2401
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Abstract
Psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia, are extremely heritable complex genetic neurodevelopmental disorders. It is now possible to directly reprogram fibroblasts from psychiatric patients into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and subsequently differentiate these disorder-specific hiPSCs into neurons. This means that researchers can generate nearly limitless quantities of live human neurons with genetic backgrounds that are known to result in psychiatric disorders, without knowing which genes are interacting to produce the disease state in each patient. With these new human-cell-based models, scientists can investigate the precise cell types that are affected in these disorders and elucidate the cellular and molecular defects that contribute to disease initiation and progression. Here, we present a short review of experiments using hiPSCs and other sophisticated in vitro approaches to study the pathways underlying psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J. Brennand
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Laboratory of Genetics, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fred H. Gage
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Laboratory of Genetics, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2402
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Yulin X, Lizhen L, Lifei Z, Shan F, Ru L, Kaimin H, Huang H. Efficient generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Folia Biol (Praha) 2012; 58:221-230. [PMID: 23438847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of defined sets of genetic factors can reprogramme somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that closely resemble embryonic stem cells. However, the low reprogramming efficiency is a significant handicap for mechanistic studies and potential clinical application. In this study, we used human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) as target cells for reprogramming and investigated efficient iPSC generation from hBMMSCs using the compounds of p53 siRNA, valproic acid (VPA) and vitamin C (Vc) with four transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC (compound induction system). The synergetic mechanism of the compounds was studied. Our results showed that the compound induction system could efficiently reprogramme hBMMSCs to iPSCs. hBMMSC-derived iPSC populations expressed pluripotent markers and had multi-potential to differentiate into three germ layer-derived cells. p53 siRNA, VPA and Vc had a synergetic effect on cell reprogramming and the combinatorial use of these substances greatly improved the efficiency of iPSC generation by suppressing the expression of p53, decreasing cell apoptosis, up-regulating the expression of the pluripotent gene OCT4 and modifying the cell cycle. Therefore, our study highlights a straightforward method for improving the speed and efficiency of iPSC generation and provides versatile tools for investigating early developmental processes such as haemopoiesis and relevant diseases. In addition, this study provides a paradigm for the combinatorial use of genetic factors and molecules to improve the efficiency of iPSC generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yulin
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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2403
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Abstract
During culture adaptation, human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) tend to acquire chromosomal aberrations. Generally, stem cell lines are screened for large-scale chromosomal changes using low resolution karyotype analysis. Recent studies characterizing human stem cells using array-comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) suggests most abnormalities acquired during culture are under the resolution of karyotype analysis and therefore are routinely missed. Here, we describe a custom-designed stem cell focused microarray utilizing 44K probes, with increased resolution in relevant stem cell-associated and cancer-related genes.
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2404
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira C Puri
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2405
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Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) opens a new avenue in regenerative medicine. One of the major hurdles for therapeutic applications is to improve the efficiency of generating iPSCs and also to avoid the tumorigenicity, which requires searching for new reprogramming recipes. We present a systems biology approach to efficiently evaluate a large number of possible recipes and find those that are most effective at generating iPSCs. We not only recovered several experimentally confirmed recipes but we also suggested new ones that may improve reprogramming efficiency and quality. In addition, our approach allows one to estimate the cell-state landscape, monitor the progress of reprogramming, identify important regulatory transition states, and ultimately understand the mechanisms of iPSC generation. Converting somatic cells back to the stem cell state (called induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs) exemplifies the recent advancement of cellular reprogramming that holds great promise for developing regenerative medicine. Generation of iPSCs is often achieved by overexpressing three to four genes in somatic cells that are critical for regulating pluripotency. Developing optimal reprogramming recipe is a non-trivial task that requires significant effort. We present here a computational method that can facilitate discovery of effective recipes to generate iPSCs with high efficiency and better quality. In addition, our approach provides a new way to estimate the landscape in the cell-state space and monitor the trajectory of cellular reprogramming from a differentiated cell to an iPS cell. This work provides not only practical recipes for iPSC generation but also theoretical understanding of the reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Shoemaker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2406
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Yoshida S, Yasuda M, Miyashita H, Ogawa Y, Yoshida T, Matsuzaki Y, Tsubota K, Okano H, Shimmura S. Generation of stratified squamous epithelial progenitor cells from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28856. [PMID: 22174914 PMCID: PMC3235161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in regenerative medicine will bypass ethical issues associated with use of embryonic stem cells. In addition, patient-specific IPS cells can be useful to elucidate the pathophysiology of genetic disorders, drug screening, and tailor-made medicine. However, in order to apply iPS cells to mitotic tissue, induction of tissue stem cells that give rise to progeny of the target organ is required. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We induced stratified epithelial cells from mouse iPS cells by co-culture with PA6 feeder cells (SDIA-method) with use of BMP4. Clusters of cells positive for the differentiation markers KRT1 or KRT12 were observed in KRT14-positive colonies. We successfully cloned KRT14 and p63 double-positive stratified epithelial progenitor cells from iPS-derived epithelial cells, which formed stratified epithelial sheets consisting of five- to six-polarized epithelial cells in vitro. When these clonal cells were cultured on denuded mouse corneas, a robust stratified epithelial layer was observed with physiological cell polarity including high levels of E-cadherin, p63 and K15 expression in the basal layer and ZO-1 in the superficial layer, recapitulating the apico-basal polarity of the epithelium in vivo. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that KRT14 and p63 double-positive epithelial progenitor cells can be cloned from iPS cells in order to produce polarized multilayer epithelial cell sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Yasuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Miyashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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2407
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Ziller MJ, Müller F, Liao J, Zhang Y, Gu H, Bock C, Boyle P, Epstein CB, Bernstein BE, Lengauer T, Gnirke A, Meissner A. Genomic distribution and inter-sample variation of non-CpG methylation across human cell types. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002389. [PMID: 22174693 PMCID: PMC3234221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays an important role in development and disease. The primary sites of DNA methylation in vertebrates are cytosines in the CpG dinucleotide context, which account for roughly three quarters of the total DNA methylation content in human and mouse cells. While the genomic distribution, inter-individual stability, and functional role of CpG methylation are reasonably well understood, little is known about DNA methylation targeting CpA, CpT, and CpC (non-CpG) dinucleotides. Here we report a comprehensive analysis of non-CpG methylation in 76 genome-scale DNA methylation maps across pluripotent and differentiated human cell types. We confirm non-CpG methylation to be predominantly present in pluripotent cell types and observe a decrease upon differentiation and near complete absence in various somatic cell types. Although no function has been assigned to it in pluripotency, our data highlight that non-CpG methylation patterns reappear upon iPS cell reprogramming. Intriguingly, the patterns are highly variable and show little conservation between different pluripotent cell lines. We find a strong correlation of non-CpG methylation and DNMT3 expression levels while showing statistical independence of non-CpG methylation from pluripotency associated gene expression. In line with these findings, we show that knockdown of DNMTA and DNMT3B in hESCs results in a global reduction of non-CpG methylation. Finally, non-CpG methylation appears to be spatially correlated with CpG methylation. In summary these results contribute further to our understanding of cytosine methylation patterns in human cells using a large representative sample set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Ziller
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fabian Müller
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jing Liao
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hongcang Gu
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christoph Bock
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Patrick Boyle
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Epstein
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bradley E. Bernstein
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Systems Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Andreas Gnirke
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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2408
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Moon JH, Heo JS, Kwon S, Kim J, Hwang J, Kang PJ, Kim A, Kim HO, Whang KY, Yoon BS, You S. Two-step generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from mouse fibroblasts using Id3 and Oct4. J Mol Cell Biol 2011; 4:59-62. [PMID: 22131360 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjr038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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2409
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Abstract
Previous efforts to improve the efficiency of cellular reprogramming for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have focused mainly on transcription factors and small molecule combinations. Here, we report the results of our focus instead on the phenotype of the cells targeted for reprogramming. We find that adult mouse pancreatic tissue stem cells derived by the method of suppression of asymmetric cell kinetics (SACK) acquire increased potency simply by culture under conditions for the production and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells. Moreover, supplementation with the SACK agent xanthine, which promotes symmetric self-renewal, significantly increases the efficiency and degree of acquisition of pluripotency properties. In transplantation analyses, clonal reprogrammed pancreatic stem cells produce slow-growing tumors with tissue derivative of all three embryonic germ layers. This acquisition of pluripotency, without transduction with exogenous transcription factors, supports the concept that tissue stem cells are predisposed to cellular reprogramming, particularly when symmetrically self-renewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Paré
- The Adult Stem Cell Technology Center and Programs in Regenerative Biology and Cancer Biology, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, 64 Grove Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
