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De Los Angeles A, Fernando MB, Hall NAL, Brennand KJ, Harrison PJ, Maher BJ, Weinberger DR, Tunbridge EM. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Psychiatry: An Overview and Critical Perspective. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:362-372. [PMID: 34176589 PMCID: PMC8375580 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge in psychiatry research is the development of high-fidelity model systems that can be experimentally manipulated to explore and test pathophysiological mechanisms of illness. In this respect, the emerging capacity to derive neural cells and circuits from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has generated significant excitement. This review aims to provide a critical appraisal of the potential for iPSCs in illuminating pathophysiological mechanisms in the context of other available technical approaches. We discuss the selection of iPSC phenotypes relevant to psychiatry, the information that researchers can draw on to help guide these decisions, and how researchers choose between the use of 2-dimensional cultures and the use of more complex 3-dimensional model systems. We discuss the strengths and limitations of current models and the challenges and opportunities that they present. Finally, we discuss the potential of iPSC-based model systems for clarifying the mechanisms underlying genetic risk for psychiatry and the steps that will be needed to ensure that robust and reliable conclusions can be drawn. We argue that while iPSC-based models are ideally placed to study fundamental processes occurring within and between neural cells, they are often less well suited for case-control studies, given issues relating to statistical power and the challenges in identifying which cellular phenotypes are meaningful at the level of the whole individual. Our aim is to highlight the importance of considering the hypotheses of a given study to guide decisions about which, if any, iPSC-based system is most appropriate to address it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro De Los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Fernando
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nicola A L Hall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brady J Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Tunbridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Directional Persistence of Cell Migration in Schizophrenia Patient-Derived Olfactory Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179177. [PMID: 34502103 PMCID: PMC8430705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is critical for brain development and linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia. We have shown previously that cell migration is dysregulated in olfactory neural stem cells from people with schizophrenia. Although they moved faster than control cells on plastic substrates, patient cells were insensitive to regulation by extracellular matrix proteins, which increase the speeds of control cells. As well as speed, cell migration is also described by directional persistence, the straightness of movement. The aim of this study was to determine whether directional persistence is dysregulated in schizophrenia patient cells and whether it is modified on extracellular matrix proteins. Directional persistence in patient-derived and control-derived olfactory cells was quantified from automated live-cell imaging of migrating cells. On plastic substrates, patient cells were more persistent than control cells, with straighter trajectories and smaller turn angles. On most extracellular matrix proteins, persistence increased in patient and control cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but patient cells remained more persistent. Patient cells therefore have a subtle but complex phenotype in migration speed and persistence on most extracellular matrix protein substrates compared to control cells. If present in the developing brain, this could lead to altered brain development in schizophrenia.
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53
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Abashkin DA, Kurishev AO, Karpov DS, Golimbet VE. Cellular Models in Schizophrenia Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168518. [PMID: 34445221 PMCID: PMC8395162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a prevalent functional psychosis characterized by clinical behavioural symptoms and underlying abnormalities in brain function. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of schizophrenia have revealed many loci that do not directly identify processes disturbed in the disease. For this reason, the development of cellular models containing SZ-associated variations has become a focus in the post-GWAS research era. The application of revolutionary clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tools, along with recently developed technologies for cultivating brain organoids in vitro, have opened new perspectives for the construction of these models. In general, cellular models are intended to unravel particular biological phenomena. They can provide the missing link between schizophrenia-related phenotypic features (such as transcriptional dysregulation, oxidative stress and synaptic dysregulation) and data from pathomorphological, electrophysiological and behavioural studies. The objectives of this review are the systematization and classification of cellular models of schizophrenia, based on their complexity and validity for understanding schizophrenia-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii A. Abashkin
- Mental Health Research Center, Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Kashirskoe Sh. 34, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.A.); (A.O.K.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Artemii O. Kurishev
- Mental Health Research Center, Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Kashirskoe Sh. 34, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.A.); (A.O.K.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Dmitry S. Karpov
- Mental Health Research Center, Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Kashirskoe Sh. 34, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.A.); (A.O.K.); (D.S.K.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera E. Golimbet
- Mental Health Research Center, Clinical Genetics Laboratory, Kashirskoe Sh. 34, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.A.); (A.O.K.); (D.S.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Jalink P, Caiazzo M. Brain Organoids: Filling the Need for a Human Model of Neurological Disorder. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:740. [PMID: 34439972 PMCID: PMC8389592 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are among the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for almost all onsets of dementia in the elderly, and are known to negatively affect motor ability, mental and cognitive performance, as well as overall wellbeing and happiness. Currently, most neurological disorders go untreated due to a lack of viable treatment options. The reason for this lack of options is s poor understanding of the disorders, primarily due to research models that do not translate well into the human in vivo system. Current models for researching neurological disorders, neurodevelopment, and drug interactions in the central nervous system include in vitro monolayer cell cultures, and in vivo animal models. These models have shortcomings when it comes to translating research about disorder pathology, development, and treatment to humans. Brain organoids are three-dimensional (3D) cultures of stem cell-derived neural cells that mimic the development of the in vivo human brain with high degrees of accuracy. Researchers have started developing these miniature brains to model neurodevelopment, and neuropathology. Brain organoids have been used to model a wide range of neurological disorders, including the complex and poorly understood neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss the brain organoid technology, placing special focus on the different brain organoid models that have been developed, discussing their strengths, weaknesses, and uses in neurological disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Jalink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, CG 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Massimiliano Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, CG 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Cadena M, Ning L, King A, Hwang B, Jin L, Serpooshan V, Sloan SA. 3D Bioprinting of Neural Tissues. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001600. [PMID: 33200587 PMCID: PMC8711131 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human nervous system is a remarkably complex physiological network that is inherently challenging to study because of obstacles to acquiring primary samples. Animal models offer powerful alternatives to study nervous system development, diseases, and regenerative processes, however, they are unable to address some species-specific features of the human nervous system. In vitro models of the human nervous system have expanded in prevalence and sophistication, but still require further advances to better recapitulate microenvironmental and cellular features. The field of neural tissue engineering (TE) is rapidly adopting new technologies that enable scientists to precisely control in vitro culture conditions and to better model nervous system formation, function, and repair. 3D bioprinting is one of the major TE technologies that utilizes biocompatible hydrogels to create precisely patterned scaffolds, designed to enhance cellular responses. This review focuses on the applications of 3D bioprinting in the field of neural TE. Important design parameters are considered when bioprinting neural stem cells are discussed. The emergence of various bioprinted in vitro platforms are also reviewed for developmental and disease modeling and drug screening applications within the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as their use as implants for in vivo regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Cadena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Liqun Ning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alexia King
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Boeun Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Linqi Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven A. Sloan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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56
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Transcriptomic Response under Heat Stress in Chickens Revealed the Regulation of Genes and Alteration of Metabolism to Maintain Homeostasis. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082241. [PMID: 34438700 PMCID: PMC8388523 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With the increased global temperature, the threat from climate change has already affected the livestock industry. Exposure to heat stress is a major factor responsible for impacts on the overall livestock production, which ultimately results in economic losses. With no exception, poultry is among the most vulnerable livestock to environmental stress. Hence, a comprehensive study is required to understand the molecular mechanisms and to improve the breeding program to overcome economic losses. Therefore, we investigated growth related phenotypes and performed transcriptome analysis to understand the heat stress response in chickens. Animal experiments were designed with two groups, which were kept at 21 and 33 °C for 2 weeks as the control and treatment groups. The transcriptome analysis used blood samples from each chicken. In this study, we identified a total of 245 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with important roles in various biological processes, such as cell protection, energy conversion in the mitochondria, and protein quality control. The results indicate that the heat stress environment regulates genes and alter the metabolism to adjust for the heat environment in chickens. These findings could be useful to help understand the heat stress response in poultry. Abstract Chicken is important livestock that serves as a vital food source which remain largely affected by heat stress. Therefore, we performed the transcriptome analysis to help understand the mechanisms of heat stress response in chickens. In the animal experiments, we grouped them into a normal and severe at 21 and 33 °C, with identified physiologic parameters for 2-weeks. Subsequently, RNA-seq analysis was performed to identify DEGs with a false discovery rate < 0.05 and a fold change ≥ 1.5. In the physiological parameters, we observed average daily gain was declined, rectal temperature and respiration rate was increased in severe group. Among total 245 DEGs, 230 and 15 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. In upregulated DEGs, HSPs, MYLK2, and BDKRB1 genes were identified as key genes in heat stress. The KEGG pathway analysis showed involvement in the ATP metabolic process, MAPK signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway with related protein processing and synthesis. In conclusion, with induced heat stress, such changes in physiologic parameters alter the neuroendocrine system, and we observed that the heat stress environment regulates such Heat shock protein genes to protect the cells and proteins from an altered metabolism. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the heat stress response in poultry.
