment. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293514. [PMID: 37910536 PMCID: PMC10619797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic led to surging concerns about food insecurity status throughout the world. In response to global and national concerns on food and nutrition security, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and determining factors of household food insecurity and dietary diversity among people from selected rural municipalities of Lalitpur district, Nepal. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 432 households. Pretested structured questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic characteristics of the participants, household income; influence of COVID-19 on their income and livelihood, household's access to food and dietary diversity. Food insecurity was measured using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS). A multivariable analysis was done using binary logistic regression model following a bivariate analysis to assess the association between the dependent and independent variables. RESULTS More than one-third (36%) of the households reported some form of food insecurity. The overall mean score for Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) was 6.0 (±1.1). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that participants aged 41-64 years (aOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.21-0.59), those over 64 years (aOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.07-0.66), as well as those in service occupation (aOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.06-0.77) were associated with lower odds of HFIAS. Conversely, Participants belonging to a disadvantaged ethnic group (aOR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.23-6.07), having no education (aOR = 3.70, 95% CI: 1.16-11.71) or primary education (aOR = 3.67, 95% CI: 1.23-9.89), and those suffering from chronic illness (aOR = 3.12, 95% CI: 1.53-6.35) were associated with higher odds of HFIAS. As for HDDS, participants aged 41-64 years (aOR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.28-0.83) were associated with lower odds of HDDS, while participants having no education (aOR = 10.05, 95% CI: 4.05-24.01) were associated with significantly higher odds of HDDS. CONCLUSION Owing to the pandemic, our study showed a substantial prevalence of food insecurity among diverse community residing in rural outskirts of Kathmandu Valley, particularly among disadvantaged ethnic group and people with lower level of education. Interventions targeting these particular groups may help in improving HFIAS and HDDS among them during emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirghayu K. C.
- Public Health Promotion and Development Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Namuna Shrestha
- Public Health Promotion and Development Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rachana Shrestha
- Public Health and Environment Research Center, (PERC), Kathmandu, Nepal
- Knowledge To Action (K2A), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dev Ram Sunuwar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Nepal Armed Police Force Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anil Poudyal
- Public Health Promotion and Development Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal
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109
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Adhikari RB, Dhakal MA, Ghimire TR. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in street dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) with highlights on zoonosis in Lalitpur, Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2513-2526. [PMID: 37669424 PMCID: PMC10650340 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of intestinal parasites influences the growth and well-being of canids. Additionally, infected dogs and their faeces with considerably higher eggs/oocysts released per gram (epg/opg) of zoonotic parasites contribute to parasitic spillover to humans, domestic animals and sympatric wildlife. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to reveal the prevalence of intestinal parasites (protozoa and helminths) and to list the zoonotically significant parasites in free-roaming street dogs in Lalitpur Metropolitan City, Nepal. METHODS Fresh faecal samples (n = 332) were collected from feral dogs of varying ages and sexes and transported to the research laboratory. The copro microscopic examination was carried out via direct wet mount, formalin ethyl acetate sedimentation, saturated salt flotation, acid-fast staining and sporulation techniques. RESULTS Coproscopy revealed an overall 95.7% (318/332) prevalence rate with 23 diverse species of intestinal parasites (10 protozoa and 13 helminths). Among them, 5 protozoa and 11 helminths possessed zoonotic potential, and their overall prevalence was 92.5%. Helminth's overall prevalence was double that of the protozoa (87.7% vs. 43%). Polyparasitism was dominant over mono parasitism (79.5% vs. 16.3%), and co-infection of up to seven species of parasites at a time was recorded. CONCLUSIONS Urban street dogs harboured a higher prevalence of intestinal parasites that varied with age and sex. Since most of the reported parasites are zoonotic, dog density and parasitic richness indicate a greater spillover risk to humans and domestic animals. Furthermore, this study also provides appropriate 'baseline' data for assessing effective control measures against parasitic infestations among street dogs and controlling their transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Babu Adhikari
- Nepali Army College of Health Sciences (NACHS)KathmanduNepal
- Third Pole ConservancyBhaktapurNepal
- Institute of Medical ScienceAlka Hospital Pvt. Ltd.LalitpurNepal
- Nepal Academy of Science and TechnologyLalitpurNepal
| | - Madhuri Adhikari Dhakal
- Department of Microbiology and Research and DevelopmentNew Edge MicrobialsAlburyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Tirth Raj Ghimire
- Nepal Academy of Science and TechnologyLalitpurNepal
- Department of ZoologyTri‐Chandra Multiple CampusTribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal
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110
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Thapa R, Sharma S, Pradhan E, Duwal S, Poudel M, Shrestha KG, Paudyal GP. Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy among people with diabetes screened using fundus photography at a community diabetic retinopathy screening program in Nepal. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:429. [PMID: 37872518 PMCID: PMC10594880 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and vision threatening DR (VTDR) among people with diabetes screened using fundus photography in Nepal. METHODS This is a retrospective study among people with diabetes presented for DR screening using fundus photography from 2013 to 2019. Detailed demographics, duration of diabetes, medical history, visual acuity, and grading of DR on fundus photography were analyzed. Fundus camera used in the study were;Topcon digital fundus camera 900 CXR and digital portable fundus cameras (Nidek-10 portable non-mydriatric fundus camera; Versacam & Trade & Alpha, France), and a Zeiss portable fundus camera (Zeiss Visucout 100). Macula centred and disc centred 45 degree two images were taken from each eye. Pupil were dilated in cases where there was media haze in un-dilated cases. DR was graded using early treatment diabetic retinopathy study criteria. The images were graded by fellowship trained retina specialist. DR prevalence included any DR changes in one or both eyes. RESULTS Total of 25,196 patients with diabetes were enrolled. Mean age was 54.2 years with Standard Deviation (S.D):12.9 years, ranging from 6 years to 97 years. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes comprised of 451 people (1.79%) and 24,747 (98.21%) respectively. Overall, 1.8% of the images were un-gradable. DR prevalence was 19.3% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 18.8 - 19.7%). DR prevalence in type 1 and type 2 diabetes was 15.5% (95% CI: 12.5 - 18.6%) and 19.3% (CI: 18.8 - 19.8%) respectively. Clinically significant macular edema (CSME) was found in 5.9% (95% CI: 5.6-6.2%) and VTDR in 7.9% (95% CI: 7.7-8.3%). In multivariate analysis, our study revealed strong evidence to suggest that there is meaningful association between DR and VTDR with duration of diabetes, diabetic foot, diabetic neuropathy, agriculture occupation, those under oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin or both as compared to those under diet only, and presenting visual acuity > 0.3LogMAR. CONCLUSION Prevalence and associated factors for DR and VTDR were similar to other DR screening programs in the region. Emphasis on wider coverage of DR screening could help for timely detection and treatment of STDR to avoid irreversible blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raba Thapa
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, PO Box: 561, Nepal.
| | - Sanjita Sharma
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, PO Box: 561, Nepal
| | - Eli Pradhan
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, PO Box: 561, Nepal
| | - Sushma Duwal
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, PO Box: 561, Nepal
| | - Manish Poudel
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, PO Box: 561, Nepal
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Paudel S, Shankar PR, Subedi N, Palaian S. Living with bronchial asthma: A qualitative study among patients in a hill village in Nepal. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291265. [PMID: 37862336 PMCID: PMC10588826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bronchial asthma continues to be a problem in the Himalayan country of Nepal. This study explored the impact of bronchial asthma on patients' lives in a hill village in Syangja district, Nepal, and obtained information about the perceived impact of the illness, knowledge of the disease, self-care behaviors and treatment among patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study site is the village of Jyamire (located at an elevation between 900 to 1200 m) Syangja district. Individuals suffering from asthma residing in the village aged 18 years or above were included. Semi-structured interviews were conducted face-to-face with the respondents at their homes using an interview guide. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed in the Nepali language, and then translated into English for further analysis. RESULTS Most participants were female, between 18 to 60 years of age, and housewives. Most houses were built of mud and poorly ventilated. Gas was used for cooking though firewood was also used. Most used to get an average of three serious attacks a year both during winter and summer. The themes that emerged were the number and seasonal variation in attacks, the perceived effect of asthma on their lives and social interactions, the knowledge of the interviewee about the disease, the impact of asthma on their socioeconomic status, and treatment and self-care behaviors. Residing in a hill village required them to walk up and down several times a day and the disease seriously impacted their lives. The smoke produced during different ceremonies and during cooking also worsened their asthma. CONCLUSION Findings suggest, the existence of multiple factors, a few unique to Nepal contributing to poor asthma control. Though the recent socioeconomic improvement has led to improved prevention and treatment options, asthma seriously affected the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita Paudel
- Department of Pharmacology, Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara, Gandaki Province, Nepal
| | - Pathiyil Ravi Shankar
- IMU Centre for Education, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory, Malaysia
| | - Nuwadatta Subedi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara, Gandaki Province, Nepal
| | - Subish Palaian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Bhandari R, Dhital NB, Rijal K. Effect of lockdown and associated mobility changes amid COVID-19 on air quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1337. [PMID: 37853205 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused a setback for Nepal, leading to nationwide lockdowns. The study analyzed the impact of lockdown on air quality during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Kathmandu Valley. We analyzed 5 years of ground-based air quality monitoring data (2017-2021) from March to July and April to June for the first and second wave lockdowns, respectively. A significant decrease in PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) concentrations was observed during the lockdowns. The highest rate of decline in PM2.5 levels was observed during May and July compared to the pre-pandemic year. The PM2.5 concentration during the lockdown period remained within the WHO guideline limit and NAAQS for the maximum number of days compared to the lockdown window in the pre-pandemic years (2017-2019). Likewise, lower PM2.5 levels were observed during the second wave lockdown, which was characterized by a targeted lockdown approach (smart lockdown). We found a significant correlation of PM2.5 concentration with community mobility changes (i.e., walking, driving, and using public transport) from the Spearman correlation analysis. Lockdown measures restricted human mobility that led to a lowering of PM2.5 concentrations. Our findings can be helpful in developing urban air quality control measures and management strategies, especially during high pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikita Bhandari