| | - James L. Sherley
- The Adult Stem Cell Technology Center and Programs in Regenerative Biology and Cancer Biology, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, 64 Grove Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA
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2410
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Mack AA, Kroboth S, Rajesh D, Wang WB. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from CD34+ cells across blood drawn from multiple donors with non-integrating episomal vectors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27956. [PMID: 22132178 PMCID: PMC3222670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The methodology to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) affords the opportunity to generate cells specific to the individual providing the host tissue. However, existing methods of reprogramming as well as the types of source tissue have significant limitations that preclude the ability to generate iPSCs in a scalable manner from a readily available tissue source. We present the first study whereby iPSCs are derived in parallel from multiple donors using episomal, non-integrating, oriP/EBNA1-based plasmids from freshly drawn blood. Specifically, successful reprogramming was demonstrated from a single vial of blood or less using cells expressing the early lineage marker CD34 as well as from unpurified peripheral blood mononuclear cells. From these experiments, we also show that proliferation and cell identity play a role in the number of iPSCs per input cell number. Resulting iPSCs were further characterized and deemed free of transfected DNA, integrated transgene DNA, and lack detectable gene rearrangements such as those within the immunoglobulin heavy chain and T cell receptor loci of more differentiated cell types. Furthermore, additional improvements were made to incorporate completely defined media and matrices in an effort to facilitate a scalable transition for the production of clinic-grade iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Mack
- Cellular Dynamics International, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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2411
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Prigione A, Hossini AM, Lichtner B, Serin A, Fauler B, Megges M, Lurz R, Lehrach H, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC, Adjaye J. Mitochondrial-associated cell death mechanisms are reset to an embryonic-like state in aged donor-derived iPS cells harboring chromosomal aberrations. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27352. [PMID: 22110631 PMCID: PMC3215709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) acquire features of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and thus represent a promising source for cellular therapy of debilitating diseases, such as age-related disorders. However, reprogrammed cell lines have been found to harbor various genomic alterations. In addition, we recently discovered that the mitochondrial DNA of human fibroblasts also undergoes random mutational events upon reprogramming. Aged somatic cells might possess high susceptibility to nuclear and mitochondrial genome instability. Hence, concerns over the oncogenic potential of reprogrammed cells due to the lack of genomic integrity may hinder the applicability of iPSC-based therapies for age-associated conditions. Here, we investigated whether aged reprogrammed cells harboring chromosomal abnormalities show resistance to apoptotic cell death or mitochondrial-associated oxidative stress, both hallmarks of cancer transformation. Four iPSC lines were generated from dermal fibroblasts derived from an 84-year-old woman, representing the oldest human donor so far reprogrammed to pluripotency. Despite the presence of karyotype aberrations, all aged-iPSCs were able to differentiate into neurons, re-establish telomerase activity, and reconfigure mitochondrial ultra-structure and functionality to a hESC-like state. Importantly, aged-iPSCs exhibited high sensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis and low levels of oxidative stress and DNA damage, in a similar fashion as iPSCs derived from young donors and hESCs. Thus, the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities within aged reprogrammed cells might not be sufficient to over-ride the cellular surveillance machinery and induce malignant transformation through the alteration of mitochondrial-associated cell death. Taken together, we unveiled that cellular reprogramming is capable of reversing aging-related features in somatic cells from a very old subject, despite the presence of genomic alterations. Nevertheless, we believe it will be essential to develop reprogramming protocols capable of safeguarding the integrity of the genome of aged somatic cells, before employing iPSC-based therapy for age-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Prigione
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amir M. Hossini
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - Björn Lichtner
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Akdes Serin
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrix Fauler
- Electron Microscopy Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Megges
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudi Lurz
- Electron Microscopy Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugenia Makrantonaki
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- The Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2412
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Verma R, Holland MK, Temple-Smith P, Verma PJ. Inducing pluripotency in somatic cells from the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), an endangered felid. Theriogenology 2011; 77:220-8, 228.e1-2. [PMID: 22079579 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotency is a new approach to produce embryonic stem-like cells from somatic cells that provides a unique means to understand both pluripotency and lineage assignment. To investigate whether this technology could be applied to endangered species, where the limited availability of gametes makes production and research on embryonic stem cells difficult, we attempted generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from snow leopard (Panthera uncia) fibroblasts by retroviral transfection with Moloney-based retroviral vectors (pMXs) encoding four factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and cMYC). This resulted in the formation of small colonies of cells, which could not be maintained beyond four passages (P4). However, addition of NANOG, to the transfection cocktail produced stable iPS cell colonies, which formed as early as D3. Colonies of cells were selected at D5 and expanded in vitro. The resulting cell line was positive for alkaline phosphatase (AP), OCT4, NANOG, and Stage-Specific embryonic Antigen-4 (SSEA-4) at P14. RT-PCR also confirmed that endogenous OCT4 and NANOG were expressed by snow leopard iPS cells from P4. All five human transgenes were transcribed at P4, but OCT4, SOX2 and NANOG transgenes were silenced as early as P14; therefore, reprogramming of the endogenous pluripotent genes had occurred. When injected into immune-deficient mice, snow leopard iPS cells formed teratomas containing tissues representative of the three germ layers. In conclusion, this was apparently the first derivation of iPS cells from the endangered snow leopard and the first report on induced pluripotency in felid species. Addition of NANOG to the reprogramming cocktail was essential for derivation of iPS lines in this felid. The iPS cells provided a unique source of pluripotent cells with utility in conservation through cryopreservation of genetics, as a source of reprogrammed donor cells for nuclear transfer or for directed differentiation to gametes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Verma
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, 27-31, Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
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2413
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2414
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Teichroeb JH, Betts DH, Vaziri H. Suppression of the imprinted gene NNAT and X-chromosome gene activation in isogenic human iPS cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23436. [PMID: 22022350 PMCID: PMC3192059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic comparison between human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells has been hampered by genetic variation. To solve this problem, we have developed an isogenic system that allows direct comparison of induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to their genetically matched human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We show that hiPSCs have a highly similar transcriptome to hESCs. Global transcriptional profiling identified 102–154 genes (>2 fold) that showed a difference between isogenic hiPSCs and hESCs. A stringent analysis identified NNAT as a key imprinted gene that was dysregulated in hiPSCs. Furthermore, a disproportionate number of X-chromosome localized genes were over-expressed in female hiPSCs. Our results indicate that despite a remarkably close transcriptome to hESCs, isogenic hiPSCs have alterations in imprinting and regulation of X-chromosome genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Teichroeb
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean H. Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Homayoun Vaziri
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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2415
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Kunisada Y, Tsubooka-Yamazoe N, Shoji M, Hosoya M. Small molecules induce efficient differentiation into insulin-producing cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:274-84. [PMID: 22056147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells have potential uses for drug discovery and cell therapy, including generation of pancreatic β-cells for diabetes research and treatment. In this study, we developed a simple protocol for generating insulin-producing cells from hiPS cells. Treatment with activin A and a GSK3β inhibitor enhanced efficient endodermal differentiation, and then combined treatment with retinoic acid, a bone morphogenic protein inhibitor, and a transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) inhibitor induced efficient differentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells from definitive endoderm. Expression of the pancreatic progenitor markers PDX1 and NGN3 was significantly increased at this step and most cells were positive for anti-PDX1 antibody. Moreover, several compounds, including forskolin, dexamethasone, and a TGF-β inhibitor, were found to induce the differentiation of insulin-producing cells from pancreatic progenitor cells. By combined treatment with these compounds, more than 10% of the cells became insulin positive. The differentiated cells secreted human c-peptide in response to various insulin secretagogues. In addition, all five hiPS cell lines that we examined showed efficient differentiation into insulin-producing cells with this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kunisada
- Biology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
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2416
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Petit I, Kesner NS, Karry R, Robicsek O, Aberdam E, Müller FJ, Aberdam D, Ben-Shachar D. Induced pluripotent stem cells from hair follicles as a cellular model for neurodevelopmental disorders. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:134-40. [PMID: 22099027 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) allow unprecedented experimental platforms for basic research as well as high-throughput screening. This may be particularly relevant for neuropsychiatric disorders, in which the affected neuronal cells are not accessible. Keratinocytes isolated from hair follicles are an ideal source of patients' cells for reprogramming, due to their non-invasive accessibility and their common neuroectodermal origin with neurons, which can be important for potential epigenetic memory. From a small number of plucked human hair follicles obtained from two healthy donors we reprogrammed keratinocytes to pluripotent iPSC. We further differentiated these hair follicle-derived iPSC to neural progenitors, forebrain neurons and functional dopaminergic neurons. This study shows that human hair follicle-derived iPSC can be differentiated into various neural lineages, suggesting this experimental system as a promising in vitro model to study normal and pathological neural developments, avoiding the invasiveness of commonly used skin biopsies.
