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Wosczyna MN, Perez Carbajal EE, Wagner MW, Paredes S, Konishi CT, Liu L, Wang TT, Walsh RA, Gan Q, Morrissey CS, Rando TA. Targeting microRNA-mediated gene repression limits adipogenic conversion of skeletal muscle mesenchymal stromal cells. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1323-1334.e8. [PMID: 33945794 PMCID: PMC8254802 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular fatty deposits, which are seen in muscular dystrophies and with aging, negatively affect muscle function. The cells of origin of adipocytes constituting these fatty deposits are mesenchymal stromal cells, fibroadipogenic progenitors (FAPs). We uncover a molecular fate switch, involving miR-206 and the transcription factor Runx1, that controls FAP differentiation to adipocytes. Mice deficient in miR-206 exhibit increased adipogenesis following muscle injury. Adipogenic differentiation of FAPs is abrogated by miR-206 mimics. Using a labeled microRNA (miRNA) pull-down and sequencing (LAMP-seq), we identified Runx1 as a miR-206 target, with miR-206 repressing Runx1 translation. In the absence of miR-206 in FAPs, Runx1 occupancy near transcriptional start sites of adipogenic genes and expression of these genes increase. We demonstrate that miR-206 mimicry in vivo limits intramuscular fatty infiltration. Our results provide insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of FAP fate determination and formation of harmful fatty deposits in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Wosczyna
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Musculoskeletal Research Center, Bioengineering Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Edgar E Perez Carbajal
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark W Wagner
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Silvana Paredes
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Colin T Konishi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Theodore T Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel A Walsh
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qiang Gan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Nakamura S, Yonekura S, Shimosato T, Takaya T. Myogenetic Oligodeoxynucleotide (myoDN) Recovers the Differentiation of Skeletal Muscle Myoblasts Deteriorated by Diabetes Mellitus. Front Physiol 2021; 12:679152. [PMID: 34108889 PMCID: PMC8181739 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.679152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complication of decreased muscle mass and strength, and is a serious risk factor that may result in mortality. Deteriorated differentiation of muscle precursor cells, called myoblasts, in DM patients is considered to be one of the causes of muscle wasting. We recently developed myogenetic oligodeoxynucleotides (myoDNs), which are 18-base single-strand DNAs that promote myoblast differentiation by targeting nucleolin. Herein, we report the applicability of a myoDN, iSN04, to myoblasts isolated from patients with type 1 and type 2 DM. Myogenesis of DM myoblasts was exacerbated concordantly with a delayed shift of myogenic transcription and induction of interleukins. Analogous phenotypes were reproduced in healthy myoblasts cultured with excessive glucose or palmitic acid, mimicking hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia. iSN04 treatment recovered the deteriorated differentiation of plural DM myoblasts by downregulating myostatin and interleukin-8 (IL-8). iSN04 also ameliorated the impaired myogenic differentiation induced by glucose or palmitic acid. These results demonstrate that myoDNs can directly facilitate myoblast differentiation in DM patients, making them novel candidates for nucleic acid drugs to treat muscle wasting in patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Nakamura
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yonekura
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tomohide Takaya
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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53
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Amaral-Silva LD, Gargaglioni LH, Steiner AA, Oliveira MT, Bícego KC. Regulated hypothermia in response to endotoxin in birds. J Physiol 2021; 599:2969-2986. [PMID: 33823064 DOI: 10.1113/jp281385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The costs associated with immune and thermal responses may exceed the benefits to the host during severe inflammation. In this case, regulated hypothermia instead of fever can occur in rodents as a beneficial strategy to conserve energy for vital functions with consequent tissue protection and hypoxia prevention. We tested the hypothesis that this phenomenon is not exclusive to mammals, but extends to the other endothermic group, birds. A decrease in metabolic rate without any failure in mitochondrial respiration, nor oxygen delivery, is the main evidence supporting the regulated nature of endotoxin-induced hypothermia in chicks. Thermolytic mechanisms such as tachypnea and cutaneous vasodilatation can also be recruited to facilitate body temperature decrease under lipopolysaccharide treatment, especially in the cold. Our findings bring a new perspective for evolutionary medicine studies on energy trade-off in host defence because regulated hypothermia may be a phenomenon spread among vertebrates facing a severe immune challenge. ABSTRACT A switch from fever to regulated hypothermia can occur in mammals under circumstances of reduced physiological fitness (e.g. sepsis) to direct energy to defend vital systems. Birds in which the cost to resist a pathogen is additive to the highest metabolic rate and body temperature (Tb ) among vertebrates may also benefit from regulated hypothermia during systemic inflammation. Here, we show that the decrease in Tb observed during an immune challenge in birds is a regulated hypothermia, and not a result of metabolic failure. We investigated O2 consumption (thermogenesis index), ventilation (respiratory heat loss), skin temperature (sensible heat loss) and muscle mitochondrial respiration (thermogenic tissue) during Tb fall in chicken chicks challenged with endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]. Chicks injected with LPS were also tested regarding the capacity to raise O2 consumption to meet an increased demand driven by 2,4-dinitrophenol. LPS decreased Tb and the metabolic rate of chicks without affecting muscle uncoupled, coupled and non-coupled mitochondrial respiration. LPS-challenged chicks were indeed capable of increasing metabolic rate in response to 2,4-dinitrophenol, indicating no O2 delivery limitation. Additionally, chicks did not attempt to prevent Tb from falling during hypothermia but, instead, activated cutaneous and respiratory thermolytic mechanisms, providing an additional cooling force. These data provide the first evidence of the regulated nature of the hypothermic response to endotoxin in birds. Therefore, it changes the current understanding of bird's thermoregulation during severe inflammation, indicating that regulated hypothermia is either a convergent trait for endotherms or a conserved response among vertebrates, which adds a new perspective for evolutionary medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos T Oliveira
- Department of Technology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Krapf S, Schjølberg T, Asoawe L, Honkanen SK, Kase ET, Thoresen GH, Haugen F. Novel methods for cold exposure of skeletal muscle in vivo and in vitro show temperature-dependent myokine production. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102930. [PMID: 34016352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins secreted from skeletal muscle serving a signalling role have been termed myokines. Many of the myokines are exercise factors, produced and released in response to muscle activity. Cold exposures affecting muscle may occur in recreational, occupational and therapeutic settings. Whether muscle temperature independently affects myokine profile, is still to be elucidated. We hypothesized that manipulating muscle temperature by means of external cooling would change myokine production and release. In the present study we have established new models for cold exposure of muscle in vivo and in vitro where rat hind limb or cultured human myotubes were cooled to 18 °C. After a recovery period, muscle tissue, cells and culture media were harvested for further analysis by qPCR and immunoassays. Expression of several myokine genes were significantly increased after cold exposure in both models: in rat muscle, mRNA levels of CCL2 (p = 0.04), VEGFA (p = 0.02), CXCL1 (p = 0.02) and RBM3 (p = 0.02) increased while mRNA levels of IL-6 (p = 0.03) were decreased; in human myotubes, mRNA levels of IL6 (p = 0.01), CXCL8 (p = 0.04), VEGFA (p = 0.03) and CXCL1 (p < 0.01) were significantly increased, as well as intracellular protein levels of IL-8 (CXCL8 gene product; p < 0.01). The corresponding effect on myokine secretion was not observed, on the contrary, IL-8 (p = 0.02) and VEGF (VEGFA gene product) p < 0.01) concentrations in culture media were reduced after cold exposure in vitro. In conclusion, cold exposure of muscle in vivo and in vitro had an effect on the production and release of several known exercise-related myokines. Myokine expression at the level of mRNA and protein was increased by cold exposure, whereas secretion tended to be decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Krapf
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Lucia Asoawe
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Eili Tranheim Kase
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fred Haugen
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway.