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Narayan Babu Dhital
- Department of Environmental Science, Patan Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Kedar Rijal
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Gupta A, Shrestha P, Poudyal S, Kumar S, Lamichhane RS, Acharya SK, Shivhare P. Prevalence and Distribution of Oral Mucosal Lesions and Normal Variants among Nepalese Population. Biomed Res Int 2023; 2023:9375084. [PMID: 37885902 PMCID: PMC10599919 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9375084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Oral mucosa is encountered by various lesions and normal variants. Some are not to be worried about, whereas others may be of significance. Knowing the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a particular region helps better evaluate, diagnose, and, thus, manage these lesions. Objectives To assess the prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesions and normal variants among various age groups, genders, and sites of the orofacial region. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital from January 2021 to March 2021. Three different proformas were designed according to age, gender, and location of lesions for entry as per the WHO's guide. The obtained data were entered into a Microsoft Excel sheet for frequency analysis by SPSS, and the results were tabulated. Results Among the records of 16572 (9703 (58.55%) males and 6869 (41.44%) females) OPD patients, 3495 (21.08%) (1934 (55.33%) males and 1561 (44.66%) females) had OMLs and 2314 (13.96%) (1626 (70.26%) males and 688 (29.73%) females) had normal mucosal variants. The most commonly seen OML categories were tobacco-associated lesions, i.e., 2056 (34.07%), tongue lesions, i.e., 1598 (26.48%), oral potentially malignant disorders, i.e., 815 (13.50%), ulcers i.e., 728 (12.06%), and infectious lesions, i.e., 256 (4.24%). Conclusion The Nepalese population has a wide range of oral mucosal lesions and normal variants, and this study has attempted to have baseline data for the same. The most common OML was smoker's melanosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gupta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Chitwan 44207, Nepal
| | - Parikshya Shrestha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Lalitpur 44705, Nepal
| | - Sijan Poudyal
- Department of Community Dentistry, People's Dental College and Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand 834009, India
| | - Ram Sudan Lamichhane
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Lalitpur 44705, Nepal
| | - Surendra Kumar Acharya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Lalitpur 44705, Nepal
| | - Peeyush Shivhare
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
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Pathak P, Joshi SK. Epidemiology of unintentional childhood injuries in urban and rural areas of Nepal- A comparative study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287487. [PMID: 37847700 PMCID: PMC10581464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Unintentional injuries are one of the leading causes of ill health, disability & death among the children and young adults worldwide. As these injuries are strongly related to social determinants, the burden falls mainly upon the Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) like Nepal. Thus, the main objective was to explore the epidemiology of unintentional childhood injuries in urban and rural areas of Kavrepalanchok district. A cross sectional analytical study was done in Bethanchok rural municipality and Dhulikhel municipality of Kavrepalanchok district. The respondents were interviewed using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The details of injuries sustained within the past 12 months were included. A total of 667 children aged 1-16 years were surveyed, among which 26% from rural and 17.2% from urban areas had unintentional injuries in the past 12 months. Falls were the most common mode of injury in both the areas. Similarly, the proportion of burn was more in rural area (16.1%) whereas, Road Traffic Injuries were more in urban area (12.5%). Majority of the injuries occurred at home (54.5%) while the child was playing (64.1%). Factors like child's gender and place of residence affected the occurrence of unintentional injuries (p<0.05). Out of total injured children, 18 of them had not recovered and 11 were left with some form of permanent disability. As the rate and pattern of unintentional childhood injuries in the rural and urban area differ, the prevention strategies should focus on risk factors that apply to both the areas and awareness should be created among the parents and primary caregivers about the fact that childhood injuries are predictable and preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Pathak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sunil Kumar Joshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Rauniyar VK, Khan SA, Gautam S, Parajuli SB. Clinico-epidemiological profile of cerebrovascular accident in eastern Nepal: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35569. [PMID: 37832119 PMCID: PMC10578665 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) has contributed to a significant increase in the morbidity and mortality rates in lower middle-income counties like Nepal. Despite being a common noncommunicable disease in Nepal, little attention has been paid to it, in terms of formulating national health plans and policies by the concerned authorities. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in patients diagnosed with cerebrovascular accidents at a tertiary care hospital in Eastern Nepal. We analyzed 128 diagnosed cases of cerebrovascular accidents from February 26, 2023 to June 26, 2023 after taking ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference no. IRC-PA-283/2078-79). Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23. The objective of this study was to explore the age and sex distribution of CVA, its association with medical co-morbidities, and known risk factors like Type-2-Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, thyroid disorders, smoking and alcohol. Together with calculating the distribution of ischemic CVA and hemorrhagic CVA we had also staged the disease based on the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K. Rauniyar
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Morang, Nepal
| | | | | | - Surya Bahadur Parajuli
- Department of Community Medicine, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Morang, Nepal
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Sharma VK, Niraula A, Tuladhar ET, Bhattarai A, Raut M, Dubey RK, Baidya S, Parajuli N. Autoimmune thyroid status in subclinical thyroid disorders in patients attending a tertiary care center in Nepal: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:221. [PMID: 37821852 PMCID: PMC10566047 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid dysfunction is the leading endocrine disorder worldwide. Iodine deficiency disorders, which were once the major etiology of thyroid dysfunctions, now have been succeeded by autoimmune thyroid diseases with the rise in aberrant salt ionization protocols. This study endeavors to access the level of thyroid autoantibodies viz. anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), anti-thyroglobulin (TGA), and anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TRAb) in individuals with subnormal thyroid profiles. METHODS This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tribhuvan University for a period of six months. Using non-probability (purposive) sampling method, a total of 60 patients were enrolled with subnormal thyroid profiles to include the population who have not yet started medication. Thyroid hormones (free T3, free T4, TSH) and thyroid antibodies (anti-TPO, TGA, and TRAb) were measured. For non-parametric data, Chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. Spearman's correlation was done to determine the association between variables. RESULTS Out of 60 participants, the majority of the population between 25 and 44 years were diagnosed with thyroid dysfunction with female preponderance. Among all, 40% (n = 24) had subclinical hyperthyroid states while, 60% (n = 36) had subclinical hypothyroid states, and 75% (n = 45) of the total exhibited positive thyroid antibodies. In subclinical hypothyroid patients with TSH above 10 µIU/ml, anti TPO (58.5%) and TGA (66.7%) positivity were highly prevalent. On the other hand, TRAb was exclusively positive in hyperthyroid condition (50% among the group) which is by far the first of its kind reported in Nepal. CONCLUSION The rise in autoimmune thyroid disease among the Nepalese population infers that addressing iodine deficiency simply through salt iodinization may not be adequate to deal with the rising burden of thyroid disorders, especially in iodine-depleted areas. Also, the increasing prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies positivity in subclinical hypothyroidism in the Nepalese population accounts for the arduous screening and monitoring of autoimmune thyroid disorders in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Apeksha Niraula
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Eans Tara Tuladhar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Aseem Bhattarai
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mithileshwer Raut
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Raju Kumar Dubey
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sujata Baidya
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Naresh Parajuli
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology), Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Subedi N, Bhattarai S, Ranabhat S, Sharma BK, Baral MP. Determination of causes of adult deaths using minimally invasive tissue sampling in Gandaki province of Nepal: a multicenter hospital-based study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:407. [PMID: 37805504 PMCID: PMC10559450 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling (MITS) has been successfully used to establish the cause of death in low- and middle-income countries, mostly in stillbirths and neonates. The objective of this study was to determine the causes of death among adults using MITS in the Gandaki province of Nepal and to find out the contribution of MITS to identify the causes of death. METHODS A multicentric hospital-based pilot study was conducted to enroll 100 cases of adult deaths. The specimens of cerebrospinal fluid, blood, brain, lungs, and liver tissue were collected utilizing MITS. These specimens underwent standard histopathological, serological, and microbiological analyses. The findings from MITS, and if available, clinical records and forensic autopsy findings were compiled and the cause of death panel identified the causes of death. The final cause of death allocated to each case was based on the WHO International Medical Certificate of Death. RESULTS Among a total of 100 cases enrolled during the study period, infectious cause attributed to the immediate cause of death in 77 (77%), cardiovascular in 10 (10%), neurological in 8 (8%), malignancy in two (2%), and gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary cause in one (1%) case. The mean age of the cases was 50.8 ± 15.9 years and 76 (76%) were males. MITS established the cause of death in the causal chain of events in 81(81%) cases and identified the cause of death significantly more with infectious than non-infectious causes (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS MITS was useful in establishing the cause of death in the majority of adult deaths and the most common cause was infectious disease. Our findings suggest that MITS can be a valuable and alternative tool for mortality surveillance in low-resource settings, where complete diagnostic autopsies are less accepted or less prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuwadatta Subedi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Gandaki, Pokhara, Nepal.
