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Ji Y, Yang C, Pang X, Yan Y, Wu Y, Geng Z, Hu W, Hu P, Wu X, Wang K. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Alzheimer's disease: effects on neural and synaptic rehabilitation. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:326-342. [PMID: 38819037 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from deficits in synaptic transmission and homeostasis. The Alzheimer's disease brain tends to be hyperexcitable and hypersynchronized, thereby causing neurodegeneration and ultimately disrupting the operational abilities in daily life, leaving patients incapacitated. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a cost-effective, neuro-modulatory technique used for multiple neurological conditions. Over the past two decades, it has been widely used to predict cognitive decline; identify pathophysiological markers; promote neuroplasticity; and assess brain excitability, plasticity, and connectivity. It has also been applied to patients with dementia, because it can yield facilitatory effects on cognition and promote brain recovery after a neurological insult. However, its therapeutic effectiveness at the molecular and synaptic levels has not been elucidated because of a limited number of studies. This study aimed to characterize the neurobiological changes following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment, evaluate its effects on synaptic plasticity, and identify the associated mechanisms. This review essentially focuses on changes in the pathology, amyloidogenesis, and clearance pathways, given that amyloid deposition is a major hypothesis in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Apoptotic mechanisms associated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation procedures and different pathways mediating gene transcription, which are closely related to the neural regeneration process, are also highlighted. Finally, we discuss the outcomes of animal studies in which neuroplasticity is modulated and assessed at the structural and functional levels by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, with the aim to highlight future directions for better clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ji
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chaoyi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xuerui Pang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yibing Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhi Geng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wenjie Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Panpan Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xingqi Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Psychology and Sleep Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Spitschan M. Selecting, implementing and evaluating control and placebo conditions in light therapy and light-based interventions. Ann Med 2024; 56:2298875. [PMID: 38329797 PMCID: PMC10854444 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2298875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Light profoundly influences human physiology, behaviour and cognition by affecting various functions through light-sensitive cells in the retina. Light therapy has proven effective in treating seasonal depression and other disorders. However, designing appropriate control conditions for light-based interventions remains a challenge.Materials and methods: This article presents a novel framework for selecting, implementing and evaluating control conditions in light studies, offering theoretical foundations and practical guidance. It reviews the fundamentals of photoreception and discusses control strategies such as dim light, darkness, different wavelengths, spectral composition and metameric conditions. Special cases like dynamic lighting, simulated dawn and dusk, complex interventions and studies involving blind or visually impaired patients are also considered.Results: The practical guide outlines steps for selection, implementation, evaluation and reporting, emphasizing the importance of α-opic calculations and physiological validation.Conclusion: In conclusion, constructing effective control conditions is crucial for demonstrating the efficacy of light interventions in various research scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Spitschan
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Chronobiology & Health, Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Garching, Germany
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Matsuda N, Abe MO. Attenuation of implicit motor learning with consecutive exposure to visual errors. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 17:32-37. [PMID: 38910907 PMCID: PMC11190668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Visual errors induced by movement drive implicit corrections of that movement. When similar errors are experienced consecutively, does sensitivity to the error remain consistent each time? This study aimed to investigate the modulation of implicit error sensitivity through continuous exposure to the same errors. In the reaching task using visual error-clamp feedback, participants were presented with the same error in direction and magnitude for four consecutive trials. We found that implicit error sensitivity decreased after exposure to the second error. These results indicate that when visual errors occur consecutively, the sensorimotor system exhibits different responses, even for identical errors. The continuity of errors may be a factor that modulates error sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Education, Hokkaido University, Kita-11, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0811, Japan
| | - Masaki O. Abe
- Faculty of Education, Hokkaido University, Kita-11, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0811, Japan
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Nainamalai V, Qair HA, Pelanis E, Jenssen HB, Fretland ÅA, Edwin B, Elle OJ, Balasingham I. Automated algorithm for medical data structuring, and segmentation using artificial intelligence within secured environment for dataset creation. Eur J Radiol Open 2024; 13:100582. [PMID: 39041057 PMCID: PMC11260947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2024.100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Routinely collected electronic health records using artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems bring out enormous benefits for patients, healthcare centers, and its industries. Artificial intelligence models can be used to structure a wide variety of unstructured data. Methods We present a semi-automatic workflow for medical dataset management, including data structuring, research extraction, AI-ground truth creation, and updates. The algorithm creates directories based on keywords in new file names. Results Our work focuses on organizing computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) images, patient clinical data, and segmented annotations. In addition, an AI model is used to generate different initial labels that can be edited manually to create ground truth labels. The manually verified ground truth labels are later included in the structured dataset using an automated algorithm for future research. Conclusion This is a workflow with an AI model trained on local hospital medical data with output based/adapted to the users and their preferences. The automated algorithms and AI model could be implemented inside a secondary secure environment in the hospital to produce inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hemin Ali Qair
- The Intervention Centre, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Egidijus Pelanis
- The Intervention Centre, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håvard Bjørke Jenssen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åsmund Avdem Fretland
- The Intervention Centre, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Edwin
- The Intervention Centre, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-Pancreatic-Biliary surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Jakob Elle
- The Intervention Centre, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ilangko Balasingham
- The Intervention Centre, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of electronic systems (IES), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Behrendt T, Quisilima JI, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Glazachev OS, Brigadski T, Leßmann V, Schega L. Brain-Derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory biomarkers are unaffected by acute and chronic intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure in geriatric patients: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Med 2024; 56:2304650. [PMID: 38253008 PMCID: PMC10810628 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2304650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal and human studies have shown that exposure to hypoxia can increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein transcription and reduce systematic inflammatory cytokine response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure (IHHE) prior to aerobic exercise on BDNF, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) blood levels in geriatric patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-five geriatric patients (83.1 ± 5.0 yrs, 71.1 ± 10.0 kg, 1.8 ± 0.9 m) participated in a placebo-controlled, single-blinded trial and were randomly assigned to either an intervention (IG) or control group (CG) performing an aerobic cycling training (17 sessions, 20 min·session-1, 3 sessions·week-1). Prior to aerobic cycling exercise, the IG was additionally exposed to IHHE for 30 min, whereas the CG received continuous normoxic air. Blood samples were taken immediately before (pre-exercise) and 10 min (post-exercise) after the first session as well as 48 h (post-training) after the last session to determine serum (BDNFS) and plasma BDNF (BDNFP), IL-6, and CRP levels. Intervention effects were analyzed using a 2 x 2 analysis of covariance with repeated measures. Results were interpreted based on effect sizes with a medium effect considered as meaningful (ηp2 ≥ 0.06, d ≥ 0.5). RESULTS CRP was moderately higher (d = 0.51) in the CG compared to the IG at baseline. IHHE had no acute effect on BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.01), BDNFP (ηp2 < 0.01), BDNF serum/plasma-ratio (ηp2 < 0.01), IL-6 (ηp2 < 0.01), or CRP (ηp2 = 0.04). After the 6-week intervention, an interaction was found for BDNF serum/plasma-ratio (ηp2 = 0.06) but not for BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.04), BDNFP (ηp2 < 0.01), IL-6 (ηp2 < 0.01), or CRP (ηp2 < 0.01). BDNF serum/plasma-ratio increased from pre-exercise to post-training (d = 0.67) in the CG compared to the IG (d = 0.51). A main effect of time was found for BDNFP (ηp2 = 0.09) but not for BDNFS (ηp2 = 0.02). Within-group post-hoc analyses revealed a training-related reduction in BDNFP in the IG and CG by 46.1% (d = 0.73) and 24.7% (d = 0.57), respectively. CONCLUSION The addition of 30 min IHHE prior to 20 min aerobic cycling seems not to be effective to increase BDNFS and BDNFP or to reduce IL-6 and CRP levels in geriatric patients after a 6-week intervention.The study was retrospectively registered at drks.de (DRKS-ID: DRKS00025130).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Ibanez Quisilima
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- University of Applied Sciences for Sport and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oleg S. Glazachev
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Volkmar Leßmann
- Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Yan X, Bedillion MF, Claus ED, Huang-Pollock C, Ansell EB. Sex differences in the prospective association of excessively long reaction times and hazardous cannabis use at six months. Addict Behav Rep 2024; 20:100558. [PMID: 39027408 PMCID: PMC11252613 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The neurocognitive risk mechanisms predicting divergent outcomes likely differ between men and women who use cannabis recreationally. Increasingly, the use of descriptive distributions including the ex-Gaussian has been applied to draw stronger inferences about neurocognitive health in clinical populations. The current project examines whether the long tail of reaction times (RTs) in a distribution, as characterized by the ex-Gaussian parameter tau which may represent difficulty with the regulation of arousal, predicts problematic cannabis use 6 months later in those who use cannabis recreationally, and whether sex moderates these prospective associations. Method Young adults (ages 18-30, mean age 20.5 years, N =159, 57.2% women, 69.2% Caucasian) who recreationally used cannabis either occasionally (at least once per month) or frequently (three times or more per week) completed the Stroop Color-Word Task at baseline. Ex-Gaussian parameter tau was estimated for each participant. Self-report of hazardous cannabis use (CUDIT-R) and dysregulation of negative (DERS) and positive emotions (DERS-Positive) were obtained at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Results For those with larger tau at baseline, being a man (but not a woman) was associated with increased difficulty regulating positive emotions concurrently (b = -0.01, F (1,159) = 5.48, p = 0.02), and with hazardous cannabis use six months later (b = -0.007, F (1,159) = 4.42, p = 0.037) after controlling for baseline hazardous cannabis use. Conclusions Excessively long RTs during cognitive performance may help characterize men at risk for increased hazardous use, which contributes to understanding between-sex heterogeneity in pathways towards cannabis use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Margaret F. Bedillion
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | - Eric D. Claus
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
| | | | - Emily B. Ansell
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
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Abstract
How often a researcher is cited usually plays a decisive role in that person's career advancement, because academic institutions often use citation metrics, either explicitly or implicitly, to estimate research impact and productivity. Research has shown, however, that citation patterns and practices are affected by various biases, including the prestige of the authors being cited and their gender, race, and nationality, whether self-attested or perceived. Some commentators have proposed that researchers can address biases related to social identity or position by including a Citation Diversity Statement in a manuscript submitted for publication. A Citation Diversity Statement is a paragraph placed before the reference section of a manuscript in which the authors address the diversity and equitability of their references in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, or other factors and affirm a commitment to promoting equity and diversity in sources and references. The present commentary considers arguments in favor of Citation Diversity Statements, and some practical and ethical issues that these statements raise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisha S Ray
- McGovern Center For Humanities & Ethics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Perry Zurn
- Department of Philosophy and Religion, American University, Washington, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jordan D Dworkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dani S Bassett