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2417
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Hiratsuka M, Uno N, Ueda K, Kurosaki H, Imaoka N, Kazuki K, Ueno E, Akakura Y, Katoh M, Osaki M, Kazuki Y, Nakagawa M, Yamanaka S, Oshimura M. Integration-free iPS cells engineered using human artificial chromosome vectors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25961. [PMID: 21998730 PMCID: PMC3187830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human artificial chromosomes (HACs) have unique characteristics as gene-delivery vectors, including episomal transmission and transfer of multiple, large transgenes. Here, we demonstrate the advantages of HAC vectors for reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Two HAC vectors (iHAC1 and iHAC2) were constructed. Both carried four reprogramming factors, and iHAC2 also encoded a p53-knockdown cassette. iHAC1 partially reprogrammed MEFs, and iHAC2 efficiently reprogrammed MEFs. Global gene expression patterns showed that the iHACs, unlike other vectors, generated relatively uniform iPS cells. Under non-selecting conditions, we established iHAC-free iPS cells by isolating cells that spontaneously lost iHAC2. Analyses of pluripotent markers, teratomas and chimeras confirmed that these iHAC-free iPS cells were pluripotent. Moreover, iHAC-free iPS cells with a re-introduced HAC encoding Herpes Simplex virus thymidine kinase were eliminated by ganciclovir treatment, indicating that the HAC safeguard system functioned in iPS cells. Thus, the HAC vector could generate uniform, integration-free iPS cells with a built-in safeguard system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Hiratsuka
- Division of Molecular and Cell Genetics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Narumi Uno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kana Ueda
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Hajime Kurosaki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Natsuko Imaoka
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Etsuya Ueno
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yutaro Akakura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Motonobu Katoh
- Division of Human Genome Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Osaki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Division of Molecular and Cell Genetics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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2418
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Abstract
Cardiac myocyte differentiation reported thus far is from iPS cells generated from mouse and human fibroblasts. However, there is no article on the generation of iPS cells from cardiac ventricular specific cell types such as H9c2 cells. Therefore, whether transduced H9c2 cells, originally isolated from embryonic cardiac ventricular tissue, will be able to generate iPS cells and have the potential to repair and regenerate infarcted myocardium remains completely elusive. We transduced H9c2 cells with four stemness factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, and successfully reprogrammed them into iPS cells. These iPS cells were able to differentiate into beating cardiac myocytes and positively stained for cardiac specific sarcomeric α-actin and myosin heavy chain proteins. Following transplantation in the infarcted myocardium, there were newly differentiated cardiac myocytes and formation of gap junction proteins at 2 weeks post-myocardial infarction (MI), suggesting newly formed cardiac myocytes were integrated into the native myocardium. Furthermore, transplanted iPS cells significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited apoptosis and fibrosis and improved cardiac function compared with MI and MI+H9c2 cell groups. Moreover, our iPS cell derived cardiac myocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo was comparable to embryonic stem cells in the present study. In conclusion we report for the first time that we have H9c2 cell-derived iPS cells which contain the potential to differentiate into cardiac myocytes in the cell culture system and repair and regenerate infarcted myocardium with improved cardiac function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinender K Singla
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.
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2419
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Ezashi T, Matsuyama H, Telugu BPV, Roberts RM. Generation of colonies of induced trophoblast cells during standard reprogramming of porcine fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:779-87. [PMID: 21734265 PMCID: PMC3184293 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.092809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During reprogramming of porcine mesenchymal cells with a four-factor (POU5F1/SOX2/KLF4/MYC) mixture of vectors, a fraction of the colonies had an atypical phenotype and arose earlier than the recognizable porcine induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell colonies. Within days after each passage, patches of cells with an epithelial phenotype formed raised domes, particularly under 20% O(2) conditions. Relative to gene expression of the iPS cells, there was up-regulation of genes for transcription factors associated with trophoblast (TR) lineage emergence, e.g., GATA2, PPARG, MSX2, DLX3, HAND1, GCM1, CDX2, ID2, ELF5, TCFAP2C, and TEAD4 and for genes required for synthesis of products more typical of differentiated TR, such as steroids (HSD17B1, CYP11A1, and STAR), pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG6), and select cytokines (IFND, IFNG, and IL1B). Although POU5F1 was down-regulated relative to that in iPS cells, it was not silenced in the induced TR (iTR) cells over continued passage. Like iPS cells, iTR cells did not senesce on extended passage and displayed high telomerase activity. Upon xenografting into immunodeficient mice, iTR cells formed nonhemorrhagic teratomas composed largely of layers of epithelium expressing TR markers. When cultured under conditions that promoted embryoid body formation, iTR cells formed floating spheres consisting of a single epithelial sheet whose cells were tethered laterally by desmosome-like structures. In conclusion, reprogramming of porcine fibroblasts to iPS cells generates, as a by-product, colonies composed of self-renewing populations of TR cells, possibly containing TR stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ezashi
- Bond Life Sciences Center and Division of Animal Sciences, Genetics Area Program, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Haruyo Matsuyama
- Bond Life Sciences Center and Division of Animal Sciences, Genetics Area Program, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Bhanu Prakash V.L. Telugu
- Bond Life Sciences Center and Division of Animal Sciences, Genetics Area Program, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - R. Michael Roberts
- Bond Life Sciences Center and Division of Animal Sciences, Genetics Area Program, and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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2420
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Ananiev G, Williams EC, Li H, Chang Q. Isogenic pairs of wild type and mutant induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from Rett syndrome patients as in vitro disease model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25255. [PMID: 21966470 PMCID: PMC3180386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is an autism spectrum developmental disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene. Excellent RTT mouse models have been created to study the disease mechanisms, leading to many important findings with potential therapeutic implications. These include the identification of many MeCP2 target genes, better understanding of the neurobiological consequences of the loss- or mis-function of MeCP2, and drug testing in RTT mice and clinical trials in human RTT patients. However, because of potential differences in the underlying biology between humans and common research animals, there is a need to establish cell culture-based human models for studying disease mechanisms to validate and expand the knowledge acquired in animal models. Taking advantage of the nonrandom pattern of X chromosome inactivation in female induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), we have generated isogenic pairs of wild type and mutant iPSC lines from several female RTT patients with common and rare RTT mutations. R294X (arginine 294 to stop codon) is a common mutation carried by 5–6% of RTT patients. iPSCs carrying the R294X mutation has not been studied. We differentiated three R294X iPSC lines and their isogenic wild type control iPSC into neurons with high efficiency and consistency, and observed characteristic RTT pathology in R294X neurons. These isogenic iPSC lines provide unique resources to the RTT research community for studying disease pathology, screening for novel drugs, and testing toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Ananiev
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily Cunningham Williams
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Genetics Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hongda Li
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Genetics Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Qiang Chang
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Genetics Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2421
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Huang B, Li T, Alonso-Gonzalez L, Gorre R, Keatley S, Green A, Turner P, Kallingappa PK, Verma V, Oback B. A virus-free poly-promoter vector induces pluripotency in quiescent bovine cells under chemically defined conditions of dual kinase inhibition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24501. [PMID: 21912700 PMCID: PMC3166309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Authentic induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), capable of giving rise to all cell types of an adult animal, are currently only available in mouse. Here, we report the first generation of bovine iPSC-like cells following transfection with a novel virus-free poly-promoter vector. This vector contains the bovine cDNAs for OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC, each controlled by its own independent promoter. Bovine fibroblasts were cultured without feeders in a chemically defined medium containing leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and inhibitors of MEK1/2 and glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling (‘2i’). Non-invasive real-time kinetic profiling revealed a different response of bovine vs human and mouse cells to culture in 2i/LIF. In bovine, 2i was necessary and sufficient to induce the appearance of tightly packed alkaline phosphatase-positive iPSC-like colonies. These colonies formed in the absence of DNA synthesis and did not expand after passaging. Following transfection, non-proliferative primary colonies expressed discriminatory markers of pluripotency, including endogenous iPSC factors, CDH1, DPPA3, NANOG, SOCS3, ZFP42, telomerase activity, Tra-1-60/81 and SSEA-3/4, but not SSEA-1. This indicates that they had initiated a self-sustaining pluripotency programme. Bovine iPSC-like cells maintained a normal karyotype and differentiated into derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro and in teratomas. Our study demonstrates that conversion into induced pluripotency can occur in quiescent cells, following a previously undescribed route of direct cell reprogramming. This identifies a major species-specific barrier for generating iPSCs and provides a chemically defined screening platform for factors that induce proliferation and maintain pluripotency of embryo-derived pluripotent stem cells in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Huang