- DECODE MAUN Research Project, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Pokhara, Nepal.
| | - Suraj Bhattarai
- DECODE MAUN Research Project, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Pokhara, Nepal
- Global Health Research & Medical Interventions for Development (GLOHMED), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sunita Ranabhat
- DECODE MAUN Research Project, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Pokhara, Nepal
- Department of Pathology, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Binita Koirala Sharma
- DECODE MAUN Research Project, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Pokhara, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Prithvi Narayan Campus, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Madan Prasad Baral
- DECODE MAUN Research Project, Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Center, Pokhara, Nepal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Pokhara Academy of Health Sciences, Western Regional Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal
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Achhami E, Lamichhane S, Mahaju S, Kandel A, Poudel A, Kc R. Unregulated medication use and complications: a case study of prolonged self-treated tuberculosis in Nepal. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:659. [PMID: 37798711 PMCID: PMC10557175 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health issue, particularly in resource-constrained countries like Nepal. This case report highlights the consequences of prolonged self-treatment and non-compliance with TB management protocols, emphasizing the need for increased awareness and intervention. CASE PRESENTATION A 50-year-old male from Nepal self-medicated with anti-tubercular drugs for 13 years after completing the recommended course of treatment. He experienced worsening symptoms, including respiratory distress and visual impairment. Upon evaluation, he was diagnosed with chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. The patient received comprehensive treatment, including antifungal therapy, steroids, antibiotics, and respiratory support, resulting in significant improvement. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the dangers of self-treatment and non-compliance with TB management protocols. It emphasizes the importance of patient education, awareness programs, and regular follow-up to ensure treatment adherence and detect complications. The case also reveals gaps in the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course) program, including the need for improved surveillance, and a multidisciplinary approach. The ease of over-the-counter purchase of anti-tubercular drugs in Nepal contributed to the patient's prolonged self-medication, highlighting a concerning. The complications arising from prolonged self-medication underscore the need for increased awareness, intervention, and patient education in TB management. Improving patient education, raising awareness about the risks of self-medication, and integrating ophthalmologic evaluations into standard management are essential for better TB control in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliz Achhami
- Sukraraj Tropical & Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | | | - Satyam Mahaju
- Sukraraj Tropical & Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ashim Kandel
- Sukraraj Tropical & Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anubhav Poudel
- Sukraraj Tropical & Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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LeBoa C, Shrestha S, Shakya J, Naga SR, Shrestha S, Shakya M, Yu AT, Shrestha R, Vaidya K, Katuwal N, Aiemjoy K, Bogoch II, Uzzell CB, Garrett DO, Luby SP, Andrews JR, Tamrakar D. Environmental sampling for typhoidal Salmonellas in household and surface waters in Nepal identifies potential transmission pathways. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011341. [PMID: 37851667 PMCID: PMC10615262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi, fecal-oral transmitted bacterium, have temporally and geographically heterogeneous pathways of transmission. Previous work in Kathmandu, Nepal implicated stone waterspouts as a dominant transmission pathway after 77% of samples tested positive for Salmonella Typhi and 70% for Salmonella Paratyphi. Due to a falling water table, these spouts no longer provide drinking water, but typhoid fever persists, and the question of the disease's dominant pathway of transmission remains unanswered. METHODS We used environmental surveillance to detect Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A DNA from potential sources of transmission. We collected 370, 1L drinking water samples from a population-based random sample of households in the Kathmandu and Kavre Districts of Nepal between February and October 2019. Between November 2019 and July 2021, we collected 380, 50mL river water samples from 19 sentinel sites on a monthly interval along the rivers leading through the Kathmandu and Kavre Districts. We processed drinking water samples using a single qPCR and processed river water samples using differential centrifugation and qPCR at 0 and after 16 hours of liquid culture enrichment. A 3-cycle threshold (Ct) decrease of Salmonella Typhi or Salmonella Paratyphi, pre- and post-enrichment, was used as evidence of growth. We also performed structured observations of human-environment interactions to understand pathways of potential exposure. RESULTS Among 370 drinking water samples, Salmonella Typhi was detected in 7 samples (1.8%) and Salmonella Paratyphi A was detected in 4 (1.0%) samples. Among 380 river water samples, Salmonella Typhi was detected in 171 (45%) and Salmonella Paratyphi A was detected in 152 (42%) samples. Samples located upstream of the Kathmandu city center were positive for Salmonella Typhi 12% of the time while samples from locations in and downstream were positive 58% and 67% of the time respectively. Individuals were observed bathing, washing clothes, and washing vegetables in the rivers. IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that drinking water was not the dominant pathway of transmission of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A in the Kathmandu Valley in 2019. The high degree of river water contamination and its use for washing vegetables raises the possibility that river systems represent an important source of typhoid exposure in Kathmandu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher LeBoa
- Stanford University, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- University of California Berkeley, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sneha Shrestha
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Jivan Shakya
- Institute for Research in Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Shiva Ram Naga
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Surveillance, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Sony Shrestha
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Mudita Shakya
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Alexander T. Yu
- Stanford University, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rajeev Shrestha
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Surveillance, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Krista Vaidya
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Nishan Katuwal
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Surveillance, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Kristen Aiemjoy
- University of California Davis, Division of Public Health Sciences, California, United States of America
- Mahidol University Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Isaac I. Bogoch
- Toronto General Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Toronto, Canada, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto Canada
| | - Christopher B. Uzzell
- Imperial College London, School of Public Health, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denise O. Garrett
- Sabin Vaccine Institute, Applied Epidemiology Section, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- Stanford University, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Andrews
- Stanford University, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Dipesh Tamrakar
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Surveillance, Dhulikhel Hospital Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
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120
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Devkota A, Adhikari S, B.K RK. Poisoning among Children Visiting the Paediatric Emergency Department in a Tertiary Care Centre. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2023; 61:755-757. [PMID: 38289781 PMCID: PMC10579775 DOI: 10.31729/jnma.8291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Poisoning occurs when substances are ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through skin contact in quantities that are harmful to the body. Knowledge of the pattern and prevalence of paediatric poisoning will help us quantify the burden of poisoning. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of poisoning among children visiting the Paediatric Emergency Department in a tertiary care centre. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among children visiting the Paediatric Emergency Department in a tertiary care centre. Data from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021 was collected between 15 April 2022 to 25 April 2022 from medical records. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee. Children aged 0 to 14 years old were included in the study. A convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% Confidence Interval. Results Among 12,488 children, 162 (1.30%) (1.10-1.50, 95% Confidence Interval) had poisoning. Pesticides and insecticides were the most common agents involved in poisoning 39 (24.07%). Conclusions The prevalence of poisoning was found to be lower than other studies done in similar settings. Keywords children; Nepal; poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Askal Devkota
- Department of Paediatrics, Nepal Police Hospital, Panipokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Santosh Adhikari
- Department of Paediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Raj Kumar B.K
- Department of Paediatrics, Kanti Children's Hospital, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
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121
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Poudel KC, Poudel-Tandukar K, Silwal RC, Chalise BS, Bertone-Johnson ER, Vidrine DJ. Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Effects of a Video-Based Intervention for Smoking Cessation Among People with HIV in Kathmandu, Nepal: A Single-Armed Pilot Study. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:3468-3477. [PMID: 37071334 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the evidence of the disproportionate burden of tobacco use among people with HIV (PWH), little effort has been made to design and test smoking cessation interventions for PWH in resource-limited countries. We assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of a video-based smoking cessation intervention consisting of eleven 3-8-minute sessions among PWH in Nepal, a lower-middle-income country. Guided by the phased-based model, our 3-month intervention focused on setting the quit date, smoking cessation, and abstinence maintenance. We screened 103 PWH over three weeks for our single-arm trial, with 53 considered eligible and 48 recruited (91%). Forty-six participants watched all video clips, while two watched 7-9. All participants were retained at a 3-month follow-up. The 1-week point prevalence abstinence (self-report supported with expired carbon monoxide levels < 5ppm) at 3-month follow-up was 39.6%. Most (90%) participants reported "very much" or "much" comfort with watching the videos on their smartphones, and all would recommend the intervention to other PWH who smoke. Overall, our pilot trial demonstrated the feasibility, acceptability, and high-level efficacy of the video-based smoking cessation intervention highlighting its potential for scaling up in Nepal and other resource-limited countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna C Poudel
- Department of Health Promotion and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 715 North Pleasant St., Arnold House, Amherst, MA, 01003-9304, USA.