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical & Systems Engineering, Physics and Astronomy, Neurology, and Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania; and the Santa Fe Institute, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - David B Resnik
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, New York, New York, USA
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Larionova E, Garakh Z. Spelling principles matter: An ERP study investigating the processing of different types of pseudohomophones. Brain Res 2024; 1839:149012. [PMID: 38772521 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Spelling in any writing system is governed by fundamental principles. We examined the processing of two types of pseudohomophones constructed from words whose spellings are based on different principles - on the traditional principle of writing, requiring memorization of their spelling, and on the morphological principle, allowing the determination of their spelling from another word with the same morpheme (root) to examine the dependence of the occurrence of orthography-phonology conflict on spelling principles. Event-related potentials were recorded from 22 volunteers during silent reading. Pseudohomophones based on the morphological principle increased the N400 amplitude, emphasizing semantic and morphological processing importance. The P600 component showed significant effects for differentiating words and pseudohomophones based on the traditional principle, predominantly indicating the involvement of memory and reanalysis processes. Source reconstruction demonstrates that both pseudohomophones activate the left inferior frontal gyrus. However, pseudohomophones based on the traditional principle additionally activate the right and left postcentral gyrus, indicating the involvement of additional areas in the differentiation process. The earlier differences for stimuli based on the morphological principle indicate access to smaller units (morphemes), whereas stimuli based on the traditional principle require whole word processing. Our findings underscore the significant role of spelling principles in orthographic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Larionova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Zhanna Garakh
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Kanterman A, Scheele D, Nevat M, Saporta N, Lieberz J, Hurlemann R, Shamay-Tsoory S. Let me in: The neural correlates of inclusion motivation in loneliness. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:399-408. [PMID: 38897307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is well-established that humans possess an innate need for social belonging, the neural mechanisms underlying motivation for connection are still largely unknown. We propose that inclusion motivation - measured through the effort that individuals are willing to invest to be included in social interactions - may serve as one of the basic building blocks of social behavior and may change in lonely individuals. METHODS Following the screening of 303 participants, we scanned 30 low- and 28 high-loneliness individuals with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed the Active Inclusion Task (AIT). The AIT assesses the participants' levels of effort invested in influencing their inclusion during classic Cyberball conditions of fair play and exclusion. RESULTS High- compared to low-loneliness individuals showed higher urgency for inclusion, specifically during fair play, which correlated with higher activity in the right thalamus. Furthermore, in high-loneliness individuals, we found increased functional connectivity between the thalamus and the temporoparietal junction, putamen, and insula. LIMITATIONS Participants interacted with computerized avatars, reducing ecological validity. Additionally, although increasing inclusion in the task required action, the physical demand was not high. Additional limitations are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion motivation in loneliness is heightened during fair but not exclusionary interactions, and is linked to activity in brain regions implicated in appetitive behavior and social cognition. The findings indicate that lonely individuals may view threat in inclusionary interactions, prompting them to take action to regain connection. This suggests that inclusion motivation may help explain social difficulties in loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kanterman
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
| | - D Scheele
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - M Nevat
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - N Saporta
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - J Lieberz
- Section of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - R Hurlemann
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstrasse 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, Melander Heerstrasse 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - S Shamay-Tsoory
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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Liddell BJ, Das P, Malhi GS, Jobson L, Lau W, Felmingham KL, Nickerson A, Askovic M, Aroche J, Coello M, Bryant RA. Self-construal modulates default mode network connectivity in refugees with PTSD. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:268-276. [PMID: 38866252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While self-construal and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are independently associated with altered self-referential processes and underlying default mode network (DMN) functioning, no study has examined how self-construal affects DMN connectivity in PTSD. METHODS A final sample of 93 refugee participants (48 with DSM-5 PTSD or sub-syndromal PTSD and 45 matched trauma-exposed controls) completed a 5-minute resting state fMRI scan to enable the observation of connectivity in the DMN and other core networks. A self-construal index was calculated by substracting scores on the collectivistic and individualistic sub-scales of the Self Construal Scale. RESULTS Independent components analysis identified 9 active networks-of-interest, and functional network connectivity was determined. A significant interaction effect between PTSD and self-construal index was observed in the anterior ventromedial DMN, with spatial maps localizing this to the left ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), extending to the ventral anterior cingulate cortex. This effect revealed that connectivity in the vMPFC showed greater reductions in those with PTSD with higher levels of collectivistic self-construal. LIMITATIONS This is an observational study and causality cannot be assumed. The specialized sample of refugees means that the findings may not generalize to other trauma-exposed populations. CONCLUSIONS Such a finding indicates that self-construal may shape the core neural architecture of PTSD, given that functional disruptions to the vmPFC underpin the core mechanisms of extinction learning, emotion dysregulation and self-referential processing in PTSD. Results have important implications for understanding the universality of neural disturbances in PTSD, and suggest that self-construal could be an important consideration in the assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda J Liddell
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Australia; School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Australia.
| | - Pritha Das
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Australia; Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Gin S Malhi
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, CADE Clinic, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Northern Clinical School, Department of Psychiatry, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Winnie Lau
- Phoenix Australia, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kim L Felmingham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Mirjana Askovic
- NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Jorge Aroche
- NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS), Sydney, Australia
| | - Mariano Coello
- NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS), Sydney, Australia
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Ricci A, Rubino E, Serra GP, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Concerning neuromodulation as treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorder: Insights gained from selective targeting of the subthalamic nucleus, para-subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2024; 256:110003. [PMID: 38789078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Neuromodulation such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) is advancing as a clinical intervention in several neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, dystonia, tremor, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) for which DBS is already applied to alleviate severely afflicted individuals of symptoms. Tourette syndrome and drug addiction are two additional disorders for which DBS is in trial or proposed as treatment. However, some major remaining obstacles prevent this intervention from reaching its full therapeutic potential. Side-effects have been reported, and not all DBS-treated individuals are relieved of their symptoms. One major target area for DBS electrodes is the subthalamic nucleus (STN) which plays important roles in motor, affective and associative functions, with impact on for example movement, motivation, impulsivity, compulsivity, as well as both reward and aversion. The multifunctionality of the STN is complex. Decoding the anatomical-functional organization of the STN could enhance strategic targeting in human patients. The STN is located in close proximity to zona incerta (ZI) and the para-subthalamic nucleus (pSTN). Together, the STN, pSTN and ZI form a highly heterogeneous and clinically important brain area. Rodent-based experimental studies, including opto- and chemogenetics as well as viral-genetic tract tracings, provide unique insight into complex neuronal circuitries and their impact on behavior with high spatial and temporal precision. This research field has advanced tremendously over the past few years. Here, we provide an inclusive review of current literature in the pre-clinical research fields centered around STN, pSTN and ZI in laboratory mice and rats; the three highly heterogeneous and enigmatic structures brought together in the context of relevance for treatment strategies. Specific emphasis is placed on methods of manipulation and behavioral impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ricci
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Eleonora Rubino
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Gian Pietro Serra
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Åsa Wallén-Mackenzie
- Uppsala University, Department of Organism Biology, 756 32 Uppsala, Sweden; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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12
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Basarkod S, Valbrun S, Wiltshire C, France JM, Davie W, Winters S, George SA, Stenson AF, Jovanovic T. Prospective Measurement of Skin Conductance Response during Trauma Interview Predicts Future PTSD Severity in Trauma Exposed Children. JOURNAL OF MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS 2024; 7:100061. [PMID: 38559776 PMCID: PMC10976609 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjmad.2024.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Previous cross-sectional studies have shown that sympathetic nervous system (SNS) arousal is positively associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in children with trauma exposure. One of the ways that SNS activity is measured is through skin conductance response (SCR), which has been shown to predict future PTSD severity in adults. In this study, we explored the utility of a novel, low-cost mobile SCR device, eSense, to predict future PTSD symptom severity in trauma exposed children. We recruited children (N=43, age 9 years at initial visit) for a longitudinal study in which SCR was recorded at baseline visit, and PTSD symptoms were assessed two years later. Results indicated an interaction between SCR and trauma exposure, such that children with lower trauma exposure who demonstrated greater SCR reported higher PTSD severity two years later. This association remained significant even after controlling for baseline PTSD symptoms. Children with higher levels of trauma exposure did not show this association, potentially due to ceiling effects of PTSD symptoms. Together these findings suggest the utility of SCR as a biomarker for predicting trauma related disorders in children, and that it may be a valuable tool in clinical interventions targeting sympathetic arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattvik Basarkod
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shaurel Valbrun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Charis Wiltshire
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John McClellan France
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - William Davie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sterling Winters
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sophie A. George
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Anais F. Stenson
- Division of AIDS Research at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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13
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Ip KI, Wen W, Sim L, Chen S, Kim SY. Associations of Household and Neighborhood Contexts and Hair Cortisol Among Mexican-Origin Adolescents From Low-Income Immigrant Families. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22519. [PMID: 38922899 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Although neighborhood contexts serve as upstream determinants of health, it remains unclear how these contexts "get under the skin" of Mexican-origin youth, who are disproportionately concentrated in highly disadvantaged yet co-ethnic neighborhoods. The current study examines the associations between household and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES), neighborhood racial-ethnic and immigrant composition, and hair cortisol concentration (HCC)-a physiological index of chronic stress response-among Mexican-origin adolescents from low-income immigrant families in the United States. A total of 297 (54.20% female; mage = 17.61, SD = 0.93) Mexican-origin adolescents had their hair cortisol collected, and their residential addresses were geocoded and merged with the American Community Survey. Neighborhoods with higher Hispanic-origin and foreign-born residents were associated with higher neighborhood disadvantage, whereas neighborhoods with higher non-Hispanic White and domestic-born residents were associated with higher neighborhood affluence. Mexican-origin adolescents living in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of Hispanic-origin residents showed lower levels of HCC, consistent with the role of the ethnic enclave. In contrast, adolescents living in more affluent neighborhoods showed higher levels of HCC, possibly reflecting a physiological toll. No association was found between household SES and HCC. Our findings underscore the importance of taking sociocultural contexts and person-environment fit into consideration when understanding how neighborhoods influence adolescents' stress physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka I Ip