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55
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Xiong Y, Lei F. SLC2A12 of SLC2 Gene Family in Bird Provides Functional Compensation for the Loss of SLC2A4 Gene in Other Vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1276-1291. [PMID: 33316072 PMCID: PMC8042760 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian genomes are small and lack some genes that are conserved in the genomes of most other vertebrates including nonavian sauropsids. One hypothesis stated that paralogs may provide biochemical or physiological compensation for certain gene losses; however, no functional evidence has been reported to date. By integrating evolutionary analysis, physiological genomics, and experimental gene interference, we clearly demonstrate functional compensation for gene loss. A large-scale phylogenetic analysis of over 1,400 SLC2 gene sequences identifies six new SLC2 genes from nonmammalian vertebrates and divides the SLC2 gene family into four classes. Vertebrates retain class III SLC2 genes but partially lack the more recent duplicates of classes I and II. Birds appear to have completely lost the SLC2A4 gene that encodes an important insulin-sensitive GLUT in mammals. We found strong evidence for positive selection, indicating that the N-termini of SLC2A4 and SLC2A12 have undergone diversifying selection in birds and mammals, and there is a significant correlation between SLC2A12 functionality and basal metabolic rates in endotherms. Physiological genomics have uncovered that SLC2A12 expression and allelic variants are associated with insulin sensitivity and blood glucose levels in wild birds. Functional tests have indicated that SLC2A12 abrogation causes hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and high relative activity, thus increasing energy expenditures that resemble a diabetic phenotype. These analyses suggest that the SLC2A12 gene not only functionally compensates insulin response for SLC2A4 loss but also affects daily physical behavior and basal metabolic rate during bird evolution, highlighting that older genes retain a higher level of functional diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fumin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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56
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Longman DP, Murray A, Roberts R, Oakley S, Wells JCK, Stock JT. Energetics as a driver of human morphological thermal adaptation; evidence from female ultra-endurance athletes. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2021; 3:e22. [PMID: 37588555 PMCID: PMC10427328 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2021.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional benefits of the morphologies described by Bergmann's and Allen's rules in human males have recently been reported. However, the functional implications of ecogeographical patterning in females remain poorly understood. Here, we report the findings of preliminary work analysing the association between body shape and performance in female ultramarathon runners (n = 36) competing in hot and cold environments. The body shapes differed between finishers of hot and cold races, and also between hot race finishers and non-finishers. Variability in race performance across different settings supports the notion that human phenotype is adapted to different thermal environments as ecogeographical patterns have reported previously. This report provides support for the recent hypothesis that the heightened thermal strain associated with prolonged physical activity in hot/cold environments may have driven the emergence of thermally adaptive phenotypes in our evolutionary past. These results also tentatively suggest that the relationship between morphology and performance may be stronger in female vs. male athletes. This potential sex difference is discussed with reference to the evolved unique energetic context of human female reproduction. Further work, with a larger sample size, is required to investigate the observed potential sex differences in the strength of the relationship between phenotype and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Longman
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TU, UK
| | - Alison Murray
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3QG, UK
| | - Saskia Oakley
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3QG, UK
| | - Jonathan C. K. Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, LondonWC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jay T. Stock
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3QG, UK
- Department of Anthropology, Western University, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745Jena, Germany
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57
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Cristina-Silva C, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC. A thermoregulatory role of the medullary raphe in birds. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.234344. [PMID: 33758021 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.234344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The brainstem region medullary raphe modulates non-shivering and shivering thermogenesis and cutaneous vasomotion in rodents. Whether the same scenario occurs in the other endothermic group, i.e. birds, is still unknown. Therefore, we hypothesised that the medullary raphe modulates heat gain and loss thermoeffectors in birds. We investigated the effect of glutamatergic and GABAergic inhibitions in this specific region on body temperature (Tb), oxygen consumption (thermogenesis), ventilation (O2 supply in cold, thermal tachypnea in heat) and heat loss index (cutaneous vasomotion) in one-week-old chicken exposed to neutral (31°C), cold (26°C) and heat (36°C) conditions. Intra-medullary raphe antagonism of NMDA glutamate (AP5; 0.5, 5 mM) and GABAA (bicuculline; 0.05, 0.5 mM) receptors reduced Tb of chicks at 31°C and 26oC, due mainly to an O2 consumption decrease. AP5 transiently increased breathing frequency during cold exposure. At 31°C, heat loss index was higher in the bicuculline and AP5 groups (higher doses) than vehicle at the beginning of the Tb reduction. No treatment affected any variable tested at 36oC. The results suggest that glutamatergic and GABAergic excitatory influences on the medullary raphe of chicks modulate thermogenesis and glutamatergic stimulation prevents tachypnea, without having any role in warmth-defence responses. A double excitation influence on the medullary raphe may provide a protective neural mechanism for supporting thermogenesis during early life, when energy expenditure to support growth and homeothermy is high. This novel demonstration of a thermoregulatory role for the raphe in birds suggests a convergent brainstem neurochemical regulation of body temperature in endotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cristina-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
- Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program of Physiological Sciences, Sao Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
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58
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Loss of α-actinin-3 during human evolution provides superior cold resilience and muscle heat generation. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:446-457. [PMID: 33600773 PMCID: PMC8008486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein α-actinin-3 expressed in fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber is absent in 1.5 billion people worldwide due to homozygosity for a nonsense polymorphism in ACTN3 (R577X). The prevalence of the 577X allele increased as modern humans moved to colder climates, suggesting a link between α-actinin-3 deficiency and improved cold tolerance. Here, we show that humans lacking α-actinin-3 (XX) are superior in maintaining core body temperature during cold-water immersion due to changes in skeletal muscle thermogenesis. Muscles of XX individuals displayed a shift toward more slow-twitch isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins, accompanied by altered neuronal muscle activation resulting in increased tone rather than overt shivering. Experiments on Actn3 knockout mice showed no alterations in brown adipose tissue (BAT) properties that could explain the improved cold tolerance in XX individuals. Thus, this study provides a mechanism for the positive selection of the ACTN3 X-allele in cold climates and supports a key thermogenic role of skeletal muscle during cold exposure in humans.
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59
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Bal NC, Gupta SC, Pant M, Sopariwala DH, Gonzalez-Escobedo G, Turner J, Gunn JS, Pierson CR, Harper SQ, Rafael-Fortney JA, Periasamy M. Is Upregulation of Sarcolipin Beneficial or Detrimental to Muscle Function? Front Physiol 2021; 12:633058. [PMID: 33732165 PMCID: PMC7956958 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.633058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcolipin (SLN) is a regulator of sarco/endo plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pump and has been shown to be involved in muscle nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and energy metabolism. Interestingly, SLN expression is significantly upregulated both during muscle development and in several disease states. However, the significance of altered SLN expression in muscle patho-physiology is not completely understood. We have previously shown that transgenic over-expression of SLN in skeletal muscle is not detrimental, and can promote oxidative metabolism and exercise capacity. In contrast, some studies have suggested that SLN upregulation in disease states is deleterious for muscle function and ablation of SLN can be beneficial. In this perspective article, we critically examine both published and some new data to determine the relevance of SLN expression to disease pathology. The new data presented in this paper show that SLN levels are induced in muscle during systemic bacterial (Salmonella) infection or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) treatment. We also present data showing that SLN expression is significantly upregulated in different types of muscular dystrophies including myotubular myopathy. These data taken together reveal that upregulation of SLN expression in muscle disease is progressive and increases with severity. Therefore, we suggest that increased SLN expression should not be viewed as the cause of the disease; rather, it is a compensatory response to meet the higher energy demand of the muscle. We interpret that higher SLN/SERCA ratio positively modulate cytosolic Ca2+ signaling pathways to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism to meet higher energy demand in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh C Bal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subash C Gupta
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Meghna Pant
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Danesh H Sopariwala
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Geoffrey Gonzalez-Escobedo
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Joanne Turner
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - John S Gunn
- Departments of Microbiology and Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Scott Q Harper
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jill A Rafael-Fortney
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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60
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Bertile F, Habold C, Le Maho Y, Giroud S. Body Protein Sparing in Hibernators: A Source for Biomedical Innovation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:634953. [PMID: 33679446 PMCID: PMC7930392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.634953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are not only the major structural components of living cells but also ensure essential physiological functions within the organism. Any change in protein abundance and/or structure is at risk for the proper body functioning and/or survival of organisms. Death following starvation is attributed to a loss of about half of total body proteins, and body protein loss induced by muscle disuse is responsible for major metabolic disorders in immobilized patients, and sedentary or elderly people. Basic knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control proteostasis is continuously growing. Yet, finding and developing efficient treatments to limit body/muscle protein loss in humans remain a medical challenge, physical exercise and nutritional programs managing to only partially compensate for it. This is notably a major challenge for the treatment of obesity, where therapies should promote fat loss while preserving body proteins. In this context, hibernating species preserve their lean body mass, including muscles, despite total physical inactivity and low energy consumption during torpor, a state of drastic reduction in metabolic rate associated with a more or less pronounced hypothermia. The present review introduces metabolic, physiological, and behavioral adaptations, e.g., energetics, body temperature, and nutrition, of the torpor or hibernation phenotype from small to large mammals. Hibernating strategies could be linked to allometry aspects, the need for periodic rewarming from torpor, and/or the ability of animals to fast for more or less time, thus determining the capacity of individuals to save proteins. Both fat- and food-storing hibernators rely mostly on their body fat reserves during the torpid state, while minimizing body protein utilization. A number of them may also replenish lost proteins during arousals by consuming food. The review takes stock of the physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that promote body protein and muscle sparing during the inactive state of hibernation. Finally, the review outlines how the detailed understanding of these mechanisms at play in various hibernators is expected to provide innovative solutions to fight human muscle atrophy, to better help the management of obese patients, or to improve the ex vivo preservation of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Bertile
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Habold
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Ecology, Physiology & Ethology Department, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Ecology, Physiology & Ethology Department, Strasbourg, France.,Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvain Giroud
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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61
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Fan G, Li Y, Ma F, Zhao R, Yang X. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein promotes skeletal muscle lipid metabolism in cold-stressed mice. Endocr J 2021; 68:53-62. [PMID: 32863292 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the adult body and plays an essential role in maintaining heat production for the entire body. Recently, muscle-derived non-shivering thermogenesis under cold conditions has received much attention. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is an adipokine that was shown to influence energy metabolism in the adipose tissue. We used ZAG knock-out (ZAG KO) and wild-type (WT) mice to investigate the effect of ZAG on the lipid metabolism of skeletal muscle upon exposure to a low temperature (6°C) for one week. The results show that cold stress significantly increases the level of lipolysis, energy metabolism, and fat browning-related proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle of WT mice. In contrast, ZAG KO mice did not show any corresponding changes. Increased expression of β3-adrenoceptor (β3-AR) and protein kinase A (PKA) might be involved in the ZAG pathway in mice exposed cold stress. Furthermore, expression of lipolysis-related proteins (ATGL and p-HSL) and energy metabolism-related protein (PGC1α, UCP2, UCP3 and COX1) was significantly enhanced in ZAG KO mice after injection of ZAG-recombinant plasmids. These results indicate that ZAG promotes lipid-related metabolism in the skeletal muscle when the animals are exposed to low temperatures. This finding provides a promising target for the development of new therapeutic approaches to improve skeletal muscle energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Fuli Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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Inflammatory cytokines-stimulated human muscle stem cells ameliorate ulcerative colitis via the IDO-TSG6 axis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:50. [PMID: 33422134 PMCID: PMC7796621 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are absolutely required for the formation, repair, and regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue. Increasing evidence demonstrated that tissue stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), can exert therapeutic effects on various degenerative and inflammatory disorders based on their immunoregulatory properties. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) treated with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were reported to possess anti-inflammatory functions by producing TNF-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6). However, whether human muscle stem cells (hMuSCs) also possess TSG-6 mediated anti-inflammatory functions has not been explored. Methods The ulcerative colitis mouse model was established by subjecting mice to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 7 days. hMuSCs were pretreated with IFN-γ and TNF-α for 48 h and were then transplanted intravenously at day 2 of DSS administration. Body weights were monitored daily. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and TSG-6 in hMuSCs were knocked down with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), respectively. Colon tissues were collected for length measurement and histopathological examination. The serum level of IL-6 in mice was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to evaluate gene expression. Results hMuSCs treated with inflammatory factors significantly ameliorated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) symptoms. IDO and TSG-6 were greatly upregulated and required for the beneficial effects of hMuSCs on IBD. Mechanistically, the tryptophan metabolites, kynurenine (KYN) or kynurenic acid (KYNA) produced by IDO, augmented the expression of TSG-6 through activating their common receptor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Conclusion Inflammatory cytokines-treated hMuSCs can alleviate DSS-induced colitis through IDO-mediated TSG-6 production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-020-02118-3.
