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Milhinhos A, Bollhöner B, Blazquez MA, Novák O, Miguel CM, Tuominen H. ACAULIS5 Is Required for Cytokinin Accumulation and Function During Secondary Growth of Populus Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:601858. [PMID: 33304375 PMCID: PMC7701098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.601858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the primary root and young hypocotyl of Arabidopsis, ACAULIS5 promotes translation of SUPPRESSOR OF ACAULIS51 (SAC51) and thereby inhibits cytokinin biosynthesis and vascular cell division. In this study, the relationships between ACAULIS5, SAC51 and cytokinin biosynthesis were investigated during secondary growth of Populus stems. Overexpression of ACAULIS5 from the constitutive 35S promoter in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) trees suppressed the expression level of ACAULIS5, which resulted in low levels of the physiologically active cytokinin bases as well as their direct riboside precursors in the transgenic lines. Low ACAULIS5 expression and low cytokinin levels of the transgenic trees coincided with low cambial activity of the stem. ACAULIS5 therefore, contrary to its function in young seedlings in Arabidopsis, stimulates cytokinin accumulation and cambial activity during secondary growth of the stem. This function is not derived from maturing secondary xylem tissues as transgenic suppression of ACAULIS5 levels in these tissues did not influence secondary growth. Interestingly, evidence was obtained for increased activity of the anticlinal division of the cambial initials under conditions of low ACAULIS5 expression and low cytokinin accumulation. We propose that ACAULIS5 integrates auxin and cytokinin signaling to promote extensive secondary growth of tree stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milhinhos
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Bollhöner
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Miguel A. Blazquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Célia M. Miguel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Frank M, Cortleven A, Novák O, Schmülling T. Root-derived trans-zeatin cytokinin protects Arabidopsis plants against photoperiod stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2637-2649. [PMID: 32716064 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel type of abiotic stress caused by a prolongation of the light period-coined photoperiod stress-has been described in Arabidopsis. During the night after the prolongation of the light period, stress and cell death marker genes are induced. The next day, strongly stressed plants display a reduced photosynthetic efficiency and leaf cells eventually enter programmed cell death. The phytohormone cytokinin (CK) acts as a negative regulator of this photoperiod stress syndrome. In this study, we show that Arabidopsis wild-type plants increase the CK concentration in response to photoperiod stress. Analysis of cytokinin synthesis and transport mutants revealed that root-derived trans-zeatin (tZ)-type CKs protect against photoperiod stress. The CK signalling proteins ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN 2 (AHP2), AHP3 and AHP5 and transcription factors ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 (ARR2), ARR10 and ARR12 are required for the protective activity of CK. Analysis of higher order B-type arr mutants suggested that a complex regulatory circuit exists in which the loss of ARR10 or ARR12 can rescue the arr2 phenotype. Together the results revealed the role of root-derived CK acting in the shoot through the two-component signalling system to protect from the negative consequences of strong photoperiod stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Frank
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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53
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Alallaq S, Ranjan A, Brunoni F, Novák O, Lakehal A, Bellini C. Red Light Controls Adventitious Root Regeneration by Modulating Hormone Homeostasis in Picea abies Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:586140. [PMID: 33014006 PMCID: PMC7509059 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.586140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative propagation relies on the capacity of plants to regenerate de novo adventitious roots (ARs), a quantitative trait controlled by the interaction of endogenous factors, such as hormones and environmental cues among which light plays a central role. However, the physiological and molecular components mediating light cues during AR initiation (ARI) remain largely elusive. Here, we explored the role of red light (RL) on ARI in de-rooted Norway spruce seedlings. We combined investigation of hormone metabolism and gene expression analysis to identify potential signaling pathways. We also performed extensive anatomical characterization to investigate ARI at the cellular level. We showed that in contrast to white light, red light promoted ARI likely by reducing jasmonate (JA) and JA-isoleucine biosynthesis and repressing the accumulation of isopentyl-adenine-type cytokinins. We demonstrated that exogenously applied JA and/or CK inhibit ARI in a dose-dependent manner and found that they possibly act in the same pathway. The negative effect of JA on ARI was confirmed at the histological level. We showed that JA represses the early events of ARI. In conclusion, RL promotes ARI by repressing the accumulation of the wound-induced phytohormones JA and CK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaria Alallaq
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Federica Brunoni
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Physiology, Swedish Agriculture University, Umea, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Abdellah Lakehal
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
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54
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Antoniadi I, Novák O, Gelová Z, Johnson A, Plíhal O, Simerský R, Mik V, Vain T, Mateo-Bonmatí E, Karady M, Pernisová M, Plačková L, Opassathian K, Hejátko J, Robert S, Friml J, Doležal K, Ljung K, Turnbull C. Cell-surface receptors enable perception of extracellular cytokinins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4284. [PMID: 32855409 PMCID: PMC7453015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are mobile multifunctional plant hormones with roles in development and stress resilience. Although their Histidine Kinase receptors are substantially localised to the endoplasmic reticulum, cellular sites of cytokinin perception and importance of spatially heterogeneous cytokinin distribution continue to be debated. Here we show that cytokinin perception by plasma membrane receptors is an effective additional path for cytokinin response. Readout from a Two Component Signalling cytokinin-specific reporter (TCSn::GFP) closely matches intracellular cytokinin content in roots, yet we also find cytokinins in extracellular fluid, potentially enabling action at the cell surface. Cytokinins covalently linked to beads that could not pass the plasma membrane increased expression of both TCSn::GFP and Cytokinin Response Factors. Super-resolution microscopy of GFP-labelled receptors and diminished TCSn::GFP response to immobilised cytokinins in cytokinin receptor mutants, further indicate that receptors can function at the cell surface. We argue that dual intracellular and surface locations may augment flexibility of cytokinin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Antoniadi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Gelová
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Simerský
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Mik
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Vain
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Chr. Hansen, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Eduardo Mateo-Bonmatí
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michal Karady
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Hejátko
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Colin Turnbull
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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55
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Embryonal Masses Induced at High Temperatures in Aleppo Pine: Cytokinin Profile and Cytological Characterization. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11080807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.), a native species of the Mediterranean region, has been suggested as a species that when introduced in degraded areas could facilitate the long-term colonization and expansion of late-successional species. Due to climate changes, plants need to withstand extreme environmental conditions through adaptation and changings in developmental pathways. Among other paths, plants undergo changes in developmental pathways controlled by phytohormones. At the same time, somatic embryogenesis has been widely used as a model to understand the mechanisms involved in plant response to different stresses. In this study, in order to induce a strong effect of temperature stress on plants regenerated from somatic embryos, higher temperatures (40 °C for 4 h, 50 °C for 30 min, and 60 °C for 5 min) than the control (23 °C) were applied during the induction stage of somatic embryogenesis in Pinus halepensis. A morphological characterization of the embryogenic cultures showed small differences in the number of starch grains, lipid bodies, and phenolic compounds between treatments. Results showed that high temperatures (60 °C) led to higher rates at the maturation stage of somatic embryogenesis when compared to the control (23 °C), strengthening the productivity through the increase in the number of somatic embryos obtained. Finally, analysis of endogenous concentration of cytokinins showed that different conditions applied during the initiation phase of somatic embryogenesis led to different hormonal profiles; isoprenoid cytokinins showed a clear defined pattern with the higher total hormone concentration being found in embryonal masses induced at 50 °C for 30 min, while different aromatic cytokinins presented different individual responses to the treatments applied. These differences corroborate the idea that cytokinins could be potential regulators of stress–response processes during initial steps of somatic embryogenesis.