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Lester Sim
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shanting Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Florida City, Florida, USA
| | - Su Yeong Kim
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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14
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Fenerci C, Setton R, Baracchini G, Snytte J, Spreng RN, Sheldon S. Lifespan differences in hippocampal subregion connectivity patterns during movie watching. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 141:182-193. [PMID: 38968875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Age-related episodic memory decline is attributed to functional alternations in the hippocampus. Less clear is how aging affects the functional connections of the hippocampus to the rest of the brain during episodic memory processing. We examined fMRI data from the CamCAN dataset, in which a large cohort of participants watched a movie (N = 643; 18-88 years), a proxy for naturalistic episodic memory encoding. We examined connectivity profiles across the lifespan both within the hippocampus (anterior, posterior), and between the hippocampal subregions and cortical networks. Aging was associated with reductions in contralateral (left, right) but not ipsilateral (anterior, posterior) hippocampal subregion connectivity. Aging was primarily associated with increased coupling between the anterior hippocampus and regions affiliated with Control, Dorsal Attention and Default Mode networks, yet decreased coupling between the posterior hippocampus and a selection of these regions. Differences in age-related hippocampal-cortical, but not within-hippocampus circuitry selectively predicted worse memory performance. Our findings comprehensively characterize hippocampal functional topography in relation to cognition in older age, suggesting that shifts in cortico-hippocampal connectivity may be sensitive markers of age-related episodic memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Fenerci
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Roni Setton
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Baracchini
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jamie Snytte
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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15
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Zheng C, Cao Y, Li Y, Ye Z, Jia X, Li M, Yu Y, Liu W. Long-term table tennis training alters dynamic functional connectivity and white matter microstructure in large scale brain regions. Brain Res 2024; 1838:148889. [PMID: 38552934 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Table tennis training has been employed as an exercise treatment to enhance cognitive brain functioning in patients with mental illnesses. However, research on its underlying mechanisms remains limited. In this study, we investigated functional and structural changes in large-scale brain regions between 20 table tennis players (TTPs) and 21 healthy controls (HCs) using 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Compared with those of HCs, TTPs exhibited significantly greater fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial diffusivity (AD) values in multiple fiber tracts. We used the locations with the most significant structural changes in white matter as the seed areas and then compared static and dynamic functional connectivity (sFC and dFC). Brodmann 11, located in the orbitofrontal cortex, showed altered dFC values to large-scale brain regions, such as the occipital lobe, thalamus, and cerebellar hemispheres, in TTPs. Brodmann 48, located in the temporal lobe, showed altered dFC to the parietal lobe, frontal lobe, cerebellum, and occipital lobe. Furthermore, the AD values of the forceps minor (Fmi) and right anterior thalamic radiations (ATRs) were negatively correlated with useful field of view (UFOV) test scores in TTPs. Our results suggest that table tennis players exhibit a unique pattern of dynamic neural activity, this provides evidence for potential mechanisms through which table tennis interventions can enhance attention and other cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanying Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Xize Jia
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Mengting Li
- School of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- Psychiatry Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wenming Liu
- Department of Sport Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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16
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Joris PX, Verschooten E. Midbrain sensitivity to auditory motion studied with dichotic sweeps of broadband noise. Hear Res 2024; 450:109066. [PMID: 38889563 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Many neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) show sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs), which is thought to be relayed from the brainstem. However, studies with interaural phase modulation of pure tones showed that IC neurons have a sensitivity to changes in ITD that is not present at the level of the brainstem. This sensitivity has been interpreted as a form of sensitivity to motion. A new type of stimulus is used here to study the sensitivity of IC neurons to dynamic changes in ITD, in which broad- or narrowband stimuli are swept through a range of ITDs with arbitrary start-ITD, end-ITD, speed, and direction. Extracellular recordings were obtained under barbiturate anesthesia in the cat. We applied the same analyses as previously introduced for the study of responses to tones. We find effects of motion which are similar to those described in response to interaural phase modulation of tones. The size of the effects strongly depended on the motion parameters but was overall smaller than reported for tones. We found that the effects of motion could largely be explained by the temporal response pattern of the neuron such as adaptation and build-up. Our data add to previous evidence questioning true coding of motion at the level of the IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip X Joris
- Lab. of Auditory Neurophysiology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Dept. of Neuroscience, UW-Madison, 111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA.
| | - Eric Verschooten
- Lab. of Auditory Neurophysiology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Lissaman R, Rajagopal S, Kearley J, Pasvanis S, Rajah MN. Menopause status- and sex-related differences in age associations with spatial context memory and white matter microstructure at midlife. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 141:151-159. [PMID: 38954878 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Decline in spatial context memory emerges in midlife, the time when most females transition from pre- to post-menopause. Recent evidence suggests that, among post-menopausal females, advanced age is associated with functional brain alterations and lower spatial context memory. However, it is unknown whether similar effects are evident for white matter (WM) and, moreover, whether such effects contribute to sex differences at midlife. To address this, we conducted a study on 96 cognitively unimpaired middle-aged adults (30 males, 32 pre-menopausal females, 34 post-menopausal females). Spatial context memory was assessed using a face-location memory paradigm, while WM microstructure was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging. Behaviorally, advanced age was associated with lower spatial context memory in post-menopausal females but not pre-menopausal females or males. Additionally, advanced age was associated with microstructural variability in predominantly frontal WM (e.g., anterior corona radiata, genu of corpus callosum), which was related to lower spatial context memory among post-menopausal females. Our findings suggest that post-menopausal status enhances vulnerability to age effects on the brain's WM and episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Lissaman
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Julia Kearley
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Maria Natasha Rajah
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Pahlenkemper M, Bernhard H, Reithler J, Roberts MJ. Behavioural interference at event boundaries reduces long-term memory performance in the virtual water maze task without affecting working memory performance. Cognition 2024; 250:105859. [PMID: 38896998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Narrative episodic memory of movie clips can be retroactively impaired by presenting unrelated stimuli coinciding with event boundaries. This effect has been linked with rapid hippocampal processes triggered by the offset of the event, that are alternatively related either to memory consolidation or with working memory processes. Here we tested whether this effect extended to spatial memory, the temporal specificity and extent of the interference, and its effect on working- vs long-term memory. In three computerized adaptations of the Morris Water Maze, participants learned the location of an invisible target over three trials each. A second spatial navigation task was presented either immediately after finding the target, after a 10-s delay, or no second task was presented (control condition). A recall session, in which participants indicated the learned target location with 10 'pin-drop' trials for each condition, was performed after a 1-h or a 24-h break. Spatial memory was measured by the mean distance between pins and the true location. Results indicated that the immediate presentation of the second task led to worse memory performance, for both break durations, compared to the delayed condition. There was no difference in performance between the delayed presentation and the control condition. Despite this long-term memory effect, we found no difference in the rate of performance improvement during the learning session, indicating no effect of the second task on working memory. Our findings are in line with a rapid process, linked to the offset of an event, that is involved in the early stages of memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pahlenkemper
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah Bernhard
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joel Reithler
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J Roberts
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center (M-BIC), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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19
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Hunter B, Montgomery B, Sridhar A, Markant J. Endogenous Control and Reward-based Mechanisms Shape Infants' Attention Biases to Caregiver Faces. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22521. [PMID: 38952248 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Infants rely on developing attention skills to identify relevant stimuli in their environments. Although caregivers are socially rewarding and a critical source of information, they are also one of many stimuli that compete for infants' attention. Young infants preferentially hold attention on caregiver faces, but it is unknown whether they also preferentially orient to caregivers and the extent to which these attention biases reflect reward-based attention mechanisms. To address these questions, we measured 4- to 10-month-old infants' (N = 64) frequency of orienting and duration of looking to caregiver and stranger faces within multi-item arrays. We also assessed whether infants' attention to these faces related to individual differences in Surgency, an indirect index of reward sensitivity. Although infants did not show biased attention to caregiver versus stranger faces at the group level, infants were increasingly biased to orient to stranger faces with age and infants with higher Surgency scores showed more robust attention orienting and attention holding biases to caregiver faces. These effects varied based on the selective attention demands of the task, suggesting that infants' attention biases to caregiver faces may reflect both developing attention control skills and reward-based attention mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Hunter
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brooke Montgomery
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Aditi Sridhar
- Department of Psychology, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
| | - Julie Markant
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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20
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Voudouri A, Białek M, De Neys W. Fast & slow decisions under risk: Intuition rather than deliberation drives advantageous choices. Cognition 2024; 250:105837. [PMID: 38878520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Would you take a gamble with a 10% chance to gain $100 and a 90% chance to lose $10? Even though this gamble has a positive expected value, most people would avoid taking it given the high chance of losing money. Popular "fast-and-slow" dual process theories of risky decision making assume that to take expected value into account and avoid a loss aversion bias, people need to deliberate. In this paper we directly test whether reasoners can also consider expected value benefit intuitively, in the absence of deliberation. To do so, we presented participants with bets and lotteries in which they could choose between a risky expected-value-based choice and a safe loss averse option. We used a two-response paradigm where participants made two choices in every trial: an initial intuitive choice under time-pressure and cognitive load and a final choice without constraints where they could freely deliberate. Results showed that in most trials participants were loss averse, both in the intuitive and deliberate stages. However, when people opted for the expected-value-based choice after deliberating, they had predominantly already arrived at this choice intuitively. Additionally, loss averse participants often showed an intuitive sensitivity to expected value (as reflected in decreased confidence). Overall, these results suggest that deliberation is not the primary route for expected-value-based responding in risky decision making. Risky decisions may be better conceptualized as an interplay between different types of "fast" intuitions rather than between two different types of "fast" and "slow" thinking per se.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Białek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wim De Neys
- Université Paris Cité, LaPsyDÉ, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
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21
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Gresch D, Boettcher SEP, van Ede F, Nobre AC. Corrigendum to "Shielding working-memory representations from temporally predictable external interference" [Cognition 217 (2021) 104915]. Cognition 2024; 250:105857. [PMID: 38880716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gresch
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sage E P Boettcher
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Freek van Ede
- Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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22