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Thermogenic adipocytes: lineage, function and therapeutic potential. Biochem J 2020; 477:2071-2093. [PMID: 32539124 PMCID: PMC7293110 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic inflexibility, defined as the inability to respond or adapt to metabolic demand, is now recognised as a driving factor behind many pathologies associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in the ability of an organism to sense, adapt to and counteract environmental changes. It provides a buffer in times of nutrient excess, a fuel reserve during starvation and the ability to resist cold-stress through non-shivering thermogenesis. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing combined with lineage tracing, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have identified novel adipocyte progenitors that give rise to specialised adipocytes with diverse functions, some of which have the potential to be exploited therapeutically. This review will highlight the common and distinct functions of well-known adipocyte populations with respect to their lineage and plasticity, as well as introducing the most recent members of the adipocyte family and their roles in whole organism energy homeostasis. Finally, this article will outline some of the more preliminary findings from large data sets generated by single-cell transcriptomics of mouse and human adipose tissue and their implications for the field, both for discovery and for therapy.
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Abstract
Obesity has become a worldwide issue and is accompanied by serious complications. Western high energy diet has been identified to be a major factor contributing to the current obesity pandemic. Thus, it is important to optimize dietary composition, bioactive substances, and agents to prevent and treat obesity. To date, extracts from plants, such as vegetables, tea, fruits, and Chinese herbal medicine, have been showed to have the abilities of regulating adipogenesis and attenuating obesity. These plant extracts mainly contain polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which could play a significant role in anti-obesity through various signaling pathways and gut microbiota. Those reported anti-obesity mechanisms mainly include inhibiting white adipose tissue growth and lipogenesis, promoting lipolysis, brown/beige adipose tissue development, and muscle thermogenesis. In this review, we summarize the plant extracts and their possible mechanisms responsible for their anti-obesity effects. Based on the current findings, dietary plant extracts and foods containing these bioactive compounds can be potential preventive or therapeutic agents for obesity and its related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jin-Zhu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhi Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Mahalingam S, Cheviron ZA, Storz JF, McClelland GB, Scott GR. Chronic cold exposure induces mitochondrial plasticity in deer mice native to high altitudes. J Physiol 2020; 598:5411-5426. [PMID: 32886797 PMCID: PMC8329962 DOI: 10.1113/jp280298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Small mammals native to high altitude must sustain high rates of thermogenesis to cope with cold. Skeletal muscle is a key site of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, but the importance of mitochondrial plasticity in cold hypoxic environments remains unresolved. We examined high-altitude deer mice, which have evolved a high capacity for aerobic thermogenesis, to determine the mechanisms of mitochondrial plasticity during chronic exposure to cold and hypoxia, alone and in combination. Cold exposure in normoxia or hypoxia increased mitochondrial leak respiration and decreased phosphorylation efficiency and OXPHOS coupling efficiency, which may serve to augment non-shivering thermogenesis. Cold also increased muscle oxidative capacity, but reduced the capacity for mitochondrial respiration via complex II relative to complexes I and II combined. High-altitude mice had a more oxidative muscle phenotype than low-altitude mice. Therefore, both plasticity and evolved changes in muscle mitochondria contribute to thermogenesis at high altitude. ABSTRACT Small mammals native to high altitude must sustain high rates of thermogenesis to cope with cold and hypoxic environments. Skeletal muscle is a key site of shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, but the importance of mitochondrial plasticity in small mammals at high altitude remains unresolved. High-altitude deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and low-altitude white-footed mice (P. leucopus) were born and raised in captivity, and chronically exposed as adults to warm (25°C) normoxia, warm hypoxia (12 kPa O2 ), cold (5°C) normoxia, or cold hypoxia. We then measured oxidative enzyme activities, oxidative fibre density and capillarity in the gastrocnemius, and used a comprehensive substrate titration protocol to examine the function of muscle mitochondria by high-resolution respirometry. Exposure to cold in both normoxia or hypoxia increased the activities of citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase. In lowlanders, this was associated with increases in capillary density and the proportional abundance of oxidative muscle fibres, but in highlanders, these traits were unchanged at high levels across environments. Environment had some distinct effects on mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity between species, but the capacity of complex II relative to the combined capacity of complexes I and II was consistently reduced in both cold environments. Both cold environments also increased leak respiration and decreased phosphorylation efficiency and OXPHOS coupling efficiency in both species, which may serve to augment non-shivering thermogenesis. These cold-induced changes in mitochondrial function were overlaid upon the generally more oxidative phenotype of highlanders. Therefore, both plasticity and evolved changes in muscle mitochondria contribute to thermogenesis at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary A Cheviron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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van den Bersselaar LR, Snoeck MMJ, Gubbels M, Riazi S, Kamsteeg EJ, Jungbluth H, Voermans NC. Anaesthesia and neuromuscular disorders: what a neurologist needs to know. Pract Neurol 2020:practneurol-2020-002633. [PMID: 33109742 PMCID: PMC8172077 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Neurologists are often asked for specific advice regarding patients with neuromuscular disease who require general anaesthesia. However, guidelines on specific neuromuscular disorders do not usually include specific guidelines or pragmatic advice regarding (regional and/or general) anaesthesia or procedural sedation. Furthermore, the medical literature on this subject is mostly limited to publications in anaesthesiology journals. We therefore summarise general recommendations and specific advice for anaesthesia in different neuromuscular disorders to provide a comprehensive and accessible overview of the knowledge on this topic essential for clinical neurologists. A preoperative multidisciplinary approach involving anaesthesiologists, cardiologists, chest physicians, surgeons and neurologists is crucial. Depolarising muscle relaxants (succinylcholine) should be avoided at all times. The dose of non-depolarising muscle relaxants must be reduced and their effect monitored. Patients with specific mutations in RYR1 (ryanodine receptor 1) and less frequently in CACNA1S (calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1S subunit) and STAC3 (SH3 and cysteine rich domain 3) are at risk of developing a life-threatening malignant hyperthermia reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk R van den Bersselaar
- Anaesthesiology, Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marc M J Snoeck
- Anaesthesiology, Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Madelief Gubbels
- Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sheila Riazi
- Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Malignant Hyperthermia Investigation Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Heinz Jungbluth
- Paediatric Neurology, Neuromuscular Service, Evelina's Children Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, IoPPN, King's College, London, UK
- Randall Division for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section, King's College, London, UK
| | - Nicol C Voermans
- Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Kozłowski J, Konarzewski M, Czarnoleski M. Coevolution of body size and metabolic rate in vertebrates: a life-history perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1393-1417. [PMID: 32524739 PMCID: PMC7540708 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite many decades of research, the allometric scaling of metabolic rates (MRs) remains poorly understood. Here, we argue that scaling exponents of these allometries do not themselves mirror one universal law of nature but instead statistically approximate the non-linearity of the relationship between MR and body mass. This 'statistical' view must be replaced with the life-history perspective that 'allows' organisms to evolve myriad different life strategies with distinct physiological features. We posit that the hypoallometric allometry of MRs (mass scaling with an exponent smaller than 1) is an indirect outcome of the selective pressure of ecological mortality on allocation 'decisions' that divide resources among growth, reproduction, and the basic metabolic costs of repair and maintenance reflected in the standard or basal metabolic rate (SMR or BMR), which are customarily subjected to allometric analyses. Those 'decisions' form a wealth of life-history variation that can be defined based on the axis dictated by ecological mortality and the axis governed by the efficiency of energy use. We link this variation as well as hypoallometric scaling to the mechanistic determinants of MR, such as metabolically inert component proportions, internal organ relative size and activity, cell size and cell membrane composition, and muscle contributions to dramatic metabolic shifts between the resting and active states. The multitude of mechanisms determining MR leads us to conclude that the quest for a single-cause explanation of the mass scaling of MRs is futile. We argue that an explanation based on the theory of life-history evolution is the best way forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kozłowski
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa7, 30‐387KrakówPoland
| | - Marek Konarzewski
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of BiałystokCiołkowskiego 1J, 15‐245, BiałystokPoland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa7, 30‐387KrakówPoland