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Tong Li
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lucia Alonso-Gonzalez
- Children's Cancer Research Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Sarah Keatley
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Andria Green
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Pavla Turner
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Vinod Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Björn Oback
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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2422
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Devine MJ, Ryten M, Vodicka P, Thomson AJ, Burdon T, Houlden H, Cavaleri F, Nagano M, Drummond NJ, Taanman JW, Schapira AH, Gwinn K, Hardy J, Lewis PA, Kunath T. Parkinson's disease induced pluripotent stem cells with triplication of the α-synuclein locus. Nat Commun 2011; 2:440. [PMID: 21863007 PMCID: PMC3265381 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to research on Parkinson's disease is inaccessibility of diseased tissue for study. One solution is to derive induced pluripotent stem cells from patients and differentiate them into neurons affected by disease. Triplication of SNCA, encoding α-synuclein, causes a fully penetrant, aggressive form of Parkinson's disease with dementia. α-Synuclein dysfunction is the critical pathogenic event in Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies. Here we produce multiple induced pluripotent stem cell lines from an SNCA triplication patient and an unaffected first-degree relative. When these cells are differentiated into midbrain dopaminergic neurons, those from the patient produce double the amount of α-synuclein protein as neurons from the unaffected relative, precisely recapitulating the cause of Parkinson's disease in these individuals. This model represents a new experimental system to identify compounds that reduce levels of α-synuclein, and to investigate the mechanistic basis of neurodegeneration caused by α-synuclein dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Devine
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Petr Vodicka
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Alison J. Thomson
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom Burdon
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Fatima Cavaleri
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
| | - Masumi Nagano
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Nicola J. Drummond
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
| | - Jan-Willem Taanman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Anthony H. Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Katrina Gwinn
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
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2423
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Abstract
Although induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for customized regenerative medicine, the molecular basis of reprogramming is largely unknown. Overcoming barriers that maintain cell identities is a critical step in the reprogramming of differentiated cells. Since microRNAs (miRNAs) modulate target genes tissue-specifically, we reasoned that distinct mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF)-enriched miRNAs post-transcriptionally modulate proteins that function as reprogramming barriers. Inhibiting these miRNAs should influence cell signaling to lower those barriers. Here we show that depleting miR-21 and miR-29a enhances reprogramming efficiency in MEFs. We also show that the p53 and ERK1/2 pathways are regulated by miR-21 and miR-29a and function in reprogramming. In addition, we provide the first evidence that c-Myc enhances reprogramming partly by repressing MEF-enriched miRNAs, such as miR-21 and miR-29a. Our results demonstrate the significance of miRNA function in regulating multiple signaling networks involved in iPSC generation. These studies should facilitate development of clinically applicable reprogramming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Shun Yang
- Program for RNA Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Zhonghan Li
- Program for RNA Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Tariq M. Rana
- Program for RNA Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- Corresponding author.E-mail .
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2424
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Niwa A, Heike T, Umeda K, Oshima K, Kato I, Sakai H, Suemori H, Nakahata T, Saito MK. A novel serum-free monolayer culture for orderly hematopoietic differentiation of human pluripotent cells via mesodermal progenitors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22261. [PMID: 21818303 PMCID: PMC3144871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the in vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is important for understanding both normal and pathological hematopoietic development in vivo. For this purpose, a robust and simple hematopoietic differentiation system that can faithfully trace in vivo hematopoiesis is necessary. In this study, we established a novel serum-free monolayer culture that can trace the in vivo hematopoietic pathway from ES/iPS cells to functional definitive blood cells via mesodermal progenitors. Stepwise tuning of exogenous cytokine cocktails induced the hematopoietic mesodermal progenitors via primitive streak cells. These progenitors were then differentiated into various cell lineages depending on the hematopoietic cytokines present. Moreover, single cell deposition assay revealed that common bipotential hemoangiogenic progenitors were induced in our culture. Our system provides a new, robust, and simple method for investigating the mechanisms of mesodermal and hematopoietic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Niwa
- Clinical Application Department, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutsugu Umeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Koichi Oshima
- Clinical Application Department, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Kato
- Clinical Application Department, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakai
- Waseda Bioscience Research Institute in Helios, Singapore
| | - Hirofumi Suemori
- Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell Research Center, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsutoshi Nakahata
- Clinical Application Department, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumu K. Saito
- Clinical Application Department, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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2425
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Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells are specialized cells with a dynamic chromatin structure, which is intimately connected with their pluripotency and physiology. In recent years somatic cells have been reprogrammed to a pluripotent state through over-expression of a defined set of transcription factors. These cells, known as induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, recapitulate ES cell properties and can be differentiated to apparently all cell lineages, making iPS cells a suitable replacement for ES cells in future regenerative medicine. Chromatin modifiers play a key function in establishing and maintaining pluripotency, therefore, elucidating the mechanisms controlling chromatin structure in both ES and iPS cells is of utmost importance to understanding their properties and harnessing their therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss recent studies that provide a genome-wide view of the chromatin structure signature in ES cells and iPS cells and that highlight the central role of histone modifiers and chromatin remodelers in pluripotency maintenance and induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Delgado-Olguín
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, 1650 Owens street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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2426
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Xu X, Pantakani DVK, Lührig S, Tan X, Khromov T, Nolte J, Dressel R, Zechner U, Engel W. Stage-specific germ-cell marker genes are expressed in all mouse pluripotent cell types and emerge early during induced pluripotency. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22413. [PMID: 21799849 PMCID: PMC3143132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) generated from the in-vitro culture of blastocyst stage embryos are known as equivalent to blastocyst inner cell mass (ICM) in-vivo. Though several reports have shown the expression of germ cell/pre-meiotic (GC/PrM) markers in ESCs, their functional relevance for the pluripotency and germ line commitment are largely unknown. In the present study, we used mouse as a model system and systematically analyzed the RNA and protein expression of GC/PrM markers in ESCs and found them to be comparable to the expression of cultured pluripotent cells originated from the germ line. Further, siRNA knockdown experiments have demonstrated the parallel maintenance and independence of pluripotent and GC/PrM networks in ESCs. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, we observed that pluripotent cells exhibit active chromatin states at GC marker genes and a bivalent chromatin structure at PrM marker genes. Moreover, gene expression analysis during the time course of iPS cells generation revealed that the expression of GC markers precedes pluripotency markers. Collectively, through our observations we hypothesize that the chromatin state and the expression of GC/PrM markers might indicate molecular parallels between in-vivo germ cell specification and pluripotent stem cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbo Xu
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Lührig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Khromov
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Nolte
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zechner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Engel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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2427
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Hamanaka S, Yamaguchi T, Kobayashi T, Kato-Itoh M, Yamazaki S, Sato H, Umino A, Wakiyama Y, Arai M, Sanbo M, Hirabayashi M, Nakauchi H. Generation of germline-competent rat induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22008. [PMID: 21789202 PMCID: PMC3137610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent progress in rat pluripotent stem cell technology has been remarkable. Particularly salient is the demonstration that embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the rat (rESCs) can contribute to germline transmission, permitting generation of gene-modified rats as is now done using mouse ESCs (mESCs) or mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs; miPSCs). However, determinations of whether rat iPSCs (riPSCs) can contribute to germ cells are not published. Here we report the germline competency of riPSCs. Methodology/Principal Findings We generated riPSCs by transducing three mouse reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Klf4, and Sox2) into rat somatic cells, followed by culture in the presence of exogenous rat leukemia inhibitory factor (rLIF) and small molecules that specifically inhibit GSK3, MEK, and FGF receptor tyrosine kinases. We found that, like rESCs, our riPSCs can contribute to germline transmission. Furthermore we found, by immunostaining of testis from mouse-rat interspecific chimeras with antibody against mouse vasa homolog, that riPSCs can contribute to embryonic development with chimera formation in mice (rat-mouse interspecific chimeras) and to interspecific germlines. Conclusions/Significance Our data clearly demonstrate that using only three reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Klf4, and Sox2) rat somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a ground state. Our generated riPSCs exhibited germline transmission in either rat-rat intraspecific or mouse-rat interspecific chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Hamanaka