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Knöbel S, Borchert A, Gatzmaga N, Heilmann F, Musculus L, Laborde S, Lautenbach F. The impact of soccer-specific psychophysiological stress on inhibition and cognitive flexibility in elite youth players. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 74:102682. [PMID: 38821249 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
While researchers and practitioners attribute an essential role to executive functions (EFs) for soccer performance, the usefulness of respective diagnostics and the predictive value remain unclear. One limitation restricting the translation and relevance of study results to improve actual game performance is the insufficient consideration of competitive conditions. Thus, this study aimed to conduct soccer-specific cognitive diagnostics under a soccer-specific psychophysiological stress condition, mimicing the demands of a competitive game. A total of 92 (Mage = 15.17, SDage = 1.45) youth elite players performed tests for inhibition (flanker task) or cognitive flexibility (number-letter task) with a soccer-specific motor response (i.e., pass into goals). After a pre-test in a neutral condition, players were randomly assigned to a neutral (moderate soccer-specific exercise) or a stress condition (physical stress and competitive instructions and filming for psychological stress). Objective (i.e., cortisol, heart rate variability) and subjective stress-related measures (i.e., SAM, VAS) were assessed six times throughout experimental procedure. Analyses revealed significant interaction effects between time and condition for all objective and subjective variables indicating a successful experimental stress induction. For cognitive performance, results revealed significant main effects of time, but no significant interaction effects between time and condition. However, descriptive statistics suggested improved performance under stress, with decreased flanker effect and switch costs. Additionally, response time variability in the flanker task significantly decreased in the stress condition. These findings offer insights into individual stress perception and processing under game-related psychophysiological demands, expanding previous research on situational EF alterations that also hold relevance for applied practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Knöbel
- Leipzig University, Faculty of Sport Science, Chair of Sport Psychology, Jahnallee 59, 04109, Leipzig, Germany; Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Borchert
- RasenBallsport Leipzig GmbH, Cottaweg 3, 04177, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - N Gatzmaga
- RasenBallsport Leipzig GmbH, Cottaweg 3, 04177, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - F Heilmann
- Movement Science Lab, Institute of Sport Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 2, 06120, Halle, Saale, Germany.
| | - L Musculus
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Psychology, Dept. Performance Psychology, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - S Laborde
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Psychology, Dept. Performance Psychology, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | - F Lautenbach
- Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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Lan M, Liu Y, Guo C, He X, Chen Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Cai L. Plasma irisin associations with executive function among children in a prospective cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 167:107092. [PMID: 38870777 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the longitudinal associations between irisin and executive function among children, as well as the sex difference in this correlation. METHODS The study involving 330 children aged 6-10 years conducted in Guangzhou, China. Baseline surveys and fasting blood samples were collected in 2017. Plasma irisin concentration was measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Executive function was assessed by the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) scale in 2017 and followed up after 2 years. Multivariable linear regression was used for association analysis. RESULTS The plasma irisin concentration was 9.04±2.18 ng/mL. There was no statistical difference in plasma irisin and change values of BRIEF T-scores between boys and girls. No significant associations were found between plasma irisin and change values of BRIEF T-scores (P > 0.05) in the overall sample. Further subgroup analyses according to sex revealed that plasma irisin was negatively associated with change values of behavior regulation index (BRI, β=-0.521, 95 %CI: -1.036 ∼ -0.006), emotional control (β=-0.649, 95 %CI: -1.249 ∼ -0.049), working memory T-scores (β=-0.774, 95 %CI: -1.350 ∼ -0.199) in girls. Moreover, we firstly identified a sex effect modification in the association of plasma irisin with change values of working memory T-score (Pinterference=0.012). CONCLUSIONS Higher irisin concentration was associated with better executive function performance in girls. Further studies that included populations in other regions or countries are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyan Lan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuihua Guo
- Child Health Care Institute, Dongguan Children's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuanqing He
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yujing Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuejuan Chen
- Preventative Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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24
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Zivony A, Eimer M. A dissociation between the effects of expectations and attention in selective visual processing. Cognition 2024; 250:105864. [PMID: 38906015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
It is often claimed that probabilistic expectations affect visual perception directly, without mediation by selective attention. However, these claims have been disputed, as effects of expectation and attention are notoriously hard to dissociate experimentally. In this study, we used a new approach to separate expectations from attention. In four experiments (N = 60), participants searched for a target in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream and had to identify a digit or a letter defined by a low-level cue (colour or shape). Expectations about the target's alphanumeric category were probabilistically manipulated. Since category membership is a high-level feature and since the target was embedded among many distractors that shared its category, targets from the expected category should not attract attention more than targets from the unexpected category. In the first experiment, these targets were more likely to be identified relative to targets from the unexpected category. Importantly, in the following experiments, we also included behavioural and electrophysiological indices of attentional guidance and engagement. This allowed us to examine whether expectations also modulated these or earlier attentional processes. Results showed that category-based expectations had no modulatory effects on attention, and only affected processing at later encoding-related stages. Alternative interpretation of expectation effects in terms of repetition priming or response bias were also ruled out. These observations provide new evidence for direct attention-independent expectation effects on perception. We suggest that expectations can adjust the threshold required for encoding expectations-congruent information, thereby affecting the speed with which target objects are encoded in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Zivony
- Department of Psychology, University of Shefeld, Portobello, Shefeld S1 4DP, United Kingdom.
| | - Martin Eimer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
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25
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Anderson BA. An examination of the motivation to manage distraction. Cognition 2024; 250:105862. [PMID: 38880064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Individuals exhibit limited awareness of when their attention is captured by salient but irrelevant stimuli, and it has long been argued that involuntary attentional capture by such stimuli is minimally disruptive to information processing. Yet, robust mechanisms of distractor suppression are hypothesized to support the control of attention, which presumably serve in the interest of managing distraction. In the present study, I examine whether participants are aware of the cost of distraction with respect to task performance, and whether they are motivated to manage this cost even when it is effortful to do so. Across three experiments, participants were willing to exert physical effort in order to reduce the frequency with which they encountered physically salient distractors, and in a fourth experiment tended to prefer trials with fewer distractors when given a choice over distractor frequency. Importantly, the amount of physical effort exerted varied as a function of the degree to which task-irrelevant distractors impaired search performance, suggesting that people are sensitive to the cost of distraction.
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26
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Sun Y, Wang L, Yu W, Yang X, Song J, Li S. Mechanisms of visual working memory processing task-irrelevant information retrieved from visual long-term memory. Cognition 2024; 250:105871. [PMID: 38968784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Visual working memory (VWM) can selectively filter task-irrelevant information from incoming visual stimuli. However, whether a similar filtering process applies to task-irrelevant information retrieved from visual long-term memory (VLTM) remains elusive. We assume a "resource-limited retrieval mechanism" in VWM in charge of the retrieval of irrelevant VLTM information. To make a comprehensive understanding of this mechanism, we conducted three experiments using both a VLTM learning task and a VWM task combined with pupillometry. The presence of a significant pupil light response (PLR) served as empirical evidence that VLTM information can indeed make its way into VWM. Notably, task-relevant VLTM information induced a sustained PLR, contrasting with the transient PLR observed for task-irrelevant VLTM information. Importantly, the transience of the PLR occurred under conditions of low VWM load, but this effect was absent under conditions of high load. Collectively, these results show that task-irrelevant VLTM information can enter VWM and then fade away only under conditions of low VWM load. This dynamic underscores the resource-limited retrieval mechanism within VWM, exerting control over the entry of VLTM information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Sun
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixue Wang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Yu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaru Song
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouxin Li
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Azocar VH, Petersson P, Fuentes R, Fuentealba JA. Differential phase-amplitude coupling in nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex reflects decision-making during a delay discounting task. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111064. [PMID: 38917880 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impulsive choice is characterized by the preference for a small immediate reward over a bigger delayed one. The mechanisms underlying impulsive choices are linked to the activity in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). While the study of functional connectivity between brain areas has been key to understanding a variety of cognitive processes, it remains unclear whether functional connectivity differentiates impulsive-control decisions. METHODS To study the functional connectivity both between and within NAc, OFC, and DLS during a delay discounting task, we concurrently recorded local field potential in NAc, OFC, and DLS in rats. We then quantified the degree of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC), coherence, and Granger Causality between oscillatory activities in animals exhibiting either a high (HI) or low (LI) tendency for impulsive choices. RESULTS Our results showed a differential pattern of PAC during decision-making in OFC and NAc, but not in DLS. While theta-gamma PAC in OFC was associated with self-control decisions, a higher delta-gamma PAC in both OFC and NAc biased decisions toward impulsive choices in both HI and LI groups. Furthermore, during the reward event, Granger Causality analysis indicated a stronger NAc➔OFC gamma contribution in the HI group, while the LI group showed a higher OFC➔NAc gamma contribution. CONCLUSIONS The overactivity in NAc during reward in the HI group suggests that exacerbated contribution of NAcCore can lead to an overvaluation of reward that biases the behavior toward the impulsive choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Azocar
- School of Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Petersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Group for Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - R Fuentes
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J A Fuentealba
- School of Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center of Neuroscience, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
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Bai Y, Zhang B, Feng T. Neural basis responsible for effect of grit on procrastination: The interaction between the self-regulation and motivation neural pathways. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111037. [PMID: 38795822 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Procrastination has a detrimental impact on academic performance, health, and subjective well-being. Previous studies indicated that grit was negatively related to procrastination. However, the underlying neural basis of this relationship remains unclear. To address this issue, we utilized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analysis to identify the neural substrates of how is grit linked to procrastination. Behavioral results showed that procrastination was negatively associated with grit. VBM analysis revealed that gray matter volume (GMV) in the left precuneus was positively associated with the consistency of interest (CI), a subcomponent of grit, while the right medial orbital frontal cortex (mOFC) was positively correlated with the perseverance of effort (PE), another subcomponent of grit. Moreover, the RSFC analysis indicated that both precuneus-medial superior frontal gyrus (mSFG) and precuneus-insula connectivity were positively related to CI, while the functional coupling of right mOFC with left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was positively related to PE. Importantly, the structural equation modeling (SEM) results were well suited for the influence of grit on procrastination via both self-regulation (mOFC-ACC) and motivation pathways (precuneus-mSFG, precuneus-insula). Together, these findings imply that self-regulation and motivation could be two neural circuits underlying the impact of grit on procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youling Bai
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Biying Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, 400715, China.