- Institute for Global Health, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth R Bertone-Johnson
- Department of Health Promotion and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 715 North Pleasant St., Arnold House, Amherst, MA, 01003-9304, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Damon J Vidrine
- Moffit Cancer Center, Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Tampa, FL, USA
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122
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Martschew E, Al-Aghbari AA, Joshi AB, Kroeger A, Paudel KP, Dahal G, Pyakurel UR, Diaz-Monsalve S, Banjara MR. Visceral leishmaniasis in new foci areas of Nepal: Sources and extent of infection. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:414-420. [PMID: 38174519 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.383637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives The successful elimination program of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Nepal decreased the incidence to less than 1 per 10,000 population leading to the consolidation phase. However, new VL cases have been recorded from new districts, threatening the elimination goal. This study monitors the geographical spread of VL and identifies potential risk factors. Methods VL data of 2017-2020 were obtained from the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) of Nepal and mapped. Telephonic interviews with 13 VL patients were conducted. Results The incidence maps indicate that VL is spreading to new areas. The target incidence exceeded four times in hilly and twice in mountainous districts. VL cases occurred in 64 of 77 districts in all three regions (mountainous, hilly and Terai). Interviews showed a correlation between travel history (private, commercial and for studies) and the spread of VL cases to new foci. Interpretation & conclusion One major challenge of VL elimination in the maintenance phase is the spread of infection through travelers to new foci areas, which needs to be under continuous surveillance accompanied by vector control activities. This should be confirmed by a large-scale analytical study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anand Ballabh Joshi
- Public Health and Infectious Disease Research Center, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Axel Kroeger
- Centre for Medicine and Society, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Gokarna Dahal
- Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Sonia Diaz-Monsalve
- Centre for Medicine and Society, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Megha Raj Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
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123
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Mubashar B, Iqbal S, Noor A, Sarfraz A, Sarfraz Z. Rabies in the SAARC region: An epidemiological study of disease burden and challenges. Trop Doct 2023; 53:437-440. [PMID: 37278032 DOI: 10.1177/00494755231179765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our original study explored trends in rabies-related cases in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation region from 2017 to 2021. We analyzed population-level data from Global Health Observatory, World Animal Health Information Database and media reports using Microsoft Excel v.2016. Rabies prevalence varied with India experiencing the highest increase, while Bhutan reported a significant decrease. In contrast, Nepal and Pakistan observed fluctuations, emphasizing the need for ongoing intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bareea Mubashar
- Graduate Medical Researcher, Department of Medical Education, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Iqbal
- Graduate Medical Researcher, Department of Research, University Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amna Noor
- Graduate Medical Researcher, Department of Research, University Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azza Sarfraz
- Clinical Research Associate, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zouina Sarfraz
- Graduate Medical Researcher, Department of Research and Publications, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
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124
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Sitaula D, Dhakal A, Lageju N, Silwal A, Basnet SK, Shrestha N, Anup Bikram BC, Phoju N. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Adolescent Obesity among Rural School Adolescents in Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom 2023; 2023:2957278. [PMID: 37808524 PMCID: PMC10558264 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2957278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for chronic diseases and are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Obesity during adolescence is strongly associated with adulthood obesity leading to increased morbidities and mortality. As a developing country undergoing rapid urbanization, Nepal is in a transitional phase where undernutrition coexists with obesity; however, there is a dearth of literature on the status of adolescent obesity in the rural section of Nepal. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of adolescent obesity in a rural district of Nepal and find out its associated factors. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the adolescent students studying in classes 8, 9, and 10 in four secondary schools of Gosaikunda rural municipality of Rasuwa district, Nepal. Total enumerative sampling was used, and Global School-based Health Survey (GSHS) standard questionnaires were used in collecting the information. Height and weight measurements were taken, and the body mass index was classified according to Asia-Pacific criteria. The collected data were analyzed using "SPSS" version 22. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associated factors, and a p value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Out of 267 adolescents, 14.6% were obese and 14.6% were overweight. Of the female participants, 39.6% were either obese or overweight, while 12.6% of the male adolescents were overweight/obese. Among the total participants, 16.5% were underweight, including 14.0% females and 20.4% males. Female adolescents were about five times (AOR: 5.2, 95% CI (2.5-10.9), p < 0.01) more likely of being overweight/obese than male adolescents. Conclusions More than one-quarter of the adolescents were found to be obese/overweight, and the prevalence was significantly more among female adolescents. It emphasizes the necessity of school-based programs promoting a healthy lifestyle among students to maintain healthy weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aarati Dhakal
- Department of Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Nimesh Lageju
- Rasuwa Hospital, Dhunche, Rasuwa, Bagmati Province, Nepal
| | - Amisha Silwal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nepal Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | - Niki Shrestha
- Department of Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - B. C. Anup Bikram
- NCD and Mental Health Section, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niraj Phoju
- Rasuwa Hospital, Dhunche, Rasuwa, Bagmati Province, Nepal
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125
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Paudel R, Tunkl C, Shrestha S, Subedi RC, Adhikari A, Thapa L, Gajurel BP, Chandra A, Kharel G, Jalan P, Phuyal S, Pokharel BR, Acharya S, Bogati K, Jha P, Kharbuja N, Gumbinger C. Stroke epidemiology and outcomes of stroke patients in Nepal: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:337. [PMID: 37749496 PMCID: PMC10519080 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With an increasing burden of stroke, it is essential to minimize the incidence of stroke and improve stroke care by emphasizing areas that bring out the maximum impact. The care situation remains unclear in the absence of a national stroke care registry and a lack of structured hospital-based data monitoring. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the status of stroke care in Nepal and identify areas that need dedicated improvement in stroke care. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted to identify all studies on stroke epidemiology or stroke care published between 2000 and 2020 in Nepal. Data analysis was done with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA-3). RESULTS We identified 2533 studies after database searching, and 55 were included in quantitative and narrative synthesis. All analyses were done in tertiary care settings in densely populated central parts of Nepal. Ischemic stroke was more frequent (70.87%) than hemorrhagic (26.79%), and the mean age of stroke patients was 62,9 years. Mortality occurred in 16.9% (13-21.7%), thrombolysis was performed in 2.39% of patients, and no studies described thrombectomy or stroke unit care. CONCLUSION The provision of stroke care in Nepal needs to catch up to international standards, and our systematic review demonstrated the need to improve access to quality stroke care. Dedicated studies on establishing stroke care units, prevention, rehabilitation, and studies on lower levels of care or remote regions are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Paudel
- Grande International Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | | | | | | | - Ayush Adhikari
- Tribhuvan Univerisity Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Avinash Chandra
- Annapurna Neurological Institute and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ghanashyam Kharel
- National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | | | - Subi Acharya
- Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | | | - Pinky Jha
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
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126
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Yan T, Mullany LC, Subedi S, Hazel EA, Khatry SK, Mohan D, Zeger S, Tielsch JM, LeClerq SC, Katz J. Risk factors for neonatal mortality: an observational cohort study in Sarlahi district of rural southern Nepal. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e066931. [PMID: 37709319 PMCID: PMC10503364 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the association between maternal characteristics, adverse birth outcomes (small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and/or preterm) and neonatal mortality in rural Nepal. DESIGN This is a secondary observational analysis to identify risk factors for neonatal mortality, using data from a randomised trial to assess the impact of newborn massage with different oils on neonatal mortality in Sarlahi district, Nepal. SETTING Rural Sarlahi district, Nepal. PARTICIPANTS 40 119 pregnant women enrolled from 9 September 2010 to 16 January 2017. MAIN OUTCOME The outcome variable is neonatal death. Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted Hazard Ratios (aHRs) to assess the association between adverse birth outcomes and neonatal mortality. RESULTS There were 32 004 live births and 998 neonatal deaths. SGA and/or preterm birth was strongly associated with increased neonatal mortality: SGA and preterm (aHR: 7.09, 95% CI: (4.44 to 11.31)), SGA and term/post-term (aHR: 2.12, 95% CI: (1.58 to 2.86)), appropriate-for-gestational-age/large-for-gestational-age and preterm (aHR: 3.23, 95% CI: (2.30 to 4.54)). Neonatal mortality was increased with a history of prior child deaths (aHR: 1.53, 95% CI: (1.24 to 1.87)), being a twin or triplet (aHR: 5.64, 95% CI: (4.25 to 7.48)), births at health posts/clinics or in hospital (aHR: 1.34, 95% CI: (1.13 to 1.58)) and on the way to facilities or outdoors (aHR: 2.26, 95% CI: (1.57 to 3.26)). Risk was lower with increasing maternal height from <145 cm to 145-150 cm (aHR: 0.78, 95% CI: (0.65 to 0.94)) to ≥150 cm (aHR: 0.57, 95% CI: (0.47 to 0.68)), four or more antenatal care (ANC) visits (aHR: 0.67, 95% CI: (0.53 to 0.86)) and education >5 years (aHR: 0.75, 95% CI: (0.62 to 0.92)). CONCLUSION SGA and/or preterm birth are strongly associated with increased neonatal mortality. To reduce neonatal mortality, interventions that prevent SGA and preterm births by promoting ANC and facility delivery, and care of high-risk infants after birth should be tested. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01177111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luke C Mullany
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seema Subedi
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hazel
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Subarna K Khatry
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project - Sarlahi (NNIPS), Nepal Eye Hospital Complex, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Diwakar Mohan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott Zeger
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Steven C LeClerq
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Nepal Nutrition Intervention Project - Sarlahi (NNIPS), Nepal Eye Hospital Complex, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Shrestha RK, Thapa A, Shrestha D, Pokhrel S, Aryal A, Adhikari R, Shrestha N, Dhoubhadel BG, Parry CM. Characterization of Transferrable Mechanisms of Quinolone Resistance (TMQR) among Quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing Urinary Tract Infection in Nepalese Children. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:458. [PMID: 37704964 PMCID: PMC10498618 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transferrable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) can lead to fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility in addition to chromosomal mechanisms. Some evidence suggests that fluoroquinolone resistance is increasing among the pediatric population. We sought to determine the occurrence of TMQR genes among quinolone-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae causing urinary tract infections among Nepalese outpatient children (< 18 years) and identify molecular characteristics of TMQR-harboring isolates. METHODS We performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phenotypic extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and modified carbapenem inactivation method tests, and investigated the presence of six TMQR genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, qepA), three ESBL genes (blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV), and five carbapenemase genes (blaNDM, blaOXA-48, blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM). The quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and parC were sequenced for 35 TMQR-positive isolates. RESULTS A total of 74/147 (50.3%) isolates were TMQR positive by multiplex PCR [aac(6')-Ib-cr in 48 (32.7%), qnrB in 23 (15.7%), qnrS in 18 (12.3%), qnrA in 1 (0.7%), and oqxAB in 1 (0.7%) isolate]. The median ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentration of TMQR-positive isolates (64 µg/mL) was two-fold higher than those without TMQR (32 µg/mL) (p = 0.004). Ser-83→Leu and Asp-87→Asn in GyrA and Ser-80→Ile in ParC were the most common QRDR mutations (23 of 35). In addition, there was a statistically significant association between TMQR and two β-lactamase genes; blaCTX-M (p = 0.037) and blaTEM (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION This study suggests a high prevalence of TMQR among the quinolone-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates causing urinary tract infection in children in this area of Nepal and an association with the carriage of ESBL gene. This is a challenge for the management of urinary infections in children. Comprehensive prospective surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in these common pathogens will be necessary to devise strategies to mitigate the emergence of further resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Infections, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Christopher M Parry
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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128