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56
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Pilařová V, Kočová Vlčková H, Jung O, Protti M, Buchta V, Mercolini L, Svec F, Nováková L. Unambiguous determination of farnesol and tyrosol in vaginal fluid using fast and sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6529-6541. [PMID: 32468279 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method with tandem mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-MS/MS) has been optimized to allow fast, selective, and high-throughput analysis of two Candida albicans quorum sensing molecules (QSM), farnesol and tyrosol. The problem of the presence of the interference in the samples and system was successfully solved by careful optimization of chromatographic conditions. Charged hybrid stationary phase modified with pentafluorophenyl group and optimized gradient elution provided adequate separation selectivity and peak shapes. The impurity was identified as dibutyl phthalate and had the same m/z ions as farnesol leading to an important interference on selected reaction monitoring channel. Two different types of biological matrices originating from vaginal fluid, supernatant and sediment, were analysed. Micro-solid phase extraction in pipette tips was optimized for the selective isolation of QSM from the supernatant. The insufficient retention of farnesol on the extraction sorbent was improved when 1% of organic solvent was added prior to extraction, while the retention of tyrosol was only possible when using combined C8 and polymer sorbent type. Strong retention of farnesol had to be solved by increasing elution solvent strength and volume up to 600 μL. However, this approach did not allow the pretreatment of sediment samples due to the sorbent clogging. Therefore, our previously developed protein precipitation method was modified and validated to analyse the sediments. New developed UHPLC-MS/MS method provided suitable accuracy and precision for the determination of QSM in vaginal fluid while using only 50 μL sample volume and two different sample preparation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kočová Vlčková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Jung
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vladimír Buchta
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Sokolská 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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57
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Steady-State Levels of Cytokinins and Their Derivatives May Serve as a Unique Classifier of Arabidopsis Ecotypes. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010116. [PMID: 31963497 PMCID: PMC7020191 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We determined steady-state (basal) endogenous levels of three plant hormones (abscisic acid, cytokinins and indole-3-acetic acid) in a collection of thirty different ecotypes of Arabidopsis that represent a broad genetic variability within this species. Hormone contents were analysed separately in plant shoots and roots after 21 days of cultivation on agar plates in a climate-controlled chamber. Using advanced statistical and machine learning methods, we tested if basal hormonal levels can be considered a unique ecotype-specific classifier. We also explored possible relationships between hormone levels and the prevalent environmental conditions in the site of origin for each ecotype. We found significant variations in basal hormonal levels and their ratios in both root and shoot among the ecotypes. We showed the prominent position of cytokinins (CK) among the other hormones. We found the content of CK and CK metabolites to be a reliable ecotype-specific identifier. Correlation with the mean temperature at the site of origin and the large variation in basal hormonal levels suggest that the high variability may potentially be in response to environmental factors. This study provides a starting point for ecotype-specific genetic maps of the CK metabolic and signalling network to explore its contribution to the adaptation of plants to local environmental conditions.
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Bryksová M, Hybenová A, Hernándiz AE, Novák O, Pěnčík A, Spíchal L, De Diego N, Doležal K. Hormopriming to Mitigate Abiotic Stress Effects: A Case Study of N 9-Substituted Cytokinin Derivatives With a Fluorinated Carbohydrate Moiety. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:599228. [PMID: 33362831 PMCID: PMC7758400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Drought and salinity reduce seed germination, seedling emergence, and early seedling establishment, affect plant metabolism, and hence, reduce crop yield. Development of technologies that can increase plant tolerance of these challenging growth conditions is a major current interest among plant scientists and breeders. Seed priming has become established as one of the practical approaches that can alleviate the negative impact of many environmental stresses and improve the germination and overall performance of crops. Hormopriming using different plant growth regulators has been widely demonstrated as effective, but information about using cytokinins (CKs) as priming agents is limited to only a few studies using kinetin or 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Moreover, the mode of action of these compounds in improving seed and plant fitness through priming has not yet been studied. For many years, BAP has been one of the CKs most commonly applied exogenously to plants to delay senescence and reduce the impact of stress. However, rapid endogenous N 9-glucosylation of BAP can result in negative effects. This can be suppressed by hydroxylation of the benzyl ring or by appropriate N 9 purine substitution. Replacement of the 2' or 3' hydroxyl groups of a nucleoside with a fluorine atom has shown promising results in drug research and biochemistry as a means of enhancing biological activity and increasing chemical or metabolic stability. Here, we show that the application of this chemical modification in four new N 9-substituted CK derivatives with a fluorinated carbohydrate moiety improved the antisenescence properties of CKs. Besides, detailed phenotypical analysis of the growth and development of Arabidopsis plants primed with the new CK analogs over a broad concentration range and under various environmental conditions revealed that they improve growth regulation and antistress activity. Seed priming with, for example, 6-(3-hydroxybenzylamino)-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-9-(β)-D-arabinofuranosylpurine promoted plant growth under control conditions and alleviated the negative effects of the salt and osmotic stress. The mode of action of this hormopriming and its effect on plant metabolism were further analyzed through quantification of the endogenous levels of phytohormones such as CKs, auxins and abscisic acid, and the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Bryksová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Andrea Hybenová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Alba E. Hernándiz
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Nuria De Diego,
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
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59
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Hajheidari M, Wang Y, Bhatia N, Vuolo F, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Karady M, Mentink RA, Wu A, Oluwatobi BR, Müller B, Dello Ioio R, Laurent S, Ljung K, Huijser P, Gan X, Tsiantis M. Autoregulation of RCO by Low-Affinity Binding Modulates Cytokinin Action and Shapes Leaf Diversity. Curr Biol 2019; 29:4183-4192.e6. [PMID: 31761704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms through which the evolution of gene regulation causes morphological diversity are largely unclear. The tremendous shape variation among plant leaves offers attractive opportunities to address this question. In cruciferous plants, the REDUCED COMPLEXITY (RCO) homeodomain protein evolved via gene duplication and acquired a novel expression domain that contributed to leaf shape diversity. However, the molecular pathways through which RCO regulates leaf growth are unknown. A key question is to identify genome-wide transcriptional targets of RCO and the DNA sequences to which RCO binds. We investigate this question using Cardamine hirsuta, which has complex leaves, and its relative Arabidopsis thaliana, which evolved simple leaves through loss of RCO. We demonstrate that RCO directly regulates genes controlling homeostasis of the hormone cytokinin to repress growth at the leaf base. Elevating cytokinin signaling in the RCO expression domain is sufficient to both transform A. thaliana simple leaves into complex ones and partially bypass the requirement for RCO in C. hirsuta complex leaf development. We also identify RCO as its own target gene. RCO directly represses its own transcription via an array of low-affinity binding sites, which evolved after RCO duplicated from its progenitor sequence. This autorepression is required to limit RCO expression. Thus, evolution of low-affinity binding sites created a negative autoregulatory loop that facilitated leaf shape evolution by defining RCO expression and fine-tuning cytokinin activity. In summary, we identify a transcriptional mechanism through which conflicts between novelty and pleiotropy are resolved during evolution and lead to morphological differences between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Hajheidari