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29
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Almeida-Antunes N, Antón-Toro L, Crego A, Rodrigues R, Sampaio A, López-Caneda E. Trying to forget alcohol: Brain mechanisms underlying memory suppression in young binge drinkers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111053. [PMID: 38871018 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
People are able to voluntarily suppress unwanted thoughts or memories, a phenomenon known as suppression-induced forgetting or memory suppression. Despite harmful alcohol use, such as binge drinking, has been linked to impaired inhibitory control (IC) and augmented alcohol-cue reactivity, no study to date has assessed memory inhibition abilities towards alcohol-related cues in binge drinkers (BDs). Thus, the present preregistered study aimed to evaluate the behavioral and neurofunctional mechanisms associated with memory inhibition, specifically those related to the suppression of alcohol-related memories, in young BDs. For this purpose, electroencephalographic activity was recorded in eighty-two college students aged between 18 and 24 years old from the University of Minho (50% females; 40 non/low-drinkers [N/LDS] and 42 BDs) while they performed the Think/No-Think Alcohol task. Brain functional connectivity (FC) was calculated using the phase locking value and, subsequently, a dynamic seed-based analysis was conducted to explore the FC patterns between IC and memory networks. Comparatively to N/LDs, BDs exhibited decreased alpha-band FC between the anterior cingulate cortex and the left fusiform gyrus during attempts to suppress non-alcohol memories, accompanied by unsuccessful forgetting of those memories. Conversely, BDs displayed augmented gamma-band FC between the IC network and memory regions -i.e., hippocampus, parahippocampus and fusiform gyrus- during suppression of alcohol-related memories. Inhibitory abnormalities in BDs may lead to hypoconnectivity between IC and memory networks and deficient suppression of non-alcohol-related memories. However, while suppressing highly salient and reward-predicting stimuli, such as alcohol-related memories, BDs display a hyperconnectivity pattern between IC and memory networks, likely due to their augmented attention towards intrusive alcoholic memories and the attempts to compensate for potential underlying IC deficits. These findings hold important implications for alcohol research and treatment, as they open up new avenues for reducing alcohol use by shifting the focus to empowering suppression/control over alcohol-related memories. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: [http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT05237414].
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Almeida-Antunes
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Luis Antón-Toro
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Crego
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Rodrigues
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Eduardo López-Caneda
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory (PNL), Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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30
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Xu X, Song X, Lin L, Pan N, Jin Y, Tan S, Cao M, Chen Y, Zhao J, Su X, Yang K, Jing J, Li X. White matter substrates underlying morphological awareness deficit in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111083. [PMID: 38992486 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphological awareness (MA) deficit is strongly associated with Chinese developmental dyslexia (DD). However, little is known about the white matter substrates underlying the MA deficit in Chinese children with DD. METHODS In the current study, 34 Chinese children with DD and 42 typical developmental (TD) children were recruited to complete a diffusion magnetic resonance imaging scan and cognitive tests for MA. We conducted linear regression to test the correlation between MA and DTI metrics, the structural abnormalities of the tracts related to MA, and the interaction effect of DTI metrics by group on MA. RESULTS First, MA was significant related to the right inferior occipito-frontal fascicle (IFO) and inferior longitudinal fsciculus (ILF), the bilateral thalamo-occipital (T_OCC) and the left arcuate fasciculus (AF); second, compared to TD children, Chinese children with DD had lower axial diffusivity (AD) in the right IFO and T_OCC; third, there were significant interactions between metrics (fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD)) of the right IFO and MA in groups. The FA and RD of the right IFO were significantly associated with MA in children with DD but not in TD children. CONCLUSION In conclusion, compared to TD children, Chinese children with DD had axonal degeneration not only in the ventral tract (the right IFO) but also the visuospatial tract (the right T_OCC) which were associated with their MA deficit. And Chinese MA involved not only the ventral tracts, but also the visuospatial pathway and dorsal tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojing Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lizi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ning Pan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuying Jin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Si Tan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Muqing Cao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingqian Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xintong Su
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaize Yang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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31
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Hendriks S, Li X, Grady C, Kim SY. Public Views on Whether the Use of Pharmaceutical Neuroenhancements Should Be Allowed. Neurology 2024; 103:e209681. [PMID: 39042847 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Some individuals are using drugs to try to enhance cognitive and social-affective functioning and asking physicians for off-label prescriptions for neuroenhancement (e.g., stimulants). Several medical societies released guidance on prescribing neuroenhancers, some of which refer to potential societal effects of neuroenhancement (e.g., distributive justice), besides risks and benefits to users. Which institutions (e.g., medical societies, government, universities) should make decisions on allowing neuroenhancement and whether they should consider potential societal effects are unclear. We examined whether and how much support for allowing pharmaceutical neuroenhancers was influenced by the institution and potential individual and societal effects of neuroenhancers. METHODS We conducted a discrete-choice experiment using a constructed representative sample of the US adult public. Multinomial logit models were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Participants (n = 927) demographically resembled the US population. Risks of serious side effects (OR 0.20, CI 0.18-0.22) and a lack of benefits for users (OR 0.31, CI 0.26-0.38) had the largest negative effect on participants' support for allowing neuroenhancers. A risk of mild side effects had a moderate negative effect on participants' support for allowing neuroenhancers (OR 0.67, CI 0.62-0.74) and the prospect of more meaningful, long-lasting benefits for users a moderate positive effect (OR 1.74, CI 1.61-1.87). Positive or negative effects of neuroenhancers on the average well-being of people in society and on equality had moderate effects on participants' support for allowing neuroenhancers. For example, the odds of participants' support for allowing enhancers with a negative effect on societal well-being were around half (OR 0.45, CI 0.40-0.50) and the odds of allowing enhancers that worsen inequality were approximately 40% lower compared with enhancers without such effects (OR 0.62, CI 0.55-0.71). The odds of participants allowing neuroenhancers were slightly (10%) lower if enhancers reduced users' authenticity (OR 0.90, CI 0.84-0.97). The institution regulating neuroenhancers and neuroenhancers providing users with an unfair advantage did not affect participants' decisions. DISCUSSION When presented with both individual and societal considerations, the public seems to support medical societies and other institutions making policy decisions about neuroenhancers based on risks and benefits for users, as well as, but to a lesser extent, effects on equality and societal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Hendriks
- From the Department of Bioethics (S.H., C.G., S.Y.K.), Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health; and Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (X.L.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiaobai Li
- From the Department of Bioethics (S.H., C.G., S.Y.K.), Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health; and Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (X.L.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christine Grady
- From the Department of Bioethics (S.H., C.G., S.Y.K.), Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health; and Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (X.L.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott Y Kim
- From the Department of Bioethics (S.H., C.G., S.Y.K.), Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health; and Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (X.L.), NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD
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32
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Knights E, McIntosh RD, Ford C, Buckingham G, Rossit S. Peripheral and bimanual reaching in a stroke survivor with left visual neglect and extinction. Neuropsychologia 2024; 201:108901. [PMID: 38704116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Whether attentional deficits are accompanied by visuomotor impairments following posterior parietal lesions has been debated for quite some time. This single-case study investigated reaching in a stroke survivor (E.B.) with left visual neglect and visual extinction following right temporo-parietal-frontal strokes. Unlike most neglect patients, E.B. did not present left hemiparesis, homonymous hemianopia nor show evidence of motor neglect or extinction allowing us to examine, for the first time, if lateralised attentional deficits co-occur with deficits in peripheral and bimanual reaching. First, we found a classic optic ataxia field effect: E.B.'s accuracy was impaired when reaching to peripheral targets in her neglected left visual field (regardless of the hand used). Second, we found a larger bimanual cost for movement time in E.B. than controls when both hands reached to incongruent locations. E.B.'s visuomotor profile is similar to the one of patients with optic ataxia showing that attentional deficits are accompanied by visuomotor deficits in the affected field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Knights
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D McIntosh
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Ford
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Therapies, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Buckingham
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Rossit
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
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33
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Yang T, Kurkela JLO, Chen K, Liu Y, Shu H, Cong F, Hämäläinen JA, Astikainen P. Native language advantage in electrical brain responses to speech sound changes in passive and active listening condition. Neuropsychologia 2024; 201:108936. [PMID: 38851314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
It is not clear whether the brain can detect changes in native and non-native speech sounds in both unattended and attended conditions, but this information would be important to understand the nature of potential native language advantage in speech perception. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) for changes in duration and in Chinese lexical tone in a repeated vowel /a/ in native speakers of Finnish and Chinese in passive and active listening conditions. ERP amplitudes reflecting deviance detection (mismatch negativity; MMN and N2b) and attentional shifts towards changes in speech sounds (P3a and P3b) were investigated. In the passive listening condition, duration changes elicited increased amplitude in the MMN latency window for both standard and deviant sounds in the Finnish speakers compared to the Chinese speakers, but no group differences were observed for P3a. In passive listening to lexical tones, P3a was increased in amplitude for both standard and deviant stimuli in Chinese speakers compared to Finnish speakers, but the groups did not differ in MMN. In active listening, both tone and duration changes elicited N2b and P3b, but the groups differed only in pattern of results for the deviant type. The results thus suggest an overall increased sensitivity to native speech sounds, especially in passive listening, while the mechanisms of change detection and attentional shifting seem to work well for both native and non-native speech sounds in the attentive mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Yang
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Jari L O Kurkela
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Kecheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Youyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hua Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fengyu Cong
