451
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Li H, Li J, Xiao W, Zhang Y, Lv Y, Yu X, Zheng J. The Therapeutic Potential of Galectin-3 in the Treatment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Patients and Those Compromised With COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:666054. [PMID: 34109213 PMCID: PMC8180910 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.666054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID-19 is characterized by all age susceptibility, which imposes a dramatic threat to the human species all over the world. According to current available data, the cytokine storm appears to be the most life-threatening symptom of severe COVID-19 cases accompanied with lung fibrosis. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of soluble β-galactoside-binding lectin families, has been implicated as a key regulator in various inflammation conditions in addition to its well-documented roles in cancer. The pro-inflammatory activity of Gal-3 in the inflammatory response and lung fibrosis of COVID-19 has been proposed by emerging studies, which suggested that inhibition of Gal-3 may represent a novel treatment approach for COVID-19 patients. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis. ICC accounts for 10-25% of primary liver cancers with limited therapeutic options, which has higher incidence in Asian countries, particularly in China. Cancer patients, including ICC patients, are highly vulnerable to COVID-19 due to their impaired immune system. It is thus undoubtedly a challenge for our oncology department to establish effective treatment strategies under the influence of the COVID-19 crisis. According to our management procedures in the COVID-19 era, emergency treatment will be applied to ICC patients who are under life-threatening conditions, despite the COVID-19 infection. To the best of our knowledge, the modulatory function of Gal-3 in ICC is still barely explored to date. In order to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Gal-3 for ICC patients or those comprised with COVID-19, we herein report our preliminary investigation into roles of Gal-3 in ICC. Our results exhibited that the expression of Gal-3 was significantly up-regulated in ICC tissues, and a significant correlation was observed between its overexpression and malignant progression of ICC cells. We further discussed the activity and possible molecular mechanisms of Gal-3 in ICC, which may pave the ways for further exploring the possibility of Gal-3 as a potential therapeutic target for treating ICC patients or those with COVID-19-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Biliary Tract Surgery Laboratory, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Research Center of Biliary Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Medical Administration, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Department of Drug Clinical Trial, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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452
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Chrast R, Castelo-Branco G. The dark side of the brain, myelinating glia in central and peripheral nervous systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:1-2. [PMID: 34024717 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Chrast
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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453
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Transcriptional signature in microglia associated with Aβ plaque phagocytosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3015. [PMID: 34021136 PMCID: PMC8140091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of microglia cells in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is well recognized, however their molecular and functional diversity remain unclear. Here, we isolated amyloid plaque-containing (using labelling with methoxy-XO4, XO4+) and non-containing (XO4−) microglia from an AD mouse model. Transcriptomics analysis identified different transcriptional trajectories in ageing and AD mice. XO4+ microglial transcriptomes demonstrated dysregulated expression of genes associated with late onset AD. We further showed that the transcriptional program associated with XO4+ microglia from mice is present in a subset of human microglia isolated from brains of individuals with AD. XO4− microglia displayed transcriptional signatures associated with accelerated ageing and contained more intracellular post-synaptic material than XO4+ microglia, despite reduced active synaptosome phagocytosis. We identified HIF1α as potentially regulating synaptosome phagocytosis in vitro using primary human microglia, and BV2 mouse microglial cells. Together, these findings provide insight into molecular mechanisms underpinning the functional diversity of microglia in AD. Microglia associated with Aβ plaques may have a distinct transcriptional signature compared to those in plaque-free areas of the brain in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) models. Here the authors show that amyloid plaque phagocytosis is associated with a specific microglia transcriptional signature in a mouse model of AD.
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454
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Wang C, Xiong M, Gratuze M, Bao X, Shi Y, Andhey PS, Manis M, Schroeder C, Yin Z, Madore C, Butovsky O, Artyomov M, Ulrich JD, Holtzman DM. Selective removal of astrocytic APOE4 strongly protects against tau-mediated neurodegeneration and decreases synaptic phagocytosis by microglia. Neuron 2021; 109:1657-1674.e7. [PMID: 33831349 PMCID: PMC8141024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and directly influences tauopathy and tau-mediated neurodegeneration. ApoE4 has strong deleterious effects on both parameters. In the brain, apoE is produced and secreted primarily by astrocytes and by activated microglia. The cell-specific role of each form of apoE in the setting of neurodegeneration has not been determined. We generated P301S Tau/Aldh1l1-CreERT2/apoE3flox/flox or Tau/Aldh1l1-CreERT2/apoE4flox/flox mice. At 5.5 months of age, after the onset of tau pathology, we administered tamoxifen or vehicle and compared mice at 9.5 months of age. Removing astrocytic APOE4 markedly reduced tau-mediated neurodegeneration and decreased phosphorylated tau (pTau) pathology. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing analysis revealed striking gene expression changes in all cell types, with astrocytic APOE4 removal decreasing disease-associated gene signatures in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Removal of astrocytic APOE4 decreased tau-induced synaptic loss and microglial phagocytosis of synaptic elements, suggesting a key role for astrocytic apoE in synaptic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease, Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Monica Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease, Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maud Gratuze
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease, Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease, Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease, Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Melissa Manis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease, Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Caitlin Schroeder
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhuoran Yin
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maxim Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease, Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer Disease, Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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455
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Seo JH, Dalal MS, Contreras JE. Pannexin-1 Channels as Mediators of Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105189. [PMID: 34068881 PMCID: PMC8156193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major component of central nervous system (CNS) injuries and neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, and brain trauma. The activation of innate immune cells at the damage site causes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which alter the functionality of nearby tissues and might mediate the recruitment of leukocytes to the injury site. If this process persists or is exacerbated, it prevents the adequate resolution of the inflammation, and ultimately enhances secondary damage. Adenosine 5′ triphosphate (ATP) is among the molecules released that trigger an inflammatory response, and it serves as a chemotactic and endogenous danger signal. Extracellular ATP activates multiple purinergic receptors (P2X and P2Y) that have been shown to promote neuroinflammation in a variety of CNS diseases. Recent studies have shown that Pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels are the principal conduits of ATP release from dying cells and innate immune cells in the brain. Herein, we review the emerging evidence that directly implicates Panx-1 channels in the neuroinflammatory response in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ho Seo
- Department of Neurology and Nash Family, Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Miloni S. Dalal
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
| | - Jorge E. Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-754-2770
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456
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Pietrowski MJ, Gabr AA, Kozlov S, Blum D, Halle A, Carvalho K. Glial Purinergic Signaling in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654850. [PMID: 34054698 PMCID: PMC8160300 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling regulates neuronal and glial cell functions in the healthy CNS. In neurodegenerative diseases, purinergic signaling becomes dysregulated and can affect disease-associated phenotypes of glial cells. In this review, we discuss how cell-specific expression patterns of purinergic signaling components change in neurodegeneration and how dysregulated glial purinergic signaling and crosstalk may contribute to disease pathophysiology, thus bearing promising potential for the development of new therapeutical options for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J Pietrowski
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Amr Ahmed Gabr
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Stanislav Kozlov
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Labex DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Annett Halle
- Microglia and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin Carvalho
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France.,Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Labex DISTALZ, Lille, France
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457
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Conde D, Triozzi PM, Balmant KM, Doty AL, Miranda M, Boullosa A, Schmidt HW, Pereira WJ, Dervinis C, Kirst M. A robust method of nuclei isolation for single-cell RNA sequencing of solid tissues from the plant genus Populus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251149. [PMID: 33974645 PMCID: PMC8112699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell transcriptome analysis has been extensively applied in humans and animal models to uncover gene expression heterogeneity between the different cell types of a tissue or an organ. It demonstrated its capability to discover key regulatory elements that determine cell fate during developmental programs. Single-cell analysis requires the isolation and labeling of the messenger RNA (mRNA) derived from each cell. These challenges were primarily addressed in mammals by developing microfluidic-based approaches. For plant species whose cells contain cell walls, these approaches have generally required the generation of isolated protoplasts. Many plant tissues' secondary cell wall hinders enzymatic digestion required for individual protoplast isolation, resulting in an unequal representation of cell types in a protoplast population. This limitation is especially critical for cell types located in the inner layers of a tissue or the inner tissues of an organ. Consequently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies using microfluidic approaches in plants have mainly been restricted to Arabidopsis roots, for which well-established procedures of protoplast isolation are available. Here we present a simple alternative approach to generating high-quality protoplasts from plant tissue by characterizing the mRNA extracted from individual nuclei instead of whole cells. We developed the protocol using two different plant materials with varying cellular complexity levels and cell wall structure, Populus shoot apices, and more lignified stems. Using the 10× Genomics Chromium technology, we show that this procedure results in intact mRNA isolation and limited leakage, with a broad representation of individual cell transcriptomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Conde
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paolo M. Triozzi
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Balmant
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andria L. Doty
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology, Flow Cytometry & Imaging Core, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mariza Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology, Flow Cytometry & Imaging Core, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anthony Boullosa
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology, Flow Cytometry & Imaging Core, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Henry W. Schmidt
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wendell J. Pereira
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christopher Dervinis
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Matias Kirst