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Bonilla HJ, Messi ML, Sadieva KA, Hamilton CA, Buchman AS, Delbono O. Semiautomatic morphometric analysis of skeletal muscle obtained by needle biopsy in older adults. GeroScience 2020; 42:1431-1443. [PMID: 32946050 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of skeletal muscle mass and composition is essential for studying the biology of age-related sarcopenia, loss of muscle mass, and function. Muscle immunohistochemistry (IHC) allows for simultaneous visualization of morphological characteristics and determination of fiber type composition. The information gleaned from myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform, and morphological measurements offer a more complete assessment of muscle health and properties than classical techniques such as SDS-PAGE and ATPase immunostaining; however, IHC quantification is a time-consuming and tedious method. We developed a semiautomatic method to account for issues frequently encountered in aging tissue. We analyzed needle-biopsied vastus lateralis (VL) of the quadriceps from a cohort of 14 volunteers aged 74.9 ± 2.2 years. We found a high correlation between manual quantification and semiautomatic analyses for the total number of fibers detected (r2 = 0.989) and total fiber cross-sectional area (r2 = 0.836). The analysis of the VL fiber subtype composition and the cross-sectional area also did not show statistically significant differences. The semiautomatic approach was completed in 10-15% of the time required for manual quantification. The results from these analyses highlight some of the specific issues which commonly occur in aged muscle. Our methods which address these issues underscore the importance of developing efficient, accurate, and reliable methods for quantitatively analyzing the skeletal muscle and the standardization of collection protocols to maximize the likelihood of preserving tissue quality in older adults. Utilizing IHC as a means of exploring the progression of disease, aging, and injury in the skeletal muscle allows for the practical study of muscle tissue down to the fiber level. By adding editing modules to our semiautomatic approach, we accurately quantified the aging muscle and addressed common technical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Bonilla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Maria L Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Khalima A Sadieva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Craig A Hamilton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Aron S Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, The Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, The Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Ciezarek A, Gardner L, Savolainen V, Block B. Skeletal muscle and cardiac transcriptomics of a regionally endothermic fish, the Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:642. [PMID: 32942994 PMCID: PMC7499911 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) is a regionally endothermic fish that maintains temperatures in their swimming musculature, eyes, brain and viscera above that of the ambient water. Within their skeletal muscle, a thermal gradient exists, with deep muscles, close to the backbone, operating at elevated temperatures compared to superficial muscles near the skin. Their heart, by contrast, operates at ambient temperature, which in bluefin tunas can range widely. Cardiac function in tunas reduces in cold waters, yet the heart must continue to supply blood for metabolically demanding endothermic tissues. Physiological studies indicate Pacific bluefin tuna have an elevated cardiac capacity and increased cold-tolerance compared to warm-water tuna species, primarily enabled by increased capacity for sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling within the cardiac muscles. Results Here, we compare tissue-specific gene-expression profiles of different cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues in Pacific bluefin tuna. There was little difference in the overall expression of calcium-cycling and cardiac contraction pathways between atrium and ventricle. However, expression of a key sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-cycling gene, SERCA2b, which plays a key role maintaining intracellular calcium stores, was higher in atrium than ventricle. Expression of genes involved in aerobic metabolism and cardiac contraction were higher in the ventricle than atrium. The two morphologically distinct tissues that derive the ventricle, spongy and compact myocardium, had near-identical levels of gene expression. More genes had higher expression in the cool, superficial muscle than in the warm, deep muscle in both the aerobic red muscle (slow-twitch) and anaerobic white muscle (fast-twitch), suggesting thermal compensation. Conclusions We find evidence of widespread transcriptomic differences between the Pacific tuna ventricle and atrium, with potentially higher rates of calcium cycling in the atrium associated with the higher expression of SERCA2b compared to the ventricle. We find no evidence that genes associated with thermogenesis are upregulated in the deep, warm muscle compared to superficial, cool muscle. Heat generation may be enabled by by the high aerobic capacity of bluefin tuna red muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ciezarek
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK. .,Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Luke Gardner
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Savolainen
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Barbara Block
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
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Yuan J, Zhang R, Wu R, Gu Y, Lu Y. The effects of oxytocin to rectify metabolic dysfunction in obese mice are associated with increased thermogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 514:110903. [PMID: 32531419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin, a protein hormone mainly produced by hypothalamus, has been shown to repress body weight gain in obese animals, in part, by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. Till now, activation of brown fat tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning are considered as two main factors for oxytocin-induced energy expenditure. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not understood well. Here, we observed that oxytocin expression in the hypothalamus and its receptor in adipose tissues were induced by cold exposure in mice. In differentiated adipocytes, oxytocin stimulated brown adipocyte specific gene expression by inducing PRDM16. In high fat diet induced obese mice, oxytocin delivery by osmotic minipumps increased body core temperature and decreased body weight gain. Glucose and insulin tolerance were improved by oxytocin. Hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver were ameliorated in oxytocin-treated animals. Moreover, oxytocin treatment induced thermogenic gene expressions in BAT, inguinal WAT (iWAT), and skeletal muscle. Taken together, our findings revealed a new aspect of oxytocin, i.e. oxytocin induces iWAT browning and stimulates thermogenesis in BAT, iWAT and skeletal muscle, through which oxytocin promotes thermogenesis and thus combats obesity and metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Runze Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yunjuan Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
| | - Yibing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 121 Jiangjiayuan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210011, China.
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IDH2 Deficiency Is Critical in Myogenesis and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Mice Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165596. [PMID: 32764267 PMCID: PMC7460611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate into α-ketoglutarate with concurrent reduction of NADP+ to NADPH. However, it is not fully understood how IDH2 is intertwined with muscle development and fatty acid metabolism. Here, we examined the effects of IDH2 knockout (KO) on skeletal muscle energy homeostasis. Calf skeletal muscle samples from 10-week-old male IDH2 KO and wild-type (WT; C57BL/6N) mice were harvested, and the ratio of skeletal muscle weight to body and the ratio of mitochondrial to nucleic DNA were measured. In addition, genes involved in myogenesis, mitochondria biogenesis, adipogenesis, and thermogenesis were compared. Results showed that the ratio of skeletal muscle weight to body weight was lower in IDH2 KO mice than those in WT mice. Of note, a noticeable shift in fiber size distribution was found in IDH2 KO mice. Additionally, there was a trend of a decrease in mitochondrial content in IDH2 KO mice than in WT mice (p = 0.09). Further, mRNA expressions for myogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis were either decreased or showed a trend of decrease in IDH2 KO mice. Moreover, genes for adipogenesis pathway (Pparg, Znf423, and Fat1) were downregulated in IDH2 KO mice. Interestingly, mRNA and protein expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a hallmark of thermogenesis, were remarkably increased in IDH2 KO mice. In line with the UCP1 expression, IDH2 KO mice showed higher rectal temperature than WT mice under cold stress. Taken together, IDH2 deficiency may affect myogenesis, possibly due to impairments of muscle generation and abnormal fatty acid oxidation as well as thermogenesis in muscle via upregulation of UCP1.
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Stager M, Cheviron ZA. Is there a role for sarcolipin in avian facultative thermogenesis in extreme cold? Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200078. [PMID: 32516564 PMCID: PMC7336856 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotherms defend their body temperature in the cold by employing shivering (ST) and/or non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). Although NST is well documented in mammals, its importance to avian heat generation is unclear. Recent work points to a prominent role for the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) in muscular NST. SERCA's involvement in both ST and NST, however, posits a tradeoff between these two heat-generating mechanisms. To explore this tradeoff, we assayed pectoralis gene expression of adult songbirds exposed to chronic temperature acclimations. Counter to mammal models, we found that cold-acclimated birds downregulated the expression of sarcolipin (SLN), a gene coding for a peptide that promotes heat generation by uncoupling SERCA Ca2+ transport from ATP hydrolysis, indicating a reduced potential for muscular NST. We also found differential expression of many genes involved in Ca2+ cycling and muscle contraction and propose that decreased SLN could promote increased pectoralis contractility for ST. Moreover, SLN transcript abundance negatively correlated with peak oxygen consumption under cold exposure (a proxy for ST) across individuals, and higher SLN transcript abundance escalated an individual's risk of hypothermia in acute cold. Our results therefore suggest that SLN-mediated NST may not be an important mechanism of-and could be a hindrance to-avian thermoregulation in extreme cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stager
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Mengel LA, Seidl H, Brandl B, Skurk T, Holzapfel C, Stecher L, Claussnitzer M, Hauner H. Gender Differences in the Response to Short-term Cold Exposure in Young Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5798990. [PMID: 32144431 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cold exposure (CE) has been shown to enhance energy expenditure by activating brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and metabolism in humans. However, it remains to be elucidated if there are gender-specific differences in cold-induced thermogenesis and metabolism. OBJECTIVE To study the impact of mild CE on resting energy expenditure (REE) and metabolism in males compared with females. SETTING A cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS 117 healthy young Caucasians participated in this study (58 males). Mean age was 25.1 ± 3.6 years and mean body mass index 22.3 ± 1.7 kg/m2. INTERVENTION Participants underwent a short-term CE using water perfused mattresses to activate nonshivering thermogenesis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES REE was assessed before and 2 hours after CE followed by blood sampling. Selected metabolites and hormones were measured. Skin temperatures were monitored at various sites throughout the experiment. RESULTS Participants showed a significant increase in REE after CE (6.5%, P < .001). This increase did not differ between genders (P = .908). However, there were differences between males and females in changes of plasma glucose (-5.1% versus -7.4%, P = .024), leptin (-14.3% versus -30.1%, P < .001) and adiponectin (5.4% versus 12.8%, P = .018) after CE. We observed a significant decrease of the supraclavicular skin temperature in men (-0.3%, P = .034), but not in women (0.3%, P = .326)(P = .019 between genders). CONCLUSIONS We did not observe a difference in the thermogenic response, measured as change of REE, to CE in women compared with men. However, we found that some metabolic and hormonal changes were more pronounced in women than in men suggesting a gender-specific response to cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Mengel