- Department of Mathematical Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Jarmo A Hämäläinen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Piia Astikainen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Dresang HC, Warren T, Hula WD, Dickey MW. Rational adaptation in word production: Strong conceptual ability reduces the effect of lexical impairments on verb retrieval in aphasia. Neuropsychologia 2024; 201:108938. [PMID: 38880385 PMCID: PMC11236503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Language users rely on both linguistic and conceptual processing abilities to efficiently comprehend or produce language. According to the principle of rational adaptation, the degree to which a cognitive system relies on one process vs. another can change under different conditions or disease states with the goal of optimizing behavior. In this study, we investigated rational adaptation in reliance on linguistic versus conceptual processing in aphasia, an acquired disorder of language. In individuals living with aphasia, verb-retrieval impairments are a pervasive deficit that negatively impacts communicative function. As such, we examined evidence of adaptation in verb production, using parallel measures to index impairment in two of verb naming's critical subcomponents: conceptual and linguistic processing. These component processes were evaluated using a standardized assessment battery designed to contrast non-linguistic (picture input) and linguistic (word input) tasks of conceptual action knowledge. The results indicate that non-linguistic conceptual action processing can be impaired in people with aphasia and contributes to verb-retrieval impairments. Furthermore, relatively unimpaired conceptual action processing can ameliorate the influence of linguistic processing deficits on verb-retrieval impairments. These findings are consistent with rational adaptation accounts, indicating that conceptual processing plays a key role in language function and can be leveraged in rehabilitation to improve verb retrieval in adults with chronic aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley C Dresang
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Waisman Center, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Tessa Warren
- Learning Research & Development Center, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Michael Walsh Dickey
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Communication Science & Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Funayama M, Koreki A, Takata T, Nakagawa Y, Mimura M. Post-stroke urinary incontinence is associated with behavior control deficits and overactive bladder. Neuropsychologia 2024; 201:108942. [PMID: 38906459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although urinary incontinence in stroke survivors can substantially impact the patient's quality of life, the underlying neuropsychological mechanisms and its neural basis have not been adequately investigated. Therefore, we investigated this topic via neuropsychological assessment and neuroimaging in a cross-sectional study. METHODS We recruited 71 individuals with cerebrovascular disease. The relationship between urinary incontinence and neuropsychological indices was investigated using simple linear regression analysis or Mann-Whitney U test, along with other explanatory variables, e.g., severity of overactive bladder. Variables with a p-value of <0.1 in the simple regression analysis were entered in the final multiple linear regression model to control for potential confounding factors. To carry out an in-depth examination of the neuroanatomical substrate for urinary incontinence, voxel-based lesion-behavior mapping was performed using MRIcron software. RESULTS Behavioral control deficits and severity of overactive bladder were closely related to severity of urinary incontinence. The voxel-based lesion-behavior mapping suggests a potential role for ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesioning in the severity of urinary incontinence, although this association is not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Post-stroke urinary incontinence is closely related to two factors: neurogenic overactive bladder, a physiological disinhibition of micturition reflex, and cognitive dysfunction, characterized by behavior control deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Funayama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, Ashikaga, Tochigi, 326-0843, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa, Tokyo, 133-0052, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Koreki
- Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba, 266-0007, Japan
| | - Taketo Takata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital, Ashikaga, Tochigi, 326-0843, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakagawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Edogawa Hospital, Edogawa, Tokyo, 133-0052, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-0016, Japan
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Ntemou E, Jonkers R, Reisch K, Böttcher F, Burchert F, Picht T, Rofes A. The cortical representation of transitivity: Insights from tractography-based inhibitory nTMS. Neuropsychologia 2024; 201:108940. [PMID: 38876372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (nTMS) is commonly used to causally identify cortical regions involved in language processing. Combining tractography with nTMS has been shown to increase induced error rates by targeting stimulation of cortical terminations of white matter fibers. According to functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data, bilateral cortical areas connected by the arcuate fasciculus (AF) have been implicated in the processing of transitive compared to unergative verbs. To test this connection between transitivity and bilateral perisylvian regions, we administered a tractography-based inhibitory nTMS protocol during action naming of finite transitive (The man reads) and unergative (The man sails) verbs. After tracking the left and right AF, we stimulated the cortical terminations of the tract in frontal, parietal and temporal regions in 20 neurologically healthy native speakers of German. Results revealed that nTMS induced more errors during transitive compared to unergative verb naming when stimulating the left (vs right) AF terminations. This effect was specific to the left temporal terminations of the AF, whereas no differences between the two verb types were identified when stimulating inferior parietal and frontal AF terminations. Induced errors for transitive verbs over left temporal terminations mostly manifested as access errors (i.e., hesitations). Given the inhibitory nature of our nTMS protocol, these results suggest that temporal regions of the left hemisphere play a crucial role in argument structure processing. Our findings align with previous data on the role of left posterior temporal regions in language processing and by providing further evidence from a language production experiment using tractography-based inhibitory nTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effrosyni Ntemou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Brain Language Laboratory, Department of Philosophy and Humanities, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Roel Jonkers
- Center for Language and Cognition (CLCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Klara Reisch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Böttcher
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Burchert
- Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Picht
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence: "Matters of Activity. Image Space Material", Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrià Rofes
- Center for Language and Cognition (CLCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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37
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Zhang Y, Sarmukadam K, Wang Y, Behroozmand R. Effects of attentional instructions on the behavioral and neural mechanisms of speech auditory feedback control. Neuropsychologia 2024; 201:108944. [PMID: 38925511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated how instructions for paying attention to auditory feedback may affect speech error detection and sensorimotor control. Electroencephalography (EEG) and speech signals were recorded from 21 neurologically intact adult subjects while they produced the speech vowel sound /a/ and received randomized ±100 cents pitch-shift alterations in their real-time auditory feedback. Subjects were instructed to pay attention to their auditory feedback and press a button to indicate whether they detected a pitch-shift stimulus during trials. Data for this group was compared with 22 matched subjects who completed the same speech task under altered auditory feedback condition without attentional instructions. Results revealed a significantly smaller magnitude of speech compensations in the attentional-instruction vs. no-instruction group and a positive linear association between the magnitude of compensations and P2 event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes. In addition, we found that the amplitude of P2 ERP component was significantly larger in the attentional-instruction vs. no-instruction group. Source localization analysis showed that this effect was accounted for by significantly stronger neural activities in the right hemisphere insula, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus in the attentional-instruction group. These findings suggest that attentional instructions may enhance speech auditory feedback error detection, and subsequently improve sensorimotor control via generating more stable speech outputs (i.e., smaller compensations) in response to pitch-shift alterations. Our data are informative for advancing theoretical models and motivating targeted interventions with a focus on the role of attentional instructions for improving treatment outcomes in patients with motor speech disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Zhang
- Speech Neuroscience Lab, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, Callier Center for Communication Disorders, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2811 N. Floyd Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Kimaya Sarmukadam
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Roozbeh Behroozmand
- Speech Neuroscience Lab, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing, Callier Center for Communication Disorders, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2811 N. Floyd Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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38
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Fernandino L, Conant LL. The primacy of experience in language processing: Semantic priming is driven primarily by experiential similarity. Neuropsychologia 2024; 201:108939. [PMID: 38897450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The organization of semantic memory, including memory for word meanings, has long been a central question in cognitive science. Although there is general agreement that word meaning representations must make contact with sensory-motor and affective experiences in a non-arbitrary fashion, the nature of this relationship remains controversial. One prominent view proposes that word meanings are represented directly in terms of their experiential content (i.e., sensory-motor and affective representations). Opponents of this view argue that the representation of word meanings reflects primarily taxonomic structure, that is, their relationships to natural categories. In addition, the recent success of language models based on word co-occurrence (i.e., distributional) information in emulating human linguistic behavior has led to proposals that this kind of information may play an important role in the representation of lexical concepts. We used a semantic priming paradigm designed for representational similarity analysis (RSA) to quantitatively assess how well each of these theories explains the representational similarity pattern for a large set of words. Crucially, we used partial correlation RSA to account for intercorrelations between model predictions, which allowed us to assess, for the first time, the unique effect of each model. Semantic priming was driven primarily by experiential similarity between prime and target, with no evidence of an independent effect of distributional or taxonomic similarity. Furthermore, only the experiential models accounted for unique variance in priming after partialling out explicit similarity ratings. These results support experiential accounts of semantic representation and indicate that, despite their good performance at some linguistic tasks, the distributional models evaluated here do not encode the same kind of information used by the human semantic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Fernandino
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Lisa L Conant
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
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39