- School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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458
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Zheng Z, Liang P, Hou B, Lu X, Ma Q, Yu X, Han S, Peng B, Chen T, Liu W, Yin J, He X. The effect of dipeptidyl peptidase IV on disease-associated microglia phenotypic transformation in epilepsy. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:112. [PMID: 33975617 PMCID: PMC8114532 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that disease-associated microglia (DAM), a recently discovered subset of microglia, plays a protective role in neurological diseases. Targeting DAM phenotypic transformation may provide new therapeutic options. However, the relationship between DAM and epilepsy remains unknown. METHODS Analysis of public RNA-sequencing data revealed predisposing factors (such as dipeptidyl peptidase IV; DPP4) for epilepsy related to DAM conversion. Anti-epileptic effect was assessed by electroencephalogram recordings and immunohistochemistry in a kainic acid (KA)-induced mouse model of epilepsy. The phenotype, morphology and function of microglia were assessed by qPCR, western blotting and microscopic imaging. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that DPP4 participated in DAM conversion and epilepsy. The treatment of sitagliptin (a DPP4 inhibitor) attenuated KA-induced epilepsy and promoted the expression of DAM markers (Itgax and Axl) in both mouse epilepsy model in vivo and microglial inflammatory model in vitro. With sitagliptin treatment, microglial cells did not display an inflammatory activation state (enlarged cell bodies). Furthermore, these microglia exhibited complicated intersections, longer processes and wider coverage of parenchyma. In addition, sitagliptin reduced the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway and inhibited the expression of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 and the proinflammatory DAM subset gene CD44. CONCLUSION The present results highlight that the DPP4 inhibitor sitagliptin can attenuate epilepsy and promote DAM phenotypic transformation. These DAM exhibit unique morphological features, greater migration ability and better surveillance capability. The possible underlying mechanism is that sitagliptin can reduce the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway and suppress the inflammatory response mediated by microglia. Thus, we propose DPP4 may act as an attractive direction for DAM research and a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 185, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Peiyu Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 185, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Baohua Hou
- Medical College, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 185, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qianwen Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 185, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 185, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 185, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Taoxiang Chen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 185, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Donghu Road No. 185, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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459
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Levites Y, Funk C, Wang X, Chakrabarty P, McFarland KN, Bramblett B, O'Neal V, Liu X, Ladd T, Robinson M, Allen M, Carrasquillo MM, Dickson D, Cruz P, Ryu D, Li HD, Price ND, Ertekin-Taner NI, Golde TE. Modulating innate immune activation states impacts the efficacy of specific Aβ immunotherapy. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:32. [PMID: 33957936 PMCID: PMC8103631 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Passive immunotherapies targeting Aβ continue to be evaluated as Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics, but there remains debate over the mechanisms by which these immunotherapies work. Besides the amount of preexisting Aβ deposition and the type of deposit (compact or diffuse), there is little data concerning what factors, independent of those intrinsic to the antibody, might influence efficacy. Here we (i) explored how constitutive priming of the underlying innate activation states by Il10 and Il6 might influence passive Aβ immunotherapy and (ii) evaluated transcriptomic data generated in the AMP-AD initiative to inform how these two cytokines and their receptors' mRNA levels are altered in human AD and an APP mouse model. METHODS rAAV2/1 encoding EGFP, Il6 or Il10 were delivered by somatic brain transgenesis to neonatal (P0) TgCRND8 APP mice. Then, at 2 months of age, the mice were treated bi-weekly with a high-affinity anti-Aβ1-16 mAb5 monoclonal antibody or control mouse IgG until 6 months of age. rAAV mediated transgene expression, amyloid accumulation, Aβ levels and gliosis were assessed. Extensive transcriptomic data was used to evaluate the mRNA expression levels of IL10 and IL6 and their receptors in the postmortem human AD temporal cortex and in the brains of TgCRND8 mice, the later at multiple ages. RESULTS Priming TgCRND8 mice with Il10 increases Aβ loads and blocks efficacy of subsequent mAb5 passive immunotherapy, whereas priming with Il6 priming reduces Aβ loads by itself and subsequent Aβ immunotherapy shows only a slightly additive effect. Transcriptomic data shows that (i) there are significant increases in the mRNA levels of Il6 and Il10 receptors in the TgCRND8 mouse model and temporal cortex of humans with AD and (ii) there is a great deal of variance in individual mouse brain and the human temporal cortex of these interleukins and their receptors. CONCLUSIONS The underlying immune activation state can markedly affect the efficacy of passive Aβ immunotherapy. These results have important implications for ongoing human AD immunotherapy trials, as they indicate that underlying immune activation states within the brain, which may be highly variable, may influence the ability for passive immunotherapy to alter Aβ deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Levites
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA.
| | - Cory Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, WA, 98109, Seattle, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Florida, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Karen N McFarland
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Baxter Bramblett
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Veronica O'Neal
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Xufei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Thomas Ladd
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Max Robinson
- Institute for Systems Biology, WA, 98109, Seattle, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Dennis Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Pedro Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Danny Ryu
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA
| | - Hong-Dong Li
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | | | - NIlüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 32224, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, FL, 32611, Gainesville, USA.
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460
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Da Mesquita S, Papadopoulos Z, Dykstra T, Brase L, Farias FG, Wall M, Jiang H, Kodira CD, de Lima KA, Herz J, Louveau A, Goldman DH, Salvador AF, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Farber E, Dabhi N, Kennedy T, Milam MG, Baker W, Smirnov I, Rich SS, Benitez BA, Karch CM, Perrin RJ, Farlow M, Chhatwal JP, Holtzman DM, Cruchaga C, Harari O, Kipnis J. Meningeal lymphatics affect microglia responses and anti-Aβ immunotherapy. Nature 2021; 593:255-260. [PMID: 33911285 PMCID: PMC8817786 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia1. Although there is no effective treatment for AD, passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies against amyloid beta (Aβ) is a promising therapeutic strategy2,3. Meningeal lymphatic drainage has an important role in the accumulation of Aβ in the brain4, but it is not known whether modulation of meningeal lymphatic function can influence the outcome of immunotherapy in AD. Here we show that ablation of meningeal lymphatic vessels in 5xFAD mice (a mouse model of amyloid deposition that expresses five mutations found in familial AD) worsened the outcome of mice treated with anti-Aβ passive immunotherapy by exacerbating the deposition of Aβ, microgliosis, neurovascular dysfunction, and behavioural deficits. By contrast, therapeutic delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor C improved clearance of Aβ by monoclonal antibodies. Notably, there was a substantial overlap between the gene signature of microglia from 5xFAD mice with impaired meningeal lymphatic function and the transcriptional profile of activated microglia from the brains of individuals with AD. Overall, our data demonstrate that impaired meningeal lymphatic drainage exacerbates the microglial inflammatory response in AD and that enhancement of meningeal lymphatic function combined with immunotherapies could lead to better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Da Mesquita
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Zachary Papadopoulos
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Taitea Dykstra
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Logan Brase
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Morgan Wall
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Kalil Alves de Lima
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Antoine Louveau
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dylan H Goldman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Andrea Francesca Salvador
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Emily Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nisha Dabhi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kennedy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mary Grace Milam
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wendy Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Igor Smirnov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard J Perrin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jasmeer P Chhatwal
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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461
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Morsey B, Niu M, Dyavar SR, Fletcher CV, Lamberty BG, Emanuel K, Fangmeier A, Fox HS. Cryopreservation of microglia enables single-cell RNA sequencing with minimal effects on disease-related gene expression patterns. iScience 2021; 24:102357. [PMID: 33870145 PMCID: PMC8044433 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a key role in brain development, normal homeostasis, and neurodegenerative disorders. Single-cell technologies have led to important findings about microglia, with many animal model studies using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), whereas most human specimen studies using archived frozen brains for single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq). However, microglia compose a small proportion of the total brain tissue; snRNAseq depletes expression of microglia activation genes that characterize many diseases. Here we examine the use of purified, cryopreserved microglia for scRNA-seq. Comparison of scRNA-seq on paired fresh and cryopreserved microglia from rhesus monkeys revealed a high level of correlation of gene expression between the two conditions. Disease-related genes were relatively unaffected, but an increase in immediate-early gene expression was present in cryopreserved cells. Regardless, changes in immediate-early gene expression are still detectable. Cryopreservation of microglia is a suitable procedure for prospectively archiving samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Morsey
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy; and Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Core, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shetty Ravi Dyavar
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Courtney V. Fletcher
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Lamberty
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Katy Emanuel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Anna Fangmeier
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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462
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Huang Y, Zhang Q, Yang L, Lin L, Xie J, Yao J, Zhou X, Zhang L, Shen H, Yang P. Puromycin-Modified Silica Microsphere-Based Nascent Proteomics Method for Rapid and Deep Nascent Proteome Profile. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6403-6413. [PMID: 33856767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nascent proteome is crucial in directly revealing how the expression of a gene is regulated on a translation level. In the nascent protein identification, puromycin capture is one of the pivotal methods, but it is still facing the challenge in the deep profiling of nascent proteomes due to the low abundance of most nascent proteins. Here, we describe the synthesis of puromycin-modified silica microspheres (PMSs) as the sorbent of dispersive solid-phase microextraction and the establishment of the PMS-based nascent proteomics (PMSNP) method for efficient capture and analysis of nascent proteins. The modification efficiency of puromycin groups on silica microspheres reached 91.8% through the click reaction. After the optimization and simplification of PMSNP, more than 3500 and 3900 nascent proteins were rapidly identified in HeLa cells and mouse brains within 13.5 h, respectively. The PMSNP method was successfully applied to explore changes in the translation process in a biological stress model, namely, the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HeLa cells. Biological functional analyses revealed the unique characters of the nascent proteomes and exhibited the superiority of the PMSNP in the identification of low abundance and secreted nascent proteins, thus demonstrating the sensitivity and immediacy of the PMSNP method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Quanqing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Lujie Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Juanjuan Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xinwen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Huali Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China.,Department of Systems Biology for Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Pengyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China.,Department of Systems Biology for Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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463