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Hatti Seidl
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Beate Brandl
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lynne Stecher
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim, Germany
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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74
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Gorrell E, Shemery A, Kowalski J, Bodziony M, Mavundza N, Titus AR, Yoder M, Mull S, Heemstra LA, Wagner JG, Gibson M, Carey O, Daniel D, Harvey N, Zendlo M, Rich M, Everett S, Gavini CK, Almundarij TI, Lorton D, Novak CM. Skeletal muscle thermogenesis induction by exposure to predator odor. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb218479. [PMID: 32165434 PMCID: PMC7174837 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.218479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-shivering thermogenesis can promote negative energy balance and weight loss. In this study, we identified a contextual stimulus that induces rapid and robust thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. Rats exposed to the odor of a natural predator (ferret) showed elevated skeletal muscle temperatures detectable as quickly as 2 min after exposure, reaching maximum thermogenesis of >1.5°C at 10-15 min. Mice exhibited a similar thermogenic response to the same odor. Ferret odor induced a significantly larger and qualitatively different response from that of novel or aversive odors, fox odor or moderate restraint stress. Exposure to predator odor increased energy expenditure, and both the thermogenic and energetic effects persisted when physical activity levels were controlled. Predator odor-induced muscle thermogenesis is subject to associative learning as exposure to a conditioned stimulus provoked a rise in muscle temperature in the absence of the odor. The ability of predator odor to induce thermogenesis is predominantly controlled by sympathetic nervous system activation of β-adrenergic receptors, as unilateral sympathetic lumbar denervation and a peripherally acting β-adrenergic antagonist significantly inhibited predator odor-induced muscle thermogenesis. The potential survival value of predator odor-induced changes in muscle physiology is reflected in an enhanced resistance to running fatigue. Lastly, predator odor-induced muscle thermogenesis imparts a meaningful impact on energy expenditure as daily predator odor exposure significantly enhanced weight loss with mild calorie restriction. This evidence signifies contextually provoked, centrally mediated muscle thermogenesis that meaningfully impacts energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gorrell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Ashley Shemery
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Jesse Kowalski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Miranda Bodziony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Nhlalala Mavundza
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Amber R Titus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Mark Yoder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Sarah Mull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Lydia A Heemstra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Jacob G Wagner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Megan Gibson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Olivia Carey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Diamond Daniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Nicholas Harvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Meredith Zendlo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Megan Rich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Scott Everett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Chaitanya K Gavini
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Tariq I Almundarij
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, PO Box 6622, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diane Lorton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Colleen M Novak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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75
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Csapo R, Gumpenberger M, Wessner B. Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix - What Do We Know About Its Composition, Regulation, and Physiological Roles? A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2020; 11:253. [PMID: 32265741 PMCID: PMC7096581 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle represents the largest body-composition component in humans. In addition to its primary function in the maintenance of upright posture and the production of movement, it also plays important roles in many other physiological processes, including thermogenesis, metabolism and the secretion of peptides for communication with other tissues. Research attempting to unveil these processes has traditionally focused on muscle fibers, i.e., the contractile muscle cells. However, it is a frequently overlooked fact that muscle fibers reside in a three-dimensional scaffolding that consists of various collagens, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and elastin, and is commonly referred to as extracellular matrix (ECM). While initially believed to be relatively inert, current research reveals the involvement of ECM cells in numerous important physiological processes. In interaction with other cells, such as fibroblasts or cells of the immune system, the ECM regulates muscle development, growth and repair and is essential for effective muscle contraction and force transmission. Since muscle ECM is highly malleable, its texture and, consequently, physiological roles may be affected by physical training and disuse, aging or various diseases, such as diabetes. With the aim to stimulate increased efforts to study this still poorly understood tissue, this narrative review summarizes the current body of knowledge on (i) the composition and structure of the ECM, (ii) molecular pathways involved in ECM remodeling, (iii) the physiological roles of muscle ECM, (iv) dysregulations of ECM with aging and disease as well as (v) the adaptations of muscle ECM to training and disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Csapo
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, UMIT - Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall, Austria
| | - Matthias Gumpenberger
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, UMIT - Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall, Austria
| | - Barbara Wessner
- Department of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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76
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Lee DH, Ahn J, Jang YJ, Seo HD, Ha TY, Kim MJ, Huh YH, Jung CH. Withania somnifera Extract Enhances Energy Expenditure via Improving Mitochondrial Function in Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020431. [PMID: 32046183 PMCID: PMC7071232 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (WS), commonly known as ashwagandha, possesses diverse biological functions. WS root has mainly been used as an herbal medicine to treat anxiety and was recently reported to have an anti-obesity effect, however, the mechanisms underlying its action remain to be explored. We hypothesized that WS exerts its anti-obesity effect by enhancing energy expenditure through improving the mitochondrial function of brown/beige adipocytes and skeletal muscle. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 0.25% or 0.5% WS 70% ethanol extract (WSE) for 10 weeks. WSE (0.5%) supplementation significantly suppressed the increases in body weight and serum lipids, and lipid accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue induced by HFD. WSE supplementation increased oxygen consumption and enhanced mitochondrial activity in brown fat and skeletal muscle in the HFD-fed mice. In addition, it promoted browning of subcutaneous fat by increasing mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression. Withaferin A (WFA), a major compound of WS, enhanced the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into beige adipocytes and oxygen consumption in C2C12 murine myoblasts. These results suggest that WSE ameliorates diet-induced obesity by enhancing energy expenditure via promoting mitochondrial function in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and WFA is a key regulator in this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Lee
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea; (D.-H.L.); (J.A.); (Y.-J.J.); (H.-D.S.); (T.-Y.H.); (M.J.K.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea; (D.-H.L.); (J.A.); (Y.-J.J.); (H.-D.S.); (T.-Y.H.); (M.J.K.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Jang
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea; (D.-H.L.); (J.A.); (Y.-J.J.); (H.-D.S.); (T.-Y.H.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Hyo-Deok Seo
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea; (D.-H.L.); (J.A.); (Y.-J.J.); (H.-D.S.); (T.-Y.H.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Tae-Youl Ha
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea; (D.-H.L.); (J.A.); (Y.-J.J.); (H.-D.S.); (T.-Y.H.); (M.J.K.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea; (D.-H.L.); (J.A.); (Y.-J.J.); (H.-D.S.); (T.-Y.H.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Center for Electron Microscopy Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea;
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Korea; (D.-H.L.); (J.A.); (Y.-J.J.); (H.-D.S.); (T.-Y.H.); (M.J.K.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-219-9301; Fax: +82-63-219-9225
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77
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Neofunctionalization of the UCP1 mediated the non-shivering thermogenesis in the evolution of small-sized placental mammals. Genomics 2020; 112:2489-2498. [PMID: 32027956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of UCP1-mediated non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) was an important event during the evolution of mammals. Here, we assessed the thermogenic neofunctionalization that occurred in the mammalian UCP1, by performing detailed comparative evolutionary genomics analyses (including phylogenetic and selection analyses) of the UCP family members across all major vertebrate classes. Heterogeneously distributed positive selection signatures were found in several UCPs, being preferably located in the mitochondrial matrix domains. Additionally, comparisons with non-mammalian orthologs showed increased evolutionary rates of the mammalian UCP1, not observable in the phylogenetically related UCP2 and UCP3 paralogs. Also, parallel signatures of episodic positive selection (ω > 1) were found in the ancestral branches of both Glires (rodents and lagomorphs) and Afroinsectivores (afrosoricids and macroscelids), underlining the importance of the UCP1 thermogenic activity in these mammalian groups. Finally, we hypothesize that the independent positive selection events that occurred in these two lineages resulted in two UCP1-mediated NST approaches, namely the cold acute response in the Glires and the reproduction success enhancement in the Afroinsectivores.