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Singh B. The crisis of physician well-being in Nepal: a multifaceted dilemma demanding urgent intervention. Int J Qual Health Care 2023; 35:mzad070. [PMID: 37698917 DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthcare system in Nepal faces challenges despite the establishment of numerous medical colleges and an increasing number of doctors. The distribution of medical colleges is disproportionately concentrated in urban areas, leaving rural populations without quality health care. The mental well-being of physicians is a growing concern, with studies indicating high levels of burnout, stress, and depression among healthcare workers, worsened by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Rising suicide rates among medical professionals highlight the severity of burnout and depression in the healthcare sector. Factors contributing to this crisis include inadequate recruitment in government hospitals, a shortage of healthcare professionals, and inefficiencies in resource distribution. Attacks on physicians have become alarmingly frequent, necessitating comprehensive studies to understand the challenges faced by different specialties and the impact of rural versus urban settings. To address these issues, prompt filling of vacant positions in government hospitals and prioritizing physicians' mental health is crucial. The government should offer competitive salaries, effective management, and supportive working environments to combat the brain drain. Initiatives inspiring professionals to stay in Nepal, along with maintaining the National Health Insurance Program and controlling healthcare privatization, are necessary. Resilience training, professional programs, and improved infrastructure in government medical colleges are vital. This crisis demands global attention and a national study to evaluate burnout, depression, and suicide among healthcare professionals. By addressing these challenges and supporting the well-being of healthcare workers, Nepal can work toward a sustainable healthcare system that provides quality care for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bivek Singh
- Department of Medicine, National Cardiac Centre, Bashundhara, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai 200120, China
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129
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Pant S, Rajbhandari B, Gurung M, Poudel L, Maharjan A, Nepal S, Thapa TB, Malla N, Lama T, Sharma D, Gurung C, Parajuli Y, Panta N. Academic Stress among Adolescents of Rural Nepal: A Community-based Cross-Sectional Study. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:136-144. [PMID: 37742163 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents are in the transition phase between childhood and adulthood. Their mental health influences many aspects in their life as they go through many physical and emotional changes. Adolescent mental health is harmed by changes in emotional and physical state, as well as increased academic pressure. This study aimed to assess academic stress and its associated factors among adolescents in rural Nepal. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 424 adolescents residing in Karnali Province, Nepal. Academic stress was measured using Student Assessing Academic Stress. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine associated factors at the significance level of 0.05. RESULTS Of the total students, 19.8% had moderate academic stress and 2.4% of them had high academic stress. Female students had thrice higher odds of having academic stress as compared to male students (Adjusted Odds Ratio:3.47; 95% Confidence Interval:1.91to 6.31, p-value:<0.001). Grade 10 students had higher odds of having academic stress as compared to grade 9 (Adjusted Odds Ratio:2.02; 95% Confidence Interval:1.13 to 3.61, p-value:0.017). Students of literate mothers were more likely to experience academic stress than those with illiterate mothers (Adjusted Odds Ratio:0.53; 95% Confidence Interval:0.29 to 0.96, p-value:0.036). Students with unsatisfactory academic performance had thrice higher odds of having academic stress as compared to students with satisfactory academic performance (Adjusted Odds Ratio:3.12; 95% Confidence Interval:1.46 to 6.67, p-value:<0.003). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the study showed that high school students have academic stress, which is related to many factors at home and school. Understanding academic stress and parents and teachers providing the best support to the students could help lessen the burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Pant
- Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bibek Rajbhandari
- Department of Emergency Medicine and General Practice, Nepal Police Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Minani Gurung
- One Health Research and Training Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Lisasha Poudel
- One Health Research and Training Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Sujita Nepal
- One Health Research and Training Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Tek Bahadur Thapa
- Department of Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital-Kathmandu University Hospital, Nepal
| | - Nabina Malla
- School of Public Health, Chitwan Medical College, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Tashi Lama
- Department of General Practice,Patan Academy of Health Science,Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Dikshya Sharma
- One Health Research and Training Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Chandani Gurung
- Department of Psychiatry, Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Niranjan Panta
- Department of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Bhandari I, Karmacharya Malla K, Chaudhary BR, Ghimire P. Early Outcome of Neonates Admitted with Meconium Aspiration Syndrome. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:165-169. [PMID: 37742167 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meconium aspiration syndrome is one of the commonest cause of respiratory distress in neonates. The incidence is still high in developing world. This study aims to study the clinical characteristics and early outcome of neonates admitted for meconium aspiration syndrome. METHODS This was a cross-sectional descriptive study done among neonates admitted to the neonatal Intensive Care Unit with a diagnosis of Meconium Aspiration syndrome. Relevant epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data were obtained. The early outcome of those neonate was studied. RESULTS Out of 140 neonates with a mean birth weight of 2865 + 543 grams,73.6% were male, of which 76.4% were referred cases while 23.6% were inborn. Of them 69.3% had history of thin type of meconium while 30.7% had thick type of meconium during delivery. Of all mothers, 74.3% were primigravida, 4.3% had intrapartum fever of unknown source,11.4% suffered from urinary tract infection while 2.8% had hypertension. Premature rupture of membrane had occurred among 7.9% and oligohydramnios was found in 10%. Half of them (50.7%) had spontaneous vaginal delivery, 44.3% had caesarian section, while 4.8% had assisted delivery. Around one third of the neonates (37.1%) were given supplemental oxygen via nasal prongs, 25.7% via head box, 27.1% via continuous positive airway pressure and 10% intubated. Around half of the neonates (42.1%) had no complications. Complication noted were sepsis, birth asphyxia, seizures and polycythemia in 35%, 14.3%, 5.7% and 2.9% respectively. Mortality occurred among 5.0% of them. CONCLUSIONS Meconium aspiration syndrome is one of the commonest cause of respiratory distress in a neonate which is associated with common maternal risk factors especially in primigravida which included Urinary tract infection, hypertension and oligohydramnios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Bhandari
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital
| | | | | | - Pukar Ghimire
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
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Shreewastav RK, Joshi BR, Yadav R, Katwal A, Shrestha S. Iron Profile and Status of Anemia with the Associated Factors in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:129-135. [PMID: 37742162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main complications of chronic kidney disease is anemia. Disorders of iron homeostasis seen in such patients make the management of anemia more challenging and risky. To obtain the desired result, erythropoietin and iron dose must be carefully regulated. The aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of anemia and level iron indices in patients of chronic kidney disease at a tertiary care hospital. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on chronic kidney disease patients at a tertiary care center. Demographic data like age, sex, height and weight were collected with the help of using Performa. The hematological and biochemical study variables were assayed by blood sample of the patients in the clinical laboratory services. Data were analyzed by statistical package for the social sciences Version 20.0 Results: Out of 171 patients with chronic kidney disease, 162 (94.7%) were anemic, with the highest percentage 54 (31.5%) having hypertension. The median value with inter-quartile range of hemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin, TIBC and transferring saturation were 8.9 gm/dl (6.7-10.0), 115.0 (µg/dl) (60.0-140.0), 599.0 ng/ml (142.6-973.0), 279.0 µg/dl (250.0-342.0) and 41.0 % (22.0-53.0) respectively. Serum creatinine and eGFR were significantly correlated with hemoglobin and iron indices. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that anemia was more prevalent in patients of chronic kidney disease in our setting as compared to similar studies. Hypertension was the most common disease among them. The median value of parameters of iron profile except ferritin among them was within the reference limit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bishal Raj Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Department of Nephrology, Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal
| | - Anup Katwal
- Department of Nephrology, Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal
| | - Shailendra Shrestha
- Department of Nephrology, Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal
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Bhattarai A, Ranabhat K, Saud B, Bhattarai S, Paudel K, Acharya DK, Tripathi S, Shah S, Bhatta N, Das SK. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Concerning COVID-19 in Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:145-152. [PMID: 37742164 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) severely affects patients with chronic diseases. Adequate knowledge, attitudes, and practice related to COVID-19 is associated with decrease morbidity and mortality. Therefore, this aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward COVID-19 disease among chronic diseases patients visiting tertiary hospitals in Kathmandu. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among chronic disease patients who visited Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital and Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Center, Kathmandu. Structured questionnaire was used to collect patients' socio-demographic data and perspectives on COVID-19. RESULTS Four hundred chronic disease patients participated in the study, with 53.2% female and 46.8% male, and 56.8% of age ≥50 years. Overall, 55.5% of the participants had good knowledge, 56.2% had good practice, and 30.7% had positive attitude towards COVID-19. Younger patients, 18-34 years, were found to have higher odds of having good knowledge compared to other age groups (aOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3-6.0). The patients with less than average family income and those unable to read and write had lower odds of having positive attitude towards COVID-19 (aOR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-0.9 and aOR: 0.4; 95%CI: 0.2-0.9, respectively). A statistically significant correlation was found between the patients' knowledge and practice, knowledge and attitude, and attitude and practice (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Nearly half of the chronic disease patients in Nepal had poor knowledge and practice whereas more than two-third had negative attitude towards COVID-19 disease. Older age of the patient was significantly associated with poor knowledge and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Bhattarai
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Bhuvan Saud
- Janamaitri Foundation Institute of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Suraj Bhattarai
- Global Health Research and Medical Interventions for Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kiran Paudel
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Sangam Shah
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nikita Bhatta
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Santa Kumar Das
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Malla P, Khanal MP, Pokhrel A, Sah B, Pathak S, Subedi A, Sapkota S. Correlation of Serum Uric Acid and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:170-174. [PMID: 37742168 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes complication poses a new challenge in Nepal as the disease is becoming endemic. Identifying risk factor for diabetes can be an essential step in preventing complication related to diabetes. Abnormal Uric acid and lipid profile are the important risk indicators of diabetes mellitus complications, so the study was done to know the association between uric acid and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes. METHODS A cross-sectional study was done from 118 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus visiting Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Three ml of venous blood was analyzed for fasting blood glucose, uric acid, and lipid profile. Correlational analysis was done between fasting blood glucose with triglycerides, high density lipoproteins and uric acid. RESULTS A significant positive correlation between fasting blood glucose and triglyceride (r =.211, p = .022) was found in diabetic. There was significant negative correlation of fasting blood glucose with uric acid (r = -.196, p =.034) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -.181, p = .049). Uric acid was also found to have significant positive correlation with triglyceride (r = .235, p = .010) and negative correlation with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -.420, p = .000). CONCLUSIONS Negative correlation of serum uric acid with fasting blood glucose and high-density lipoprotein and positive correlation with triglycerides suggests a possible connection of uric acid as a risk factor for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Malla
- Department of Biochemistry, Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur
| | | | - Asmita Pokhrel
- Department of Biochemistry, Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu
| | - Bishesh Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur
| | | | - Anukul Subedi
- Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Sinamangal, Kathmandu
| | - Srijana Sapkota