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Kwon O, Song J, Yang Y, Kim S, Kim JY, Seok M, Hwang I, Yu J, Karmacharya J, Maeng H, Kim J, Jho E, Ko SY, Son H, Chang M, Lee S. SGK1 inhibition in glia ameliorates pathologies and symptoms in Parkinson disease animal models. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13076. [PMID: 33646633 PMCID: PMC8033538 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia are brain-resident glia that can establish harmful inflammatory environments in disease contexts and thereby contribute to the progression of neuronal loss in neurodegenerative disorders. Correcting the diseased properties of glia is therefore an appealing strategy for treating brain diseases. Previous studies have shown that serum/ glucocorticoid related kinase 1 (SGK1) is upregulated in the brains of patients with various neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of those diseases. In this study, we show that inhibiting glial SGK1 corrects the pro-inflammatory properties of glia by suppressing the intracellular NFκB-, NLRP3-inflammasome-, and CGAS-STING-mediated inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, SGK1 inhibition potentiated glial activity to scavenge glutamate toxicity and prevented glial cell senescence and mitochondrial damage, which have recently been reported as critical pathologic features of and therapeutic targets in Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). Along with those anti-inflammatory/neurotrophic functions, silencing and pharmacological inhibition of SGK1 protected midbrain dopamine neurons from degeneration and cured pathologic synuclein alpha (SNCA) aggregation and PD-associated behavioral deficits in multiple in vitro and in vivo PD models. Collectively, these findings suggest that SGK1 inhibition could be a useful strategy for treating PD and other neurodegenerative disorders that share the common pathology of glia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh‐Chan Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Jae‐Jin Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yunseon Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Seong‐Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Min‐Jong Seok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Inhwa Hwang
- Korea Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute for Immunology and Immunological DiseasesBrain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Je‐Wook Yu
- Korea Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute for Immunology and Immunological DiseasesBrain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | | | | | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Life ScienceUniversity of SeoulSeoulKorea
| | - Eek‐hoon Jho
- Department of Life ScienceUniversity of SeoulSeoulKorea
| | - Seung Yeon Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Hyeon Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Mi‐Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sang‐Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
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464
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Banerjee A, Lu Y, Do K, Mize T, Wu X, Chen X, Chen J. Validation of Induced Microglia-Like Cells (iMG Cells) for Future Studies of Brain Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:629279. [PMID: 33897370 PMCID: PMC8063054 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.629279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the central nervous system that maintain physiological homeostasis in the brain and contribute to the pathogenesis of many psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the lack of appropriate human cellular models, it is difficult to study the basic pathophysiological processes linking microglia to brain diseases. In this study, we adopted a microglia-like cellular model derived from peripheral blood monocytes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-34 (IL-34). We characterized and validated this in vitro cellular model by morphology, immunocytochemistry, gene expression profiles, and functional study. Our results indicated that the iMG cells developed typical microglial ramified morphology, expressed microglial specific surface markers (P2RY12 and TMEM119), and possessed phagocytic activity. Principal component analyses and multidimensional scaling analyses of RNA-seq data showed that iMG cells were distinct from monocytes and induced macrophages (iMacs) but clustered closer to human microglia and hiPSC-induced microglia. Heatmap analyses also found that iMG cells, but not monocytes, were closely clustered with human primary microglia. Further pathway and relative expression analysis indicated that unique genes from iMG cells were involved in the regulation of the complement system, especially in the synapse and ion transport. Overall, our data demonstrated that the iMG model mimicked many features of the brain resident microglia, highlighting its utility in the study of microglial function in many brain diseases, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atoshi Banerjee
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Yimei Lu
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Kenny Do
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Travis Mize
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
- Department of Psychology, Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Jingchun Chen
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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465
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Tavares-Gomes L, Monney C, Neuhaus G, Francisco D, Solis D, Summerfield A, Erny D, Jagannathan V, Oevermann A. Transcriptome of microglia reveals a species-specific expression profile in bovines with conserved and new signature genes. Glia 2021; 69:1932-1949. [PMID: 33811399 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is growing that microglia adopt different roles than monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) during CNS injury. However, knowledge about their function in the pathogenesis of neuroinfections is only rudimentary. Cattle are frequently affected by neuroinfections that are either zoonotic or related to diseases in humans, and, hence, studies of bovine neuroinfections as a natural disease model may generate fundamental data on their pathogenesis potentially translatable to humans. We investigated the transcriptomic landscape and lineage markers of bovine microglia and MDM. Although bovine microglia expressed most microglial signature genes known from humans and mice, they exhibited a species-specific transcriptomic profile, including strikingly low expression of TMEM119 and enrichment of the two scavenger receptors MEGF10 and LY75. P2RY12 was amongst the most enriched genes in bovine microglia, and antibodies against P2RY12 labeled specifically resting microglia, but also reactive microglia within neuroinfection foci in-situ. On the other hand, F13A1 was amongst the most enriched genes in bovine monocytes and MDM and, additionally, the encoded protein was expressed in-situ in monocytes and MDM in the inflamed brain but not in microglia, making it a promising marker for infiltrating MDM in the brain. In culture, primary bovine microglia downregulated signature genes, expressed markers of activation, and converged their transcriptome to MDM. However, they retained several microglia signature genes that clearly distinguished them from bovine MDM, making them a promising in-vitro tool to study mechanisms of microglia-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Tavares-Gomes
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Camille Monney
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Neuhaus
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Francisco
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Interfaculty of Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland
| | - Diana Solis
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,University of Fribourg, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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466
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Lee SH, Meilandt WJ, Xie L, Gandham VD, Ngu H, Barck KH, Rezzonico MG, Imperio J, Lalehzadeh G, Huntley MA, Stark KL, Foreman O, Carano RA, Friedman BA, Sheng M, Easton A, Bohlen CJ, Hansen DV. Trem2 restrains the enhancement of tau accumulation and neurodegeneration by β-amyloid pathology. Neuron 2021; 109:1283-1301.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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467
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to provide an update on the role of the innate immune system and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, with an emphasis on microglial receptors CD33 and TREM2. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many Alzheimer's disease risk genes related to immune response and microglia including the phagocytic receptors CD33 and TREM2. Recent GWAS and pathway analyses emphasize the crucial role of the innate immune system and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Disease-associated microglia have been characterized by TREM2-dependent upregulation of phagocytic and lipid metabolism genes. Impaired microglial phagocytosis results in amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation leading to neuroinflammation that is the primary cause of neurodegeneration. CD33 and TREM2 modulate neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and have emerged as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. Progress has been made to inhibit CD33 by gene therapy, small molecules or immunotherapy, and to increase TREM2 activity by immunotherapy. Finally, mAbs against CD33 and TREM2 have entered clinical trials and may reduce neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease brain. SUMMARY Targeting neuroinflammation via CD33 inhibition and/or TREM2 activation may have important implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and may be an addition to monoclonal anti-Aβ antibody treatments that remove plaques without reducing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Griciuc
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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468
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Ramos-Gonzalez P, Mato S, Chara JC, Verkhratsky A, Matute C, Cavaliere F. Astrocytic atrophy as a pathological feature of Parkinson's disease with LRRK2 mutation. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:31. [PMID: 33785762 PMCID: PMC8009947 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the selective neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurones. Mounting evidence suggests that astrocytes may contribute to dopaminergic neurodegeneration through decreased homoeostatic support and deficient neuroprotection. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived astrocytes from PD patients with LRRK2(G2019S) mutation and healthy donors of the similar age. In cell lines derived from PD patients, astrocytes were characterised by a significant decrease in S100B and GFAP-positive astrocytic profiles associated with marked decrease in astrocyte complexity. In addition, PD-derived astrocytes demonstrated aberrant mitochondrial morphology, decreased mitochondrial activity and ATP production along with an increase of glycolysis and increased production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, our data indicate that astrocytic asthenia observed in patient-derived cultures with LRRK2(G2019S) mutation may contribute to neuronal death through decreased homoeostatic support, elevated oxidative stress and failed neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ramos-Gonzalez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Susana Mato
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Biocruces, Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Chara
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabio Cavaliere
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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469