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Neha Bhatia
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Francesco Vuolo
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - José Manuel Franco-Zorrilla
- Unidad de Genómica and Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michal Karady
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Remco A Mentink
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anhui Wu
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bello Rilwan Oluwatobi
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bruno Müller
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Correnstr. 3, 06466 Seeland, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefan Laurent
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Huijser
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiangchao Gan
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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Kisiala A, Kambhampati S, Stock NL, Aoki M, Emery RJN. Quantification of Cytokinins Using High-Resolution Accurate-Mass Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry and Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM). Anal Chem 2019; 91:15049-15056. [PMID: 31660717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Shrikaar Kambhampati
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Rd., Saint Louis, Missouri 63132, United States
| | - Naomi L. Stock
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Megan Aoki
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - R. J. Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
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Gupta S, Plačková L, Kulkarni MG, Doležal K, Van Staden J. Role of Smoke Stimulatory and Inhibitory Biomolecules in Phytochrome-Regulated Seed Germination of Lactuca sativa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:458-470. [PMID: 31413205 PMCID: PMC6776855 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biologically active molecules karrikinolide (KAR1) and trimethylbutenolide (TMB) present in wildfire smoke play a key role in regulating seed germination of many plant species. To elucidate the physiological mechanism by which smoke-water (SW), KAR1, and TMB regulate seed germination in photosensitive 'Grand Rapids' lettuce (Lactuca sativa), we investigated levels of the dormancy-inducing hormone abscisic acid (ABA), three auxin catabolites, and cytokinins (26 isoprenoid and four aromatic) in response to these compounds. Activity of the hydrolytic enzymes α-amylase and lipase along with stored food reserves (lipids, carbohydrate, starch, and protein) were also assessed. The smoke compounds precisely regulated ABA and hydrolytic enzymes under all light conditions. ABA levels under red (R) light were not significantly different in seeds treated with TMB or water. However, TMB-treated seeds showed significantly inhibited germination (33%) compared with water controls (100%). KAR1 significantly enhanced total isoprenoid cytokinins under dark conditions in comparison with other treatments; however, there was no significant effect under R light. Enhanced levels of indole-3-aspartic acid (an indicator of high indole-3-acetic acid accumulation, which inhibits lettuce seed germination) and absence of trans-zeatin and trans-zeatin riboside (the most active cytokinins) in TMB-treated seeds might be responsible for reduced germination under R light. Our results demonstrate that SW and KAR1 significantly promote lettuce seed germination by reducing levels of ABA and enhancing the activity of hydrolytic enzymes, which aids in mobilizing stored reserves. However, TMB inhibits germination by enhancing ABA levels and reducing the activity of hydrolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhpriya Gupta
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, and Palacký University, Faculty of Science, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Manoj G Kulkarni
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, and Palacký University, Faculty of Science, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Holice CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Seidi S, Tajik M, Baharfar M, Rezazadeh M. Micro solid-phase extraction (pipette tip and spin column) and thin film solid-phase microextraction: Miniaturized concepts for chromatographic analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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63
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Waidmann S, Ruiz Rosquete M, Schöller M, Sarkel E, Lindner H, LaRue T, Petřík I, Dünser K, Martopawiro S, Sasidharan R, Novak O, Wabnik K, Dinneny JR, Kleine-Vehn J. Cytokinin functions as an asymmetric and anti-gravitropic signal in lateral roots. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3540. [PMID: 31387989 PMCID: PMC6684572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional organ growth allows the plant root system to strategically cover its surroundings. Intercellular auxin transport is aligned with the gravity vector in the primary root tips, facilitating downward organ bending at the lower root flank. Here we show that cytokinin signaling functions as a lateral root specific anti-gravitropic component, promoting the radial distribution of the root system. We performed a genome-wide association study and reveal that signal peptide processing of Cytokinin Oxidase 2 (CKX2) affects its enzymatic activity and, thereby, determines the degradation of cytokinins in natural Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Cytokinin signaling interferes with growth at the upper lateral root flank and thereby prevents downward bending. Our interdisciplinary approach proposes that two phytohormonal cues at opposite organ flanks counterbalance each other's negative impact on growth, suppressing organ growth towards gravity and allow for radial expansion of the root system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Waidmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michel Ruiz Rosquete
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Schöller
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elizabeth Sarkel
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heike Lindner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Therese LaRue
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shanice Martopawiro
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria), Autopista M-40, Km 38-Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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Aoki MM, Seegobin M, Kisiala A, Noble A, Brunetti C, Emery RJN. Phytohormone metabolism in human cells: Cytokinins are taken up and interconverted in HeLa cell culture. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:320-331. [PMID: 32123835 PMCID: PMC6996375 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2018-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) encompass a group of phytohormones, known to orchestrate many critical processes in plant development. Excluding Archaea, CKs are pervasive among all kingdoms, but much less is reported about their metabolism beyond plants. Recent evidence from mammalian tissues indicates the presence of six additional CK forms beyond the previously identified, single mammalian CK, N6-isopentenyladenosine (i6A). There is limited understanding of CK biosynthesis pathways in mammalian systems; therefore, human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells were used to further characterize CK processing by tracking the interconversion of CKs into their various structural derivatives in mammalian cells in a time-course study. Through high-performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-(+ESI)-MS/MS), we document changes in the functional profiles of endogenous CKs in a human cell line following metabolism by HeLa cell cultures. The nucleotide CK fraction (iPRP) was found exclusively within the cell pellet (0.34 pmol/106 cells), and the active free base (FB) form (iP) and riboside fraction (iPR) were found in greater abundance extracellularly (1.67 and 0.10 nmol/L respectively). For further confirmation, we demonstrate that HeLa cells metabolize an exogenously supplied CK, N6-benzyladenosine (BAR). In the HeLa culture supernatant, a 12-fold decrease in BAR concentration was observed within the first 24 hours of incubation accompanied by a fivefold increase in the FB form, N6-benzyladenine (BA). These findings support the hypothesis that HeLa cells have the enzymatic pathways required for the metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous CKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Aoki