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Tomaskovic-Crook E, Guerrieri-Cortesi K, Crook JM. Induced pluripotent stem cells for 2D and 3D modelling the biological basis of schizophrenia and screening possible therapeutics. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:48-62. [PMID: 34273422 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are providing unprecedented insight into complex neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ). Here we review the use of iPSCs for investigating the etiopathology and treatment of SZ, beginning with conventional in vitro two-dimensional (2D; monolayer) cell modelling, through to more advanced 3D tissue studies. With the advent of 3D modelling, utilising advanced differentiation paradigms and additive manufacturing technologies, inclusive of patient-specific cerebral/neural organoids and bioprinted neural tissues, such live disease-relevant tissue systems better recapitulate "within-body" tissue function and pathobiology. We posit that by enabling better understanding of biological causality, these evolving strategies will yield novel therapeutic targets and accordingly, drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tomaskovic-Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, 2500, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, 2500, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Kyle Guerrieri-Cortesi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, 2500, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jeremy Micah Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, 2500, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, 2500, Wollongong, Australia; Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia; Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 3065, Fitzroy, Australia.
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58
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Bodnar B, Zhang Y, Liu J, Lin Y, Wang P, Wei Z, Saribas S, Zhu Y, Li F, Wang X, Yang W, Li Q, Ho WZ, Hu W. Novel Scalable and Simplified System to Generate Microglia-Containing Cerebral Organoids From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:682272. [PMID: 34290591 PMCID: PMC8288463 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.682272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral organoid (CO) is a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system that recapitulates the developing human brain. While CO has proved an invaluable tool for studying neurological disorders in a more clinically relevant matter, there have still been several shortcomings including CO variability and reproducibility as well as lack of or underrepresentation of certain cell types typically found in the brain. As the technology to generate COs has continued to improve, more efficient and streamlined protocols have addressed some of these issues. Here we present a novel scalable and simplified system to generate microglia-containing CO (MCO). We characterize the cell types and dynamic development of MCOs and validate that these MCOs harbor microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and neural stem/progenitor cells, maturing in a manner that reflects human brain development. We introduce a novel technique for the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) directly from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that involves simplified steps of transitioning directly from 3D cultures as well as orbital shaking culture in a standard 6-well culture plate. This allows for the generation of MCOs with an easy-to-use system that is affordable and accessible by any general lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Bodnar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yongang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS and PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zhengyu Wei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sami Saribas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yuanjun Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenli Yang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Unterholzner J, Millischer V, Wotawa C, Sawa A, Lanzenberger R. Making Sense of Patient-Derived iPSCs, Transdifferentiated Neurons, Olfactory Neuronal Cells, and Cerebral Organoids as Models for Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:759-775. [PMID: 34216465 PMCID: PMC8538891 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of experimental models for disorders requires a constant approximation towards the dysregulated tissue. In psychiatry, where an impairment of neuronal structure and function is assumed to play a major role in disease mechanisms and symptom development, this approximation is an ongoing process implicating various fields. These include genetic, animal, and post-mortem studies. To test hypotheses generated through these studies, in vitro models using non-neuronal cells such as fibroblasts and lymphocytes have been developed. For brain network disorders, cells with neuronal signatures would, however, represent a more adequate tissue. Considering the limited accessibility of brain tissue, research has thus turned towards neurons generated from induced pluripotent stem cells as well as directly induced neurons, cerebral organoids, and olfactory neuroepithelium. Regarding the increasing importance and amount of research using these neuronal cells, this review aims to provide an overview of all these models to make sense of the current literature. The development of each model system and its use as a model for the various psychiatric disorder categories will be laid out. Also, advantages and limitations of each model will be discussed, including a reflection on implications and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Unterholzner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria,Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Wotawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Biomedical Engineering and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria,Correspondence: Prof. Rupert Lanzenberger, MD, PD, NEUROIMAGING LABS (NIL) - PET, MRI, EEG, TMS & Chemical Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria ()
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Brémond Martin C, Simon Chane C, Clouchoux C, Histace A. Recent Trends and Perspectives in Cerebral Organoids Imaging and Analysis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:629067. [PMID: 34276279 PMCID: PMC8283195 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.629067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Since their first generation in 2013, the use of cerebral organoids has spread exponentially. Today, the amount of generated data is becoming challenging to analyze manually. This review aims to overview the current image acquisition methods and to subsequently identify the needs in image analysis tools for cerebral organoids. Methods: To address this question, we went through all recent articles published on the subject and annotated the protocols, acquisition methods, and algorithms used. Results: Over the investigated period of time, confocal microscopy and bright-field microscopy were the most used acquisition techniques. Cell counting, the most common task, is performed in 20% of the articles and area; around 12% of articles calculate morphological parameters. Image analysis on cerebral organoids is performed in majority using ImageJ software (around 52%) and Matlab language (4%). Treatments remain mostly semi-automatic. We highlight the limitations encountered in image analysis in the cerebral organoid field and suggest possible solutions and implementations to develop. Conclusions: In addition to providing an overview of cerebral organoids cultures and imaging, this work highlights the need to improve the existing image analysis methods for such images and the need for specific analysis tools. These solutions could specifically help to monitor the growth of future standardized cerebral organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Brémond Martin
- ETIS Laboratory UMR 8051, CY Cergy Paris Université, ENSEA, CNRS, Cergy, France
- WITSEE, Paris, France
| | - Camille Simon Chane
- ETIS Laboratory UMR 8051, CY Cergy Paris Université, ENSEA, CNRS, Cergy, France
| | | | - Aymeric Histace
- ETIS Laboratory UMR 8051, CY Cergy Paris Université, ENSEA, CNRS, Cergy, France
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Makrygianni EA, Chrousos GP. From Brain Organoids to Networking Assembloids: Implications for Neuroendocrinology and Stress Medicine. Front Physiol 2021; 12:621970. [PMID: 34177605 PMCID: PMC8222922 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.621970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids are three-dimensional cultures that contain multiple types of cells and cytoarchitectures, and resemble fetal human brain structurally and functionally. These organoids are being used increasingly to model brain development and disorders, however, they only partially recapitulate such processes, because of several limitations, including inability to mimic the distinct cortical layers, lack of functional neuronal circuitry as well as non-neural cells and gyrification, and increased cellular stress. Efforts to create improved brain organoid culture systems have led to region-specific organoids, vascularized organoids, glia-containing organoids, assembloids, sliced organoids and polarized organoids. Assembloids are fused region-specific organoids, which attempt to recapitulate inter-regional and inter-cellular interactions as well as neural circuitry development by combining multiple brain regions and/or cell lineages. As a result, assembloids can be used to model subtle functional aberrations that reflect complex neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Mammalian organisms possess a highly complex neuroendocrine system, the stress system, whose main task is the preservation of systemic homeostasis, when the latter is threatened by adverse forces, the stressors. The main central parts of the stress system are the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the locus caeruleus/norepinephrine-autonomic nervous system nuclei in the brainstem; these centers innervate each other and interact reciprocally as well as with various other CNS structures. Chronic dysregulation of the stress system has been implicated in major pathologies, the so-called chronic non-communicable diseases, including neuropsychiatric, neurodegenerative, cardiometabolic and autoimmune disorders, which lead to significant population morbidity and mortality. We speculate that brain organoids and/or assembloids could be used to model the development, regulation and dysregulation of the stress system and to better understand stress-related disorders. Novel brain organoid technologies, combined with high-throughput single-cell omics and gene editing, could, thus, have major implications for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Peyton L, Oliveros A, Choi DS, Jang MH. Hippocampal regenerative medicine: neurogenic implications for addiction and mental disorders. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:358-368. [PMID: 33785869 PMCID: PMC8080570 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric illness is a prevalent and highly debilitating disorder, and more than 50% of the general population in both middle- and high-income countries experience at least one psychiatric disorder at some point in their lives. As we continue to learn how pervasive psychiatric episodes are in society, we must acknowledge that psychiatric disorders are not solely relegated to a small group of predisposed individuals but rather occur in significant portions of all societal groups. Several distinct brain regions have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disease. These brain regions include corticolimbic structures, which regulate executive function and decision making (e.g., the prefrontal cortex), as well as striatal subregions known to control motivated behavior under normal and stressful conditions. Importantly, the corticolimbic neural circuitry includes the hippocampus, a critical brain structure that sends projections to both the cortex and striatum to coordinate learning, memory, and mood. In this review, we will discuss past and recent discoveries of how neurobiological processes in the hippocampus and corticolimbic structures work in concert to control executive function, memory, and mood in the context of mental disorders. A region of the brain called the hippocampus and its connections to other parts of the brain via what are called cortico-limbic structures are implicated in a variety of mental health disorders. These disorders can be accompanied by reduced hippocampal volume. Mi-Hyeon Jang, Doo-Sup Choi and colleagues at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA, review the role of hippocampal and cortico-limbic neurobiology in memory and mood in mental disorders. They focus particular attention on the role of neurogenesis, the production and growth of new nerve cells and connections. Disrupted neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is implicated in conditions including addiction, depression, schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Learning more about neural regeneration in the hippocampus could yield insights into mental health conditions and open new avenues toward developing drug-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Peyton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alfredo Oliveros