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Mich JK, Graybuck LT, Hess EE, Mahoney JT, Kojima Y, Ding Y, Somasundaram S, Miller JA, Kalmbach BE, Radaelli C, Gore BB, Weed N, Omstead V, Bishaw Y, Shapovalova NV, Martinez RA, Fong O, Yao S, Mortrud M, Chong P, Loftus L, Bertagnolli D, Goldy J, Casper T, Dee N, Opitz-Araya X, Cetin A, Smith KA, Gwinn RP, Cobbs C, Ko AL, Ojemann JG, Keene CD, Silbergeld DL, Sunkin SM, Gradinaru V, Horwitz GD, Zeng H, Tasic B, Lein ES, Ting JT, Levi BP. Functional enhancer elements drive subclass-selective expression from mouse to primate neocortex. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108754. [PMID: 33789096 PMCID: PMC8163032 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral genetic tools that target specific brain cell types could transform basic neuroscience and targeted gene therapy. Here, we use comparative open chromatin analysis to identify thousands of human-neocortical-subclass-specific putative enhancers from across the genome to control gene expression in adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. The cellular specificity of reporter expression from enhancer-AAVs is established by molecular profiling after systemic AAV delivery in mouse. Over 30% of enhancer-AAVs produce specific expression in the targeted subclass, including both excitatory and inhibitory subclasses. We present a collection of Parvalbumin (PVALB) enhancer-AAVs that show highly enriched expression not only in cortical PVALB cells but also in some subcortical PVALB populations. Five vectors maintain PVALB-enriched expression in primate neocortex. These results demonstrate how genome-wide open chromatin data mining and cross-species AAV validation can be used to create the next generation of non-species-restricted viral genetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Mich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Erik E Hess
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yoshiko Kojima
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Brian E Kalmbach
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Bryan B Gore
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Natalie Weed
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Olivia Fong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shenqin Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Peter Chong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Luke Loftus
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jeff Goldy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nick Dee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ali Cetin
- Department of Biology and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Ryder P Gwinn
- Epilepsy Surgery and Functional Neurosurgery, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Charles Cobbs
- The Ben and Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew L Ko
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Regional Epilepsy Center, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Regional Epilepsy Center, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel L Silbergeld
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gregory D Horwitz
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ed S Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Regional Epilepsy Center, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan T Ting
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Boaz P Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
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470
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Sokolova D, Childs T, Hong S. Insight into the role of phosphatidylserine in complement-mediated synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease. Fac Rev 2021; 10:19. [PMID: 33718936 PMCID: PMC7946395 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system plays an integral role in the brain. Synaptic pruning, a fundamental process in developmental circuit refinement, is partially mediated by neuroimmune signalling at the synapse. In particular, microglia, the major tissue-resident macrophages of the brain, and the classical complement cascade, an innate immune pathway that aids in the clearance of unwanted material, have been implicated in mediating synapse elimination. Emerging data suggest that improper signalling of the innate immune pathway at the synapse leads to pathological synapse loss in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Now the key questions are whether synapses are targeted by complement and, if so, which synapses are vulnerable to elimination. Here, we review recent work implicating C1q, the initiator of the classical complement cascade, and surrounding glia as mediators of synapse loss. We examine how synapses could undergo apoptosis-like pathways in the Alzheimer brain, which may lead to the externalisation of phosphatidylserine on synapses. Finally, we discuss potential roles for microglia and astrocytes in this 'synaptic apoptosis'. Critical insight into neuroimmune regulatory pathways on synapses will be key to developing effective targets against pathological synapse loss in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Sokolova
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas Childs
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Soyon Hong
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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471
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Liu T, Zhu B, Liu Y, Zhang X, Yin J, Li X, Jiang L, Hodges AP, Rosenthal SB, Zhou L, Yancey J, McQuade A, Blurton-Jones M, Tanzi RE, Huang TY, Xu H. Multi-omic comparison of Alzheimer's variants in human ESC-derived microglia reveals convergence at APOE. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152099. [PMID: 32941599 PMCID: PMC7953740 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in many genes linked to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) show abundant expression in microglia, but relationships among these genes remain largely elusive. Here, we establish isogenic human ESC–derived microglia-like cell lines (hMGLs) harboring AD variants in CD33, INPP5D, SORL1, and TREM2 loci and curate a comprehensive atlas comprising ATAC-seq, ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and proteomics datasets. AD-like expression signatures are observed in AD mutant SORL1 and TREM2 hMGLs, while integrative multi-omic analysis of combined epigenetic and expression datasets indicates up-regulation of APOE as a convergent pathogenic node. We also observe cross-regulatory relationships between SORL1 and TREM2, in which SORL1R744X hMGLs induce TREM2 expression to enhance APOE expression. AD-associated SORL1 and TREM2 mutations also impaired hMGL Aβ uptake in an APOE-dependent manner in vitro and attenuated Aβ uptake/clearance in mouse AD brain xenotransplants. Using this modeling and analysis platform for human microglia, we provide new insight into epistatic interactions in AD genes and demonstrate convergence of microglial AD genes at the APOE locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongfei Liu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bing Zhu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yan Liu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jun Yin
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - LuLin Jiang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrew P Hodges
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sara Brin Rosenthal
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lisa Zhou
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Joel Yancey
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Amanda McQuade
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
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472
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Preman P, Alfonso-Triguero M, Alberdi E, Verkhratsky A, Arranz AM. Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathological Significance and Molecular Pathways. Cells 2021; 10:540. [PMID: 33806259 PMCID: PMC7999452 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes perform a wide variety of essential functions defining normal operation of the nervous system and are active contributors to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's among others. Recent data provide compelling evidence that distinct astrocyte states are associated with specific stages of Alzheimer´s disease. The advent of transcriptomics technologies enables rapid progress in the characterisation of such pathological astrocyte states. In this review, we provide an overview of the origin, main functions, molecular and morphological features of astrocytes in physiological as well as pathological conditions related to Alzheimer´s disease. We will also explore the main roles of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer´s disease and summarize main transcriptional changes and altered molecular pathways observed in astrocytes during the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Preman
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven (University of Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Alfonso-Triguero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (M.A.-T.); (E.A.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Elena Alberdi
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (M.A.-T.); (E.A.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (M.A.-T.); (E.A.)
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Amaia M. Arranz
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940 Leioa, Spain; (M.A.-T.); (E.A.)
- Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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473
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Wang S, Mustafa M, Yuede CM, Salazar SV, Kong P, Long H, Ward M, Siddiqui O, Paul R, Gilfillan S, Ibrahim A, Rhinn H, Tassi I, Rosenthal A, Schwabe T, Colonna M. Anti-human TREM2 induces microglia proliferation and reduces pathology in an Alzheimer's disease model. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151887. [PMID: 32579671 PMCID: PMC7478730 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TREM2 is a receptor for lipids expressed in microglia. The R47H variant of human TREM2 impairs ligand binding and increases Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. In mouse models of amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, defective TREM2 function affects microglial response to Aβ plaques, exacerbating tissue damage, whereas TREM2 overexpression attenuates pathology. Thus, AD may benefit from TREM2 activation. Here, we examined the impact of an anti-human TREM2 agonistic mAb, AL002c, in a mouse AD model expressing either the common variant (CV) or the R47H variant of TREM2. Single-cell RNA-seq of microglia after acute systemic administration of AL002c showed induction of proliferation in both CV- and R47H-transgenic mice. Prolonged administration of AL002c reduced filamentous plaques and neurite dystrophy, impacted behavior, and tempered microglial inflammatory response. We further showed that a variant of AL002c is safe and well tolerated in a first-in-human phase I clinical trial and engages TREM2 based on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. We conclude that AL002 is a promising candidate for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoutang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | | | - Carla M Yuede
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | | | | | - Hua Long
- Alector LLC, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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474
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Al Attar A, Antaramian A, Noureddin M. Review of galectin-3 inhibitors in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:457-464. [PMID: 33612037 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1894127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside binding protein associated with many disease pathologies, including chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis. It has been implicated in the disease severity of NASH, although its precise role is unknown. Inhibition of Gal-3 has shown to improve and prevent fibrosis progression and has now reached phase III clinical trial in NASH patients. AREAS COVERED This discusses the role of Gal-3 in NASH. It brings together the current findings of Gal-3 in NASH and hepatic fibrosis by analyzing recent data from animal model studies and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Gal-3 inhibitors, in particular, Belapectin (GR-MD-02), have shown promising results for NASH with advanced fibrosis. In a phase 2 trial, Belapectin did not meet the primary endpoint. However, a sub-analysis of Belapectin among a separate group of patients without esophageal varices showed 2 mg/kg of GR-MD-02 reduced HVPG and the development of new varices. A subsequent study is under way, aiming to replicate the positive findings in phase 2 and demonstrate greater efficacy. If Belapectin is shown to be effective, it will be coupled with other drugs that target steatohepatitis to maximize efficacy and disease reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef Al Attar
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ani Antaramian
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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475
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Multiple sclerosis risk gene Mertk is required for microglial activation and subsequent remyelination. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108835. [PMID: 33691116 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurological diseases, the failure to repair demyelinated lesions contributes to axonal damage and clinical disability. Here, we provide evidence that Mertk, a gene highly expressed by microglia that alters MS risk, is required for efficient remyelination. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, Mertk-knockout (KO) mice show impaired clearance of myelin debris and remyelination following demyelination. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we characterize Mertk-influenced responses to cuprizone-mediated demyelination and remyelination across different cell types. Mertk-KO brains show an attenuated microglial response to demyelination but an elevated proportion of interferon (IFN)-responsive microglia. In addition, we identify a transcriptionally distinct subtype of surviving oligodendrocytes specific to demyelinated lesions. The inhibitory effect of myelin debris on remyelination is mediated in part by IFNγ, which further impedes microglial clearance of myelin debris and inhibits oligodendrocyte differentiation. Together, our work establishes a role for Mertk in microglia activation, phagocytosis, and migration during remyelination.