- Department of BiologyTrent UniversityPeterboroughOntarioCanada
| | - Mark Seegobin
- Department of BiologyTrent UniversityPeterboroughOntarioCanada
| | - Anna Kisiala
- Department of BiologyTrent UniversityPeterboroughOntarioCanada
| | | | - Craig Brunetti
- Department of BiologyTrent UniversityPeterboroughOntarioCanada
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Liu Y, Fang X, Chen G, Ye Y, Xu J, Ouyang G, Zhu F. Recent development in sample preparation techniques for plant hormone analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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66
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de Haro LA, Arellano SM, Novák O, Feil R, Dumón AD, Mattio MF, Tarkowská D, Llauger G, Strnad M, Lunn JE, Pearce S, Figueroa CM, del Vas M. Mal de Río Cuarto virus infection causes hormone imbalance and sugar accumulation in wheat leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:112. [PMID: 30902042 PMCID: PMC6431059 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV) infects several monocotyledonous species including maize and wheat. Infected plants show shortened internodes, partial sterility, increased tillering and reduced root length. To better understand the molecular basis of the plant-virus interactions leading to these symptoms, we combined RNA sequencing with metabolite and hormone measurements. RESULTS More than 3000 differentially accumulated transcripts (DATs) were detected in MRCV-infected wheat plants at 21 days post inoculation compared to mock-inoculated plants. Infected plants exhibited decreased levels of TaSWEET13 transcripts, which are involved in sucrose phloem loading. Soluble sugars, starch, trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P), and organic and amino acids were all higher in MRCV-infected plants. In addition, several transcripts related to plant hormone metabolism, transport and signalling were increased upon MRCV infection. Transcripts coding for GA20ox, D14, MAX2 and SMAX1-like proteins involved in gibberellin biosynthesis and strigolactone signalling, were reduced. Transcripts involved in jasmonic acid, ethylene and brassinosteroid biosynthesis, perception and signalling and in auxin transport were also altered. Hormone measurements showed that jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid and indole-3-acetic acid were significantly higher in infected leaves. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that MRCV causes a profound hormonal imbalance that, together with alterations in sugar partitioning, could account for the symptoms observed in MRCV-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofía Maité Arellano
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | | | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Llauger
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stephen Pearce
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | | | - Mariana del Vas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires Argentina
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67
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Skalák J, Vercruyssen L, Claeys H, Hradilová J, Černý M, Novák O, Plačková L, Saiz-Fernández I, Skaláková P, Coppens F, Dhondt S, Koukalová Š, Zouhar J, Inzé D, Brzobohatý B. Multifaceted activity of cytokinin in leaf development shapes its size and structure in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:805-824. [PMID: 30748050 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin has been shown to affect many aspects of plant development ranging from the regulation of the shoot apical meristem to leaf senescence. However, some studies have reported contradictory effects of cytokinin on leaf physiology. Therefore cytokinin treatments cause both chlorosis and increased greening and both lead to decrease or increase in cell size. To elucidate this multifaceted role of cytokinin in leaf development, we have employed a system of temporal controls over the cytokinin pool and investigated the consequences of modulated cytokinin levels in the third leaf of Arabidopsis. We show that, at the cell proliferation phase, cytokinin is needed to maintain cell proliferation by blocking the transition to cell expansion and the onset of photosynthesis. Transcriptome profiling revealed regulation by cytokinin of a gene suite previously shown to affect cell proliferation and expansion and thereby a molecular mechanism by which cytokinin modulates a molecular network underlying the cellular responses. During the cell expansion phase, cytokinin stimulates cell expansion and differentiation. Consequently, a cytokinin excess at the cell expansion phase results in an increased leaf and rosette size fueled by higher cell expansion rate, yielding higher shoot biomass. Proteome profiling revealed the stimulation of primary metabolism by cytokinin, in line with an increased sugar content that is expected to increase turgor pressure, representing the driving force of cell expansion. Therefore, the developmental timing of cytokinin content fluctuations, together with a tight control of primary metabolism, is a key factor mediating transitions from cell proliferation to cell expansion in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skalák
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Liesbeth Vercruyssen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannes Claeys
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana Hradilová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Iñigo Saiz-Fernández
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Patricie Skaláková
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frederik Coppens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Šárka Koukalová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, CZ-61265, Brno, Czech Republic
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68
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Jameson PE, Dhandapani P, Song J, Zatloukal M, Strnad M, Remus-Emsermann MNP, Schlechter RO, Novák O. The Cytokinin Complex Associated With Rhodococcus fascians: Which Compounds Are Critical for Virulence? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:674. [PMID: 31191583 PMCID: PMC6539147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Virulent strains of Rhodococcus fascians cause a range of disease symptoms, many of which can be mimicked by application of cytokinin. Both virulent and avirulent strains produce a complex of cytokinins, most of which can be derived from tRNA degradation. To test the three current hypotheses regarding the involvement of cytokinins as virulence determinants, we used PCR to detect specific genes, previously associated with a linear virulence plasmid, including two methyl transferase genes (mt1 and mt2) and fas4 (dimethyl transferase), of multiple strains of R. fascians. We inoculated Pisum sativum (pea) seeds with virulent and avirulent strains of R. fascians, monitored the plants over time and compared these to mock-inoculated controls. We used RT-qPCR to monitor the expression of mt1, mt2, and fas4 in inoculated tissues and LC-MS/MS to obtain a comprehensive picture of the cytokinin complement of inoculated cotyledons, roots and shoots over time. The presence and expression of mt1 and mt2 was associated with those strains of R. fascians classed as virulent, and not those classed as avirulent. Expression of mt1, mt2, and fas4 peaked at 9 days post-inoculation (dpi) in cotyledons and at 15 dpi in shoots and roots developed from seeds inoculated with virulent strain 602. Pea plants inoculated with virulent and avirulent strains of R. fascians both contained cytokinins likely to have been derived from tRNA turnover including the 2-methylthio cytokinins and cis-zeatin-derivatives. Along with the isopentenyladenine-type cytokinins, the levels of these compounds did not correlate with virulence. Only the novel 1- and 2-methylated isopentenyladenine cytokinins were uniquely associated with infection by the virulent strains and are, therefore, the likely causative factors of the disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula E. Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Paula E. Jameson