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78
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Auboeuf D. Physicochemical Foundations of Life that Direct Evolution: Chance and Natural Selection are not Evolutionary Driving Forces. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10020007. [PMID: 31973071 PMCID: PMC7175370 DOI: 10.3390/life10020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current framework of evolutionary theory postulates that evolution relies on random mutations generating a diversity of phenotypes on which natural selection acts. This framework was established using a top-down approach as it originated from Darwinism, which is based on observations made of complex multicellular organisms and, then, modified to fit a DNA-centric view. In this article, it is argued that based on a bottom-up approach starting from the physicochemical properties of nucleic and amino acid polymers, we should reject the facts that (i) natural selection plays a dominant role in evolution and (ii) the probability of mutations is independent of the generated phenotype. It is shown that the adaptation of a phenotype to an environment does not correspond to organism fitness, but rather corresponds to maintaining the genome stability and integrity. In a stable environment, the phenotype maintains the stability of its originating genome and both (genome and phenotype) are reproduced identically. In an unstable environment (i.e., corresponding to variations in physicochemical parameters above a physiological range), the phenotype no longer maintains the stability of its originating genome, but instead influences its variations. Indeed, environment- and cellular-dependent physicochemical parameters define the probability of mutations in terms of frequency, nature, and location in a genome. Evolution is non-deterministic because it relies on probabilistic physicochemical rules, and evolution is driven by a bidirectional interplay between genome and phenotype in which the phenotype ensures the stability of its originating genome in a cellular and environmental physicochemical parameter-depending manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Auboeuf
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, 46 Allée d'Italie, Site Jacques Monod, F-69007, Lyon, France
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79
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Faure-Brac MG, Cubo J. Were the synapsids primitively endotherms? A palaeohistological approach using phylogenetic eigenvector maps. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190138. [PMID: 31928185 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of mammalian endothermy is poorly constrained both phylogenetically and temporally. Here, we inferred the resting metabolic rates (RMRs) and the thermometabolic regimes (endothermy or ectothermy) of a sample of eight extinct synapsids using palaeohistology, phylogenetic eigenvector maps (PEMs), and a sample of 17 extant tetrapods of known RMR (quantified using respirometry). We inferred high RMR values and an endothermic metabolism for the anomodonts (Lystrosaurus sp., Oudenodon bainii) and low RMR values and an ectothermic metabolism for Clepsydrops collettii, Dimetrodon sp., Edaphosaurus boanerges, Mycterosaurus sp., Ophiacodon uniformis and Sphenacodon sp. A maximum-likelihood ancestral states reconstruction of RMRs performed using the values inferred for extinct synapsids, and the values measured using respirometry in extant tetrapods, shows that the nodes Anomodontia and Mammalia were primitively endotherms. Finally, we performed a parsimony optimization of the presence of endothermy using the results obtained in the present study and those obtained in previous studies that used PEMs. For this, we assigned to each extinct taxon a thermometabolic regime (ectothermy or endothermy) depending on whether the inferred values were significantly higher, lower or not significantly different from the RMR value separating ectotherms from endotherms (1.5 ml O2 h-1 g-0.67). According to this optimization, endothermy arose independently in Archosauromorpha, Sauropterygia and Therapsida. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu G Faure-Brac
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P, UMR 7207), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jorge Cubo
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P, UMR 7207), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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80
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Jastroch M, Seebacher F. Importance of adipocyte browning in the evolution of endothermy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190134. [PMID: 31928187 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothermy changes the relationship between organisms and their environment fundamentally, and it is therefore of major ecological and evolutionary significance. Endothermy is characterized by non-shivering thermogenesis, that is metabolic heat production in the absence of muscular activity. In many eutherian mammals, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an evolutionary innovation that facilitates non-shivering heat production in mitochondria by uncoupling food-derived substrate oxidation from chemical energy (ATP) production. Consequently, energy turnover is accelerated resulting in increased heat release. The defining characteristics of BAT are high contents of mitochondria and vascularization, and the presence of uncoupling protein 1. Recent insights, however, reveal that a range of stimuli such as exercise, diet and the immune system can cause the browning of white adipocytes, thereby increasing energy expenditure and heat production even in the absence of BAT. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that cause browning of white adipose tissue, and their potential contribution to thermoregulation. The significance for palaeophysiology lies in the presence of adipose tissue and the mechanisms that cause its browning and uncoupling in all amniotes. Hence, adipocytes may have played a role in the evolution of endothermy beyond the more specific evolution of BAT in eutherians. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jastroch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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81
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Legendre LJ, Davesne D. The evolution of mechanisms involved in vertebrate endothermy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190136. [PMID: 31928191 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothermy, i.e. the endogenous production of metabolic heat, has evolved multiple times among vertebrates, and several strategies of heat production have been studied extensively by physiologists over the course of the twentieth century. The independent acquisition of endothermy by mammals and birds has been the subject of many hypotheses regarding their origin and associated evolutionary constraints. Many groups of vertebrates, however, are thought to possess other mechanisms of heat production, and alternative ways to regulate thermogenesis that are not always considered in the palaeontological literature. Here, we perform a review of the mechanisms involved in heat production, with a focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms, in a phylogenetic context encompassing the entire vertebrate diversity. We show that endothermy in mammals and birds is not as well defined as commonly assumed by evolutionary biologists and consists of a vast array of physiological strategies, many of which are currently unknown. We also describe strategies found in other vertebrates, which may not always be considered endothermy, but nonetheless correspond to a process of active thermogenesis. We conclude that endothermy is a highly plastic character in vertebrates and provides a guideline on terminology and occurrences of the different types of heat production in vertebrate evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Legendre
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Donald Davesne
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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82
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Bal NC, Periasamy M. Uncoupling of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump activity by sarcolipin as the basis for muscle non-shivering thermogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190135. [PMID: 31928193 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermogenesis in endotherms relies on both shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). The role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in NST is well recognized, but the role of muscle-based NST has been contested. However, recent studies have provided substantial evidence for the importance of muscle-based NST in mammals. This review focuses primarily on the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-cycling in muscle NST; specifically, it will discuss recent data showing how uncoupling of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) (inhibition of Ca2+ transport but not ATP hydrolysis) by sarcolipin (SLN) results in futile SERCA pump activity, increased ATP hydrolysis and heat production contributing to muscle NST. It will also critically examine how activation of muscle NST can be an important factor in regulating metabolic rate and whole-body energy homeostasis. In this regard, SLN has emerged as a powerful signalling molecule to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in muscle. Furthermore, we will discuss the functional interplay between BAT and muscle, especially with respect to how reduced BAT function in mammals could be compensated by muscle-based NST. Based on the existing data, we argue that SLN-mediated thermogenesis is an integral part of muscle NST and that muscle NST potentially contributed to the evolution of endothermy within the vertebrate clade. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vertebrate palaeophysiology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh C Bal
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751021, India
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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83
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Wang R, Nakshatri H. Systemic Actions of Breast Cancer Facilitate Functional Limitations. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010194. [PMID: 31941005 PMCID: PMC7016719 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a disease of a specific organ, but its effects are felt throughout the body. The systemic effects of breast cancer can lead to functional limitations in patients who suffer from muscle weakness, fatigue, pain, fibromyalgia, or many other dysfunctions, which hasten cancer-associated death. Mechanistic studies have identified quite a few molecular defects in skeletal muscles that are associated with functional limitations in breast cancer. These include circulating cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and TGF-β altering the levels or function of myogenic molecules including PAX7, MyoD, and microRNAs through transcriptional regulators such as NF-κB, STAT3, and SMADs. Molecular defects in breast cancer may also include reduced muscle mitochondrial content and increased extracellular matrix deposition leading to energy imbalance and skeletal muscle fibrosis. This review highlights recent evidence that breast cancer-associated molecular defects mechanistically contribute to functional limitations and further provides insights into therapeutic interventions in managing functional limitations, which in turn may help to improve quality of life in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Wang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- VA Roudebush Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-278-2238
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84
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Negrey JD, Sandel AA, Langergraber KE. Dominance rank and the presence of sexually receptive females predict feces-measured body temperature in male chimpanzees. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020; 74:5. [PMID: 34079157 PMCID: PMC8168630 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying the costs of mating is key for understanding life-history trade-offs. As a reflection of metabolic rate, body temperature is one metric for assaying these costs. However, conventional methods for measuring body temperature are invasive and unsuitable for the study of free-living populations of endangered species, including great apes. A promising proxy for body temperature is fecal temperature, the internal temperature of fecal deposits shortly following defecation. We validated this method with humans, finding that maximum fecal temperature is a reliable proxy for rectal temperature. We then applied this method to wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. We collected and analyzed 101 fecal temperature measurements from 43 adult chimpanzees (male: N = 28; female: N = 15). Chimpanzee fecal temperature ranged from 33.4 to 38.9 °C, with a mean of 35.8 °C. Although fecal temperature was not predicted by sex, age, or ambient temperature, male fecal temperature was 1.1 °C higher on days when sexually receptive females were present and was positively correlated with male dominance rank. Post hoc analyses showed that overall copulation rates, but not aggression rates, were positively correlated with fecal temperature, suggesting that sexual physiology and behavior best explain mating-related temperature variation. Together, these results indicate fecal temperature is a reliable proxy for core body temperature in large-bodied mammals, captures metabolic costs associated with male mating behavior, and represents a valuable noninvasive tool for biological field research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Negrey
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Aaron A. Sandel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78705, USA
| | - Kevin E. Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, 900 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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85
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Lichtenberg T, von Stengel S, Sieber C, Kemmler W. The Favorable Effects of a High-Intensity Resistance Training on Sarcopenia in Older Community-Dwelling Men with Osteosarcopenia: The Randomized Controlled FrOST Study. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:2173-2186. [PMID: 31908428 PMCID: PMC6924654 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s225618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass combined with the loss of muscle function, has become a public health issue. There is an urgent need for interventions. The study aimed to determine the effect of high-intensity resistance training (HI-RT), a time- and cost-efficient training modality, on sarcopenia in osteosarcopenic (OS) older men. Methods Forty-three community-dwelling men aged ≥72 years from Northern Bavaria, Germany, with OS were randomly assigned to either an active HI-RT group (HI-RT) or an inactive control group (CG). Both received dietary protein (up to 1.5 g/kg/day in HI-RT and 1.2 g/kg/day in CG) and Vitamin-D (up to 800 IE/d) supplements. The HI-RT was applied as a consistently supervised single-set training on resistance exercise machines using intensifying strategies, with two training sessions/week, structured into three phases (ranging from 8 to 12 weeks) totaling 28 weeks. The primary study endpoint was the Sarcopenia Z-score; secondary endpoints were changes in the underlying physiological parameters, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), handgrip-strength and gait velocity. Results The results show a significant effect of the exercise intervention on the sarcopenia Z-score in the HI-RT (p<0.001) and a significant worsening of it in the CG (p=0.012) in the intention-to-treat analysis, as well as a significant intergroup change (p<0.001). Analysis upon the underlying parameters showed a significant increase of skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) in the HI-RT group (p<0.001) and a significant intergroup difference of SMI (p<0.001) and handgrip strength (p<0.001). There were no adverse effects related to dietary supplementation or training. Conclusion The results clearly confirm the favorable effects of HI-RT on sarcopenia. We conclude that HI-RT is a feasible, highly efficient and safe training modality for combating sarcopenia, also in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lichtenberg
- Osteoporosis Research-Center, Institute of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Osteoporosis Research-Center, Institute of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cornel Sieber
- Internal Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kemmler
- Osteoporosis Research-Center, Institute of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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86
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Sarcolipin Signaling Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Oxidative Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle. Cell Rep 2019; 24:2919-2931. [PMID: 30208317 PMCID: PMC6481681 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The major objective of this study was to understand the molecular basis of how sarcolipin uncoupling of SERCA regulates muscle oxidative metabolism. Using genetically engineered sarcolipin (SLN) mouse models and primary muscle cells, we demonstrate that SLN plays a crucial role in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in muscle. Loss of SLN severely compromised muscle oxidative capacity without affecting fiber-type composition. Mice overexpressing SLN in fast-twitch glycolytic muscle reprogrammed mitochondrial phenotype, increasing fat utilization and protecting against high-fat dietinduced lipotoxicity. We show that SLN affects cytosolic Ca2+ transients and activates the Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII) and PGC1α axis to increase mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. These studies provide a fundamental framework for understanding the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-Ca2+ cycling as an important factor in mitochondrial health and muscle metabolism. We propose that SLN can be targeted to enhance energy expenditure in muscle and prevent metabolic disease. Maurya et al. report that sarcolipin, a regulator of the SERCA pump, promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phenotype in muscle. Loss of SLN decreases fat oxidation, whereas overexpression of SLN in muscle provides resistance against diet-induced lipotoxicity. By increasing cytosolic Ca2+ transients, SLN activates the CamKII-PGC1α signaling pathway to promote mitochondrial biogenesis.