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476
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Escartin C, Galea E, Lakatos A, O'Callaghan JP, Petzold GC, Serrano-Pozo A, Steinhäuser C, Volterra A, Carmignoto G, Agarwal A, Allen NJ, Araque A, Barbeito L, Barzilai A, Bergles DE, Bonvento G, Butt AM, Chen WT, Cohen-Salmon M, Cunningham C, Deneen B, De Strooper B, Díaz-Castro B, Farina C, Freeman M, Gallo V, Goldman JE, Goldman SA, Götz M, Gutiérrez A, Haydon PG, Heiland DH, Hol EM, Holt MG, Iino M, Kastanenka KV, Kettenmann H, Khakh BS, Koizumi S, Lee CJ, Liddelow SA, MacVicar BA, Magistretti P, Messing A, Mishra A, Molofsky AV, Murai KK, Norris CM, Okada S, Oliet SHR, Oliveira JF, Panatier A, Parpura V, Pekna M, Pekny M, Pellerin L, Perea G, Pérez-Nievas BG, Pfrieger FW, Poskanzer KE, Quintana FJ, Ransohoff RM, Riquelme-Perez M, Robel S, Rose CR, Rothstein JD, Rouach N, Rowitch DH, Semyanov A, Sirko S, Sontheimer H, Swanson RA, Vitorica J, Wanner IB, Wood LB, Wu J, Zheng B, Zimmer ER, Zorec R, Sofroniew MV, Verkhratsky A. Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:312-325. [PMID: 33589835 PMCID: PMC8007081 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1074] [Impact Index Per Article: 358.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are astrocytes undergoing morphological, molecular, and functional remodeling in response to injury, disease, or infection of the CNS. Although this remodeling was first described over a century ago, uncertainties and controversies remain regarding the contribution of reactive astrocytes to CNS diseases, repair, and aging. It is also unclear whether fixed categories of reactive astrocytes exist and, if so, how to identify them. We point out the shortcomings of binary divisions of reactive astrocytes into good-vs-bad, neurotoxic-vs-neuroprotective or A1-vs-A2. We advocate, instead, that research on reactive astrocytes include assessment of multiple molecular and functional parameters-preferably in vivo-plus multivariate statistics and determination of impact on pathological hallmarks in relevant models. These guidelines may spur the discovery of astrocyte-based biomarkers as well as astrocyte-targeting therapies that abrogate detrimental actions of reactive astrocytes, potentiate their neuro- and glioprotective actions, and restore or augment their homeostatic, modulatory, and defensive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Escartin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Elena Galea
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - András Lakatos
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Volterra
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Carmignoto
- Neuroscience Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Amit Agarwal
- The Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gilles Bonvento
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Arthur M Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Cohen-Salmon
- 'Physiology and Physiopathology of the Gliovascular Unit' Research Group, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7241 CNRS, Unité1050 INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Colm Cunningham
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB and University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University College London, London, UK
| | - Blanca Díaz-Castro
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe) and Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington DC, USA
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Science and Rigshospitalet, Kobenhavn N, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet & Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Synergy, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Philip G Haydon
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dieter H Heiland
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew G Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masamitsu Iino
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ksenia V Kastanenka
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science 55, Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Magistretti
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Neurosciences Psychiatriques, University of Lausanne and CHUV, Site de Cery, Prilly-Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Albee Messing
- Waisman Center and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Anna V Molofsky
- Departments of Psychiatry/Weill Institute for Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Keith K Murai
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Stéphane H R Oliet
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - João F Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- IPCA-EST-2Ai, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Campus of IPCA, Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Aude Panatier
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luc Pellerin
- INSERM U1082, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gertrudis Perea
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Pérez-Nievas
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frank W Pfrieger
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kira E Poskanzer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Associate Member, The Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Miriam Riquelme-Perez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, School of Neuroscience Virginia Tech, Riverside Circle, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiology and Pathologies, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University Paris, Paris, France
| | - David H Rowitch
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Swetlana Sirko
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Virginia Tech School of Neuroscience and Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, Virginia Tech at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Dept. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ina-Beate Wanner
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, IDDRC, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Levi B Wood
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla; VA San Diego Research Service, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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477
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Schirmer L, Schafer DP, Bartels T, Rowitch DH, Calabresi PA. Diversity and Function of Glial Cell Types in Multiple Sclerosis. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:228-247. [PMID: 33593693 PMCID: PMC7914214 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glial subtype diversity is an emerging topic in neurobiology and immune-mediated neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We discuss recent conceptual and technological advances that allow a better understanding of the transcriptomic and functional heterogeneity of oligodendrocytes (OLs), astrocytes, and microglial cells under inflammatory-demyelinating conditions. Recent single cell transcriptomic studies suggest the occurrence of novel homeostatic and reactive glial subtypes and provide insight into the molecular events during disease progression. Multiplexed RNA in situ hybridization has enabled 'mapping back' dysregulated gene expression to glial subtypes within the MS lesion microenvironment. These findings suggest novel homeostatic and reactive glial-cell-type functions both in immune-related processes and neuroprotection relevant to understanding the pathology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology and the Brudnik Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Bartels
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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478
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Ni J, Wu Z. Inflammation Spreading: Negative Spiral Linking Systemic Inflammatory Disorders and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:638686. [PMID: 33716675 PMCID: PMC7947253 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.638686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a physiological response to injury in the internal body organs, inflammation is responsible for removing dangerous stimuli and initiating healing. However, persistent and exaggerative chronic inflammation causes undesirable negative effects in the organs. Inflammation occurring in the brain and spinal cord is known as neuroinflammation, with microglia acting as the central cellular player. There is increasing evidence suggesting that chronic neuroinflammation is the most relevant pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), regulating other pathological features, such as the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylation of Tau. Systemic inflammatory signals caused by systemic disorders are known to strongly influence neuroinflammation as a consequence of microglial activation, inflammatory mediator production, and the recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the brain, resulting in neuronal dysfunction. However, the neuroinflammation-accelerated neuronal dysfunction in AD also influences the functions of peripheral organs. In the present review, we highlight the link between systemic inflammatory disorders and AD, with inflammation serving as the common explosion. We discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern the crosstalk between systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. In our view, inflammation spreading indicates a negative spiral between systemic diseases and AD. Therefore, “dampening inflammation” through the inhibition of cathepsin (Cat)B or CatS may be a novel therapeutic approach for delaying the onset of and enacting early intervention for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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479
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Neuroinflammation in Prion Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042196. [PMID: 33672129 PMCID: PMC7926464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, typically manifest as microglial activation and astrogliosis accompanied by transcriptomic alterations, represents a common hallmark of various neurodegenerative conditions including prion diseases. Microglia play an overall neuroprotective role in prion disease, whereas reactive astrocytes with aberrant phenotypes propagate prions and contribute to prion-induced neurodegeneration. The existence of heterogeneous subpopulations and dual functions of microglia and astrocytes in prion disease make them potential targets for therapeutic intervention. A variety of neuroinflammation-related molecules are involved in prion pathogenesis. Therapeutics targeting neuroinflammation represents a novel approach to combat prion disease. Deciphering neuroinflammation in prion disease will deepen our understanding of pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative disorders.
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480
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Safaiyan S, Besson-Girard S, Kaya T, Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Liu L, Ji H, Schifferer M, Gouna G, Usifo F, Kannaiyan N, Fitzner D, Xiang X, Rossner MJ, Brendel M, Gokce O, Simons M. White matter aging drives microglial diversity. Neuron 2021; 109:1100-1117.e10. [PMID: 33606969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging results in gray and white matter degeneration, but the specific microglial responses are unknown. Using single-cell RNA sequencing from white and gray matter separately, we identified white matter-associated microglia (WAMs), which share parts of the disease-associated microglia (DAM) gene signature and are characterized by activation of genes implicated in phagocytic activity and lipid metabolism. WAMs depend on triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) signaling and are aging dependent. In the aged brain, WAMs form independent of apolipoprotein E (APOE), in contrast to mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, in which microglia with the WAM gene signature are generated prematurely and in an APOE-dependent pathway similar to DAMs. Within the white matter, microglia frequently cluster in nodules, where they are engaged in clearing degenerated myelin. Thus, WAMs may represent a potentially protective response required to clear degenerated myelin accumulating during white matter aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Safaiyan
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Besson-Girard
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tuğberk Kaya
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hao Ji
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schifferer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Garyfallia Gouna
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Fumere Usifo
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nirmal Kannaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Fitzner
- Department of Neurology, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xianyuan Xiang
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz J Rossner
- Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ozgun Gokce
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany.