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Ather M, Ejaz O, Rao AZ, Mujib MD, Raees F, Qazi SA, Hasan MA. Efficacy of audiovisual neurofeedback training for attention enhancement: a multimodal approach. Neuroreport 2024; 35:721-728. [PMID: 38874941 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Attention is a cognitive process that involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli and plays a fundamental role in perception, learning, memory, and decision-making. Neurofeedback (NF) is a useful technique for improving attention, providing real-time feedback on brain activity in the form of visual or auditory cues, and allowing users to learn to self-regulate their cognitive processes. This study compares the effectiveness of different cues in NF training for attention enhancement through a multimodal approach. We conducted neurological (Quantitative Electroencephalography), neuropsychological (Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale-15), and behavioral (Stroop test) assessments before and after NF training on 36 healthy participants, divided into audiovisual (G1) and visual (G2) groups. Twelve NF training sessions were conducted on alternate days, each consisting of five subsessions, with pre- and post-NF baseline electroencephalographic evaluations using power spectral density. The pre-NF baseline was used for thresholding the NF session using the beta frequency band power. Two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant long-term effect of group (G1/G2) and state (before/after NF) on the behavioral and neuropsychological assessments, with G1 showing significantly higher Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale-15 scores, higher Stroop scores, and lower Stroop reaction times for interaction effects. Moreover, unpaired t -tests to compare voxel-wise standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography images revealed higher activity of G1 in Brodmann area 40 due to NF training. Neurological assessments show that G1 had better improvement in immediate, short-, and long-term attention. The findings of this study offer a guide for the development of NF training protocols aimed at enhancing attention effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ather
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, NED University of Engineering & Technology
| | - Osama Ejaz
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, NED University of Engineering & Technology
| | - Ahmad Zahid Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology
| | | | - Faryal Raees
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, NED University of Engineering & Technology
- Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital
| | - Saad Ahmed Qazi
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, NED University of Engineering & Technology
- Department of Electrical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abul Hasan
- Neurocomputation Laboratory, NED University of Engineering & Technology
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology
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40
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Alekseeva M, Myachykov A, Bermudez-Margaretto B, Shtyrov Y. Morphosyntactic prediction in automatic neural processing of spoken language: EEG evidence. Brain Res 2024; 1836:148949. [PMID: 38641266 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Automatic parsing of syntactic information by the human brain is a well-established phenomenon, but its mechanisms remain poorly understood. Its best-known neurophysiological reflection is the so-called early left-anterior negativity (ELAN) component of event-related potentials (ERPs), with two alternative hypotheses for its origin: (1) error detection, or (2) morphosyntactic prediction/priming. To test these alternatives, we conducted two experiments using a non-attend passive design with visual distraction and recorded ERPs to spoken pronoun-verb phrases with/without agreement violations and to the same critical verbs presented in isolation without preceding pronouns. The results revealed an ELAN at ∼130-220 ms for pronoun-verb gender agreement violations, confirming a high degree of automaticity in early morphosyntactic parsing. Critically, the strongest ELAN was elicited by verbs outside phrasal context, which suggests that the typical ELAN pattern is underpinned by a reduction of ERP amplitudes for felicitous combinations, reflecting syntactic priming/predictability between related words/morphemes (potentially mediated by associative links formed during previous linguistic experience) rather than specialised error-detection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alekseeva
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | | | - Beatriz Bermudez-Margaretto
- Instituto de Integración en la Comunidad (INICO), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Yury Shtyrov
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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41
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Yao ZF, Fu HL, Liang CW, Li YJ, Wang CH. Electrophysiological differences in inhibitory control processing between collegiate level soccer players and non-athletes in the absence of performance differences. Brain Cogn 2024; 178:106179. [PMID: 38788319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitory control, the ability to manage conflicting responses and suppress inappropriate actions, is crucial for team sports athletes, including soccer players. While previous studies have shown that soccer players possess superior inhibitory control, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this advantage remain unclear. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the neural processes involved in conflict resolution and response inhibition, comparing collegiate level soccer players with non-athletes. Participants completed a novel go/no-go task that involved conflict resolution and response inhibition, while their electroencephalograms were recorded. Despite no significant difference in behavioral performance between the two groups, soccer players exhibited notable N2 and frontal midline theta modulations in response to conflict resolution and inhibition, which were comparatively weaker in non-athletes. Our findings suggest that expertise in team sports may enhance neural sensitivity to subtle yet significant information, even without a discernible behavioral advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zai-Fu Yao
- College of Education & Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, 521 Nanda Road, East Dist., Nanda Campus, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan; Basic Psychology Group, Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Lun Fu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Liang
- Office of Physical Education, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Li
- Director-General of Sport Bureau, Taichung City Government, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Wang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan; Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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Granato G, Baldassarre G. Bridging flexible goal-directed cognition and consciousness: The Goal-Aligning Representation Internal Manipulation theory. Neural Netw 2024; 176:106292. [PMID: 38657422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2024.106292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Goal-directed manipulation of internal representations is a key element of human flexible behaviour, while consciousness is commonly associated with higher-order cognition and human flexibility. Current perspectives have only partially linked these processes, thus preventing a clear understanding of how they jointly generate flexible cognition and behaviour. Moreover, these limitations prevent an effective exploitation of this knowledge for technological scopes. We propose a new theoretical perspective that extends our 'three-component theory of flexible cognition' toward higher-order cognition and consciousness, based on the systematic integration of key concepts from Cognitive Neuroscience and AI/Robotics. The theory proposes that the function of conscious processes is to support the alignment of representations with multi-level goals. This higher alignment leads to more flexible and effective behaviours. We analyse here our previous model of goal-directed flexible cognition (validated with more than 20 human populations) as a starting GARIM-inspired model. By bridging the main theories of consciousness and goal-directed behaviour, the theory has relevant implications for scientific and technological fields. In particular, it contributes to developing new experimental tasks and interpreting clinical evidence. Finally, it indicates directions for improving machine learning and robotics systems and for informing real-world applications (e.g., in digital-twin healthcare and roboethics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Granato
- Laboratory of Embodied Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Baldassarre
- Laboratory of Embodied Natural and Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy.
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43
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Dodwell G, Nako R, Eimer M. A new method for tracking the preparatory activation of target templates for visual search with high temporal precision. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14582. [PMID: 38641955 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Efficiently selecting task-relevant objects during visual search depends on foreknowledge of their defining characteristics, which are represented within attentional templates. These templates bias attentional processing toward template-matching sensory signals and are assumed to become anticipatorily activated prior to search display onset. However, a direct neural signal for such preparatory template activation processes has so far remained elusive. Here, we introduce a new high-definition rapid serial probe presentation paradigm (RSPP-HD), which facilitates high temporal resolution tracking of target template activation processes in real time via monitoring of the N2pc component. In the RSPP-HD procedure, task-irrelevant probe displays are presented in rapid succession throughout the period between task-relevant search displays. The probe and search displays are homologously formed by lateralized "clouds" of colored dots, yielding probes that occur at task-relevant locations without confounding template-guided and salience-driven attentional shifts. Target color probes appearing at times when a corresponding target template is active should attract attention, thereby eliciting an N2pc. In a condition where new probe displays appeared every 50 ms, probe N2pcs were reliably elicited during the final 800 ms prior to search display onset, increasing in amplitude toward the end of this preparation period. Analogous temporal profiles were also observed with longer intervals between probes. These findings show that search template activation processes are transient and that their temporal profile can be reliably monitored at high-sampling frequencies with the RSPP-HD paradigm. This procedure offers a new route to approach various questions regarding the content and temporal dynamics of attentional control processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Dodwell
- School of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Nako
- School of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Martin Eimer
- School of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
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Silveri MC, Lo Monaco MR, Tondinelli A, Petracca M, Zinzi P, Fragapane S, Pozzi G, Pagnini F, Bentivoglio AR, Di Tella S. Social cognition in Parkinson's disease and functional movement disorders. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:3775-3784. [PMID: 38521891 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-024-07452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functional movement disorders (FMD) can overlap with Parkinson's disease (PD), and distinguishing between the two clinical conditions can be complex. Framing social cognition (theory of mind) (TOM) disorder, attention deficit, and psychodynamic features of FMD and PD may improve diagnosis. METHODS Subjects with FMD and PD and healthy controls (HC) were administered tasks assessing TOM abilities and attention. The psychodynamic hypothesis of conversion disorder was explored by a questionnaire assessing dissociative symptoms. A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tasks was also administered to FMD and PD. RESULTS Although both FMD and PD scored lower than HC on all TOM tests, significant correlations between TOM and neuropsychological tasks were found only in PD but not in FMD. Only PD showed a reduction in attentional control. Dissociative symptoms occurred only in FMD. DISCUSSION Cognitive-affective disturbances are real in FMD, whereas they are largely dependent on cognitive impairment in PD. Attentional control is preserved in FMD compared to PD, consistent with the hypothesis that overload of voluntary attentional orientation may be at the basis of the onset of functional motor symptoms. On a psychodynamic level, the confirmation of dissociative symptoms in FMD supports the conversion disorder hypothesis. CONCLUSION FMD and PD can be distinguished on an affective and cognitive level. At the same time, however, the objective difficulty often encountered in distinguishing between the two pathologies draws attention to how blurred the boundary between 'organic' and 'functional' can be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caterina Silveri
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123, Milan, Italy
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Lo Monaco
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alice Tondinelli
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Petracca
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zinzi
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Fragapane
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Gino Pozzi
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Psychiatry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pagnini
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bentivoglio
- Department of Geriatrics, Orthopedics and Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, L.go A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Neurology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Di Tella
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123, Milan, Italy