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87
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Lovegrove BG. Obligatory Nocturnalism in Triassic Archaic Mammals: Preservation of Sperm Quality? Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:544-553. [DOI: 10.1086/705440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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88
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Yudin N, Larkin DM. Shared Signatures of Selection Related to Adaptation and Acclimation in Local Cattle and Sheep Breeds from Russia. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419070159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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89
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Saeed M, Abbas G, Alagawany M, Kamboh AA, Abd El-Hack ME, Khafaga AF, Chao S. Heat stress management in poultry farms: A comprehensive overview. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:414-425. [PMID: 31466781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress causes significant economic losses in poultry production, especially in tropical and arid regions of the world. Several studies have investigated the effects of heat stress on the welfare and productivity of poultry. The harmful impacts of heat stress on different poultry types include decreased growth rates, appetites, feed utilization and laying and impaired meat and egg qualities. Recent studies have focused on the deleterious influences of heat stress on bird behaviour, welfare and reproduction. The primary strategies for mitigating heat stress in poultry farms have included feed supplements and management, but the results have not been consistent. This review article discusses the physiological effects of heat stress on poultry health and production and various management and nutritional approaches to cope with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China; Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Animal Production, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh Province, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Sun Chao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China.
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90
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Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Strategies to Counter Weight Loss-Induced Reductions in Metabolic Rate. Curr Sports Med Rep 2019; 18:258-265. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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91
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Price ER, Sirsat TS, Sirsat SKG, Dzialowski EM. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity during the transition to endothermy in an altricial bird. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/13/jeb201111. [PMID: 31253731 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.201111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) is a transmembrane pump critical to muscle calcium cycling during contraction, and SERCA has also been proposed as the basis for a non-shivering thermogenesis mechanism in birds. Despite its potential importance to both shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, the activity of this transporter has rarely been studied in altricial birds, and never during the developmental transition from ectothermy to endothermy. Here, we describe SERCA activity in the pectoralis muscle and heart ventricle of red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) nestlings, fledglings and adults. Additionally, using a diet manipulation, we tested the hypothesis that muscle SERCA activity is affected by dietary fatty acid composition, as has been shown in some previous studies. In blackbird hearts, SERCA activity increased throughout development and into adulthood, conspicuously jumping higher just prior to fledging. In pectoralis muscle, SERCA activity increased throughout the nestling period, but then declined after fledging, an effect we attribute to remodeling of the muscle from a primarily heat-generating organ to a primarily force-generating organ. SERCA activity of the pectoralis muscle was correlated with the proportion of linoleic acid in muscle phospholipids when including all ages in the control group. However, in diet-manipulated birds, there was no consistent relationship between SERCA activity and muscle membrane fatty acid composition at any tested age (5-9 days old). It is unclear whether SERCA might be affected by developmental changes in fatty acid composition at younger ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Tushar S Sirsat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Sarah K G Sirsat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Edward M Dzialowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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92
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Keenan SR, Currie PD. The Developmental Phases of Zebrafish Myogenesis. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7020012. [PMID: 31159511 PMCID: PMC6632013 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and growth of vertebrate axial muscle have been studied for decades at both the descriptive and molecular level. The zebrafish has provided an attractive model system for investigating both muscle patterning and growth due to its simple axial musculature with spatially separated fibre types, which contrasts to complex muscle groups often deployed in amniotes. In recent years, new findings have reshaped previous concepts that define how final teleost muscle form is established and maintained. Here, we summarise recent findings in zebrafish embryonic myogenesis with a focus on fibre type specification, followed by an examination of the molecular mechanisms that control muscle growth with emphasis on the role of the dermomyotome-like external cell layer. We also consider these data sets in a comparative context to gain insight into the evolution of axial myogenic patterning systems within the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Keenan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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93
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Gordon BS, Rossetti ML, Eroshkin AM. Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 elicit divergent changes in gene expression in skeletal muscle following anabolic and catabolic stimuli. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:208-217. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00007.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic organ regulating various processes in the body. As such, loss of skeletal muscle underlies the increased morbidity and mortality risk that is associated with numerous conditions. However, no therapies are available to combat the loss of muscle mass during atrophic conditions, which is due in part to the incomplete understanding of the molecular networks altered by anabolic and catabolic stimuli. Thus, the current objective was to identify novel gene networks modulated by such stimuli. For this, total RNA from the tibialis anterior muscle of mice that were fasted overnight or fasted overnight and refed the next morning was subjected to microarray analysis. The refeeding stimulus altered the expression of genes associated with signal transduction. Specifically, expression of alpha arrestin domain containing 2 (Arrdc2) and alpha arrestin domain containing 3 (Arrdc3) was significantly lowered 70–85% by refeeding. Subsequent analysis showed that expression of these genes was also lowered 50–75% by mechanical overload, with the combination of nutrients and mechanical overload acting synergistically to lower Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 expression. On the converse, stimuli that suppress growth such as testosterone depletion or acute aerobic exercise increased Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 expression in skeletal muscle. While Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 exhibited divergent changes in expression following anabolic or catabolic stimuli, no other member of the Arrdc family of genes exhibited the consistent change in expression across the analyzed conditions. Thus, Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 are a novel set of genes that may be implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S. Gordon
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Michael L. Rossetti
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Alexey M. Eroshkin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
- Rancho BioSciences, San Diego, California
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94
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Abstract
Muscle nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) was recently suggested to play an important role in thermoregulation of species lacking brown adipose tissue (BAT). The mechanism, which is independent of muscle contractions, produces heat based on the activity of an ATPase pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA1a) and is controlled by the protein sarcolipin. To evaluate whether muscle NST could indeed play an important role in thermoregulation in species lacking BAT, we investigated the thermogenic capacities of newborn wild boar piglets. During cold exposure over the first 5 days of life, total heat production was improved while shivering intensity decreased, indicating an increasing contribution of NST. Sampling skeletal muscle tissue for analyses of SERCA activity as well as gene expression of SERCA1a and sarcolipin, we found an age-related increase in all three variables as well as in body temperature. Hence, the improved thermogenesis during the development of wild boars is not due to shivering but explained by the observed increase in SERCA activity. Our results suggest that muscle NST may be the primary mechanism of heat production during cold stress in large mammals lacking BAT, strengthening the hypothesis that muscle NST has likely played an important role in the evolution of endothermy.
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95
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Specific Collagen Peptides in Combination with Resistance Training Improve Body Composition and Regional Muscle Strength in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040892. [PMID: 31010031 PMCID: PMC6521629 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise combined with supplementation of specific collagen peptides (SCP) on body composition and muscle strength in premenopausal women. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial 77 premenopausal women completed a 12-week resistance training (3 day/week) and ingested 15 g of SCP or placebo on a daily basis. Changes in body composition were determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and muscular strength by isometric strength testing. The treatment group (TG) significantly increased (p < 0.001) their percentage of fat-free mass. Although the control group (CG) also showed a significant (p < 0.01) gain in fat-free mass from pre- to post-training, the increase in the TG was significantly higher in an RMANOVA analysis (p < 0.05). Regarding the change in percentage body fat, a significant decline was observed in both TG (p < 0.001) and CG (p < 0.01), with a significantly higher reduction in the TG (p < 0.05). Subjects receiving 15 g of collagen peptides daily also showed a significantly higher gain in hand-grip strength compared to those performing resistance training only (p < 0.05). In both groups, the gain in leg strength (TG = p < 0.001; CG = p < 0.01) was significant after 12 weeks with a more pronounced effect in the treatment group. In conclusion, resistance training in combination with supplementation of SCP induced a significantly higher increase in fat-free mass and hand-grip strength than resistance training and placebo supplementation. In addition, there was a significantly higher loss in fat mass and a more pronounced increase in leg strength in the treatment group compared to the control group.