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481
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Kenkhuis B, Somarakis A, de Haan L, Dzyubachyk O, IJsselsteijn ME, de Miranda NFCC, Lelieveldt BPF, Dijkstra J, van Roon-Mom WMC, Höllt T, van der Weerd L. Iron loading is a prominent feature of activated microglia in Alzheimer's disease patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:27. [PMID: 33597025 PMCID: PMC7887813 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain iron accumulation has been found to accelerate disease progression in amyloid-β(Aβ) positive Alzheimer patients, though the mechanism is still unknown. Microglia have been identified as key players in the disease pathogenesis, and are highly reactive cells responding to aberrations such as increased iron levels. Therefore, using histological methods, multispectral immunofluorescence and an automated in-house developed microglia segmentation and analysis pipeline, we studied the occurrence of iron-accumulating microglia and the effect on its activation state in human Alzheimer brains. We identified a subset of microglia with increased expression of the iron storage protein ferritin light chain (FTL), together with increased Iba1 expression, decreased TMEM119 and P2RY12 expression. This activated microglia subset represented iron-accumulating microglia and appeared morphologically dystrophic. Multispectral immunofluorescence allowed for spatial analysis of FTL+Iba1+-microglia, which were found to be the predominant Aβ-plaque infiltrating microglia. Finally, an increase of FTL+Iba1+-microglia was seen in patients with high Aβ load and Tau load. These findings suggest iron to be taken up by microglia and to influence the functional phenotype of these cells, especially in conjunction with Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyd Kenkhuis
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonios Somarakis
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lorraine de Haan
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oleh Dzyubachyk
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jouke Dijkstra
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willeke M C van Roon-Mom
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Höllt
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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482
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Rodriguez S, Hug C, Todorov P, Moret N, Boswell SA, Evans K, Zhou G, Johnson NT, Hyman BT, Sorger PK, Albers MW, Sokolov A. Machine learning identifies candidates for drug repurposing in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1033. [PMID: 33589615 PMCID: PMC7884393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of novel therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have consumed a large amount of time and resources with largely negative results. Repurposing drugs already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for another indication is a more rapid and less expensive option. We present DRIAD (Drug Repurposing In AD), a machine learning framework that quantifies potential associations between the pathology of AD severity (the Braak stage) and molecular mechanisms as encoded in lists of gene names. DRIAD is applied to lists of genes arising from perturbations in differentiated human neural cell cultures by 80 FDA-approved and clinically tested drugs, producing a ranked list of possible repurposing candidates. Top-scoring drugs are inspected for common trends among their targets. We propose that the DRIAD method can be used to nominate drugs that, after additional validation and identification of relevant pharmacodynamic biomarker(s), could be readily evaluated in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Clemens Hug
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petar Todorov
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nienke Moret
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah A Boswell
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyle Evans
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - George Zhou
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Nathan T Johnson
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - Artem Sokolov
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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483
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Gratuze M, Leyns CE, Sauerbeck AD, St-Pierre MK, Xiong M, Kim N, Serrano JR, Tremblay MÈ, Kummer TT, Colonna M, Ulrich JD, Holtzman DM. Impact of TREM2R47H variant on tau pathology-induced gliosis and neurodegeneration. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4954-4968. [PMID: 32544086 DOI: 10.1172/jci138179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by plaques containing amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles composed of aggregated, hyperphosphorylated tau. Beyond tau and Aβ, evidence suggests that microglia play an important role in AD pathogenesis. Rare variants in the microglia-expressed triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) gene increase AD risk 2- to 4-fold. It is likely that these TREM2 variants increase AD risk by decreasing the response of microglia to Aβ and its local toxicity. However, neocortical Aβ pathology occurs many years before neocortical tau pathology in AD. Thus, it will be important to understand the role of TREM2 in the context of tauopathy. We investigated the impact of the AD-associated TREM2 variant (R47H) on tau-mediated neuropathology in the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy. We assessed PS19 mice expressing human TREM2CV (common variant) or human TREM2R47H. PS19-TREM2R47H mice had significantly attenuated brain atrophy and synapse loss versus PS19-TREM2CV mice. Gene expression analyses and CD68 immunostaining revealed attenuated microglial reactivity in PS19-TREM2R47H versus PS19-TREM2CV mice. There was also a decrease in phagocytosis of postsynaptic elements by microglia expressing TREM2R47H in the PS19 mice and in human AD brains. These findings suggest that impaired TREM2 signaling reduces microglia-mediated neurodegeneration in the setting of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Gratuze
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cheryl Eg Leyns
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Monica Xiong
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nayeon Kim
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Marco Colonna
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology.,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, and.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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484
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Bacterial sepsis increases hippocampal fibrillar amyloid plaque load and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105292. [PMID: 33556539 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis, a leading cause for intensive care unit admissions, causes both an acute encephalopathy and chronic brain dysfunction in survivors. A history of sepsis is also a risk factor for future development of dementia symptoms. Similar neuropathologic changes are associated with the cognitive decline of sepsis and Alzheimer's disease (AD), including neuroinflammation, neuronal death, and synaptic loss. Amyloid plaque pathology is the earliest pathological hallmark of AD, appearing 10 to 20 years prior to cognitive decline, and is present in 30% of people over 65. As sepsis is also more common in older adults, we hypothesized that sepsis might exacerbate amyloid plaque deposition and plaque-related injury, promoting the progression of AD-related pathology. METHODS We evaluated whether the brain's response to sepsis modulates AD-related neurodegenerative changes by driving amyloid deposition and neuroinflammation in mice. We induced polymicrobial sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in APP/PS1-21 mice, a model of AD-related β-amyloidosis. We performed CLP or sham surgery at plaque onset (2 months of age) and examined pathology 2 months after CLP in surviving mice. RESULTS Sepsis significantly increased fibrillar amyloid plaque formation in the hippocampus of APP/PS1-21 mice. Sepsis enhanced plaque-related astrocyte activation and complement C4b gene expression in the brain, both of which may play a role in modulating amyloid formation. CLP also caused large scale changes in the gut microbiome of APP/PS1 mice, which have been associated with a pro-amyloidogenic and neuroinflammatory state. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that experimental sepsis can exacerbate amyloid plaque deposition and plaque-related inflammation, providing a potential mechanism for increased dementia in older sepsis survivors.
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485
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TREM2 Mediates Microglial Anti-Inflammatory Activations in Alzheimer's Disease: Lessons Learned from Transcriptomics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020321. [PMID: 33557250 PMCID: PMC7913972 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a lethal neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting the aged population. The etiopathogenesis of AD, especially that of the sporadic type, remains elusive. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a member of TREM immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a critical role in microglial physiology. Missense mutations in human TREM2 are determined as genetic risk factors associated with the development of sporadic AD. However, the roles of TREM2 in the pathogenesis of AD are still to be established. In this review, we outlined the influence of Trem2 on balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial activations from a perspective of AD mouse model transcriptomics. On this basis, we further speculated the roles of TREM2 in different stages of AD, which may shed light to the development of TREM2-targeted strategy for the prevention and treatment of this neurodegenerative disorder.
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486
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Comparative Analysis Identifies Similarities between the Human and Murine Microglial Sensomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031495. [PMID: 33540859 PMCID: PMC7867338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the essential functions of microglia is to continuously sense changes in their environment and adapt to those changes. For this purpose, they use a set of genes termed the sensome. This sensome is comprised of the most abundantly expressed receptors on the surface of microglia. In this study, we updated previously identified mouse microglial sensome by incorporating an additional published RNAseq dataset into the data-analysis pipeline. We also identified members of the human microglial sensome using two independent human microglia RNAseq data sources. Using both the mouse and human microglia sensomes, we identified a key set of genes conserved between the mouse and human microglial sensomes as well as some differences between the species. We found a key set of 57 genes to be conserved in both mouse and human microglial sensomes. We define these genes as the “microglia core sensome”. We then analyzed expression of genes in this core sensome in five different datasets from two neurodegenerative disease models at various stages of the diseases and found that, overall, changes in the level of expression of microglial sensome genes are specific to the disease or condition studied. Our results highlight the relevance of data generated in mice for understanding the biology of human microglia, but also stress the importance of species-specific gene sets for the investigation of diseases involving microglia. Defining this microglial specific core sensome may help identify pathological changes in microglia in humans and mouse models of human disease.