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Mi-Hyeon Jang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Levchenko A, Kanapin A, Samsonova A, Fedorenko OY, Kornetova EG, Nurgaliev T, Mazo GE, Semke AV, Kibitov AO, Bokhan NA, Gainetdinov RR, Ivanova SA. A genome-wide association study identifies a gene network associated with paranoid schizophrenia and antipsychotics-induced tardive dyskinesia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 105:110134. [PMID: 33065217 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a cohort of 505 patients with paranoid schizophrenia (SCZ), of which 95 had tardive dyskinesia (TD), and 503 healthy controls. Using data generated by the PsychENCODE Consortium (PEC) and other bioinformatic databases, we revealed a gene network, implicated in neurodevelopment and brain function, associated with both these disorders. Almost all these genes are in gene or isoform co-expression PEC network modules important for the functioning of the brain; the activity of these networks is also altered in SCZ, bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorders. The associated PEC network modules are enriched for gene ontology terms relevant to the brain development and function (CNS development, neuron development, axon ensheathment, synapse, synaptic vesicle cycle, and signaling receptor activity) and to the immune system (inflammatory response). Results of the present study suggest that orofacial and limbtruncal types of TD seem to share the molecular network with SCZ. Paranoid SCZ and abnormal involuntary movements that indicate the orofacial type of TD are associated with the same genomic loci on chromosomes 3p22.2, 8q21.13, and 13q14.2. The limbtruncal type of TD is associated with a locus on chromosome 3p13 where the best functional candidate is FOXP1, a high-confidence SCZ gene. The results of this study shed light on common pathogenic mechanisms for SCZ and TD, and indicate that the pathogenesis of the orofacial and limbtruncal types of TD might be driven by interacting genes implicated in neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Levchenko
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Samsonova
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Yu Fedorenko
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elena G Kornetova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Galina E Mazo
- Department of Endocrine Psychiatry, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arkadiy V Semke
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexander O Kibitov
- Department of Endocrine Psychiatry, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Serbsky National Medical Research Center on Psychiatry and Addictions, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia; National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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Costamagna G, Comi GP, Corti S. Advancing Drug Discovery for Neurological Disorders Using iPSC-Derived Neural Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052659. [PMID: 33800815 PMCID: PMC7961877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, different research groups in the academic setting have developed induced pluripotent stem cell-based protocols to generate three-dimensional, multicellular, neural organoids. Their use to model brain biology, early neural development, and human diseases has provided new insights into the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including microcephaly, autism, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the adoption of organoid technology for large-scale drug screening in the industry has been hampered by challenges with reproducibility, scalability, and translatability to human disease. Potential technical solutions to expand their use in drug discovery pipelines include Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) to create isogenic models, single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the model at a cellular level, and machine learning to analyze complex data sets. In addition, high-content imaging, automated liquid handling, and standardized assays represent other valuable tools toward this goal. Though several open issues still hamper the full implementation of the organoid technology outside academia, rapid progress in this field will help to prompt its translation toward large-scale drug screening for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Costamagna
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neuroscience Section, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (G.P.C.)
- IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pietro Comi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neuroscience Section, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (G.P.C.)
- IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neuroscience Section, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (G.P.C.)
- IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Vieira de Sá R, Cañizares Luna M, Pasterkamp RJ. Advances in Central Nervous System Organoids: A Focus on Organoid-Based Models for Motor Neuron Disease. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:213-224. [PMID: 33446055 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their large societal burden, the development of therapeutic treatments for neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) has been relatively unsuccessful. This is, in part, due to a lack of representative experimental models that reveal fundamental aspects of human brain pathology. Recently, assays for in vitro modeling of the human central nervous system (CNS) have significantly improved with the development of brain and spinal cord organoids. Coupled with induced-pluripotent stem cell and genome editing technologies, CNS organoids are a promising tool for studying neurodegeneration in a patient-specific manner. An extensive array of protocols for the generation of organoids for different brain regions has been developed and used for studying neurodegenerative and other brain diseases. However, their application in the field of motor neuron disease (MND) has been limited due to a lack of adequate organoid models. The development of protocols to derive spinal cord and trunk organoids and progress in the field of assembloids are providing new opportunities for modeling MND. In this study here we review recent advances in the development of CNS organoid models, their application in NDDs, and technical limitations. Finally, we discuss future perspectives for the development of organoid-based systems for MND and provide a framework for their development. Impact statement Animal models and two-dimensional cultures are currently the main platforms for studying neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). However, central nervous system (CNS) organoid technology offers novel possibilities for studying these diseases. Organoid modeling in combination with emerging organ-on-a-chip approaches, induced-pluripotent stem cell technology, and genome editing render in vitro modeling of NDDs more robust and physiologically relevant. In this study, we review the principles underlying CNS organoid generation, their use in NDD research, and future perspectives in organoid technology. Finally, we discuss how advances in different fields could be combined to generate a multisystem organoid-on-a-chip model to investigate a specific class of NDDs, motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Vieira de Sá
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Cañizares Luna
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jerber J, Seaton DD, Cuomo ASE, Kumasaka N, Haldane J, Steer J, Patel M, Pearce D, Andersson M, Bonder MJ, Mountjoy E, Ghoussaini M, Lancaster MA, Marioni JC, Merkle FT, Gaffney DJ, Stegle O. Population-scale single-cell RNA-seq profiling across dopaminergic neuron differentiation. Nat Genet 2021; 53:304-312. [PMID: 33664506 PMCID: PMC7610897 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studying the function of common genetic variants in primary human tissues and during development is challenging. To address this, we use an efficient multiplexing strategy to differentiate 215 human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines toward a midbrain neural fate, including dopaminergic neurons, and use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile over 1 million cells across three differentiation time points. The proportion of neurons produced by each cell line is highly reproducible and is predictable by robust molecular markers expressed in pluripotent cells. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) were characterized at different stages of neuronal development and in response to rotenone-induced oxidative stress. Of these, 1,284 eQTL colocalize with known neurological trait risk loci, and 46% are not found in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) catalog. Our study illustrates how coupling scRNA-seq with long-term iPSC differentiation enables mechanistic studies of human trait-associated genetic variants in otherwise inaccessible cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jerber
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel D Seaton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna S E Cuomo
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natsuhiko Kumasaka
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Haldane
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juliette Steer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Minal Patel
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Pearce
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Malin Andersson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc Jan Bonder
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ed Mountjoy
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maya Ghoussaini
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - John C Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Florian T Merkle
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel J Gaffney
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Oliver Stegle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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67
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Jacob F, Schnoll JG, Song H, Ming GL. Building the brain from scratch: Engineering region-specific brain organoids from human stem cells to study neural development and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 142:477-530. [PMID: 33706925 PMCID: PMC8363060 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human brain development is an intricate process that involves precisely timed coordination of cell proliferation, fate specification, neuronal differentiation, migration, and integration of diverse cell types. Understanding of these fundamental processes, however, has been largely constrained by limited access to fetal brain tissue and the inability to prospectively study neurodevelopment in humans at the molecular, cellular and system levels. Although non-human model organisms have provided important insights into mechanisms underlying brain development, these systems do not fully recapitulate many human-specific features that often relate to disease. To address these challenges, human brain organoids, self-assembled three-dimensional neural aggregates, have been engineered from human pluripotent stem cells to model the architecture and cellular diversity of the developing human brain. Recent advancements in neural induction and regional patterning using small molecules and growth factors have yielded protocols for generating brain organoids that recapitulate the structure and neuronal composition of distinct brain regions. Here, we first provide an overview of early mammalian brain development with an emphasis on molecular cues that guide region specification. We then focus on recent efforts in generating human brain organoids that model the development of specific brain regions and highlight endeavors to enhance the cellular complexity to better mimic the in vivo developing human brain. We also provide examples of how organoid models have enhanced our understanding of human neurological diseases and conclude by discussing limitations of brain organoids with our perspectives on future advancements to maximize their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jordan G Schnoll
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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68
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Brain organoid formation on decellularized porcine brain ECM hydrogels. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245685. [PMID: 33507989 PMCID: PMC7842896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain tissue models such as cerebral organoids are essential tools for developmental and biomedical research. Current methods to generate cerebral organoids often utilize Matrigel as an external scaffold to provide structure and biologically relevant signals. Matrigel however is a nonspecific hydrogel of mouse tumor origin and does not represent the complexity of the brain protein environment. In this study, we investigated the application of a decellularized adult porcine brain extracellular matrix (B-ECM) which could be processed into a hydrogel (B-ECM hydrogel) to be used as a scaffold for human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived brain organoids. We decellularized pig brains with a novel detergent- and enzyme-based method and analyzed the biomaterial properties, including protein composition and content, DNA content, mechanical characteristics, surface structure, and antigen presence. Then, we compared the growth of human brain organoid models with the B-ECM hydrogel or Matrigel controls in vitro. We found that the native brain source material was successfully decellularized with little remaining DNA content, while Mass Spectrometry (MS) showed the loss of several brain-specific proteins, while mainly different collagen types remained in the B-ECM. Rheological results revealed stable hydrogel formation, starting from B-ECM hydrogel concentrations of 5 mg/mL. hESCs cultured in B-ECM hydrogels showed gene expression and differentiation outcomes similar to those grown in Matrigel. These results indicate that B-ECM hydrogels can be used as an alternative scaffold for human cerebral organoid formation, and may be further optimized for improved organoid growth by further improving protein retention other than collagen after decellularization.