| | - Pragathi Dhandapani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Marek Zatloukal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic, China
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic, China
| | | | - Rudolf O. Schlechter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic, China
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De Zio E, Trupiano D, Karady M, Antoniadi I, Montagnoli A, Terzaghi M, Chiatante D, Ljung K, Scippa GS. Tissue-specific hormone profiles from woody poplar roots under bending stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:101-113. [PMID: 30187489 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Zio
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Dalila Trupiano
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Michal Karady
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Antoniadi
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Antonio Montagnoli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Mattia Terzaghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Donato Chiatante
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gabriella S Scippa
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy
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Moncaleán P, García-Mendiguren O, Novák O, Strnad M, Goicoa T, Ugarte MD, Montalbán IA. Temperature and Water Availability During Maturation Affect the Cytokinins and Auxins Profile of Radiata Pine Somatic Embryos. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1898. [PMID: 30619440 PMCID: PMC6306442 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) provides us a potent biotechnological tool to manipulate the physical and chemical conditions (water availability) along the process and to study their effect in the final success in terms of quantity of somatic embryos produced. In the last years, our research team has been focused on the study of different aspects of the SE in Pinus spp. One of the main aspects affecting SE is the composition of culture media; in this sense, phytohormones play one of the most crucial roles in this propagation system. Many studies in conifers have shown that different stages of SE and somatic embryo development are correlated with distinct endogenous phytohormone profiles under the stress conditions needed for the process (i.e., cytokinins play a regulatory role in stress signaling, which it is essential for radiata pine SE). Based on this knowledge, the aim of this study was to test the effect of different temperatures (18, 23, and 28°C) and gelling agent concentrations (8, 9, and 10 gL-1) during the maturation stage of Pinus radiata SE in maturation and germination rates. Parallel, phytohormone profile of somatic embryos developed was evaluated. In this sense, the highest gellan gum concentration led to significantly lower water availability. At this gellan gum concentration and 23°C a significantly higher number of somatic embryos was obtained and the overall success of the process increased with respect to other treatments assayed. The somatic embryos produced in these conditions showed the highest concentration of iP-type cytokinins and total ribosides. Although, the different conditions applied during maturation of somatic embryos led to different hormonal profiles, they did not affect the ex vitro survival of the resulting somatic plants, where no significant differences were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomás Goicoa
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María D. Ugarte
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Cucinotta M, Manrique S, Cuesta C, Benkova E, Novak O, Colombo L. CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1 (CUC1) and CUC2 regulate cytokinin homeostasis to determine ovule number in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5169-5176. [PMID: 30312436 PMCID: PMC6184744 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seeds derive from ovules upon fertilization and therefore the total number of ovules determines the final seed yield, a fundamental trait in crop plants. Among the factors that co-ordinate the process of ovule formation, the transcription factors CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON 1 (CUC1) and CUC2 and the hormone cytokinin (CK) have a particularly prominent role. Indeed, the absence of both CUC1 and CUC2 causes a severe reduction in ovule number, a phenotype that can be rescued by CK treatment. In this study, we combined CK quantification with an integrative genome-wide target identification approach to select Arabidopsis genes regulated by CUCs that are also involved in CK metabolism. We focused our attention on the functional characterization of UDP-GLUCOSYL TRANSFERASE 85A3 (UGT85A3) and UGT73C1, which are up-regulated in the absence of CUC1 and CUC2 and encode enzymes able to catalyse CK inactivation by O-glucosylation. Our results demonstrate a role for these UGTs as a link between CUCs and CK homeostasis, and highlight the importance of CUCs and CKs in the determination of seed yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cucinotta
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Manrique
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Candela Cuesta
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Skalický V, Kubeš M, Napier R, Novák O. Auxins and Cytokinins-The Role of Subcellular Organization on Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3115. [PMID: 30314316 PMCID: PMC6213326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant hormones are master regulators of plant growth and development. Better knowledge of their spatial signaling and homeostasis (transport and metabolism) on the lowest structural levels (cellular and subcellular) is therefore crucial to a better understanding of developmental processes in plants. Recent progress in phytohormone analysis at the cellular and subcellular levels has greatly improved the effectiveness of isolation protocols and the sensitivity of analytical methods. This review is mainly focused on homeostasis of two plant hormone groups, auxins and cytokinins. It will summarize and discuss their tissue- and cell-type specific distributions at the cellular and subcellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Skalický
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Kubeš
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Pavlović I, Petřík I, Tarkowská D, Lepeduš H, Vujčić Bok V, Radić Brkanac S, Novák O, Salopek-Sondi B. Correlations between Phytohormones and Drought Tolerance in Selected Brassica Crops: Chinese Cabbage, White Cabbage and Kale. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102866. [PMID: 30241414 PMCID: PMC6213169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting the productivity of Brassica crops. To understand the role of phytohormones in drought tolerance, we subjected Chinese cabbage (B. rapa ssp. pekinensis), white cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata), and kale (B. oleracea var. acephala) to drought and examined the stress response on the physiological, biochemical and hormonal levels. The phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA), auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), brassinosteroids (BRs), cytokinins (CKs), jasmonates (JAs), and salicylic acid (SA) were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Based on the physiological and biochemical markers the Chinese cabbage exhibited the lowest tolerance, followed by the white cabbage, while the kale appeared to be the most tolerant to drought. The drought tolerance of the kale correlated with increased levels of SA, ABA, IAA, CKs iP(R) and cZ(R), and typhasterol (TY), a precursor of active BRs. In contrast, the drought sensitivity of the Chinese cabbage correlated with a significant increase in ABA, JAs and the active BRs castasterol (CS) and brassinolide (BL). The moderately tolerant white cabbage, positioned between the kale and Chinese cabbage, showed more similarity in terms of the phytohormone patterns with the kale. We concluded that the drought tolerance in Brassicaceae is mostly determined by the increased endogenous levels of IAA, CKs, ABA and SA and the decreased levels of active BRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Pavlović
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic.