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487
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Yang HS, Onos KD, Choi K, Keezer KJ, Skelly DA, Carter GW, Howell GR. Natural genetic variation determines microglia heterogeneity in wild-derived mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108739. [PMID: 33567283 PMCID: PMC7937391 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and genome-wide association studies suggest a central role for microglia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of microglia in mice, a key preclinical model, has shown mixed results regarding translatability to human studies. To address this, scRNA-seq of microglia from C57BL/6J (B6) and wild-derived strains (WSB/EiJ, CAST/EiJ, and PWK/PhJ) with and without APP/PS1 demonstrates that genetic diversity significantly alters features and dynamics of microglia in baseline neuroimmune functions and in response to amyloidosis. Results show significant variation in the abundance of microglial subtypes or states, including numbers of previously identified disease-associated and interferon-responding microglia, across the strains. For each subtype, significant differences in the expression of many genes are observed in wild-derived strains relative to B6, including 19 genes previously associated with human AD including Apoe, Trem2, and Sorl1. This resource is critical in the development of appropriately targeted therapeutics for AD and other neurological diseases. Neuroinflammation is a key component of Alzheimer’s disease. Yang et al. perform single-cell sequencing of microglia in wild-derived mouse strains that carry amyloid and show that these strains differ from the commonly used strains, exhibiting significant variation in abundance of microglial subtypes, including numbers of disease-associated and interferon-responding microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gregory W Carter
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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488
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Ayton S, Portbury S, Kalinowski P, Agarwal P, Diouf I, Schneider JA, Morris MC, Bush AI. Regional brain iron associated with deterioration in Alzheimer's disease: A large cohort study and theoretical significance. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1244-1256. [PMID: 33491917 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper is a proposal for an update of the iron hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), based on large-scale emerging evidence. BACKGROUND Iron featured historically early in AD research efforts for its involvement in the amyloid and tau proteinopathies, APP processing, genetics, and one clinical trial, yet iron neurochemistry remains peripheral in mainstream AD research. Much of the effort investigating iron in AD has focused on the potential for iron to provoke the onset of disease, by promoting proteinopathy though increased protein expression, phosphorylation, and aggregation. NEW/UPDATED HYPOTHESIS We provide new evidence from a large post mortem cohort that brain iron levels within the normal range were associated with accelerated ante mortem disease progression in cases with underlying proteinopathic neuropathology. These results corroborate recent findings that argue for an additional downstream role for iron as an effector of neurodegeneration, acting independently of tau or amyloid pathologies. We hypothesize that the level of tissue iron is a trait that dictates the probability of neurodegeneration in AD by ferroptosis, a regulated cell death pathway that is initiated by signals such as glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation. MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR THE HYPOTHESIS While clinical biomarkers of ferroptosis are still in discovery, the demonstration of additional ferroptotic correlates (genetic or biomarker derived) of disease progression is required to test this hypothesis. The genes implicated in familial AD are not known to influence ferroptosis, although recent reports on APP mutations and apolipoprotein E allele (APOE) have shown impact on cellular iron retention. Familial AD mutations will need to be tested for their impact on ferroptotic vulnerability. Ultimately, this hypothesis will be substantiated, or otherwise, by a clinical trial of an anti-ferroptotic/iron compound in AD patients. LINKAGE TO OTHER MAJOR THEORIES Iron has historically been linked to the amyloid and tau proteinopathies of AD. Tau, APP, and apoE have been implicated in physiological iron homeostasis in the brain. Iron is biochemically the origin of most chemical radicals generated in biochemistry and thus closely associated with the oxidative stress theory of AD. Iron accumulation is also a well-established consequence of aging and inflammation, which are major theories of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stuart Portbury
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pawel Kalinowski
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Puja Agarwal
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian E-Health Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Martha Clare Morris
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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489
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Hahn O, Fehlmann T, Zhang H, Munson CN, Vest RT, Borcherding A, Liu S, Villarosa C, Drmanac S, Drmanac R, Keller A, Wyss-Coray T. CoolMPS for robust sequencing of single-nuclear RNAs captured by droplet-based method. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:e11. [PMID: 33264392 PMCID: PMC7826285 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Massively-parallel single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq, snRNA-seq) requires extensive sequencing to achieve proper per-cell coverage, making sequencing resources and availability of sequencers critical factors for conducting deep transcriptional profiling. CoolMPS is a novel sequencing-by-synthesis approach that relies on nucleotide labeling by re-usable antibodies, but whether it is applicable to snRNA-seq has not been tested. Here, we use a low-cost and off-the-shelf protocol to chemically convert libraries generated with the widely-used Chromium 10X technology to be sequenceable with CoolMPS technology. To assess the quality and performance of converted libraries sequenced with CoolMPS, we generated a snRNA-seq dataset from the hippocampus of young and old mice. Native libraries were sequenced on an Illumina Novaseq and libraries that were converted to be compatible with CoolMPS were sequenced on a DNBSEQ-400RS. CoolMPS-derived data faithfully replicated key characteristics of the native library dataset, including correct estimation of ambient RNA-contamination, detection of captured cells, cell clustering results, spatial marker gene expression, inter- and intra-replicate differences and gene expression changes during aging. In conclusion, our results show that CoolMPS provides a viable alternative to standard sequencing of RNA from droplet-based libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hahn
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tobias Fehlmann
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christy N Munson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan T Vest
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sophie Liu
- MGI, 2904 Orchard Pkwy, San Jose, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Keller
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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490
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Ellwanger DC, Wang S, Brioschi S, Shao Z, Green L, Case R, Yoo D, Weishuhn D, Rathanaswami P, Bradley J, Rao S, Cha D, Luan P, Sambashivan S, Gilfillan S, Hasson SA, Foltz IN, van Lookeren Campagne M, Colonna M. Prior activation state shapes the microglia response to antihuman TREM2 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2017742118. [PMID: 33446504 PMCID: PMC7826333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017742118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) sustains microglia response to brain injury stimuli including apoptotic cells, myelin damage, and amyloid β (Aβ). Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk is associated with the TREM2R47H variant, which impairs ligand binding and consequently microglia responses to Aβ pathology. Here, we show that TREM2 engagement by the mAb hT2AB as surrogate ligand activates microglia in 5XFAD transgenic mice that accumulate Aβ and express either the common TREM2 variant (TREM2CV) or TREM2R47H scRNA-seq of microglia from TREM2CV-5XFAD mice treated once with control hIgG1 exposed four distinct trajectories of microglia activation leading to disease-associated (DAM), interferon-responsive (IFN-R), cycling (Cyc-M), and MHC-II expressing (MHC-II) microglia types. All of these were underrepresented in TREM2R47H-5XFAD mice, suggesting that TREM2 ligand engagement is required for microglia activation trajectories. Moreover, Cyc-M and IFN-R microglia were more abundant in female than male TREM2CV-5XFAD mice, likely due to greater Aβ load in female 5XFAD mice. A single systemic injection of hT2AB replenished Cyc-M, IFN-R, and MHC-II pools in TREM2R47H-5XFAD mice. In TREM2CV-5XFAD mice, however, hT2AB brought the representation of male Cyc-M and IFN-R microglia closer to that of females, in which these trajectories had already reached maximum capacity. Moreover, hT2AB induced shifts in gene expression patterns in all microglial pools without affecting representation. Repeated treatment with a murinized hT2AB version over 10 d increased chemokines brain content in TREM2R47H-5XFAD mice, consistent with microglia expansion. Thus, the impact of hT2AB on microglia is shaped by the extent of TREM2 endogenous ligand engagement and basal microglia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Ellwanger
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Shoutang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Zhifei Shao
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Lydia Green
- Department of Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC, V5A1V7 Canada
| | - Ryan Case
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Daniel Yoo
- Department of Biologics Optimization, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Dawn Weishuhn
- Department of Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC, V5A1V7 Canada
| | | | - Jodi Bradley
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Sara Rao
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Diana Cha
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Peng Luan
- Department of Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Shilpa Sambashivan
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Samuel A Hasson
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ian N Foltz
- Department of Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC, V5A1V7 Canada
| | | | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110;
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491
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Patrick E, Olah M, Taga M, Klein HU, Xu J, White CC, Felsky D, Agrawal S, Gaiteri C, Chibnik LB, Mostafavi S, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, Bradshaw EM, De Jager PL. A cortical immune network map identifies distinct microglial transcriptional programs associated with β-amyloid and Tau pathologies. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:50. [PMID: 33446646 PMCID: PMC7809035 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial dysfunction has been proposed as one of the many cellular mechanisms that can contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, using a transcriptional network map of the human frontal cortex, we identify five modules of co-expressed genes related to microglia and assess their role in the neuropathologic features of AD in 540 subjects from two cohort studies of brain aging. Two of these transcriptional programs-modules 113 and 114-relate to the accumulation of β-amyloid, while module 5 relates to tau pathology. We replicate these associations in brain epigenomic data and in two independent datasets. In terms of tau, we propose that module 5, a marker of activated microglia, may lead to tau accumulation and subsequent cognitive decline. We validate our model further by showing that three representative module 5 genes (ACADVL, TRABD, and VASP) encode proteins that are upregulated in activated microglia in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Patrick
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marta Olah
- Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Taga
- Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hans-Ulrich Klein
- Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jishu Xu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Daniel Felsky
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry & Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sonal Agrawal
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chris Gaiteri
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lori B Chibnik
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- Paul Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational & Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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492
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Vitek MP, Araujo JA, Fossel M, Greenberg BD, Howell GR, Rizzo SJS, Seyfried NT, Tenner AJ, Territo PR, Windisch M, Bain LJ, Ross A, Carrillo MC, Lamb BT, Edelmayer RM. Translational animal models for Alzheimer's disease: An Alzheimer's Association Business Consortium Think Tank. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 6:e12114. [PMID: 33457489 PMCID: PMC7798310 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over 5 million Americans and 50 million individuals worldwide are living with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The progressive dementia associated with AD currently has no cure. Although clinical trials in patients are ultimately required to find safe and effective drugs, animal models of AD permit the integration of brain pathologies with learning and memory deficits that are the first step in developing these new drugs. The purpose of the Alzheimer's Association Business Consortium Think Tank meeting was to address the unmet need to improve the discovery and successful development of Alzheimer's therapies. We hypothesize that positive responses to new therapies observed in validated models of AD will provide predictive evidence for positive responses to these same therapies in AD patients. To achieve this goal, we convened a meeting of experts to explore the current state of AD animal models, identify knowledge gaps, and recommend actions for development of next-generation models with better predictability. Among our findings, we all recognize that models reflecting only single aspects of AD pathogenesis do not mimic AD. Models or combinations of new models are needed that incorporate genetics with environmental interactions, timing of disease development, heterogeneous mechanisms and pathways, comorbidities, and other pathologies that lead to AD and related dementias. Selection of the best models requires us to address the following: (1) which animal species, strains, and genetic backgrounds are most appropriate; (2) which models permit efficient use throughout the drug development pipeline; (3) the translatability of behavioral-cognitive assays from animals to patients; and (4) how to match potential AD therapeutics with particular models. Best practice guidelines to improve reproducibility also need to be developed for consistent use of these models in different research settings. To enhance translational predictability, we discuss a multi-model evaluation strategy to de-risk the successful transition of pre-clinical drug assets to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Departments of Biochemistry and NeurologyEmory School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Lisa J. Bain
- Independent Science and Medical WriterElversonPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - April Ross
- Former Alzheimer's Association EmployeeChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Bruce T. Lamb
- Indiana University School of MedicineStark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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493
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Armand EJ, Li J, Xie F, Luo C, Mukamel EA. Single-Cell Sequencing of Brain Cell Transcriptomes and Epigenomes. Neuron 2021; 109:11-26. [PMID: 33412093 PMCID: PMC7808568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing technologies, including transcriptomic and epigenomic assays, are transforming our understanding of the cellular building blocks of neural circuits. By directly measuring multiple molecular signatures in thousands to millions of individual cells, single-cell sequencing methods can comprehensively characterize the diversity of brain cell types. These measurements uncover gene regulatory mechanisms that shape cellular identity and provide insight into developmental and evolutionary relationships between brain cell populations. Single-cell sequencing data can aid the design of tools for targeted functional studies of brain circuit components, linking molecular signatures with anatomy, connectivity, morphology, and physiology. Here, we discuss the fundamental principles of single-cell transcriptome and epigenome sequencing, integrative computational analysis of the data, and key applications in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Armand
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Junhao Li
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fangming Xie
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chongyuan Luo
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eran A Mukamel
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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494
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Sobue A, Komine O, Hara Y, Endo F, Mizoguchi H, Watanabe S, Murayama S, Saito T, Saido TC, Sahara N, Higuchi M, Ogi T, Yamanaka K. Microglial gene signature reveals loss of homeostatic microglia associated with neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:1. [PMID: 33402227 PMCID: PMC7786928 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although microglia in aging and neurodegenerative disease model mice show a loss of homeostatic phenotype and activation of disease-associated microglia (DAM), a correlation between those phenotypes and the degree of neuronal cell loss has not been clarified. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing of microglia isolated from three representative neurodegenerative mouse models, AppNL-G-F/NL-G-F with amyloid pathology, rTg4510 with tauopathy, and SOD1G93A with motor neuron disease by magnetic activated cell sorting. In parallel, gene expression patterns of the human precuneus with early Alzheimer’s change (n = 11) and control brain (n = 14) were also analyzed by RNA sequencing. We found that a substantial reduction of homeostatic microglial genes in rTg4510 and SOD1G93A microglia, whereas DAM genes were uniformly upregulated in all mouse models. The reduction of homeostatic microglial genes was correlated with the degree of neuronal cell loss. In human precuneus with early AD pathology, reduced expression of genes related to microglia- and oligodendrocyte-specific markers was observed, although the expression of DAM genes was not upregulated. Our results implicate a loss of homeostatic microglial function in the progression of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, analyses of human precuneus also suggest loss of microglia and oligodendrocyte functions induced by early amyloid pathology in human.