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Jaisani MR, Dongol A, Acharya P, Yadav AK, Pasvan C, Rai S, Laverick S. Maxillofacial Injuries in an Eastern Nepal Tertiary Hospital. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:153-158. [PMID: 37742165 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maxillofacial injury is a major health problem, and injury patterns vary in different societies. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the pattern of maxillofacial injuries presenting to BPKIHS. METHODS Patients with age >15 years presenting with maxillofacial injuries from May, 2019 to April, 2020 were included in this cross-sectional descriptive study. Demographic profile, etiology, delay in presentation, pattern of soft tissue/ bony/ dental injuries, treatment modality were recorded and analyzed using Microsoft excel. RESULTS Within one year study period 190 patients with age group >15 years presented with facial injuries. There were 164 male (86.32%) and 26 female (13.68 %) patients (M:F=6.3: 1) with mean age of 34.96 years. Road Traffic Accident (RTA) (61.58%) was the most common etiology. Majority of the patients reported to hospital within 2-6 hrs of injury. Other associated injuries was present in 36.32 % of patients with orthopedic injury (60.87%) being common. Soft tissue injuries were seen in 80.53% patients, of which 49.02% were associated with facial fractures. Mandible fractures were seen in 56.19% of hard tissue injuries, of which 40.68% had multiple fractures followed by 28.81% with parasymphysis fracture. Within 37.14% patients with midface fractures, zygoma fracture (33.33%) was the commonest. Intervention was done in 80.95 % patients, with ORIF (72.38 %) being the commonest. Dentoalveolar injuries was seen in 22.63 % patients, of which 48.19% were associated with facial fractures. CONCLUSIONS Our observations show that motor vehicle accidents were the most frequent cause of maxillofacial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul R Jaisani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Ashok Dongol
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Pradeep Acharya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Anjani Kr Yadav
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Chandrakant Pasvan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Siddhartha Rai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Sean Laverick
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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Acharya P, Neupane AP, Sigdel B, Ghimire L, Pant MR, Budhathoki A, Poudyal A. Magnitude of Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors among HIV-positive Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:159-164. [PMID: 37742166 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral load assessment is the preferred method for diagnosing and confirming virologic failure for patients on antiretroviral therapy. This study aimed to assess the proportion of viral load suppression and identify associated factors among HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at the Pokhara academy of health science in Nepal. METHODS This institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted at Pokhara academy of health science in Pokhara, Nepal. The study included 567 HIV patients who were enrolled between January 2016 and December 2019 and had their viral load measured within a one-year period. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 13.0. The proportions of viral load suppression and non-suppression were determined. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify factors associated with viral load suppression. Statistical significance was determined at a 95% confidence interval and p < 0.05 Results: Out of the 567 HIV patients, 95.76 % (95% CI: 94.10-97.42) achieved viral suppression. In multivariate analysis, longer duration of antiretroviral therapy treatment (> 3 years) was independently associated with higher odds of achieving viral suppression compared to those on antiretroviral therapy for less than 6 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 11.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.32-108.81, p < 0.0027). Conversely, individuals in second-line treatment had significantly lower odds of viral suppression compared to those in first-line treatment (aOR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.05-0.66, p < 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated a high rate of viral suppression among HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, exceeding the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target. Longer duration of antiretroviral therapy and being in second-line treatment were identified as factors influencing viral load suppression. These findings emphasize the importance of early initiation and adherence to first-line treatment for optimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laxmi Ghimire
- Public Health Promotion and Development Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Anil Poudyal
- Public Health Promotion and Development Organization, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Tunkl C, Paudel R, Thapa L, Tunkl P, Jalan P, Chandra A, Belson S, Prasad Gajurel B, Haji-Begli N, Bajaj S, Golenia J, Wick W, Hacke W, Gumbinger C. Are digital social media campaigns the key to raise stroke awareness in low-and middle-income countries? A study of feasibility and cost-effectiveness in Nepal. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291392. [PMID: 37682967 PMCID: PMC10490866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a major global health problem and was the second leading cause of death worldwide in 2020. However, the lack of public stroke awareness especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Nepal severely hinders the effective provision of stroke care. Efficient and cost-effective strategies to raise stroke awareness in LMICs are still lacking. This study aims to (a) explore the feasibility of a social media-based stroke awareness campaign in Nepal using a cost-benefit analysis and (b) identify best practices for social media health education campaigns. METHODS We performed a stroke awareness campaign over a period of 6 months as part of a Stroke Project in Nepal on four social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok) with organic traffic and paid advertisements. Adapted material based on the World Stroke Day Campaign and specifically created videos for TikTok were used. Performance of the campaign was analyzed with established quantitative social media metrics (impressions, reach, engagement, costs). RESULTS Campaign posts were displayed 7.5 million times to users in Nepal. 2.5 million individual social media users in Nepal were exposed to the campaign on average three times, which equals 8.6% of Nepal's total population. Of those, 250,000 users actively engaged with the posts. Paid advertisement on Facebook and Instagram proved to be more effective in terms of reach and cost than organic traffic. The total campaign cost was low with a "Cost to reach 1,000 users" of 0.24 EUR and a "Cost Per Click" of 0.01 EUR. DISCUSSION Social media-based campaigns using paid advertisement provide a feasible and, compared to classical mass medias, a very cost-effective approach to inform large parts of the population about stroke awareness in LMICs. Future research needs to further analyze the impact of social media campaigns on stroke knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tunkl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raju Paudel
- Grande International Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nima Haji-Begli
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sunanjay Bajaj
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Golenia
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Werner Hacke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Gumbinger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Sharma P, Bhandari R, Poudel P, Pandey G, Paudyal R. Clinical Profile, Radiological Findings, and Risk Factors Associated with Pneumonia among Children Admitted in Dhulikhel Hospital. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:81-85. [PMID: 37742154 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is the commonest lung disease which is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in young children and is a common acute respiratory infection. The presentation varies among the cases. The study was done to know the risk factors, clinical profile, radiological findings, and short-term outcome of the admitted patients with pneumonia between six months to sixteen years at Dhulikhel Hospital. METHODS A hospital based observational prospective cross-sectional study done in 65 cases over the period of 17 months in children admitted with pneumonia at Pediatrics department of Dhulikhel Hospital. Socio-demographic variables, clinical profile, radiological profile, diagnosis, and short-term outcome were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Out of 65 patients, 76.9% cases were children between six months to five years. The most common clinical presentation was fever (98.5%) followed by cough (86.2%). Crepitation (78.5%) and subcostal retraction (29.2%) were common clinical findings. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia, sepsis, and right heart failure were associated with mortality. The requirement of mechanical ventilation, oxygenation, and inotrope support was more likely to have fatal outcome. CONCLUSIONS Fever and cough were the most common clinical presentation and right middle zone consolidation was the most common finding in children admitted with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
| | | | | | | | - Richa Paudyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
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Pudasaini S, Dangal G. Clinical Profile of Patients of Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Its Associated Factors. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:86-91. [PMID: 37742155 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolapse is among the most common indication for gynaecological surgery. It is difficult to estimate prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse even in developed countries due to lack of epidemiological studies. This study was done to find the prevalence, risk factors and common presenting complaints of women with pelvic organ prolapse. METHODS Women with pelvic organ prolapse visiting Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital during 4 months duration in 2021 were approached and after obtaining an informed consent, all the patient information on various risk factors and clinical profile(age,parity,body mass index,smoking etc.) for pelvic organ prolpase were collected in a pre-developed proforma. Pelvic Organ Prolapse was classified by Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system. Data analysis was done using statistical package for the social sciences-25. Ethical approval was taken from Institutional Review Committee- National Academy of Medical Sciences. RESULTS Out of 58 cases enrolled in the study, prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse was found to be 1.28%. Women belonging to age group ≥ 49 years was 91.4%. Bulge symptom was the most common presenting complain among the women, 98.3%. 50% of women (n=29) were grand multipara. 53.4% (n=31) of women had delivered their first baby before 20 years of age. Multiparity,vaginal birth and menopausal age were the common risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Menopausal age, multi-parity, vaginal births, age at first vaginal delivery of less than 20 years were significant risk factors for development of prolapse. Bulge symptom was the most common presenting complaint. However,Smoking habit, overweight were not related to pelvic organ prolapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Pudasaini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Nepal
| | - Ganesh Dangal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kathmandu Model Hospital, Nepal
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Bajracharya SM, Baidya R, Bhandari S, Amatya AG. Incidence and Predictors of Delirium After Cardiac Surgery. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:1-7. [PMID: 37742140 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and perioperative factors that predispose to cause delirium in postoperative cardiac surgery patients in our Intensive Care Unit. METHODS We performed a prospective, observational study. Following institutional review board approval, this study included 234 patients above the age of 18 years meeting the inclusion criteria for cardiac surgery in Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center from July 2018 to December 2018. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data for possible risk factors were obtained. Daily assessment of delirium was done during Intensive Care Unit stay of the patient. Collected data were analysed by means of statistical software SPSS-21. RESULTS The incidence of delirium was 15.6% (35/224) in our study. Delirium was seen in 14 out of 58 (24.1%) patients with age >60 years which was found to be statistically significant. Preoperative risk factor for developing delirium were carotid artery disease and Hemoglobin level <10gm/dl. Intraoperative risk factor for developing delirium were blood transfusion, longer cardiopulmonary bypass time. Post-operative factors for developing delirium included longer Intensive Care Unit stay, mechanical ventilation time ,duration on inotropes , blood transfusion, use of non-invasive ventilation, sleep deprivation, use of intra-aortic balloon pump, Pao2<70. CONCLUSIONS As shown in our study, delirium is a frequent occurrence in the cardiac surgical population. The incidence of delirium after cardiac surgery was 15.6%. Several risk factors pre-operatively like age>60 years, carotid artery disease, Hb<10gm/dl, intra-operative factors like longer cardiopulmonary bypass time, blood transfusion and post-operatively longer duration of Mechanical ventilation, Intensive Care Unit stay, blood transfusion, use of intra-aortic balloon pump and Non-invasive ventilation were found to be predictors of delirium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rabin Baidya
- Department of cardiac anesthesia and Intensive care unit / Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre
| | - Sandip Bhandari
- Department of cardiac anesthesia and Intensive care unit / Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre
| | - Ashish G Amatya
- Department of cardiac anesthesia and Intensive care unit / Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre
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Timsina D, Chowhan R, Sharma SK. Level and Trend of Child Health and Nutrition Status in Nepal: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey (1996-2016). J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:103-109. [PMID: 37742158 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child health and nutrition are key indicators of the country's socioeconomic development and quality of life. The purpose of the paper was to examine the level, trend, and socio-demographic differences of selected child health and nutrition indicators and to provide policy recommendations for improvement. METHODS Desk review was conducted to compile secondary information on child health and nutrition status published in the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey reports prepared by Ministry of Health and Population from 1996 to 2016. Trend lines, bar diagram, and GIS maps were prepared to study and present the findings. RESULTS A substantial decrease in under-five mortality, from 118 to 39 (67% point decline) and neonatal mortality, from 50 to 21 (58% point decline) deaths per 1000 live births, was noted between 1996 and 2016. Full immunization coverage decreased from 87% in 2011 to 78% in 2016. 36% of children under the age of five were stunted, 25% were underweight, and 10% were wasted in 2016. Boys were more likely to receive treatment for diarrhoea (72%), compared to girls (56%). The majority of the children (74%) had their acute respiratory infections managed at private medical centers. Child health and nutritional status differed by geographic regions, being better in Gandaki and Bagmati and poor in Karnali and Madesh. Overall health and nutrition status of children were better among educated, and wealthier families. CONCLUSIONS To further reduce childhood mortality and reach the targets for the Sustainable Development Goal, targeted interventions must be implemented to improve immunization coverage plus health and nutritional status among disadvantaged populations.