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96
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Taylor DM, Aronow BJ, Tan K, Bernt K, Salomonis N, Greene CS, Frolova A, Henrickson SE, Wells A, Pei L, Jaiswal JK, Whitsett J, Hamilton KE, MacParland SA, Kelsen J, Heuckeroth RO, Potter SS, Vella LA, Terry NA, Ghanem LR, Kennedy BC, Helbig I, Sullivan KE, Castelo-Soccio L, Kreigstein A, Herse F, Nawijn MC, Koppelman GH, Haendel M, Harris NL, Rokita JL, Zhang Y, Regev A, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Rood JE, Tickle TL, Vento-Tormo R, Alimohamed S, Lek M, Mar JC, Loomes KM, Barrett DM, Uapinyoying P, Beggs AH, Agrawal PB, Chen YW, Muir AB, Garmire LX, Snapper SB, Nazarian J, Seeholzer SH, Fazelinia H, Singh LN, Faryabi RB, Raman P, Dawany N, Xie HM, Devkota B, Diskin SJ, Anderson SA, Rappaport EF, Peranteau W, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, Teichmann S, Wallace D, Peng T, Ding YY, Kim MS, Xing Y, Kong SW, Bönnemann CG, Mandl KD, White PS. The Pediatric Cell Atlas: Defining the Growth Phase of Human Development at Single-Cell Resolution. Dev Cell 2019; 49:10-29. [PMID: 30930166 PMCID: PMC6616346 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell gene expression analyses of mammalian tissues have uncovered profound stage-specific molecular regulatory phenomena that have changed the understanding of unique cell types and signaling pathways critical for lineage determination, morphogenesis, and growth. We discuss here the case for a Pediatric Cell Atlas as part of the Human Cell Atlas consortium to provide single-cell profiles and spatial characterization of gene expression across human tissues and organs. Such data will complement adult and developmentally focused HCA projects to provide a rich cytogenomic framework for understanding not only pediatric health and disease but also environmental and genetic impacts across the human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanne M Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Bruce J Aronow
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Kai Tan
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kathrin Bernt
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Casey S Greene
- Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alina Frolova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Sarah E Henrickson
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Institute for Immunology, the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Wells
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Liming Pei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA
| | - Jeffrey Whitsett
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Judith Kelsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - S Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Laura A Vella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Natalie A Terry
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Louis R Ghanem
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin C Kennedy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Institute for Immunology, the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leslie Castelo-Soccio
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Dermatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perleman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arnold Kreigstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Florian Herse
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martijn C Nawijn
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Melissa Haendel
- Oregon Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Nomi L Harris
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jo Lynne Rokita
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuanchao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Koch Institure of Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jennifer E Rood
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Timothy L Tickle
- Data Sciences Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Roser Vento-Tormo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, South Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Saif Alimohamed
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA
| | - Jessica C Mar
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kathleen M Loomes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Barrett
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Prech Uapinyoying
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA
| | - Alan H Beggs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Divisions of Newborn Medicine and of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA
| | - Amanda B Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lana X Garmire
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, The University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Javad Nazarian
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, NW, Washington, DC, 20010-2970, USA
| | - Steven H Seeholzer
- Protein and Proteomics Core Facility, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Protein and Proteomics Core Facility, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Larry N Singh
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert B Faryabi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pichai Raman
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Noor Dawany
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongbo Michael Xie
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Batsal Devkota
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sharon J Diskin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric F Rappaport
- Nucleic Acid PCR Core Facility, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William Peranteau
- Department of Surgery, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Divisions of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Pulmonary Biology in the Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sarah Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, South Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, South Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK; Cavendish Laboratory, Theory of Condensed Matter, 19 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 1SA, UK
| | - Douglas Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yang-Yang Ding
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Man S Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yi Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Computational and Genomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carsten G Bönnemann
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenneth D Mandl
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter S White
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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97
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MacCannell ADV, Sinclair KJ, Tattersall GJ, McKenzie CA, Staples JF. Identification of a lipid-rich depot in the orbital cavity of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.195750. [PMID: 30679243 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.195750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We discovered a previously undescribed orbital lipid depot in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel during the first ever magnetic resonance image (MRI) of this common experimental model of mammalian hibernation. In animals housed at constant ambient temperatures (5°C or 25°C, 12 h:12 h light:dark photoperiod), the volume of this depot increased in the autumn and decreased in the spring, suggesting an endogenous circannual pattern. Water-fat MRI revealed that throughout the year this depot is composed of ∼40% lipid, similar to brown adipose tissue (BAT). During arousal from torpor, thermal images showed higher surface temperatures near this depot before the rest of the head warmed, suggesting a thermoregulatory function. This depot, however, does not contain uncoupling protein 1, a BAT biomarker, or uncoupling protein 3. Histology shows blood vessels in close proximity to each other, suggesting it may serve as a vascular rete, perhaps to preferentially warm the eye and brain during arousals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D V MacCannell
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B8, Canada .,Discovery and Translational Science Department, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9DA, UK
| | - Kevin J Sinclair
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Glenn J Tattersall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Charles A McKenzie
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - James F Staples
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B8, Canada
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98
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Thermogenic capacity in subterranean Ctenomys: Species-specific role of thermogenic mechanisms. J Therm Biol 2019; 80:164-171. [PMID: 30784482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One way to understand ecological patterns of species is to determine their physiological diversity on a large geographic and/or temporal scales, in a context of hierarchical biodiversity framework. In particular, macrophysiological studies analyze how environmental factors affect the physiology and therefore the distribution of species. Subterranean species are an excellent model for evaluating the large-scale effects of ambient temperature (Ta) conditions on thermal physiology and distribution, due to their extensive use of burrows that provide a relatively thermal stable environment. Species belonging to the genus Ctenomys are all subterranean and endemic of South America. Cold induced maximum metabolic rate (MMR), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and non shivering thermogenesis (NST) were analyzed, as well as the expression of uncoupled proteins (UCP) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Biogeographical variables appear to have no effect MMR experimentally induced by cold condition within Ctenomys. Also, mechanisms of heat production are species-specific, varying from a combination of ST and NST to a complete use of shivering mechanisms. This pattern is correlated at tissue level, since species that use only ST show a smaller interscapular BAT patch, not detectable presence of UCP1 and low COX activity. Thus, other factors, including body mass, that constrain cold induced MMR could affect thermogenic variability among Ctenomys. In the evolutionary timescale, if low O2 levels of burrows impose a ceiling in cold induced MMR, and ST is enhanced due to species-specific life history traits, such as digging effort, then the observed differences among Ctenomys species might be explained.
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99
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Barnes NE, Mendoza KM, Strasburg GM, Velleman SG, Reed KM. Thermal challenge alters the transcriptional profile of the breast muscle in turkey poults. Poult Sci 2019; 98:74-91. [PMID: 30239949 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremes in temperature represent environmental stressors that impact the well-being and economic value of poultry. As homeotherms, young poultry with immature thermoregulatory systems are especially susceptible to thermal extremes. Genetic variation and differences in gene expression resulting from selection for production traits, likely contribute to thermal stress response. This study was designed to investigate in vivo transcriptional changes in the breast muscle of young turkey poults from an unselected randombred line and one selected for 16 wk body weight under hot and cold thermal challenge. Newly hatched turkey poults were brooded for 3 d at one of 3 temperatures: control (35°C), cold (31°C), or hot (39°C). Samples of the pectoralis major were harvested and subjected to deep RNA sequencing. Significant differential gene expression was observed in both growth-selected and randombred birds at both temperature extremes when compared to control-brooded poults. Growth-selected birds responded to thermal stress through changes in genes predicted to have downstream transcriptional effects and that would result in reduced muscle growth. Slower growing randombred birds responded to thermal stress through modulation of lipid-related genes, suggesting reduction in lipid storage, transport, and synthesis, consistent with changes in energy metabolism required to maintain body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Barnes
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kristelle M Mendoza
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Gale M Strasburg
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sandra G Velleman
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Kent M Reed
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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100
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Kemp PR, Griffiths M, Polkey MI. Muscle wasting in the presence of disease, why is it so variable? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:1038-1055. [PMID: 30588725 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting is a common clinical feature of many chronic diseases and also occurs in response to single acute events. The accompanying loss of strength can lead to significant disability, increased care needs and have profound negative effects on quality of life. As muscle is the most abundant source of amino acids in the body, it appears to function as a buffer for fuel and substrates that can be used to repair damage elsewhere and to feed the immune system. In essence, the fundamentals of muscle wasting are simple: less muscle is made than is broken down. However, although well-described mechanisms modulate muscle protein turnover, significant individual differences in the amount of muscle lost in the presence of a given severity of disease complicate the understanding of underlying mechanisms and suggest that individuals have different sensitivities to signals for muscle loss. Furthermore, the rate at which muscle protein is turned over under normal conditions means that clinically significant muscle loss can occur with changes in the rate of protein synthesis and/or breakdown that are too small to be measurable. Consequently, the changes in expression of factors regulating muscle turnover required to cause a decline in muscle mass are small and, except in cases of rapid wasting, there is no consistent pattern of change in the expression of factors that regulate muscle mass. MicroRNAs are fine tuners of cell phenotype and are therefore ideally suited to cause the subtle changes in proteome required to tilt the balance between synthesis and degradation in a way that causes clinically significant wasting. Herein we present a model in which muscle loss as a consequence of disease in non-muscle tissue is modulated by a set of microRNAs, the muscle expression of which is associated with severity of disease in the non-muscle tissue. These microRNAs alter fundamental biological processes including the synthesis of ribosomes and mitochondria leading to reduced protein synthesis and increased protein breakdown, thereby freeing amino acids from the muscle. We argue that the variability in muscle loss observed in the human population arises from at least two sources. The first is from pre-existing or disease-induced variation in the expression of microRNAs controlling the sensitivity of muscle to the atrophic signal and the second is from the expression of microRNAs from imprinted loci (i.e. only expressed from the maternally or paternally inherited allele) and may control the rate of myonuclear recruitment. In the absence of disease, these factors do not correlate with muscle mass, since there is no challenge to the established balance. However, in the presence of such a challenge, these microRNAs determine the rate of decline for a given disease severity. Together these mechanisms provide novel insight into the loss of muscle mass and its variation in the human population. The involvement of imprinted loci also suggests that genes that regulate early development also contribute to the ability of individuals to resist muscle loss in response to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Kemp
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Mark Griffiths
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Michael I Polkey
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, U.K
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