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495
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Pimenova AA, Herbinet M, Gupta I, Machlovi SI, Bowles KR, Marcora E, Goate AM. Alzheimer's-associated PU.1 expression levels regulate microglial inflammatory response. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 148:105217. [PMID: 33301878 PMCID: PMC7808757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More than forty loci contribute to genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). These risk alleles are enriched in myeloid cell enhancers suggesting that microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, contribute to AD risk. We have previously identified SPI1/PU.1, a master regulator of myeloid cell development in the brain and periphery, as a genetic risk factor for AD. Higher expression of SPI1 is associated with increased risk for AD, while lower expression is protective. To investigate the molecular and cellular phenotypes associated with higher and lower expression of PU.1 in microglia, we used stable overexpression and knock-down of PU.1 in BV2, an immortalized mouse microglial cell line. Transcriptome analysis suggests that reduced PU.1 expression suppresses expression of homeostatic genes similar to the disease-associated microglia response to amyloid plaques in mouse models of AD. Moreover, PU.1 knock-down resulted in activation of protein translation, antioxidant action and cholesterol/lipid metabolism pathways with a concomitant decrease of pro-inflammatory gene expression. PU.1 overexpression upregulated and knock-down downregulated phagocytic uptake in BV2 cells independent of the nature of the engulfed material. However, cells with reduced PU.1 expression retained their ability to internalize myelin similar to control albeit with a delay, which aligns with their anti-inflammatory profile. Here we identified several microglial responses that are modulated by PU.1 expression levels and propose that risk association of PU.1 to AD is driven by increased pro-inflammatory response due to increased viability of cells under cytotoxic conditions. In contrast, low expression of PU.1 leads to increased cell death under cytotoxic conditions accompanied by reduced pro-inflammatory signaling that decreased A1 reactive astrocytes signature supporting the protective effect of SPI1 genotype in AD. These findings inform future in vivo validation studies and design of small molecule screens for therapeutic discovery in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Pimenova
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manon Herbinet
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ishaan Gupta
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | - Saima I Machlovi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn R Bowles
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's disease, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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496
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Liu T. Human stem cell-derived microglia will be an indispensable toolbox for Alzheimer's disease research. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1770-1771. [PMID: 33510070 PMCID: PMC8328786 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.306087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tongfei Liu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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497
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Serrano-Pozo A, Das S, Hyman BT. APOE and Alzheimer's disease: advances in genetics, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:68-80. [PMID: 33340485 PMCID: PMC8096522 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The APOE ε4 allele remains the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease and the APOE ε2 allele the strongest genetic protective factor after multiple large scale genome-wide association studies and genome-wide association meta-analyses. However, no therapies directed at APOE are currently available. Although initial studies causally linked APOE with amyloid-β peptide aggregation and clearance, over the past 5 years our understanding of APOE pathogenesis has expanded beyond amyloid-β peptide-centric mechanisms to tau neurofibrillary degeneration, microglia and astrocyte responses, and blood-brain barrier disruption. Because all these pathological processes can potentially contribute to cognitive impairment, it is important to use this new knowledge to develop therapies directed at APOE. Several therapeutic approaches have been successful in mouse models expressing human APOE alleles, including increasing or reducing APOE levels, enhancing its lipidation, blocking the interactions between APOE and amyloid-β peptide, and genetically switching APOE4 to APOE3 or APOE2 isoforms, but translation to human clinical trials has proven challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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498
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Miyoshi E, Swarup V. Rogue gene networks gone awry in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2415-2416. [PMID: 33907024 PMCID: PMC8374567 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Miyoshi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vivek Swarup
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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499
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Schapansky J, Grinberg YY, Osiecki DM, Freeman EA, Walker SG, Karran E, Gopalakrishnan SM, Talanian RV. MEK1/2 activity modulates TREM2 cell surface recruitment. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100218. [PMID: 33839686 PMCID: PMC7948395 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare sequence variants in the microglial cell surface receptor TREM2 have been shown to increase the risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Disease-linked TREM2 mutations seem to confer a partial loss of function, and increasing TREM2 cell surface expression and thereby its function(s) might have therapeutic benefit in AD. However, druggable targets that could modulate microglial TREM2 surface expression are not known. To identify such targets, we conducted a screen of small molecule compounds with known pharmacology using human myeloid cells, searching for those that enhance TREM2 protein at the cell surface. Inhibitors of the kinases MEK1/2 displayed the strongest and most consistent increases in cell surface TREM2 protein, identifying a previously unreported pathway for TREM2 regulation. Unexpectedly, inhibitors of the downstream effector ERK kinases did not have the same effect, suggesting that noncanonical MEK signaling regulates TREM2 trafficking. In addition, siRNA knockdown experiments confirmed that decreased MEK1 and MEK2 were required for this recruitment. In iPSC-derived microglia, MEK inhibition increased cell surface TREM2 only modestly, so various cytokines were used to alter iPSC microglia phenotype, making cells more sensitive to MEK inhibitor-induced TREM2 recruitment. Of those tested, only IFN-gamma priming prior to MEK inhibitor treatment resulted in greater TREM2 recruitment. These data identify the first known mechanisms for increasing surface TREM2 protein and TREM2-regulated function in human myeloid cells and are the first to show a role for MEK1/MEK2 signaling in TREM2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Schapansky
- AbbVie Inc, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Yelena Y Grinberg
- AbbVie Inc, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Osiecki
- AbbVie Inc, Drug Discovery Science and Technology, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emily A Freeman
- AbbVie Inc, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen G Walker
- AbbVie Inc, Drug Discovery Science and Technology, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric Karran
- AbbVie Inc, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Robert V Talanian
- AbbVie Inc, Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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500
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Ihnatovych I, Birkaya B, Notari E, Szigeti K. iPSC-Derived Microglia for Modeling Human-Specific DAMP and PAMP Responses in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249668. [PMID: 33352944 PMCID: PMC7765962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been the focus for identifying targetable pathways for drug development. The role of amyloid beta (Aβ), a prototype of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), has been implicated in triggering an inflammatory response. As alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) binds Aβ with high affinity, α7 nAChR may play a role in Aβ-induced neuroinflammation. The conundrum of how α7 nAChR as the mediator of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory response may trigger an inflammatory response has not been resolved. CHRFAM7A, the uniquely human fusion gene between ULK4 and CHRNA7, is a negative regulator of α7 nAChR ionotropic function. To provide the human context, isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines were developed from CHRFAM7A null and carrier individuals by genome-editing the null line using TALENs to knock-in CHRFAM7A. In iPSC-derived microglia-like cells, CHRFAM7A mitigated Aβ uptake through the α7 nAChR. Despite the lower Aβ uptake, the presence of CHRFAM7A was associated with an innate immune response that was characterized by NF-κB activation and NF-κB target transcription (TNFA, IL6, and IL1B). LPS, a prototype PAMP, induced a heightened immune response in CHRFAM7A carriers. CHRFAM7A modified the dynamics of NF-κB translocation by prolonging its nuclear presence. CHRFAM7A modified the α7 nAChR metabotropic function, resulting in a human-specific innate immune response. This iPSC model provided an opportunity to elucidate the mechanism and establish high throughput screens.
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