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69
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Kim MS, Kim DH, Kang HK, Kook MG, Choi SW, Kang KS. Modeling of Hypoxic Brain Injury through 3D Human Neural Organoids. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020234. [PMID: 33504071 PMCID: PMC7911731 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids have emerged as a novel model system for neural development, neurodegenerative diseases, and human-based drug screening. However, the heterogeneous nature and immature neuronal development of brain organoids generated from pluripotent stem cells pose challenges. Moreover, there are no previous reports of a three-dimensional (3D) hypoxic brain injury model generated from neural stem cells. Here, we generated self-organized 3D human neural organoids from adult dermal fibroblast-derived neural stem cells. Radial glial cells in these human neural organoids exhibited characteristics of the human cerebral cortex trend, including an inner (ventricular zone) and an outer layer (early and late cortical plate zones). These data suggest that neural organoids reflect the distinctive radial organization of the human cerebral cortex and allow for the study of neuronal proliferation and maturation. To utilize this 3D model, we subjected our neural organoids to hypoxic injury. We investigated neuronal damage and regeneration after hypoxic injury and reoxygenation. Interestingly, after hypoxic injury, reoxygenation restored neuronal cell proliferation but not neuronal maturation. This study suggests that human neural organoids generated from neural stem cells provide new opportunities for the development of drug screening platforms and personalized modeling of neurodegenerative diseases, including hypoxic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Soon Won Choi
- Correspondence: (S.W.C.); (K.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1298 (S.W.C.); +82-2-880-1246 (K.-S.K.)
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Correspondence: (S.W.C.); (K.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-2-880-1298 (S.W.C.); +82-2-880-1246 (K.-S.K.)
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70
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Willner MJ, Xiao Y, Kim HS, Chen X, Xu B, Leong KW. Modeling SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with opioid use disorder with brain organoids. J Tissue Eng 2021; 12:2041731420985299. [PMID: 33738089 PMCID: PMC7934045 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420985299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated a preexisting epidemic: the opioid crisis. Much literature has shown that the circumstances imposed by COVID-19, such as social distancing regulations, medical and financial instability, and increased mental health issues, have been detrimental to those with opioid use disorder (OUD). In addition, unexpected neurological sequelae in COVID-19 patients suggest that COVID-19 compromises neuroimmunity, induces hypoxia, and causes respiratory depression, provoking similar effects as those caused by opioid exposure. Combined conditions of COVID-19 and OUD could lead to exacerbated complications. With limited human in vivo options to study these complications, we suggest that iPSC-derived brain organoid models may serve as a useful platform to investigate the physiological connection between COVID-19 and OUD. This mini-review highlights the advances of brain organoids in other neuropsychiatric and infectious diseases and suggests their potential utility for investigating OUD and COVID-19, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe J Willner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hye Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuejing Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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71
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Neurodevelopmental signatures of narcotic and neuropsychiatric risk factors in 3D human-derived forebrain organoids. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7760-7783. [PMID: 34158620 PMCID: PMC8873021 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that narcotic use during pregnancy and specific environmental factors (e.g., maternal immune activation and chronic stress) may increase risk of neuropsychiatric illness in offspring. However, little progress has been made in defining human-specific in utero neurodevelopmental pathology due to ethical and technical challenges associated with accessing human prenatal brain tissue. Here we utilized human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to generate reproducible organoids that recapitulate dorsal forebrain development including early corticogenesis. We systemically exposed organoid samples to chemically defined "enviromimetic" compounds to examine the developmental effects of various narcotic and neuropsychiatric-related risk factors within tissue of human origin. In tandem experiments conducted in parallel, we modeled exposure to opiates (μ-opioid agonist endomorphin), cannabinoids (WIN 55,212-2), alcohol (ethanol), smoking (nicotine), chronic stress (human cortisol), and maternal immune activation (human Interleukin-17a; IL17a). Human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids were consequently analyzed via an array of unbiased and high-throughput analytical approaches, including state-of-the-art TMT-16plex liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry (LC/MS) proteomics, hybrid MS metabolomics, and flow cytometry panels to determine cell-cycle dynamics and rates of cell death. This pipeline subsequently revealed both common and unique proteome, reactome, and metabolome alterations as a consequence of enviromimetic modeling of narcotic use and neuropsychiatric-related risk factors in tissue of human origin. However, of our 6 treatment groups, human-derived organoids treated with the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 exhibited the least convergence of all groups. Single-cell analysis revealed that WIN 55,212-2 increased DNA fragmentation, an indicator of apoptosis, in human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. We subsequently confirmed induction of DNA damage and apoptosis by WIN 55,212-2 within 3D human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. Lastly, in a BrdU pulse-chase neocortical neurogenesis paradigm, we identified that WIN 55,212-2 was the only enviromimetic treatment to disrupt newborn neuron numbers within human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. Cumulatively this study serves as both a resource and foundation from which human 3D biologics can be used to resolve the non-genomic effects of neuropsychiatric risk factors under controlled laboratory conditions. While synthetic cannabinoids can differ from naturally occurring compounds in their effects, our data nonetheless suggests that exposure to WIN 55,212-2 elicits neurotoxicity within human-derived developing forebrain tissue. These human-derived data therefore support the long-standing belief that maternal use of cannabinoids may require caution so to avoid any potential neurodevelopmental effects upon developing offspring in utero.
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Global Genome Conformational Programming during Neuronal Development Is Associated with CTCF and Nuclear FGFR1-The Genome Archipelago Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010347. [PMID: 33396256 PMCID: PMC7795191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neuronal committed cells (NCC), coordinated changes in the expression of 2851 genes take place, mediated by the nuclear form of FGFR1. In this paper, widespread differences are demonstrated in the ESC and NCC inter- and intra-chromosomal interactions, chromatin looping, the formation of CTCF- and nFGFR1-linked Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) on a genome-wide scale and in exemplary HoxA-D loci. The analysis centered on HoxA cluster shows that blocking FGFR1 disrupts the loop formation. FGFR1 binding and genome locales are predictive of the genome interactions; likewise, chromatin interactions along with nFGFR1 binding are predictive of the genome function and correlate with genome regulatory attributes and gene expression. This study advances a topologically integrated genome archipelago model that undergoes structural transformations through the formation of nFGFR1-associated TADs. The makeover of the TAD islands serves to recruit distinct ontogenic programs during the development of the ESC to NCC.
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73
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Dutta A, Karanth SS, Bhattacharya M, Liput M, Augustyniak J, Cheung M, Stachowiak EK, Stachowiak MK. A proof of concept 'phase zero' study of neurodevelopment using brain organoid models with Vis/near-infrared spectroscopy and electrophysiology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20987. [PMID: 33268815 PMCID: PMC7710726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic control of neuronal excitability by modulation of synaptic inhibition (I) and excitation (E) of the principal neurons is important during brain maturation. The fundamental features of in-utero brain development, including local synaptic E-I ratio and bioenergetics, can be modeled by cerebral organoids (CO) that have exhibited highly regular nested oscillatory network events. Therefore, we evaluated a 'Phase Zero' clinical study platform combining broadband Vis/near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy and electrophysiology with studying E-I ratio based on the spectral exponent of local field potentials and bioenergetics based on the activity of mitochondrial Cytochrome-C Oxidase (CCO). We found a significant effect of the age of the healthy controls iPSC CO from 23 days to 3 months on the CCO activity (chi-square (2, N = 10) = 20, p = 4.5400e-05), and spectral exponent between 30-50 Hz (chi-square (2, N = 16) = 13.88, p = 0.001). Also, a significant effect of drugs, choline (CHO), idebenone (IDB), R-alpha-lipoic acid plus acetyl-L-carnitine (LCLA), was found on the CCO activity (chi-square (3, N = 10) = 25.44, p = 1.2492e-05), spectral exponent between 1 and 20 Hz (chi-square (3, N = 16) = 43.5, p = 1.9273e-09) and 30-50 Hz (chi-square (3, N = 16) = 23.47, p = 3.2148e-05) in 34 days old CO from schizophrenia (SCZ) patients iPSC. We present the feasibility of a multimodal approach, combining electrophysiology and broadband Vis-NIR spectroscopy, to monitor neurodevelopment in brain organoid models that can complement traditional drug design approaches to test clinically meaningful hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, 14260, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, 14260, USA.
| | | | | | - Michal Liput
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, 14260, USA
- Department of Stem Cells Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Augustyniak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, 14260, USA
- Department of Neurochemistry, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mancheung Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, 14260, USA
| | - Ewa K Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, 14260, USA
| | - Michal K Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, 14260, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, 14260, USA.