- Japan Science Technology Agency, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Japan Science Technology Agency, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (HN)
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Japan Science Technology Agency, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Kato-Itoh
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Umino
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Wakiyama
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Arai
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Japan Science Technology Agency, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Nakauchi Stem Cell and Organ Regeneration Project, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TY); (HN)
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2428
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Takayama K, Inamura M, Kawabata K, Tashiro K, Katayama K, Sakurai F, Hayakawa T, Furue MK, Mizuguchi H. Efficient and directive generation of two distinct endoderm lineages from human ESCs and iPSCs by differentiation stage-specific SOX17 transduction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21780. [PMID: 21760905 PMCID: PMC3131299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of methods for directive differentiation from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is important for regenerative medicine. Although Sry-related HMG box 17 (SOX17) overexpression in ESCs leads to differentiation of either extraembryonic or definitive endoderm cells, respectively, the mechanism of these distinct results remains unknown. Therefore, we utilized a transient adenovirus vector-mediated overexpression system to mimic the SOX17 expression pattern of embryogenesis. The number of alpha-fetoprotein-positive extraembryonic endoderm (ExEn) cells was increased by transient SOX17 transduction in human ESC- and iPSC-derived primitive endoderm cells. In contrast, the number of hematopoietically expressed homeobox (HEX)-positive definitive endoderm (DE) cells, which correspond to the anterior DE in vivo, was increased by transient adenovirus vector-mediated SOX17 expression in human ESC- and iPSC-derived mesendoderm cells. Moreover, hepatocyte-like cells were efficiently generated by sequential transduction of SOX17 and HEX. Our findings show that a stage-specific transduction of SOX17 in the primitive endoderm or mesendoderm promotes directive ExEn or DE differentiation by SOX17 transduction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Inamura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Tashiro
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Katayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Hayakawa
- Pharmaceutics and Medical Devices Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kinki University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miho Kusuda Furue
- JCRB Cell Bank, Division of Bioresources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Cell Processing, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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2429
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Luo J, Suhr ST, Chang EA, Wang K, Ross PJ, Nelson LL, Venta PJ, Knott JG, Cibelli JB. Generation of leukemia inhibitory factor and basic fibroblast growth factor-dependent induced pluripotent stem cells from canine adult somatic cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1669-78. [PMID: 21495906 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than thirty years, the dog has been used as a model for human diseases. Despite efforts made to develop canine embryonic stem cells, success has been elusive. Here, we report the generation of canine induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) from canine adult fibroblasts, which we accomplished by introducing human OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, and KLF4. The ciPSCs expressed critical pluripotency markers and showed evidence of silencing the viral vectors and normal karyotypes. Microsatellite analysis indicated that the ciPSCs showed the same profile as the donor fibroblasts but differed from cells taken from other dogs. Under culture conditions favoring differentiation, the ciPSCs could form cell derivatives from the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Further, the ciPSCs required leukemia inhibitory factor and basic fibroblast growth factor to survive, proliferate, and maintain pluripotency. Our results demonstrate an efficient method for deriving canine pluripotent stem cells, providing a powerful platform for the development of new models for regenerative medicine, as well as for the study of the onset, progression, and treatment of human and canine genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiesi Luo
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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2430
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Deleidi M, Cooper O, Hargus G, Levy A, Isacson O. Oct4-induced reprogramming is required for adult brain neural stem cell differentiation into midbrain dopaminergic neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19926. [PMID: 21655272 PMCID: PMC3104995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) lose their competency to generate region-specific neuronal populations at an early stage during embryonic brain development. Here we investigated whether epigenetic modifications can reverse the regional restriction of mouse adult brain subventricular zone (SVZ) NSCs. Using a variety of chemicals that interfere with DNA methylation and histone acetylation, we showed that such epigenetic modifications increased neuronal differentiation but did not enable specific regional patterning, such as midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neuron generation. Only after Oct-4 overexpression did adult NSCs acquire a pluripotent state that allowed differentiation into midbrain DA neurons. DA neurons derived from Oct4-reprogrammed NSCs improved behavioural motor deficits in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) upon intrastriatal transplantation. Here we report for the first time the successful differentiation of SVZ adult NSCs into functional region-specific midbrain DA neurons, by means of Oct-4 induced pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Deleidi
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oliver Cooper
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gunnar Hargus
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adam Levy
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ole Isacson
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2431
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Iwabuchi KA, Yamakawa T, Sato Y, Ichisaka T, Takahashi K, Okita K, Yamanaka S. ECAT11/L1td1 is enriched in ESCs and rapidly activated during iPSC generation, but it is dispensable for the maintenance and induction of pluripotency. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20461. [PMID: 21637830 PMCID: PMC3102727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal factors that lead to proliferation and pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been vigorously investigated. However, the global network of factors and their full signaling cascade is still unclear. In this study, we found that ECAT11 (L1td1) is one of the ESC-associated transcripts harboring a truncated fragment of ORF-1, a component of theL1 retrotransposable element. We generated an ECAT11 knock-in mouse by replacing its coding region with green fluorescent protein. In the early stage of development, the fluorescence was observed at the inner cell mass of blastocysts and epiblasts. Despite this specific expression, ECAT11-null mice grow normally and are fertile. In addition, ECAT11 was dispensable for both the proliferation and pluripotency of ESCs.We found rapid and robust activation of ECAT11 in fibroblasts after the forced expression of transcription factors that can give rise pluripotency in somatic cells.However, iPS cells could be established from ECAT11-null fibroblasts. Our data demonstrate thedispensability of ECAT11/L1td1 in pluripotency, despite its specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko A. Iwabuchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamakawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sato
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ichisaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Yamanaka iPS Cell Special Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2432
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2433
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The NOD mouse strain has been widely used to investigate the pathology and genetic susceptibility for type 1 diabetes. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from this unique mouse strain would enable new strategies for investigating type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. The objective of this study was to determine whether somatic fibroblasts from NOD mice could be reprogrammed to become iPSCs, providing an alternative source of stem cells for the production of genetically modified NOD cells and mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Adult tail-tip fibroblasts from male NOD mice were reprogrammed by retroviral transduction of the coding sequences of three transcription factors, OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4, in combination with a histone deacetylase inhibitor, valproic acid. RESULTS Eighteen NOD iPSC lines were generated, and three of these cell lines were further characterized. All three cell lines exhibited silencing of the three reprogramming transgenes and reactivation of endogenous pluripotent markers (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, REX1, and SSEA1). These NOD iPSCs readily differentiated in vitro to form embryoid bodies and in vivo by teratoma formation in immunodeficient mice. Moreover, NOD iPSCs were successfully transfected with a reporter transgene and were capable of contributing to the inner cell mass of C57BL/6 blastocysts, leading to the generation of a chimeric mouse. CONCLUSIONS Adult tail-tip fibroblasts from NOD mice can be reprogrammed, without constitutive ectopic expression of transcription factors, to produce iPSCs that exhibit classic mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) features. These NOD iPSCs can be maintained and propagated under normal ESC culture conditions to produce genetically altered cell lines, differentiated cells, and chimeric mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle P. Ashton
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huseyin Sumer
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Moira K. O’Bryan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas C. Brodnicki
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J. Verma
- Centre for Reproduction and Development, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding author: Paul J. Verma,
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2434