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic.
| | - Hrvoje Lepeduš
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, and Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Lorenza Jägera 9, Osijek 31000, Croatia.
| | - Valerija Vujčić Bok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Sandra Radić Brkanac
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 78371, Czech Republic.
| | - Branka Salopek-Sondi
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
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Janečková H, Husičková A, Ferretti U, Prčina M, Pilařová E, Plačková L, Pospíšil P, Doležal K, Špundová M. The interplay between cytokinins and light during senescence in detached Arabidopsis leaves. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1870-1885. [PMID: 29744884 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Light and cytokinins are known to be the key players in the regulation of plant senescence. In detached leaves, the retarding effect of light on senescence is well described; however, it is not clear to what extent is this effect connected with changes in endogenous cytokinin levels. We have performed a detailed analysis of changes in endogenous content of 29 cytokinin forms in detached leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (wild-type and 3 cytokinin receptor double mutants). Leaves were kept under different light conditions, and changes in cytokinin content were correlated with changes in chlorophyll content, efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry, and lipid peroxidation. In leaves kept in darkness, we have observed decreased content of the most abundant cytokinin free bases and ribosides, but the content of cis-zeatin increased, which indicates the role of this cytokinin in the maintenance of basal leaf viability. Our findings underscore the importance of light conditions on the content of specific cytokinins, especially N6 -(Δ2 -isopentenyl)adenine. On the basis of our results, we present a scheme summarizing the contribution of the main active forms of cytokinins, cytokinin receptors, and light to senescence regulation. We conclude that light can compensate the disrupted cytokinin signalling in detached leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Janečková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Husičková
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ursula Ferretti
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Maroš Prčina
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pilařová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pospíšil
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Špundová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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75
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Keshishian EA, Hallmark HT, Ramaraj T, Plačková L, Sundararajan A, Schilkey F, Novák O, Rashotte AM. Salt and oxidative stresses uniquely regulate tomato cytokinin levels and transcriptomic response. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00071. [PMID: 31245735 PMCID: PMC6508850 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are well-known to be involved in processes responsible for plant growth and development. More recently, these hormones have begun to be associated with stress responses as well. However, it is unclear how changes in cytokinin biosynthesis, signaling, or transport relate to stress effects. This study examines in parallel how two different stresses, salt, and oxidative stress, affect changes in both cytokinin levels and whole plant transcriptome response. Solanum lycopersicum seedlings were given a short-term (6 hr) exposure to either salt (150 mM NaCl) or oxidative (20 mM H2O2) stress and then examined to determine both changes in cytokinin levels and transcriptome. LC-MS/MS was used to determine the levels of 22 different types of cytokinins in tomato plants including precursors, active, transported, and conjugated forms. When examining cytokinin levels we found that salt treatment caused an increase in both active and inactive cytokinin levels and oxidative stress caused a decrease in these levels. RNA-sequencing analyses of these same stress-treated tissues revealed 6,643 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Although many DEGs are similar between the two stresses, approximately one-third of the DEGs in each treatment were unique to that stress. Several cytokinin-related genes were among the DEGs. Examination of photosystem II efficiency revealed that cytokinins affect physiological response to stress in tomato, further validating the changes in cytokinin levels seen in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth RegulatorsCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesOlomoucCzech Republic
| | | | - Faye Schilkey
- National Center for Genome ResourcesSanta FeNew Mexico
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth RegulatorsCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesOlomoucCzech Republic
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76
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Šimura J, Antoniadi I, Široká J, Tarkowská D, Strnad M, Ljung K, Novák O. Plant Hormonomics: Multiple Phytohormone Profiling by Targeted Metabolomics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:476-489. [PMID: 29703867 PMCID: PMC6001343 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are physiologically important small molecules that play essential roles in intricate signaling networks that regulate diverse processes in plants. We present a method for the simultaneous targeted profiling of 101 phytohormone-related analytes from minute amounts of fresh plant material (less than 20 mg). Rapid and nonselective extraction, fast one-step sample purification, and extremely sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry enable concurrent quantification of the main phytohormone classes: cytokinins, auxins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins, jasmonates, salicylates, and abscisates. We validated this hormonomic approach in salt-stressed and control Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings, quantifying a total of 43 endogenous compounds in both root and shoot samples. Subsequent multivariate statistical data processing and cross-validation with transcriptomic data highlighted the main hormone metabolites involved in plant adaptation to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Šimura
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ioanna Antoniadi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden
| | - Jitka Široká
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183 Umea, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Science, Palacký University, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Poitout A, Crabos A, Petřík I, Novák O, Krouk G, Lacombe B, Ruffel S. Responses to Systemic Nitrogen Signaling in Arabidopsis Roots Involve trans-Zeatin in Shoots. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:1243-1257. [PMID: 29764985 PMCID: PMC6048791 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants face temporal and spatial variation in nitrogen (N) availability. This includes heterogeneity in soil nitrate (NO3-) content. To overcome these constraints, plants modify their gene expression and physiological processes to optimize N acquisition. This plasticity relies on a complex long-distance root-shoot-root signaling network that remains poorly understood. We previously showed that cytokinin (CK) biosynthesis is required to trigger systemic N signaling. Here, we performed split-root experiments and used a combination of CK-related mutant analyses, hormone profiling, transcriptomic analysis, NO3- uptake assays, and root growth measurements to gain insight into systemic N signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana By comparing wild-type plants and mutants affected in CK biosynthesis and ABCG14-dependent root-to-shoot translocation of CK, we revealed an important role for active trans-zeatin (tZ) in systemic N signaling. Both rapid sentinel gene regulation and long-term functional acclimation to heterogeneous NO3- supply, including NO3- transport and root growth regulation, are likely mediated by the integration of tZ content in shoots. Furthermore, shoot transcriptome profiling revealed that glutamate/glutamine metabolism is likely a target of tZ root-to-shoot translocation, prompting an interesting hypothesis regarding shoot-to-root communication. Finally, this study highlights tZ-independent pathways regulating gene expression in shoots as well as NO3- uptake activity in response to total N deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Poitout
- BPMP, INRA, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Crabos
- BPMP, INRA, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- BPMP, INRA, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Benoît Lacombe