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74
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Adorjan I, Sun B, Feher V, Tyler T, Veres D, Chance SA, Szele FG. Evidence for Decreased Density of Calretinin-Immunopositive Neurons in the Caudate Nucleus in Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:581685. [PMID: 33281566 PMCID: PMC7691639 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.581685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCH) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) share several common aetiological and symptomatic features suggesting they may be included in a common spectrum. For example, recent results suggest that excitatory/inhibitory imbalance is relevant in the etiology of SCH and ASD. Numerous studies have investigated this imbalance in regions like the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, relatively little is known about neuroanatomical changes that could reduce inhibition in subcortical structures, such as the caudate nucleus (CN), in neuropsychiatric disorders. We recently showed a significant decrease in calretinin-immunopositive (CR-ip) interneuronal density in the CN of patients with ASD without significant change in the density of neuropeptide Y-immunopositive (NPY-ip) neurons. These subtypes together constitute more than 50% of caudate interneurons and are likely necessary for maintaining excitatory/inhibitory balance. Consequently, and since SCH and ASD share characteristic features, here we tested the hypothesis, that the density of CR-ip neurons in the CN is decreased in patients with SCH. We used immunohistochemistry and qPCR for CR and NPY in six patients with schizophrenia and six control subjects. As expected, small, medium and large CR-ip interneurons were detected in the CN. We found a 38% decrease in the density of all CR-ip interneurons (P < 0.01) that was driven by the loss of the small CR-ip interneurons (P < 0.01) in patients with SCH. The densities of the large CR-ip and of the NPY-ip interneurons were not significantly altered. The lower density detected could have been due to inflammation-induced degeneration. However, the state of microglial activation assessed by quantification of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)- and transmembrane protein 119 (TMEM119)-immunopositive cells showed no significant difference between patients with SCH and controls. Our results warrant further studies focussing on the role of CR-ip neurons and on the striatum being a possible hub for information selection and regulation of associative cortical fields whose function have been altered in SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Adorjan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council (MRC) London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Feher
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Teadora Tyler
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Steven A Chance
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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75
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iPSC-derived homogeneous populations of developing schizophrenia cortical interneurons have compromised mitochondrial function. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2873-2888. [PMID: 31019265 PMCID: PMC6813882 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Thus, studying pathogenetic mechanisms underlying SCZ requires studying the development of brain cells. Cortical interneurons (cINs) are consistently observed to be abnormal in SCZ postmortem brains. These abnormalities may explain altered gamma oscillation and cognitive function in patients with SCZ. Of note, currently used antipsychotic drugs ameliorate psychosis, but they are not very effective in reversing cognitive deficits. Characterizing mechanisms of SCZ pathogenesis, especially related to cognitive deficits, may lead to improved treatments. We generated homogeneous populations of developing cINs from 15 healthy control (HC) iPSC lines and 15 SCZ iPSC lines. SCZ cINs, but not SCZ glutamatergic neurons, show dysregulated Oxidative Phosphorylation (OxPhos) related gene expression, accompanied by compromised mitochondrial function. The OxPhos deficit in cINs could be reversed by Alpha Lipoic Acid/Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALA/ALC) but not by other chemicals previously identified as increasing mitochondrial function. The restoration of mitochondrial function by ALA/ALC was accompanied by a reversal of arborization deficits in SCZ cINs. OxPhos abnormality, even in the absence of any circuit environment with other neuronal subtypes, appears to be an intrinsic deficit in SCZ cINs.
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76
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Lovett ML, Nieland TJ, Dingle YTL, Kaplan DL. Innovations in 3-Dimensional Tissue Models of Human Brain Physiology and Diseases. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1909146. [PMID: 34211358 PMCID: PMC8240470 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
3-dimensional (3D) laboratory tissue cultures have emerged as an alternative to traditional 2-dimensional (2D) culture systems that do not recapitulate native cell behavior. The discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro tissue-cell-molecular responses impedes understanding of human physiology in general and creates roadblocks for the discovery of therapeutic solutions. Two parallel approaches have emerged for the design of 3D culture systems. The first is biomedical engineering methodology, including bioengineered materials, bioprinting, microfluidics and bioreactors, used alone or in combination, to mimic the microenvironments of native tissues. The second approach is organoid technology, in which stem cells are exposed to chemical and/or biological cues to activate differentiation programs that are reminiscent of human (prenatal) development. This review article describes recent technological advances in engineering 3D cultures that more closely resemble the human brain. The contributions of in vitro 3D tissue culture systems to new insights in neurophysiology, neurological diseases and regenerative medicine are highlighted. Perspectives on designing improved tissue models of the human brain are offered, focusing on an integrative approach merging biomedical engineering tools with organoid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Lovett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Thomas J.F. Nieland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Yu-Ting L. Dingle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155
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77
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Shou Y, Liang F, Xu S, Li X. The Application of Brain Organoids: From Neuronal Development to Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:579659. [PMID: 33195219 PMCID: PMC7642488 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.579659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids are derived from induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells under three-dimensional culture condition. The generation of an organoid requires the self-assembly of stem cells, progenitor cells, and multiple types of differentiated cells. Organoids display structures that resemble defined brain regions and simulate specific changes of neurological disorders; thus, organoids have become an excellent model for investigating brain development and neurological diseases. In the present review, we have summarized recent advances of the methods of culturing brain organoids and the applications of brain organoids in investigating neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Shou
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shunliang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuekun Li
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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78
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Arzua T, Yan Y, Jiang C, Logan S, Allison RL, Wells C, Kumar SN, Schäfer R, Bai X. Modeling alcohol-induced neurotoxicity using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional cerebral organoids. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:347. [PMID: 33051447 PMCID: PMC7553959 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal alcohol exposure during pregnancy can substantially impact the development of the fetus, causing a range of symptoms, known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), such as cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric disorders, with the pathophysiology and mechanisms largely unknown. Recently developed human cerebral organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells are similar to fetal brains in the aspects of development and structure. These models allow more relevant in vitro systems to be developed for studying FASDs than animal models. Modeling binge drinking using human cerebral organoids, we sought to quantify the downstream toxic effects of alcohol (ethanol) on neural pathology phenotypes and signaling pathways within the organoids. The results revealed that alcohol exposure resulted in unhealthy organoids at cellular, subcellular, bioenergetic metabolism, and gene expression levels. Alcohol induced apoptosis on organoids. The apoptotic effects of alcohol on the organoids depended on the alcohol concentration and varied between cell types. Specifically, neurons were more vulnerable to alcohol-induced apoptosis than astrocytes. The alcohol-treated organoids exhibit ultrastructural changes such as disruption of mitochondria cristae, decreased intensity of mitochondrial matrix, and disorganized cytoskeleton. Alcohol exposure also resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic stress in the organoids as evidenced by (1) decreased mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates being linked to basal respiration, ATP production, proton leak, maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity, and (2) increase of non-mitochondrial respiration in alcohol-treated organoids compared with control groups. Furthermore, we found that alcohol treatment affected the expression of 199 genes out of 17,195 genes analyzed. Bioinformatic analyses showed the association of these dysregulated genes with 37 pathways related to clinically relevant pathologies such as psychiatric disorders, behavior, nervous system development and function, organismal injury and abnormalities, and cellular development. Notably, 187 of these genes are critically involved in neurodevelopment, and/or implicated in nervous system physiology and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, the identified genes are key regulators of multiple pathways linked in networks. This study extends for the first time animal models of binge drinking-related FASDs to a human model, allowing in-depth analyses of neurotoxicity at tissue, cellular, subcellular, metabolism, and gene levels. Hereby, we provide novel insights into alcohol-induced pathologic phenotypes, cell type-specific vulnerability, and affected signaling pathways and molecular networks, that can contribute to a better understanding of the developmental neurotoxic effects of binge drinking during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Arzua
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
| | - Yasheng Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
| | - Congshan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
| | - Sarah Logan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
| | - Reilly L Allison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
| | - Clive Wells
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
| | - Suresh N Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute Imaging Core, Neuroscience Imaging Facility, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
| | - Richard Schäfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen gGmbH, Goethe University Hospital, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA.