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Nishino K, Toyoda M, Yamazaki-Inoue M, Fukawatase Y, Chikazawa E, Sakaguchi H, Akutsu H, Umezawa A. DNA methylation dynamics in human induced pluripotent stem cells over time. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002085. [PMID: 21637780 PMCID: PMC3102737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic reprogramming is a critical event in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we determined the DNA methylation profiles of 22 human iPSC lines derived from five different cell types (human endometrium, placental artery endothelium, amnion, fetal lung fibroblast, and menstrual blood cell) and five human embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines, and we followed the aberrant methylation sites in iPSCs for up to 42 weeks. The iPSCs exhibited distinct epigenetic differences from ESCs, which were caused by aberrant methylation at early passages. Multiple appearances and then disappearances of random aberrant methylation were detected throughout iPSC reprogramming. Continuous passaging of the iPSCs diminished the differences between iPSCs and ESCs, implying that iPSCs lose the characteristics inherited from the parent cells and adapt to very closely resemble ESCs over time. Human iPSCs were gradually reprogrammed through the "convergence" of aberrant hyper-methylation events that continuously appeared in a de novo manner. This iPS reprogramming consisted of stochastic de novo methylation and selection/fixation of methylation in an environment suitable for ESCs. Taken together, random methylation and convergence are driving forces for long-term reprogramming of iPSCs to ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Nishino
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamazaki-Inoue
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fukawatase
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Chikazawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironari Sakaguchi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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2435
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Abstract
Genetic therapy is undergoing a renaissance with expansion of viral and synthetic vectors, use of oligonucleotides (RNA and DNA) and sequence-targeted regulatory molecules, as well as genetically modified cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells from the patients themselves. Several clinical trials for neurologic syndromes appear quite promising. This review covers genetic strategies to ameliorate neurologic syndromes of different etiologies, including lysosomal storage diseases, Alzheimer's disease and other amyloidopathies, Parkinson's disease, spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and brain tumors. This field has been propelled by genetic technologies, including identifying disease genes and disruptive mutations, design of genomic interacting elements to regulate transcription and splicing of specific precursor mRNAs and use of novel non-coding regulatory RNAs. These versatile new tools for manipulation of genetic elements provide the ability to tailor the mode of genetic intervention to specific aspects of a disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Bowers
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neural Development and Disease, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xandra O. Breakefield
- Neuroscience Center and Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology and
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA and
| | - Miguel Sena-Esteves
- Department of Neurology, Gene Therapy Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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2436
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Liu GH, Barkho BZ, Ruiz S, Diep D, Qu J, Yang SL, Panopoulos AD, Suzuki K, Kurian L, Walsh C, Thompson J, Boue S, Fung HL, Sancho-Martinez I, Zhang K, Yates J, Belmonte JCI. Recapitulation of premature ageing with iPSCs from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Nature 2011; 472:221-5. [PMID: 21346760 PMCID: PMC3088088 DOI: 10.1038/nature09879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare and fatal human premature ageing disease, characterized by premature arteriosclerosis and degeneration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). HGPS is caused by a single point mutation in the lamin A (LMNA) gene, resulting in the generation of progerin, a truncated splicing mutant of lamin A. Accumulation of progerin leads to various ageing-associated nuclear defects including disorganization of nuclear lamina and loss of heterochromatin. Here we report the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts obtained from patients with HGPS. HGPS-iPSCs show absence of progerin, and more importantly, lack the nuclear envelope and epigenetic alterations normally associated with premature ageing. Upon differentiation of HGPS-iPSCs, progerin and its ageing-associated phenotypic consequences are restored. Specifically, directed differentiation of HGPS-iPSCs to SMCs leads to the appearance of premature senescence phenotypes associated with vascular ageing. Additionally, our studies identify DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNAPKcs, also known as PRKDC) as a downstream target of progerin. The absence of nuclear DNAPK holoenzyme correlates with premature as well as physiological ageing. Because progerin also accumulates during physiological ageing, our results provide an in vitro iPSC-based model to study the pathogenesis of human premature and physiological vascular ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Liu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Basam Z. Barkho
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sergio Ruiz
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dinh Diep
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jing Qu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sheng-Lian Yang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Athanasia D. Panopoulos
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Leo Kurian
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Christopher Walsh
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - James Thompson
- Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Stephanie Boue
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ho Lim Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ignacio Sancho-Martinez
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - John Yates
- Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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2437
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Burridge PW, Thompson S, Millrod MA, Weinberg S, Yuan X, Peters A, Mahairaki V, Koliatsos VE, Tung L, Zambidis ET. A universal system for highly efficient cardiac differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells that eliminates interline variability. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18293. [PMID: 21494607 PMCID: PMC3072973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of cardiomyocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) holds great promise for patient-specific cardiotoxicity drug testing, disease modeling, and cardiac regeneration. However, existing protocols for the differentiation of hiPSC to the cardiac lineage are inefficient and highly variable. We describe a highly efficient system for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and hiPSC to the cardiac lineage. This system eliminated the variability in cardiac differentiation capacity of a variety of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC), including hiPSC generated from CD34(+) cord blood using non-viral, non-integrating methods. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We systematically and rigorously optimized >45 experimental variables to develop a universal cardiac differentiation system that produced contracting human embryoid bodies (hEB) with an improved efficiency of 94.7±2.4% in an accelerated nine days from four hESC and seven hiPSC lines tested, including hiPSC derived from neonatal CD34(+) cord blood and adult fibroblasts using non-integrating episomal plasmids. This cost-effective differentiation method employed forced aggregation hEB formation in a chemically defined medium, along with staged exposure to physiological (5%) oxygen, and optimized concentrations of mesodermal morphogens BMP4 and FGF2, polyvinyl alcohol, serum, and insulin. The contracting hEB derived using these methods were composed of high percentages (64-89%) of cardiac troponin I(+) cells that displayed ultrastructural properties of functional cardiomyocytes and uniform electrophysiological profiles responsive to cardioactive drugs. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This efficient and cost-effective universal system for cardiac differentiation of hiPSC allows a potentially unlimited production of functional cardiomyocytes suitable for application to hPSC-based drug development, cardiac disease modeling, and the future generation of clinically-safe nonviral human cardiac cells for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Burridge
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of
America
- * E-mail: (ETZ); (PWB)
| | - Susan Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michal A. Millrod
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of
America
| | - Seth Weinberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xuan Yuan
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of
America
| | - Ann Peters
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of
America
| | - Vasiliki Mahairaki
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of
America
| | - Vassilis E. Koliatsos
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of
America
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of
America
| | - Leslie Tung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elias T. Zambidis
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of
America
- * E-mail: (ETZ); (PWB)
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2438
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Nagamatsu G, Kosaka T, Kawasumi M, Kinoshita T, Takubo K, Akiyama H, Sudo T, Kobayashi T, Oya M, Suda T. A germ cell-specific gene, Prmt5, works in somatic cell reprogramming. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10641-8. [PMID: 21270127 PMCID: PMC3060515 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.216390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ cells possess the unique ability to acquire totipotency during development in vivo as well as give rise to pluripotent stem cells under the appropriate conditions in vitro. Recent studies in which somatic cells were experimentally converted into pluripotent stem cells revealed that genes expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs), such as Oct3/4, Sox2, and Lin28, are involved in this reprogramming. These findings suggest that PGCs may be useful for identifying factors that successfully and efficiently reprogram somatic cells into toti- and/or pluripotent stem cells. Here, we show that Blimp-1, Prdm14, and Prmt5, each of which is crucial for PGC development, have the potential to reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells. Among them, Prmt5 exhibited remarkable reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts into which Prmt5, Klf4, and Oct3/4 were introduced. The resulting cells exhibited pluripotent gene expression, teratoma formation, and germline transmission in chimeric mice, all of which were indistinguishable from those induced with embryonic stem cells. These data indicate that some of the factors that play essential roles in germ cell development are also active in somatic cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Nagamatsu
- From the Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory
- the Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan, and
| | | | - Miyuri Kawasumi
- the Center for Integrated Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582
| | - Taisuke Kinoshita
- From the Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- From the Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory
| | - Hideo Akiyama
- the Toray New Frontiers Research Laboratories, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sudo