- BPMP, INRA, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Ruffel
- BPMP, INRA, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier SupAgro, 34090 Montpellier, France
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78
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Pěnčík A, Casanova-Sáez R, Pilařová V, Žukauskaitė A, Pinto R, Micol JL, Ljung K, Novák O. Ultra-rapid auxin metabolite profiling for high-throughput mutant screening in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2569-2579. [PMID: 29514302 PMCID: PMC5920284 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) plays fundamental roles as a signalling molecule during numerous plant growth and development processes. The formation of local auxin gradients and auxin maxima/minima, which is very important for these processes, is regulated by auxin metabolism (biosynthesis, degradation, and conjugation) as well as transport. When studying auxin metabolism pathways it is crucial to combine data obtained from genetic investigations with the identification and quantification of individual metabolites. Thus, to facilitate efforts to elucidate auxin metabolism and its roles in plants, we have developed a high-throughput method for simultaneously quantifying IAA and its key metabolites in minute samples (<10 mg FW) of Arabidopsis thaliana tissues by in-tip micro solid-phase extraction and fast LC-tandem MS. As a proof of concept, we applied the method to a collection of Arabidopsis mutant lines and identified lines with altered IAA metabolite profiles using multivariate data analysis. Finally, we explored the correlation between IAA metabolite profiles and IAA-related phenotypes. The developed rapid analysis of large numbers of samples (>100 samples d-1) is a valuable tool to screen for novel regulators of auxin metabolism and homeostasis among large collections of genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Pěnčík
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rubén Casanova-Sáez
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rui Pinto
- Computational Life Science Cluster (CLiC), Chemistry department (KBC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - José Luis Micol
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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79
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Lenser T, Tarkowská D, Novák O, Wilhelmsson PKI, Bennett T, Rensing SA, Strnad M, Theißen G. When the BRANCHED network bears fruit: how carpic dominance causes fruit dimorphism in Aethionema. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:352-371. [PMID: 29418033 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Life in unpredictably changing habitats is a great challenge, especially for sessile organisms like plants. Fruit and seed heteromorphism is one way to cope with such variable environmental conditions. It denotes the production of distinct types of fruits and seeds that often mediate distinct life-history strategies in terms of dispersal, germination and seedling establishment. But although the phenomenon can be found in numerous species and apparently evolved several times independently, its developmental time course or molecular regulation remains largely unknown. Here, we studied fruit development in Aethionema arabicum, a dimorphic member of the Brassicaceae family. We characterized fruit morph differentiation by comparatively analyzing discriminating characters like fruit growth, seed abortion and dehiscence zone development. Our data demonstrate that fruit morph determination is a 'last-minute' decision happening in flowers after anthesis directly before the first morphotypical differences start to occur. Several growth experiments in combination with hormone and gene expression analyses further indicate that an accumulation balance of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin in open flowers together with the transcript abundance of the Ae. arabicum ortholog of BRANCHED1, encoding a transcription factor known for its conserved function as a branching repressor, may guide fruit morph determination. Thus, we hypothesize that the plasticity of the fruit morph ratio in Ae. arabicum may have evolved through the modification of a preexisting network known to govern correlative dominance between shoot organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lenser
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Per K I Wilhelmsson
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743, Jena, Germany
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80
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Pilařová V, Plachká K, Chrenková L, Najmanová I, Mladěnka P, Švec F, Novák O, Nováková L. Simultaneous determination of quercetin and its metabolites in rat plasma by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 185:71-79. [PMID: 29759252 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fast, selective, and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method with tandem mass spectrometry detection for the determination of quercetin and its metabolites with various physico-chemical properties such as molecular weight, lipophilicity, and acid-base properties has been developed. These compounds included small hydrophilic phenolic acids and more lipophilic metabolites with preserved flavonoid structure in small amount of rat plasma. The developed method enables selective separation of phenolic acids and a pair of isomers tamarixetin and isorhamnetin with satisfactory peak shapes and a high sensitivity using mass spectrometry detection. In addition, two sample preparation procedures including protein precipitation and microextraction in packed sorbent (MEPS) were optimized. The sample acidification included in protein precipitation as well as optimizing of MEPS sorbents and elution solvents improved isolation of quercetin and related compounds from rat plasma. Finally, both methods developed for sample preparation were fully validated to demonstrate sufficient accuracy and precision and acceptable matrix effects. Both sample preparation approaches combined with mass spectrometry-based quantification allowed the simultaneous determination of quercetin and its metabolites from a small amount of biological samples of only 50 μL. Due to the fast and non-selective parallel sample preparation, the protein precipitation was eventually applied to plasma samples derived from pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Plachká
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Chrenková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Najmanová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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81
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Yan Z, Wu M, Hu B, Yao M, Zhang L, Lu Q, Pang J. Electrospun UiO-66/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers as efficient sorbent for pipette tip solid phase extraction of phytohormones in vegetable samples. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1542:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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82
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Niemann MCE, Weber H, Hluska T, Leonte G, Anderson SM, Novák O, Senes A, Werner T. The Cytokinin Oxidase/Dehydrogenase CKX1 Is a Membrane-Bound Protein Requiring Homooligomerization in the Endoplasmic Reticulum for Its Cellular Activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2024-2039. [PMID: 29301955 PMCID: PMC5841711 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of the plant hormone cytokinin is controlled by cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes. The molecular and cellular behavior of these proteins is still largely unknown. In this study, we show that CKX1 is a type II single-pass membrane protein that localizes predominantly to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This indicates that this CKX isoform is a bona fide ER protein directly controlling the cytokinin, which triggers the signaling from the ER. By using various approaches, we demonstrate that CKX1 forms homodimers and homooligomers in vivo. The amino-terminal part of CKX1 was necessary and sufficient for the protein oligomerization as well as for targeting and retention in the ER. Moreover, we show that protein-protein interaction is largely facilitated by transmembrane helices and depends on a functional GxxxG-like interaction motif. Importantly, mutations rendering CKX1 monomeric interfere with its steady-state localization in the ER and cause a loss of the CKX1 biological activity by increasing its ER-associated degradation. Therefore, our study provides evidence that oligomerization is a crucial parameter regulating CKX1 biological activity and the cytokinin concentration in the ER. The work also lends strong support for the cytokinin signaling from the ER and for the functional relevance of the cytokinin pool in this compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C E Niemann