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79
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Mitochondria under the spotlight: On the implications of mitochondrial dysfunction and its connectivity to neuropsychiatric disorders. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2535-2546. [PMID: 33033576 PMCID: PMC7522539 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) such as bipolar disorder (BD), schizophrenia (SZ) and mood disorder (MD) are hard to manage due to overlapping symptoms and lack of biomarkers. Risk alleles of BD/SZ/MD are emerging, with evidence suggesting mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction as a critical factor for disease onset and progression. Mood stabilizing treatments for these disorders are scarce, revealing the need for biomarker discovery and artificial intelligence approaches to design synthetically accessible novel therapeutics. Here, we show mt involvement in NPDs by associating 245 mt proteins to BD/SZ/MD, with 7 common players in these disease categories. Analysis of over 650 publications suggests that 245 NPD-linked mt proteins are associated with 800 other mt proteins, with mt impairment likely to rewire these interactions. High dosage of mood stabilizers is known to alleviate manic episodes, but which compounds target mt pathways is another gap in the field that we address through mood stabilizer-gene interaction analysis of 37 prescriptions and over-the-counter psychotropic treatments, which we have refined to 15 mood-stabilizing agents. We show 26 of the 245 NPD-linked mt proteins are uniquely or commonly targeted by one or more of these mood stabilizers. Further, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived patient neurons and three-dimensional human brain organoids as reliable BD/SZ/MD models are outlined, along with multiomics methods and machine learning-based decision making tools for biomarker discovery, which remains a bottleneck for precision psychiatry medicine.
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80
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Donegan JJ, Lodge DJ. Stem Cells for Improving the Treatment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1118-1130. [PMID: 32008442 PMCID: PMC7469694 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism are currently limited. Antipsychotics used to treat schizophrenia are not effective for all patients, do not target all symptoms of the disease, and have serious adverse side effects. There are currently no FDA-approved drugs to treat the core symptoms of autism. In an effort to develop new and more effective treatment strategies, stem cell technologies have been used to reprogram adult somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells, which can be differentiated into neuronal cells and even three-dimensional brain organoids. This new technology has the potential to elucidate the complex mechanisms that underlie neurodevelopmental disorders, offer more relevant platforms for drug discovery and personalized medicine, and may even be used to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Donegan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J. Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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81
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Benson CA, Powell HR, Liput M, Dinham S, Freedman DA, Ignatowski TA, Stachowiak EK, Stachowiak MK. Immune Factor, TNFα, Disrupts Human Brain Organoid Development Similar to Schizophrenia-Schizophrenia Increases Developmental Vulnerability to TNFα. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:233. [PMID: 33005129 PMCID: PMC7484483 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder in which maternal immune activation (MIA) and increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) may contribute. Previous studies using iPSC-derived cerebral organoids and neuronal cells demonstrated developmental malformation and transcriptional dysregulations, including TNF receptors and their signaling genes, common to SZ patients with diverse genetic backgrounds. In the present study, we examined the significance of the common TNF receptor dysregulations by transiently exposing cerebral organoids from embryonic stem cells (ESC) and from representative control and SZ patient iPSCs to TNF. In control iPSC organoids, TNF produced malformations qualitatively similar in, but generally less pronounced than, the malformations of the SZ iPSC-derived organoids. TNF and SZ alone disrupted subcortical rosettes and dispersed proliferating Ki67+ neural progenitor cells (NPC) from the organoid ventricular zone (VZ) into the cortical zone (CZ). In the CZ, the absence of large ramified pan-Neu+ neurons coincided with loss of myelinated neurites despite increased cortical accumulation of O4+ oligodendrocytes. The number of calretinin+ interneurons increased; however, they lacked the preferential parallel orientation to the organoid surface. SZ and SZ+TNF affected fine cortical and subcortical organoid structure by replacing cells with extracellular matrix (ECM)-like fibers The SZ condition increased developmental vulnerability to TNF, leading to more pronounced changes in NPC, pan-Neu+ neurons, and interneurons. Both SZ- and TNF-induced malformations were associated with the loss of nuclear (n)FGFR1 form in the CZ and its upregulation in deep IZ regions, while in earlier studies blocking nFGFR1 reproduced cortical malformations observed in SZ. Computational analysis of ChiPseq and RNAseq datasets shows that nFGFR1 directly targets neurogenic, oligodendrogenic, cell migration, and ECM genes, and that the FGFR1-targeted TNF receptor and signaling genes are overexpressed in SZ NPC. Through these changes, the developing brain with the inherited SZ genome dysregulation may suffer increased vulnerability to TNF and thus, MIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Benson
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Hana R Powell
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michal Liput
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Stem Cells Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Siddhartha Dinham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - David A Freedman
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Tracey A Ignatowski
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ewa K Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michal K Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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82
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Yadav A, Seth B, Chaturvedi RK. Brain Organoids: Tiny Mirrors of Human Neurodevelopment and Neurological Disorders. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:388-426. [PMID: 32723210 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420943192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unravelling the complexity of the human brain is a challenging task. Nowadays, modern neurobiologists have developed 3D model systems called "brain organoids" to overcome the technical challenges in understanding human brain development and the limitations of animal models to study neurological diseases. Certainly like most model systems in neuroscience, brain organoids too have limitations, as these minuscule brains lack the complex neuronal circuitry required to begin the operational tasks of human brain. However, researchers are hopeful that future endeavors with these 3D brain tissues could provide mechanistic insights into the generation of circuit complexity as well as reproducible creation of different regions of the human brain. Herein, we have presented the contemporary state of brain organoids with special emphasis on their mode of generation and their utility in modelling neurological disorders, drug discovery, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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83
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Kathuria A, Lopez-Lengowski K, Jagtap SS, McPhie D, Perlis RH, Cohen BM, Karmacharya R. Transcriptomic Landscape and Functional Characterization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cerebral Organoids in Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:745-754. [PMID: 32186681 PMCID: PMC7081156 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Three-dimensional cerebral organoids generated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be used to interrogate cellular-molecular underpinnings of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE To determine transcriptomic profiles and functional characteristics of cerebral organoids from patients with schizophrenia using gene expression studies, complemented with investigations of mitochondrial function through measurement of real-time oxygen consumption rate, and functional studies of neuronal firing with microelectrode arrays. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case-control study was conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital between 2017 and 2019. Transcriptomic profiling of iPSC-derived cerebral organoids from 8 patients with schizophrenia and 8 healthy control individuals was undertaken to identify cellular pathways that are aberrant in schizophrenia. Induced pluripotent stem cells and cerebral organoids were generated from patients who had been diagnosed as having schizophrenia and from heathy control individuals. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Transcriptomic analysis of iPSC-derived cerebral organoids from patients with schizophrenia show differences in expression of genes involved in synaptic biology and neurodevelopment and are enriched for genes implicated in schizophrenia genome-wide association studies (GWAS). RESULTS The study included iPSC lines generated from 11 male and 5 female white participants, with a mean age of 38.8 years. RNA sequencing data from iPSC-derived cerebral organoids in schizophrenia showed differential expression of genes involved in synapses, in nervous system development, and in antigen processing. The differentially expressed genes were enriched for genes implicated in schizophrenia, with 23% of GWAS genes showing differential expression in schizophrenia and control organoids: 10 GWAS genes were upregulated in schizophrenia organoids while 15 GWAS genes were downregulated. Analysis of the gene expression profiles suggested dysregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial function and those involved in modulation of excitatory and inhibitory pathways. Studies of mitochondrial respiration showed lower basal consumption rate, adenosine triphosphate production, proton leak, and nonmitochondrial oxygen consumption in schizophrenia cerebral organoids, without any differences in the extracellular acidification rate. Microelectrode array studies of cerebral organoids showed no differences in baseline electrical activity in schizophrenia but revealed a diminished response to stimulation and depolarization. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Investigations of patient-derived cerebral organoids in schizophrenia revealed gene expression patterns suggesting dysregulation of a number of pathways in schizophrenia, delineated differences in mitochondrial function, and showed deficits in response to stimulation and depolarization in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Kathuria
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston,Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kara Lopez-Lengowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston,Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge
| | - Smita S. Jagtap
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston
| | - Donna McPhie
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts,Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program,
McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Roy H. Perlis
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce M. Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts,Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program,
McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston,Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts,Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program,
McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts,Program in Chemical Biology, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge,
Massachusetts
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84
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Talaei A, Farkhondeh T, Forouzanfar F. Fibroblast Growth Factor: Promising Target for Schizophrenia. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 21:1344-1353. [PMID: 32598256 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200628114843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating mental disorders around the world. It is characterized by neuroanatomical or biochemical changes. The role of the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) system in schizophrenia has received considerable attention in recent years. Various changes in the gene expression and/or level of FGFs have been implicated in the etiology, symptoms and progression of schizophrenia. For example, studies have substantiated an interaction between FGFs and the signaling pathway of dopamine receptors. To understand the role of this system in schizophrenia, the databases of Open Access Journals, Web of Science, PubMed (NLM), LISTA (EBSCO), and Google Scholar with keywords including fibroblast growth factors, dopamine, schizophrenia, psychosis, along with neurotrophic were searched. In conclusion, the FGF family represent molecular candidates as new drug targets and treatment targets for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Talaei
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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85
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Zhang DY, Song H, Ming GL. Modeling neurological disorders using brain organoids. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 111:4-14. [PMID: 32561297 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are challenging to study given the complexity and species-specific features of the organ system. Brain organoids are three dimensional structured aggregates of neural tissue that are generated by self-organization and differentiation from pluripotent stem cells under optimized culture conditions. These brain organoids exhibit similar features of structural organization and cell type diversity as the developing human brain, creating opportunities to recapitulate disease phenotypes that are not otherwise accessible. Here we review the initial attempt in the field to apply brain organoid models for the study of many different types of human neurological disorders across a wide range of etiologies and pathophysiologies. Forthcoming advancements in both brain organoid technology as well as analytical methods have significant potentials to advance the understanding of neurological disorders and to uncover opportunities for meaningful therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Zhang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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86