- the Toray New Frontiers Research Laboratories, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- the Center for Integrated Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582
| | | | - Toshio Suda
- From the Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory
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2439
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Niibe K, Kawamura Y, Araki D, Morikawa S, Miura K, Suzuki S, Shimmura S, Sunabori T, Mabuchi Y, Nagai Y, Nakagawa T, Okano H, Matsuzaki Y. Purified mesenchymal stem cells are an efficient source for iPS cell induction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17610. [PMID: 21412425 PMCID: PMC3055883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic cells by the forced expression of defined transcription factors. Although most somatic cells are capable of acquiring pluripotency with minimal gene transduction, the poor efficiency of cell reprogramming and the uneven quality of iPS cells are still important problems. In particular, the choice of cell type most suitable for inducing high-quality iPS cells remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we generated iPS cells from PDGFRα+ Sca-1+ (PαS) adult mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and PDGFRα− Sca-1− osteo-progenitors (OP cells), and compared the induction efficiency and quality of individual iPS clones. MSCs had a higher reprogramming efficiency compared with OP cells and Tail Tip Fibroblasts (TTFs). The iPS cells induced from MSCs by Oct3/4, Sox2, and Klf4 appeared to be the closest equivalent to ES cells by DNA microarray gene profile and germline-transmission efficiency. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that a purified source of undifferentiated cells from adult tissue can produce high-quality iPS cells. In this context, prospectively enriched MSCs are a promising candidate for the efficient generation of high-quality iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunimichi Niibe
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kawamura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Araki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Morikawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Miura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadafumi Suzuki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeto Shimmura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sunabori
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taneaki Nakagawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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2440
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Anchan RM, Quaas P, Gerami-Naini B, Bartake H, Griffin A, Zhou Y, Day D, Eaton JL, George LL, Naber C, Turbe-Doan A, Park PJ, Hornstein MD, Maas RL. Amniocytes can serve a dual function as a source of iPS cells and feeder layers. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:962-74. [PMID: 21156717 PMCID: PMC3033187 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical barriers to stem-cell therapy include the need for efficient derivation of histocompatible stem cells and the zoonotic risk inherent to human stem-cell xenoculture on mouse feeder cells. We describe a system for efficiently deriving induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from human and mouse amniocytes, and for maintaining the pluripotency of these iPS cells on mitotically inactivated feeder layers prepared from the same amniocytes. Both cellular components of this system are thus autologous to a single donor. Moreover, the use of human feeder cells reduces the risk of zoonosis. Generation of iPS cells using retroviral vectors from short- or long-term cultured human and mouse amniocytes using four factors, or two factors in mouse, occurs in 5-7 days with 0.5% efficiency. This efficiency is greater than that reported for mouse and human fibroblasts using similar viral infection approaches, and does not appear to result from selective reprogramming of Oct4(+) or c-Kit(+) amniocyte subpopulations. Derivation of amniocyte-derived iPS (AdiPS) cell colonies, which express pluripotency markers and exhibit appropriate microarray expression and DNA methylation properties, was facilitated by live immunostaining. AdiPS cells also generate embryoid bodies in vitro and teratomas in vivo. Furthermore, mouse and human amniocytes can serve as feeder layers for iPS cells and for mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Thus, human amniocytes provide an efficient source of autologous iPS cells and, as feeder cells, can also maintain iPS and ES cell pluripotency without the safety concerns associated with xenoculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond M. Anchan
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Philipp Quaas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Behzad Gerami-Naini
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hrishikesh Bartake
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Griffin
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Yilan Zhou
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Day
- Medical Engineering and Medical Physics Graduate Program, Harvard-M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA and
| | - Jennifer L. Eaton
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liji L. George
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine Naber
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Annick Turbe-Doan
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter J. Park
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Children's Hospital Informatics Programand Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark D. Hornstein
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Richard L. Maas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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2441
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Hewitt KJ, Shamis Y, Hayman RB, Margvelashvili M, Dong S, Carlson MW, Garlick JA. Epigenetic and phenotypic profile of fibroblasts derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17128. [PMID: 21386890 PMCID: PMC3046119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells offer a novel source of patient-specific cells for regenerative medicine. However, the biological potential of iPS-derived cells and their similarities to cells differentiated from human embryonic stem (hES) cells remain unclear. We derived fibroblast-like cells from two hiPS cell lines and show that their phenotypic properties and patterns of DNA methylation were similar to that of mature fibroblasts and to fibroblasts derived from hES cells. iPS-derived fibroblasts (iPDK) and their hES-derived counterparts (EDK) showed similar cell morphology throughout differentiation, and patterns of gene expression and cell surface markers were characteristic of mature fibroblasts. Array-based methylation analysis was performed for EDK, iPDK and their parental hES and iPS cell lines, and hierarchical clustering revealed that EDK and iPDK had closely-related methylation profiles. DNA methylation analysis of promoter regions associated with extracellular matrix (ECM)-production (COL1A1) by iPS- and hESC-derived fibroblasts and fibroblast lineage commitment (PDGFRβ), revealed promoter demethylation linked to their expression, and patterns of transcription and methylation of genes related to the functional properties of mature stromal cells were seen in both hiPS- and hES-derived fibroblasts. iPDK cells also showed functional properties analogous to those of hES-derived and mature fibroblasts, as seen by their capacity to direct the morphogenesis of engineered human skin equivalents. Characterization of the functional behavior of ES- and iPS-derived fibroblasts in engineered 3D tissues demonstrates the utility of this tissue platform to predict the capacity of iPS-derived cells before their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Hewitt
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yulia Shamis
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan B. Hayman
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mariam Margvelashvili
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Shumin Dong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark W. Carlson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Garlick
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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2442
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Mathew SS, Hablitz JJ. Presynaptic NMDA receptors mediate IPSC potentiation at GABAergic synapses in developing rat neocortex. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17311. [PMID: 21365001 PMCID: PMC3041804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NMDA receptors are traditionally viewed as being located postsynaptically, at both synaptic and extrasynaptic locations. However, both anatomical and physiological studies have indicated the presence of NMDA receptors located presynaptically. Physiological studies of presynaptic NMDA receptors on neocortical GABAergic terminals and their possible role in synaptic plasticity are lacking. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report here that presynaptic NMDA receptors are present on GABAergic terminals in developing (postnatal day (PND) 12-15) but not older (PND21-25) rat frontal cortex. Using MK-801 in the recording pipette to block postsynaptic NMDA receptors, evoked and miniature IPSCs were recorded in layer II/III pyramidal cells in the presence of AMPA/KA receptor antagonists. Bath application of NMDA or NMDA receptor antagonists produced increases and decreases in mIPSC frequency, respectively. Physiologically patterned stimulation (10 bursts of 10 stimuli at 25 Hz delivered at 1.25 Hz) induced potentiation at inhibitory synapses in PND12-15 animals. This consisted of an initial rapid, large increase in IPSC amplitude followed by a significant but smaller persistent increase. Similar changes were not observed in PND21-25 animals. When 20 mM BAPTA was included in the recording pipette, potentiation was still observed in the PND12-15 group indicating that postsynaptic increases in calcium were not required. Potentiation was not observed when patterned stimulation was given in the presence of D-APV or the NR2B subunit antagonist Ro25-6981. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present results indicate that presynaptic NMDA receptors modulate GABA release onto neocortical pyramidal cells. Presynaptic NR2B subunit containing NMDA receptors are also involved in potentiation at developing GABAergic synapses in rat frontal cortex. Modulation of inhibitory GABAergic synapses by presynaptic NMDA receptors may be important for proper functioning of local cortical networks during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seena S. Mathew
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - John J. Hablitz
- Department of Neurobiology and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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2443
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Jin ZB, Okamoto S, Osakada F, Homma K, Assawachananont J, Hirami Y, Iwata T, Takahashi M. Modeling retinal degeneration using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17084. [PMID: 21347327 PMCID: PMC3037398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common inherited human eye disease resulting in night blindness and visual defects. It is well known that the disease is caused by rod photoreceptor degeneration; however, it remains incurable, due to the unavailability of disease-specific human photoreceptor cells for use in mechanistic studies and drug screening. We obtained fibroblast cells from five RP patients with distinct mutations in the RP1, RP9, PRPH2 or RHO gene, and generated patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by ectopic expression of four key reprogramming factors. We differentiated the iPS cells into rod photoreceptor cells, which had been lost in the patients, and found that they exhibited suitable immunocytochemical features and electrophysiological properties. Interestingly, the number of the patient-derived rod cells with distinct mutations decreased in vitro; cells derived from patients with a specific mutation expressed markers for oxidation or endoplasmic reticulum stress, and exhibited different responses to vitamin E than had been observed in clinical trials. Overall, patient-derived rod cells recapitulated the disease phenotype and expressed markers of cellular stresses. Our results demonstrate that the use of patient-derived iPS cells will help to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms caused by genetic mutations in RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Bing Jin