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Khanal RR, Gajurel RM, Shah S, Poudel CM, Shrestha H, Devkota S, Thapa S. Arrhythmias: Its Occurrence, Risk Factors, Therapy, and Prognosis in Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:8-14. [PMID: 37742141 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with acute coronary syndrome may lead to various metabolic and electrophysiological changes that induce both asymptomatic and symptomatic life-threatening arrhythmias, which increases morbidity and mortality. METHODS This observational retrospective study was conducted at Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Center, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal. Three hundred ninety-five patients with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome were enrolled in the study. RESULTS A total of 395 patients were included in the study with a mean age of patients 61.29± 13.5 years and with male predominance. A total number of 115 cases of arrhythmia were recorded among which the most common were atrioventricular block (10%), reperfusion arrhythmia (9.6%) followed by ventricular premature complex (8%), atrial fibrillation/flutter (6%), and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (5%). There was a significant difference in the incidence of arrhythmia in acute coronary syndrome group. STEMI (39.7%), NSTEMI 26(20.8%) and unstable angina11(14.8%) respectively (p=<0.001). Reperfusion arrhythmia was present in 89.47% of STEMI and 10.4 % of NSTEMI/ unstable angina and was statistically significant (p-value <0.001). A total of three patients (0.7%) needed permanent pacemaker insertion in the acute coronary syndrome group. All of these patients were STEMI which was 1.5% of total STEMI, two in inferior wall STEMI (2.6%) and 1 in anterior wall STEMI (0.8%). The total in-hospital mortality was 20 (5.06%), 17(8.6%) among STEMI and 3(2.4%) among NSTEMI, and none in unstable angina (P =<0.001). Pulmonary edema (12.9%) was the most common in-hospital outcome followed by cardiac arrest (7.6%). CONCLUSIONS Arrhythmia in acute coronary syndrome is a common problem and may lead to structural and functional impairment of myocardial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ram Khanal
- Department of Cardiology, Manmohan Cardio Thoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ratna Mani Gajurel
- Department of Cardiology, Manmohan Cardio Thoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sangam Shah
- Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajagunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Chandra Mani Poudel
- Department of Cardiology, Manmohan Cardio Thoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Hemant Shrestha
- Department of Cardiology, Manmohan Cardio Thoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Surya Devkota
- Department of Cardiology, Manmohan Cardio Thoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sanjeev Thapa
- Department of Cardiology, Manmohan Cardio Thoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Shrestha N, Sharma S, Ghimire B, Prasad P, Das D, Sherchand JB. Bacteriological Profile of Surgical Site Infection Following Gastrointestinal Surgery and Their Antibiogram. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:50-56. [PMID: 37742149 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical site infection is one of the common complication following abdominal surgery. It causes great morbidity and mortality, further increasing prevalence of multidrug resistant bacteria have made its management very challenging. The current study aims to identify causative agent responsible for surgical site infection and their antibiotic resistance patterns. METHODS This study was conducted among patients developing surgical site infection following gastrointestinal surgery in Tribhuvan university teaching hospital over a period of one year. The samples were collected and processed according to standard methods. The bacterial pathogens with their antimicrobial susceptibility were determined and resistant pattern like methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended spectrum beta lactamase were further detected. RESULTS A total of 832 patients had under gone gastrointestinal surgery during the study period. Among them, 162 cases (19.5%) developed surgical site infection and 125 cases showed growth in culture. A total of 160 aerobic bacteria were isolated; Escherichia coli (29.9%) was the commonest organism with 40.8% being extended spectrum beta lactamase producer and 47.4% of Staphylococcus aureus were methicillin resistant. About 75.9% (85/112) of gram negative bacteria and 60.4% (29/48) gram positive bacteria were multi drug resistant. CONCLUSIONS The burden of multi drug resistant bacteria causing surgical site infection is high which needs to be addressed timely. Good surveillance of bacterial antibiogram and rational antimicrobial use is necessary to reduce emergence and spread of resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Male, Maldives
| | - Sangita Sharma
- Department of Microbiology Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu
| | - Bikal Ghimire
- Department of Surgery, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu
| | - Pravin Prasad
- Department of Pharmacology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu
| | - Debashis Das
- Department of Anaesthesia, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Male, Maldives
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143
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Thapa B, Sapkota S, Khanal A, Aryal BK, Hu Y. Predictors of Depression and Anxiety among Medical Students. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:63-70. [PMID: 37742151 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical undergraduates are more prone to emotional distress in comparison to the general population and non-medical undergraduates. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among undergraduate medical students. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 204 medical students in a medical institute in Kathmandu. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-42 was used to identify the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms. The data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms was 30.9% and 38.7% respectively. Depression symptoms were more likely to be prevalent among fourth and fifth-year students, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR 1.96, 95% CI: 1.03-3.75) compared to second and third-year students, and those who failed in the last academic examination (aOR 2.55, 95% CI: 1.28-5.09). Anxiety symptoms were more prevalent among male students (aOR 2.11, 95% CI: 1.04-4.27), those who were from the relatively less advantaged ethnic group (aOR 2.08, 95% CI: 1.04-4.16) and those who stayed outside the dormitory (aOR 2.90, 95% CI: 1.46-5.78). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among medical students was high. Psychological support is needed to ensure the mental well-being of medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Thapa
- Department of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Suman Sapkota
- Department of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Anil Khanal
- Department of Research and Development, Dhulikhel Hospital-Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavrepalanchok, Nepal
| | | | - Yifei Hu
- Department of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Ghimire MR, Acharya S, Pandey S, Aryal D, Shah P, Soti B, Ghimire S, Thapa L. Screening of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients with Diabetes. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:46-49. [PMID: 37742148 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Out of many atherosclerotic complications, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is also important one. To prevent morbidity and mortality related with PAD, early detection is must, and is possible by duplex screening. This study aims at screening for PAD in patients with type 2 Diabetes mellitus. METHODS This study is single centered cross- sectional, observational study conducted in department of internal medicine of DMCRI- a tertiary care hospital. A total of 140, type 2 diabetes patients were screened for peripheral arterial disease by duplex ultrasound after taking informed consent and fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS In our study among 140 Participants, 50% are male and 50% are female with mean age of 57.6 ± 10.4 years standard deviation (SD) and mean duration of diabetes was 8.31± 5.9 SD years with 13.6% were alcohol consumer; 1.4% were smokers; 59.3% of them had high blood pressure; (28.6%) had dyslipidaemia and 11.4% had hypothyroidism. The prevalence of PAD in type 2 diabetes was 27.1% in our study. The mean of glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c) was 7.23 ± 1.75% and while performing analytical test {chi-square (χ)}, we found there was no association between HBA1c level and presence of peripheral arterial disease. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease is high almost more than one quarter (27.1%). Screening of diabetic patients is must especially those aged and high glycated hemoglobin for early detection and effective management of PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Raj Ghimire
- Department of Internal Medicine, Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute,Lumbini, Nepal
| | - Sumnima Acharya
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute, Lumbini, Nepal
| | - Sundar Pandey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute,Lumbini, Nepal
| | - Deepak Aryal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute,Lumbini, Nepal
| | - Pooja Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute,Lumbini, Nepal
| | - Binita Soti
- Department of Nursing, Maharajgunj Nursing College, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sulochana Ghimire
- Department of Nursing, Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal
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Shrestha DS, Rahat AM, Sridevi P, Chalise BS, Rajbhandari SK, Bastola A, Bhandari P, Ahamed SI, Love RR. A Consecutive Series Study of the Frequencies, Intensities, and Natural History of Symptoms Following COVID-19 Infection in Nepali Men. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2023; 21:40-45. [PMID: 37742147 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v21i1.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Nepal, approximately one million individuals, two-thirds men, have tested positive for COVID-19. The recovery picture from this infection is undescribed. METHODS At one major testing institution in Kathmandu, we attempted to contact men three-four months following documentation of a positive PCR Covid test. If the men contacted consented and reported that they had not completely recovered from their Covid infection, we then sought their answers about the presence and intensities of 23 symptoms. RESULTS Of 2043 consecutive test-positive men, we successfully contacted 1254 men/or family members. 14 men had died before our calls, and two reported having cancer or tuberculosis, providing 1238 individuals. 318 (25.7%) reported that they were unrecovered and 311 of these men were successfully interviewed. At a median of 3.5 months from diagnosis, 216 (17.4%) men reported fatigue, 153 (12.4%) pain, 134 (10.8%) difficulty remembering, 133 (10.7%) reduced physical activity, 114 (9.2%) shortness of breath, and 114 (9.2%) poor sleep. By 6 and 9 months, 108 (8.7%) and 55 (4.4%) of men respectively were still unrecovered. CONCLUSIONS In this PCR Covid test-positive series of symptomatic men, recovery was significantly prolonged compared with other viral illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Parama Sridevi
- Department of Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A
| | - Bimal Sharma Chalise
- Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal, 4Medison, WI, U.S.A
| | | | - Anup Bastola
- Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
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146