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Dutta A, Das A, Kondziella D, Stachowiak MK. Bioenergy Crisis in Coronavirus Diseases? Brain Sci 2020; 10:E277. [PMID: 32370257 PMCID: PMC7287678 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Abhijit Das
- Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK;
| | - Daniel Kondziella
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michal K. Stachowiak
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
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87
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the ways in which stem cells are used in psychiatric disease research, including the related advances in gene editing and directed cell differentiation. RECENT FINDINGS The recent development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies has created new possibilities for the study of psychiatric disease. iPSCs can be derived from patients or controls and differentiated to an array of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Their genomes can be edited as desired, and they can be assessed for a variety of phenotypes. This makes them especially interesting for studying genetic variation, which is particularly useful today now that our knowledge on the genetics of psychiatric disease is quickly expanding. The recent advances in cell engineering have led to powerful new methods for studying psychiatric illness including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. There is a wide array of possible applications as illustrated by the many examples from the literature, most of which are cited here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debamitra Das
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyra Feuer
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marah Wahbeh
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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88
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Gogos JA, Crabtree G, Diamantopoulou A. The abiding relevance of mouse models of rare mutations to psychiatric neuroscience and therapeutics. Schizophr Res 2020; 217:37-51. [PMID: 30987923 PMCID: PMC6790166 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies using powerful family-based designs aided by large scale case-control studies, have been instrumental in cracking the genetic complexity of the disease, identifying rare and highly penetrant risk mutations and providing a handle on experimentally tractable model systems. Mouse models of rare mutations, paired with analysis of homologous cognitive and sensory processing deficits and state-of-the-art neuroscience methods to manipulate and record neuronal activity have started providing unprecedented insights into pathogenic mechanisms and building the foundation of a new biological framework for understanding mental illness. A number of important principles are emerging, namely that degradation of the computational mechanisms underlying the ordered activity and plasticity of both local and long-range neuronal assemblies, the building blocks necessary for stable cognition and perception, might be the inevitable consequence and the common point of convergence of the vastly heterogeneous genetic liability, manifesting as defective internally- or stimulus-driven neuronal activation patterns and triggering the constellation of schizophrenia symptoms. Animal models of rare mutations have the unique potential to help us move from "which" (gene) to "how", "where" and "when" computational regimes of neural ensembles are affected. Linking these variables should improve our understanding of how symptoms emerge and how diagnostic boundaries are established at a circuit level. Eventually, a better understanding of pathophysiological trajectories at the level of neural circuitry in mice, aided by basic human experimental biology, should guide the development of new therapeutics targeting either altered circuitry itself or the underlying biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Gogos
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Joseph A. Gogos ()
| | - Gregg Crabtree
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anastasia Diamantopoulou
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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89
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Chhibber T, Bagchi S, Lahooti B, Verma A, Al-Ahmad A, Paul MK, Pendyala G, Jayant RD. CNS organoids: an innovative tool for neurological disease modeling and drug neurotoxicity screening. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:456-465. [PMID: 31783130 PMCID: PMC7039749 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The paradigm of central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery has mostly relied on traditional approaches of rodent models or cell-based in vitro models. Owing to the issues of species differences between humans and rodents, it is difficult to correlate the robustness of data for neurodevelopmental studies. With advances in the stem-cell field, 3D CNS organoids have been developed and explored owing to their resemblance to the human brain architecture and functions. Further, CNS organoids provide a unique opportunity to mimic the human brain physiology and serve as a modeling tool to study the normal versus pathological brain or the elucidation of mechanisms of neurological disorders. Here, we discuss the recent application of a CNS organoid explored for neurodevelopment disease or a screening tool for CNS drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Chhibber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Sounak Bagchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Behnaz Lahooti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Angela Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Manash K Paul
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gurudutt Pendyala
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Rahul Dev Jayant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JH School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
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90
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Grenier K, Kao J, Diamandis P. Three-dimensional modeling of human neurodegeneration: brain organoids coming of age. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:254-274. [PMID: 31444473 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases is rapidly increasing in aging nations. These relentless and progressive diseases remain largely without disease-modifying treatments despite decades of research and investments. It is becoming clear that traditional two-dimensional culture and animal model systems, while providing valuable insights on the major pathophysiological pathways associated with these diseases, have not translated well to patients' bedside. Fortunately, the advent of induced-pluripotent stem cells and three-dimensional cell culture now provide tools that are revolutionizing the study of human diseases by permitting analysis of patient-derived human tissue with non-invasive procedures. Specifically, brain organoids, self-organizing neural structures that can mimic human fetal brain development, have now been harnessed to develop alternative models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease, and Frontotemporal dementia by recapitulating important neuropathological hallmarks found in these disorders. Despite these early breakthroughs, several limitations need to be vetted in brain organoid models in order to more faithfully match human tissue qualities, including relative tissue immaturity, lack of vascularization and incomplete cellular diversity found in this culture system. Here, we review current brain organoid protocols, the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, and early studies with brain organoid neurodegeneration models. We then discuss the multiple engineering and conceptual challenges surrounding their use and provide possible solutions and exciting avenues to be pursued. Altogether, we believe that brain organoids models, improved with classical and emerging molecular and analytic tools, have the potential to unravel the opaque pathophysiological mechanisms of neurodegeneration and devise novel treatments for an array of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Grenier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, MacFeeters Hamilton Centre for Neuro-Oncology Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
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91
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Hong YJ, Do JT. Neural Lineage Differentiation From Pluripotent Stem Cells to Mimic Human Brain Tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:400. [PMID: 31867324 PMCID: PMC6908493 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) research have turned limitations of prior and current research into possibilities. iPSCs can differentiate into the desired cell types, are easier to obtain than embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and more importantly, in case they are to be used in research on diseases, they can be obtained directly from the patient. With these advantages, differentiation of iPSCs into various cell types has been conducted in the fields of basic development, cell physiology, and cell therapy research. Differentiation of stem cells into nervous cells has been prevalent among all cell types studied. Starting with the monolayer 2D differentiation method where cells were attached to a dish, substantial efforts have been made to better mimic the in vivo environment and produce cells grown in vitro that closely resemble in vivo state cells. Having surpassed the stage of 3D differentiation, we have now reached the stage of creating tissues called organoids that resemble organs, rather than growing simple cells. In this review, we focus on the central nervous system (CNS) and describe the challenges faced in 2D and 3D differentiation research studies and the processes of overcoming them. We also discuss current studies and future perspectives on brain organoid researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Ju Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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92
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Koplin JJ, Savulescu J. Moral Limits of Brain Organoid Research. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2019; 47:760-767. [PMID: 31957593 PMCID: PMC7433685 DOI: 10.1177/1073110519897789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Brain organoid research raises ethical challenges not seen in other forms of stem cell research. Given that brain organoids partially recapitulate the development of the human brain, it is plausible that brain organoids could one day attain consciousness and perhaps even higher cognitive abilities. Brain organoid research therefore raises difficult questions about these organoids' moral status - questions that currently fall outside the scope of existing regulations and guidelines. This paper shows how these gaps can be addressed. We outline a moral framework for brain organoid research that can address the relevant ethical concerns without unduly impeding this important area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J Koplin
- Julian J. Koplin, Ph.D., is a Research Fellow with the Biomedical Ethics Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne Law School, the University of Melbourne. He has a broad range of interests across the field of philosophical bioethics. Julian Savulescu, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., M.A., is Uehiro Chair in Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. He directs the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics and co-directs the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities. He is Visiting Professorial Fellow in Biomedical Ethics at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne and Distinguished International Visiting Professor in Law at the University of Melbourne
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Julian J. Koplin, Ph.D., is a Research Fellow with the Biomedical Ethics Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and Melbourne Law School, the University of Melbourne. He has a broad range of interests across the field of philosophical bioethics. Julian Savulescu, M.B., B.S., Ph.D., M.A., is Uehiro Chair in Practical Ethics, University of Oxford. He directs the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics and co-directs the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities. He is Visiting Professorial Fellow in Biomedical Ethics at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne and Distinguished International Visiting Professor in Law at the University of Melbourne
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93
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Costamagna G, Andreoli L, Corti S, Faravelli I. iPSCs-Based Neural 3D Systems: A Multidimensional Approach for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery. Cells 2019; 8:E1438. [PMID: 31739555 PMCID: PMC6912470 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-based two-dimensional (2D) protocols have offered invaluable insights into the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. However, these systems are unable to reproduce complex cytoarchitectural features, cell-cell and tissue-tissue interactions like their in vivo counterpart. Three-dimensional (3D)-based culture protocols, though in their infancy, have offered new insights into modeling human diseases. Human neural organoids try to recapitulate the cellular diversity of complex tissues and can be generated from iPSCs to model the pathophysiology of a wide spectrum of pathologies. The engraftment of iPSCs into mice models and the improvement of differentiation protocols towards 3D cultures has enabled the generation of more complex multicellular systems. Consequently, models of neuropsychiatric disorders, infectious diseases, brain cancer and cerebral hypoxic injury can now be investigated from new perspectives. In this review, we consider the advancements made in modeling neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases with iPSC-derived organoids and their potential use to develop new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Irene Faravelli
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.C.); (L.A.); (S.C.)