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Satoshi Okamoto
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kohei Homma
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiko Hirami
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
- Center for iPS Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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2444
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Abstract
This chapter describes a protocol for deriving induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from human fibroblasts. Human fibroblasts, cultured in fibroblast medium, are infected with a cocktail of retroviral vectors expressing the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC. The culture conditions are then switched to conditions that support human embryonic stem cell growth and emerging iPSC colonies that morphologically resemble human embryonic stem cell (hESC) colonies and have silenced the retroviral vectors (as evidenced by downregulation of retroviral GFP expression) that are mechanically isolated and subsequently cultured in identical fashion to hESCs. Putative iPSC lines are validated to be bona fide human iPSC lines by analyzing them for the expression of pluripotency markers and by differentiation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine D Miller
- Dr. Lorenz Studer Laboratory, Developmental Biology Department, Gerstner Sloan-Kettering Graduate School, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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2445
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Liskovykh MA, Chuĭkin IA, Ranjan A, Safina DA, Tolkunova EN, Minina IM, Zhdanova NS, Dyban PA, Mullins J, Kostyleva EI, Chikhirzhina EV, Bader M, Alenina N, Tomilin AN. [Generation of rat induced pluripotent stem cells: the analysis of reprogramming and culturing media]. Tsitologiia 2011; 53:939-945. [PMID: 22359952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The rat represents very important, superior in many respects to the mous, animal model for studying pharmacology, physiology, ageing, cardiovascular etc. However, numerous attempts to derive rat ES cells necessary to carry out loss-of-gene-function studies have not been successful thus far. Therefore rat induct pluripotent stem cells (or riPS) should provide a notable alternative to ES cell, allowing to study gene functions in this valuable animal model. Here we report an improved lentivirus-based riPS derivation protocol that makes use of small inhibitors of MEK and GSK3. We show that the excision of proviruses does not affect neither karyotype and pluripotency state of these cells. Also, we propose genetic tool for an improvement of the quality of riPS cells in culture. These data may prompt further iPS-based gene targeting in rat as well as the development iPS-based gene therapies, using this animal model.
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2446
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Philonenko ES, Shutova MV, Chestkov IV, Lagarkova MA, Kiselev SL. Current progress and potential practical application for human pluripotent stem cells. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2011; 292:153-96. [PMID: 22078961 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386033-0.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are able to give rise to all cell types of the organism. There are two sources for human pluripotent stem cells: embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from surplus blastocysts created for in vitro fertilization and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated by reprogramming of somatic cells. ESCs have been an area of intense research during the past decade, and two clinical trials have been recently approved. iPSCs were created only recently, and most of the research has been focused on the iPSC generation protocols and investigation of mechanisms of direct reprogramming. The iPSC technology makes possible to derive pluripotent stem cells from any patient. However, there are a number of hurdles to be overcome before iPSCs will find a niche in practice. In this review, we discuss differences and similarities of the two pluripotent cell types and assess prospects for application of these cells in biomedicine.
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2447
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Abstract
Targeted homologous recombination (HR) is an essential tool in stem cell biology. It can be used to study gene function and is a highly developed technology in the mouse where precise genetic modifications are introduced into the genome via HR in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). However, gene targeting has not been widely applied to the study of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) due to its relatively low efficiency in human cell lines. To overcome this technical hurdle, we have developed and established a protocol that allows efficient gene targeting in hPSC lines. This chapter provides a detailed protocol for efficiently performing gene targeting in hPSCs by electroporation. The protocol describes methods for cell preparation, antibiotic selection, and excision of the selectable marker following gene targeting. While we can only target one allele at a time, HR covers a broad range of important applications including making knock-in reporter lines and knock-in lineage tracers, generating disease models that are caused by dominant mutants, repair of patient-derived induced PSCs that only involve a single allele mutation, and knocking out genes that are located on the X chromosome in male lines. When targeting to both alleles is needed, such as generation of a knockout cell line, the cells can be electroporated twice with targeting vectors designed to target each of the alleles. This protocol will find broad applications in generating lineage-specific reporter lines and point mutations in genetic repair in disease models using hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Medical Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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2448
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Irving JA, Ekeowa UI, Belorgey D, Haq I, Gooptu B, Miranda E, Pérez J, Roussel BD, Ordóñez A, Dalton LE, Thomas SE, Marciniak SJ, Parfrey H, Chilvers ER, Teckman JH, Alam S, Mahadeva R, Rashid ST, Vallier L, Lomas DA. The serpinopathies studying serpin polymerization in vivo. Methods Enzymol 2011; 501:421-66. [PMID: 22078544 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385950-1.00018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The serpinopathies result from point mutations in members of the serine protease inhibitor or serpin superfamily. They are characterized by the formation of ordered polymers that are retained within the cell of synthesis. This causes disease by a "toxic gain of function" from the accumulated protein and a "loss of function" as a result of the deficiency of inhibitors that control important proteolytic cascades. The serpinopathies are exemplified by the Z (Glu342Lys) mutant of α₁-antitrypsin that results in the retention of ordered polymers within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. These polymers form the intracellular inclusions that are associated with neonatal hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. A second example results from mutations in the neurone-specific serpin-neuroserpin to form ordered polymers that are retained as inclusions within subcortical neurones as Collins' bodies. These inclusions underlie the autosomal dominant dementia familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies or FENIB. There are different pathways to polymer formation in vitro but not all form polymers that are relevant in vivo. It is therefore essential that protein-based structural studies are interpreted in the context of human samples and cell and animal models of disease. We describe here the biochemical techniques, monoclonal antibodies, cell biology, animal models, and stem cell technology that are useful to characterize the serpin polymers that form in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Irving
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2449
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Liskovykh MA, Chuĭkin IA, Ranjan A, Popova E, Tolkunova EN, Chechik LL, Malinin AI, Morozova AV, Mosienko V, Bader M, alenina N, Tomilin AN. [Genetic manipulation and studying of differentiation properties of rat induced pluripotent stem cells]. Tsitologiia 2011; 53:946-951. [PMID: 22359953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are derived from somatic cells reprogrammed to the pluripotent state by the induced expression of defined transcription factors, achieved for the first time by the seminal work of Takahashi and Yamanaka. This new type of pluripotent cells has offered new exciting options in regenerative medicine allowing the replacement of cells and organs with the patient's own cells thereby avoiding immunological complications. In order to develop such technologies in approved animal models, iPS cells were also generated from rodents. Of course, the most important model for studying of different diseases is rat. In this study, we present a method suitable for rat iPS cells genetic modification by stable transfection and show necessary conditions for the first stages of direct differentiation.
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2450
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Nishishita N, Takenaka C, Fusaki N, Kawamata S. Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from cord blood cells. J Stem Cells 2011; 6:101-108. [PMID: 23264996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report that iPS cells can be safely and effectively generated from fresh human cord blood (CB) cells with Sendai virus (SeV) vector carrying reprogramming factors OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. The SeV vector is a single strand RNA virus having no DNA phase, and selectively infects the freshly isolated CD34+ CD45low+ fraction of CB cells corresponding to hematopoietic progenitors. Approximately twenty ES cell-like colonies emerged from 1 x 104 freshly isolated CD34+ CB cells around 18 days after SeV infection and were selected for passage to reduce the frequency of the remaining SeV-infected cells. The complete elimination of viral constructs was confirmed after several passages by immunostaining with monoclonal antibody against hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and by RT-PCR analysis. Five ES cell-like clones were selected to examine their in vitro potential for three germ layer differentiation and their capacity for teratoma formation. Generation of non-integrating Sendai virus (SeV) iPS cells from CB cells may be an important step to provide allogeneic iPS cell-derived therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nishishita
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Chuo-ku, Japan
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