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Matyjek M, Kita S, Torralba Cuello M, Soto Faraco S. Multisensory integration of speech and gestures in a naturalistic paradigm. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26797. [PMID: 39041175 PMCID: PMC11263810 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Speech comprehension is crucial for human social interaction, relying on the integration of auditory and visual cues across various levels of representation. While research has extensively studied multisensory integration (MSI) using idealised, well-controlled stimuli, there is a need to understand this process in response to complex, naturalistic stimuli encountered in everyday life. This study investigated behavioural and neural MSI in neurotypical adults experiencing audio-visual speech within a naturalistic, social context. Our novel paradigm incorporated a broader social situational context, complete words, and speech-supporting iconic gestures, allowing for context-based pragmatics and semantic priors. We investigated MSI in the presence of unimodal (auditory or visual) or complementary, bimodal speech signals. During audio-visual speech trials, compared to unimodal trials, participants more accurately recognised spoken words and showed a more pronounced suppression of alpha power-an indicator of heightened integration load. Importantly, on the neural level, these effects surpassed mere summation of unimodal responses, suggesting non-linear MSI mechanisms. Overall, our findings demonstrate that typically developing adults integrate audio-visual speech and gesture information to facilitate speech comprehension in noisy environments, highlighting the importance of studying MSI in ecologically valid contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Matyjek
- Center for Brain and CognitionUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- Humboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | | | - Salvador Soto Faraco
- Center for Brain and CognitionUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
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Nicholas J, Amlang C, Lin CYR, Montaser-Kouhsari L, Desai N, Pan MK, Kuo SH, Shohamy D. The Role of the Cerebellum in Learning to Predict Reward: Evidence from Cerebellar Ataxia. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:1355-1368. [PMID: 38066397 PMCID: PMC11161554 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01633-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent findings in animals have challenged the traditional view of the cerebellum solely as the site of motor control, suggesting that the cerebellum may also be important for learning to predict reward from trial-and-error feedback. Yet, evidence for the role of the cerebellum in reward learning in humans is lacking. Moreover, open questions remain about which specific aspects of reward learning the cerebellum may contribute to. Here we address this gap through an investigation of multiple forms of reward learning in individuals with cerebellum dysfunction, represented by cerebellar ataxia cases. Nineteen participants with cerebellar ataxia and 57 age- and sex-matched healthy controls completed two separate tasks that required learning about reward contingencies from trial-and-error. To probe the selectivity of reward learning processes, the tasks differed in their underlying structure: while one task measured incremental reward learning ability alone, the other allowed participants to use an alternative learning strategy based on episodic memory alongside incremental reward learning. We found that individuals with cerebellar ataxia were profoundly impaired at reward learning from trial-and-error feedback on both tasks, but retained the ability to learn to predict reward based on episodic memory. These findings provide evidence from humans for a specific and necessary role for the cerebellum in incremental learning of reward associations based on reinforcement. More broadly, the findings suggest that alongside its role in motor learning, the cerebellum likely operates in concert with the basal ganglia to support reinforcement learning from reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Nicholas
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, Quad 3D, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Christian Amlang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 W. 168th St, Rm 305, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chi-Ying R Lin
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Natasha Desai
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 W. 168th St, Rm 305, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ming-Kai Pan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 650 W. 168th St, Rm 305, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Daphna Shohamy
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, Quad 3D, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Warden AC, Wickens CD, Clegg BA, Rehberg D, Ortega FR. Information Access Effort: The Role of Head Movements for Information Presented at Increasing Eccentricity on Flat Panel and Head-Mounted Displays. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:2057-2081. [PMID: 37943177 DOI: 10.1177/00187208231204567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This experiment examined performance costs when processing two sources of information positioned at increasing distances using a flat panel display and an augmented reality head-mounted display (AR-HMD). BACKGROUND The AR-HMD enables positioning virtual information at various distances in space. However, the proximity compatibility principle suggests that closer separation when two sources of information require mental integration assists performance, whereas increased separation between two sources hurts integration performance more than when a single source requires focused attention. Previous studies have provided inconsistent findings regarding costs associated with increased separation. Few of these experiments have examined separation for both focused and integration tasks, compared vertical and lateral separation, or measured head movements. METHOD Three experiments collectively examined these issues using a flat panel display and a virtual display presented with an HMD, where the separation of information varied laterally or vertically during a focused attention (digit reading) task and an information integration (mental subtraction) task. RESULTS There was no performance cost for either display when information was increasingly separated. However, head movements mitigated performance costs by preserving accuracy at larger separations without increasing response time. CONCLUSION Head movements appear to mitigate performance costs associated with presenting information increasingly far apart on flat panel displays and HMDs. Both eye scanning and head movements appear to be less effortful than expected. APPLICATION These findings have important implications for design guidelines regarding the placement of information presented on flat panel displays and, more specifically, HMDs, which can present information 360° around the user.
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Cui X, Lu J, Liu Y, Li J, Zheng Z, Guo C. Redundancy effect of initial enactment encoding and subsequent testing on memory enhancement: Insights from an electrophysiological study. Brain Res 2024; 1836:148939. [PMID: 38621635 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Testing is more beneficial for memory retention than restudying the same content. However, the effect of the initial encoding method on the testing effect remains unclear. In this study, a classical testing effect paradigm was employed, along with event-related potentials (ERP), to investigate the electrophysiological processes underlying the effect of enactment encoding on the testing effect. Participants were randomly assigned to the Self-Performed Test (SPT) or Verbalized Test (VT) groups. Both groups underwent three stages: an initial encoding phase, an initial test phase (comprising a source memory task and a restudy task), and a final test phase. During the initial encoding phase, the SPT group encoded action phrases through enactment, while the VT group encoded information through reading. During the initial test phase, the SPT group exhibited superior recognition performance in item memory compared with the VT group. Both groups exhibited significant parietal old/new effects in the source memory task, with only the SPT group displaying parietal positivity during the restudy task. During the final test phase, the behavioral testing effect was exclusively observed in the VT group. Furthermore, the VT group displayed a more pronounced parietal positivity in the test condition compared to the restudy condition, while the parietal positivity between the two conditions was comparable in the SPT group. In summary, the absence of a final behavioral testing effect in the SPT group may be attributed to both enactment and testing primarily enhancing memory performance through recollection-based retrieval, as indicated by the parietal positivity. Consequently, the initial enactment encoding method leaves limited scope for further improvements through subsequent testing. These findings suggest that initial enactment encoding, and subsequent testing may be redundant in improving episodic memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cui
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, No. 23 Baiduizijia, Fuwaidajie St, Haidian District, Beijin, China
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Jeyarajan G, Ayaz A, Herold F, Zou L, Heath M. A single bout of aerobic exercise does not alter inhibitory control preparatory set cerebral hemodynamics: Evidence from the antisaccade task. Brain Cogn 2024; 179:106182. [PMID: 38824809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
A single bout of exercise improves executive function (EF) and is a benefit - in part -attributed to an exercise-mediated increase in cerebral blood flow enhancing neural efficiency. Limited work has used an event-related protocol to examine postexercise changes in preparatory phase cerebral hemodynamics for an EF task. This is salient given the neural efficiency hypothesis' assertion that improved EF is related to decreased brain activity. Here, event-related transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to measure pro- (saccade to target) and antisaccades (saccade mirror-symmetrical target) preparatory phase middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) prior to and immediately after 15-min of aerobic exercise. Antisaccades produced longer reaction times (RT) and an increased preparatory phase MCAv than prosaccades - a result attributed to greater EF neural activity for antisaccades. Antisaccades selectively produced a postexercise RT reduction (ps < 0.01); however, antisaccade preparatory phase MCAv did not vary from pre- to postexercise (p=0.53) and did not correlate with the antisaccade RT benefit (p = 0.31). Accordingly, results provide no evidence that improved neural efficiency indexed via functional hyperemia is linked to a postexercise EF behavioural benefit. Instead, results support an evolving view that an EF benefit represents the additive interplay between interdependent exercise-mediated neurophysiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Jeyarajan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Azar Ayaz
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Fabian Herold
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Liye Zou
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Orłowski P, Hobot J, Ruban A, Szczypiński J, Bola M. Naturalistic use of psychedelics does not modulate processing of self-related stimuli (but it might modulate attentional mechanisms): An event-related potentials study. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14583. [PMID: 38584307 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Classic psychedelics are able to profoundly alter the state of consciousness and lead to acute experiences of ego dissolution - the blurring of the distinction between representations of self and the external world. However, whether repeated use of psychedelics is associated with more prolonged and permanent modifications to the concept of self remains to be investigated. Therefore, we conducted a preregistered, cross-sectional study in which experienced psychedelics users (15 or more lifetime experiences with psychedelics; N = 56) were compared to nonusers (N = 57) in terms of neural reactivity to a Self-name (i.e., each participant's own name) stimulus, which is known to robustly activate a representation of self. Two control stimuli were additionally used: an Other-name stimulus, as a passive control condition in which no reaction was required, and a Target-name stimulus, to which participants provided a manual response and which thus constituted an active control condition. Analysis of the amplitude of the P300 ERP component evoked by the Self- or Target-names revealed no difference between the psychedelics users and nonusers. However, psychedelic users exhibited increased P300 amplitude during perception of Other-names. In addition, in comparison to nonusers, psychedelics users exhibited a smaller increase in P300 amplitude when processing the task-relevant Target-names (in relation to both Self- and Other-names). Therefore, our data suggests that regular naturalistic use of psychedelics may not be related to long-term changes in the representation of self, but it might potentially affect the allocation of attentional resources to task-relevant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Orłowski
- Centre for Brain Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Hobot
- Consciousness Lab, Psychology Institute, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anastasia Ruban
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szczypiński
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Bola
- Centre for Brain Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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