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94
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Balan S, Toyoshima M, Yoshikawa T. Contribution of induced pluripotent stem cell technologies to the understanding of cellular phenotypes in schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 131:104162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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95
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Hoffmann A, Ziller M, Spengler D. Progress in iPSC-Based Modeling of Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4896. [PMID: 31581684 PMCID: PMC6801734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in iPSC-based cellular systems provides new insights into human brain development and early neurodevelopmental deviations in psychiatric disorders. Among these, studies on schizophrenia (SCZ) take a prominent role owing to its high heritability and multifarious evidence that it evolves from a genetically induced vulnerability in brain development. Recent iPSC studies on patients with SCZ indicate that functional impairments of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in monolayer culture extend to brain organoids by disrupting neocorticogenesis in an in vitro model. In addition, the formation of hippocampal circuit-like structures in vitro is impaired in patients with SCZ as is the case for glia development. Intriguingly, chimeric-mice experiments show altered oligodendrocyte and astrocyte development in vivo that highlights the importance of cell-cell interactions in the pathogenesis of early-onset SCZ. Likewise, cortical imbalances in excitatory-inhibitory signaling may result from a cell-autonomous defect in cortical interneuron (cIN) development. Overall, these findings indicate that genetic risk in SCZ impacts neocorticogenesis, hippocampal circuit formation, and the development of distinct glial and neuronal subtypes. In light of this remarkable progress, we discuss current limitations and further steps necessary to harvest the full potential of iPSC-based investigations on psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hoffmann
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Ziller
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Spengler
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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96
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Moslem M, Olive J, Falk A. Stem cell models of schizophrenia, what have we learned and what is the potential? Schizophr Res 2019; 210:3-12. [PMID: 30587427 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder with clinical manifestations in early adulthood. However, it may start with disruption of brain development caused by genetic or environmental factors, or both. Early deteriorating effects of genetic/environmental factors on neural development might be key to described disease causing mechanisms. Establishing cellular models with cells from affected individual using the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) technology could be used to mimic early neurodevelopment alterations caused by risk genes or environmental stressors. Indeed, cellular models have allowed identification and further study of risk factors and the biological pathways in which they are involved. New advancements in differentiation methods such as defined and robust monolayer protocols and cerebral 3D organoids have made it possible to faithfully mimic neural development and neuronal functionality while CRISPR-editing tools assist to engineer isogenic cell lines to precisely explore genetic variation in polygenic diseases such as schizophrenia. Here we review the current field of iPSC models of schizophrenia and how risk factors can be modelled as well as discussing the common biological pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Moslem
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jessica Olive
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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97
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Sridharan B, Hubbs C, Llamosas N, Kilinc M, Singhera FU, Willems E, Piper DR, Scampavia L, Rumbaugh G, Spicer TP. A Simple Procedure for Creating Scalable Phenotypic Screening Assays in Human Neurons. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9000. [PMID: 31227747 PMCID: PMC6588600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons created from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide the capability of identifying biological mechanisms that underlie brain disorders. IPSC-derived human neurons, or iNs, hold promise for advancing precision medicine through drug screening, though it remains unclear to what extent iNs can support early-stage drug discovery efforts in industrial-scale screening centers. Despite several reported approaches to generate iNs from iPSCs, each suffer from technological limitations that challenge their scalability and reproducibility, both requirements for successful screening assays. We addressed these challenges by initially removing the roadblocks related to scaling of iNs for high throughput screening (HTS)-ready assays. We accomplished this by simplifying the production and plating of iNs and adapting them to a freezer-ready format. We then tested the performance of freezer-ready iNs in an HTS-amenable phenotypic assay that measured neurite outgrowth. This assay successfully identified small molecule inhibitors of neurite outgrowth. Importantly, we provide evidence that this scalable iN-based assay was both robust and highly reproducible across different laboratories. These streamlined approaches are compatible with any iPSC line that can produce iNs. Thus, our findings indicate that current methods for producing iPSCs are appropriate for large-scale drug-discovery campaigns (i.e. >10e5 compounds) that read out simple neuronal phenotypes. However, due to the inherent limitations of currently available iN differentiation protocols, technological advances are required to achieve similar scalability for screens that require more complex phenotypes related to neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- BanuPriya Sridharan
- The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Christopher Hubbs
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Nerea Llamosas
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Murat Kilinc
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Fakhar U Singhera
- The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Erik Willems
- Cell Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
| | - David R Piper
- Cell Biology, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
| | - Louis Scampavia
- The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA
| | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA.
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA.
| | - Timothy P Spicer
- The Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, USA.
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98
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Shiri Z, Simorgh S, Naderi S, Baharvand H. Optogenetics in the Era of Cerebral Organoids. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:1282-1294. [PMID: 31227305 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human brain has been deemed the most complex organ and has captivated neuroscientists for decades. Most studies of this organ have relied on reductionist model systems. Although all model systems are essentially wrong, cerebral organoids so far represent the closest recapitulation of human brain development and disease both in terms of cell diversity and organization. The optogenetic technique can be used in this context to study the functional neuroanatomy of the brain, to examine the neural circuits, and to determine the etiology of neurological disorders. In this opinion article, we suggest ways in which optogenetics can be combined with cerebral organoids to allow unprecedented precision and accuracy in studying normal and aberrant neurodevelopmental processes and, as well, neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Susan Simorgh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Naderi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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99
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Use of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cells for neurodegenerative disease modeling and drug screening platform. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1305-1322. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a complex and mostly still unresolved pathology. This fact, together with the lack of reliable disease models, has precluded the development of effective therapies counteracting the disease progression. The advent of human pluripotent stem cells has revolutionized the field allowing the generation of disease-relevant neural cell types that can be used for disease modeling, drug screening and, possibly, cell transplantation purposes. In this Review, we discuss the applications of human pluripotent stem cells, the development of efficient protocols for the derivation of the different neural cells and their applicability for robust in vitro disease modeling and drug screening platforms for most common neurodegenerative conditions.
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100
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Abstract
Human brain organoids, generated from pluripotent stem cells, have emerged as a promising technique for modeling early stages of human neurodevelopment in controlled laboratory conditions. Although the applications for disease modeling in a dish have become routine, the use of these brain organoids as evolutionary tools is only now getting momentum. Here, we will review the current state of the art on the use of brain organoids from different species and the molecular and cellular insights generated from these studies. Besides, we will discuss how this model might be beneficial for human health and the limitations and future perspectives of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysson R. Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UCSD Stem Cell Programme, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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