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Zaccheo SK, Marrone G, Pandey LR, Deuba K. The impact of border crossing and imprisonment on injection practices and risk of HIV and hepatitis C infection among men who inject drugs in Nepal. Int J Drug Policy 2023; 119:104145. [PMID: 37549595 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Nepal, personal drug use is criminalized and among people who inject drugs (PWID), the majority of whom are men, movement across the border with India for drug procurement and use is common. Using a risk environment approach, this study examined associations between border crossing and imprisonment with respect to HIV, HCV and injection risk behavior among men who inject drugs in Nepal. METHODS This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 1345 participants from 14 districts across Nepal. Explanatory variables were prior imprisonment and past-month border crossing to procure or use drugs. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate associations between these variables and HIV, HCV, HIV/HCV co-infection and past-month injection risk behavior among PWID. RESULTS Over half of participants reported prior imprisonment (34.6% prior to past year, 21.6% within past year) and Indo-Nepal border crossing in the past year to use or buy drugs (31.2% sometimes, 20.8% often); over one quarter of participants (29.6%) reported both. Imprisonment prior to the past year was associated with higher odds of all outcome variables: HIV (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-4.59), HCV (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 1.08-2.09), HIV/HCV co-infection (aOR 3.12, 95% CI 1.58-6.14) and injection risk behavior (aOR 1.64, 95% CI 1.20-2.25). Past-year border crossing to procure or use drugs was associated with HCV (aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.42-2.98) and injection risk behavior (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.04-2.10), with larger effect sizes among PWID who reported both border crossing as well as history of imprisonment. CONCLUSION Imprisonment and border crossing were associated with injection risk behavior and disease outcomes. These findings indicate a need to implement cross-border disease surveillance and harm reduction initiatives in the Indo-Nepal border region and in Nepali prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia K Zaccheo
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gaetano Marrone
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lok Raj Pandey
- National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC), Ministry of Health and Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Keshab Deuba
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; National Centre for AIDS and STD Control (NCASC), Global Fund Programs, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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147
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Baliki G, Weiffen D, Schreinemachers P, Shrestha A, Shrestha RM, Schreiner M, Brück T. Effect of an Integrated School Garden and Home Garden Intervention on Anemia Among School-Aged Children in Nepal: Evidence From a Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial. Food Nutr Bull 2023; 44:195-206. [PMID: 37728126 DOI: 10.1177/03795721231194124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrated school and home garden interventions can improve health outcomes in low-income countries, but rigorous evidence remains scarce, particularly for school-aged children and to reduce anemia. OBJECTIVE We test if an integrated school and home garden intervention, implemented at pilot stage, improves hemoglobin levels among school children (aged 9-13 years) in a rural district in the mid-hills of Nepal. METHODS We use a cluster randomized controlled trial with 15 schools each in the control and treatment groups (n = 680 school children). To test if nutritional improvements translate into a reduction of anemia prevalence, hemoglobin data were collected 6 months after intervention support had ended. Using structural equation modeling, we estimate the direct and indirect effects of the treatment through several pathways, including nutritional knowledge, good food and hygiene practices, and dietary diversity. RESULTS The integrated school and home garden intervention did not lead to a direct significant reduction in anemia. Causal positive changes of the treatment on nutritional outcomes, although significant, are not strong enough to impact hemoglobin levels. The program improved hemoglobin levels indirectly for children below 12 by increasing the use of good food and hygiene practices at home. These practices are associated with higher hemoglobin levels, particularly for girls, young children, and in households where caregivers are literate. CONCLUSIONS Even integrated school and home garden interventions are not sufficient to reduce anemia among school children. Incorporating behavioral change components around food and hygiene practices into integrated garden interventions is important to unlocking their health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Baliki
- ISDC-International Security and Development Center, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Dorothee Weiffen
- ISDC-International Security and Development Center, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Akina Shrestha
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | | | - Monika Schreiner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Tilman Brück
- ISDC-International Security and Development Center, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
- Thaer-Institute, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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148
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Chaudhary B, Parajuli RP, Dhakal P. Survey of intestinal parasites in swine farms raised in Western Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2107-2117. [PMID: 37463607 PMCID: PMC10508489 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), an important domestic livestock, are generally affected by helminth and protozoan parasites. Rearing pigs in rural regions in Nepal is a common practice for subsistence farming. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) in pigs raised in Western Nepal. METHODS A total of 200 faecal samples from commercial and smallholder farms were examined by wet mounts, flotation, sedimentation and staining techniques. RESULTS The results revealed that overall 86.5% of samples were found shedding oocysts or eggs of one or more GIPs. Three species of protozoa [Eimeria sp. (26%), Entamoeba coli (25.5%) and Coccidia (29%)] and nine species of helminths parasites (Ascaris suum (32.5%), Trichuris suis (30%), strongyle-type nematode (27.5%), hookworm (26%), Fasciola sp. (17.5%), Physaloptera sp. (17.5%), Strongyloides sp. (17.5%), Metastrongylus sp. (8%) and Oesophagostomum sp. (5.5%)] were identified. Female pigs were found to have higher protozoan infection than males, but such a difference was not noticed with regard to helminth parasites. Strongyles and Oesophagostomum infection were higher in commercial farms compared to smallholder farms, whereas the prevalences of E. coli and other protozoans were higher in smallholder farms. Among the contextual factors evaluated for association, weight and gender of pigs, and annual income and gender of managers/caretakers were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the prevalence of GIPs in pigs. The overall prevalence of certain helminths such as strongyle-type nematode and A. suum was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the weight of pigs after adjusting other contextual factors. CONCLUSIONS This study detected relatively high prevalence of intestinal parasites in domestic pig facilities. Molecular epidemiological studies are essential to verify the exact zoonotic potential of parasites carried by pigs in the region. An effective periodic monitoring of GIPs of pigs needs to be carried out to minimize their further dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barshat Chaudhary
- Central Department of ZoologyInstitute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, KirtipurKathmanduNepal
| | - Rajendra Prasad Parajuli
- Central Department of ZoologyInstitute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, KirtipurKathmanduNepal
| | - Pitambar Dhakal
- Central Department of ZoologyInstitute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, KirtipurKathmanduNepal
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149
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Ghimire DJ, Cole F, Hermosilla S, Axinn WG, Benjet C. Alcohol use and internal migration in Nepal: a cross-sectional study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:587-593. [PMID: 37407031 PMCID: PMC10498928 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-220030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a leading cause of disease. Although low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have lower per capita alcohol consumption, the alcohol-attributable disease burden is high in these settings with consumption increasing. LMICs are also experiencing unprecedented levels of internal migration, potentially increasing mental stress, changing social restrictions on drinking, and increasing alcohol availability. We assessed the relationship between internal migration, opportunity to drink, and the transition from first use to regular alcohol use and alcohol use disorders (AUD) in Nepal, a low-income, South Asian country. METHODS A representative sample of 7435 individuals, aged 15-59 from Nepal were interviewed in 2016-2018 (93% response rate) with clinically validated measures of alcohol use and disorders and life history calendar measures of lifetime migration experiences. Discrete-time hazard models assessed associations between migration and alcohol use outcomes. RESULTS Net of individual sociodemographic characteristics, internal migration was associated with increased odds of opportunity to drink (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.53), onset of regular alcohol use given lifetime use (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.48) and AUD given lifetime use (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.57). The statistically significant association between internal migration and opportunity to drink was specific to females, whereas the associations between migration and regular use and disorder were statistically significant for males. CONCLUSIONS Despite high rates of internal migration worldwide, most research studying migration and alcohol use focuses on international migrants. Findings suggest that internal migrants are at increased risk to transition into alcohol use and disorders. Support services for internal migrants could prevent problematic alcohol use among this underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirgha J Ghimire
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Faith Cole
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sabrina Hermosilla
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - William G Axinn
- Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Corina Benjet
- Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, National Institute for Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muniz, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Arjyal A, Parajuli A, Kharel C, Del Barrio MO, Baral SC. Understanding gender and its intersection with social stratifiers on prevention and care seeking behavior of lymphatic filariasis in Nepal. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:77. [PMID: 37608332 PMCID: PMC10463999 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a debilitating and painful neglected tropical disease and is one of the leading causes of permanent disability. In many countries, the intersection of gender with various social stratifiers has influenced exposure to LF and ultimately impacting the disease burden and its elimination. This study aimed to explore the influence of gender and its intersection with other social stratifiers for the prevention and care seeking behavior of LF in Nepal. METHODS This study employed qualitative research methods: in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) for data collection in Bardiya, Nepal. A total of 22 IDIs (11 male, 11 female) and 2 FGDs (1 male and 1 female) were conducted with the community people between January and March 2020. The participants were purposively selected to represent different social stratifiers including age, sex, ethnicity, occupation. The data collected were analyzed using a thematic framework approach with use of intersectional gender analysis matrix. RESULTS The study findings revealed that men spend more time outside their household compared to women while fulfilling their roles and responsibilities, largely determined by societal expectations and gender norms. This resulted in limited access to preventive health services for men, as they often missed annual mass drug administration programme in their community and limited access to preventive methods. Further traditional occupation, specific to particular ethnicity, influenced the vulnerability to LF for certain ethnic groups. The ability to prevent exposure varied among individuals. Although women made decisions regarding the use of protective methods, it was influenced by patriarchal and gender norms. They often felt a responsibility to take care and priorities males and other family members when resources are limited. The intersectionality of gender with other social stratifiers such as marital status, ethnicity, and geographical areas influenced individual's ability to access information related to LF and care seeking. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the findings emphasized how access to resources, division of work, norms and values and decision-making power alone and its interaction with various social stratifiers shaped peoples' vulnerability to disease, ability to prevent exposure and response to illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chandani Kharel
- UNICEF, UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mariam Otmani Del Barrio
- UNICEF, UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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