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henriette Weber
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomáš Hluska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Georgeta Leonte
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samantha M Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alessandro Senes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Tomáš Werner
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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83
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Gelová Z, Ten Hoopen P, Novák O, Motyka V, Pernisová M, Dabravolski S, Didi V, Tillack I, Okleštková J, Strnad M, Hause B, Haruštiaková D, Conrad U, Janda L, Hejátko J. Antibody-mediated modulation of cytokinins in tobacco: organ-specific changes in cytokinin homeostasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:441-454. [PMID: 29294075 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins comprise a group of phytohormones with an organ-specific mode of action. Although the mechanisms controlling the complex networks of cytokinin metabolism are partially known, the role of individual cytokinin types in the maintenance of cytokinin homeostasis remains unclear. Utilizing the overproduction of single-chain Fv antibodies selected for their ability to bind trans-zeatin riboside and targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum, we post-synthetically modulated cytokinin ribosides, the proposed transport forms of cytokinins. We observed asymmetric activity of cytokinin biosynthetic genes and cytokinin distribution in wild-type tobacco seedlings with higher cytokinin abundance in the root than in the shoot. Antibody-mediated modulation of cytokinin ribosides further enhanced the relative cytokinin abundance in the roots and induced cytokinin-related phenotypes in an organ-specific manner. The activity of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase in the roots was strongly up-regulated in response to antibody-mediated formation of the cytokinin pool in the endoplasmic reticulum. However, we only detected a slight decrease in the root cytokinin levels. In contrast, a significant decrease of cytokinins occurred in the shoot. We suggest the roots as the main site of cytokinin biosynthesis in tobacco seedlings. Conversely, cytokinin levels in the shoot seem to depend largely on long-range transport of cytokinin ribosides from the root and their subsequent metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Gelová
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Ten Hoopen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Siarhei Dabravolski
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Didi
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Isolde Tillack
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Jana Okleštková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Danka Haruštiaková
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Udo Conrad
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Lubomír Janda
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejátko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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84
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Pernisova M, Grochova M, Konecny T, Plackova L, Harustiakova D, Kakimoto T, Heisler MG, Novak O, Hejatko J. Cytokinin signalling regulates organ identity via AHK4 receptor in Arabidopsis. Development 2018; 145:dev.163907. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.163907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mutual interactions of the phytohormones cytokinins and auxin determine root or shoot identity during postembryonic de novo organogenesis in plants. However, our understanding to the role of hormonal metabolism and perception during early stages of cell fate reprograming is still elusive.
In the hypocotyl explant assay, auxin activated root formation while cytokinins mediated early loss of the root identity, primordia disorganization and initiation of shoot development. Exogenous but also endogenous cytokinins influenced the initiation of newly formed organs as well as the pace of organ developmental sequence. The process of de novo shoot apical meristem establishment was accompanied by accumulation of endogenous cytokinins, differential regulation of genes for individual cytokinin receptors, strong activation of AHK4-mediated signalling and induction of shoot-specific homeodomain regulator WUSCHEL. The latter associated with upregulation of isopentenyladenine-type cytokinins, revealing higher shoot-forming potential when compared with trans-zeatin. Moreover, AHK4-controlled cytokinin signalling negatively regulated root stem cell organizer WUSCHEL RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 in the root quiescent centre. We propose an important role of endogenous cytokinin biosynthesis and AHK4-mediated cytokinin signalling in the control of de novo induced organ identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Pernisova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics, NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Grochova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics, NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Konecny
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics, NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plackova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, CRH, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Danka Harustiakova
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, CRH, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejatko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics, NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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85
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Strnad M, Vaahtera L, Khan GA, Jamoune A, Alipanah L, Novák O, Persson S, Hejatko J, Hamann T. Cell wall integrity modulates Arabidopsis thaliana cell cycle gene expression in a cytokinin- and nitrate reductase-dependent manner. Development 2018; 145:dev.166678. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.166678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During plant growth and defense, cell cycle activity needs to be coordinated with cell wall integrity. Little is known about how coordination is achieved. Here we investigated coordination in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by studying the impact of cell wall damage (CWD, caused by cellulose biosynthesis inhibition) on cytokinin homeostasis, cell cycle gene expression and shape in root tips. CWD inhibited cell cycle gene expression and increased transition zone cell width in an osmo-sensitive manner. These results were correlated with CWD-induced, osmo-sensitive changes in cytokinin homeostasis. Expression of CYTOKININ OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE2 and 3 (CKX2, CKX3), encoding cytokinin-degrading enzymes was induced by CWD and reduced by osmoticum treatment. In nitrate reductase1 nitrate reductase2 (nia1 nia2) seedlings, neither CKX2 and CKX3 transcript levels were increased nor cell cycle gene expression repressed by CWD. Moreover, established CWD-induced responses like jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and lignin production, were also absent, implying a central role of NIA1- and NIA2-mediated processes in regulation of CWD responses. These results suggest that CWD enhances cytokinin degradation rates through a NIA1 and NIA2-mediated process, subsequently attenuating cell cycle gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lauri Vaahtera
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Amel Jamoune
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leila Alipanah
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jan Hejatko
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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86
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Natural plant hormones cytokinins increase stress resistance and longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans. Biogerontology 2017; 19:109-120. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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87
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Goyet V, Billard E, Pouvreau JB, Lechat MM, Pelletier S, Bahut M, Monteau F, Spíchal L, Delavault P, Montiel G, Simier P. Haustorium initiation in the obligate parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa involves a host-exudated cytokinin signal. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5539-5552. [PMID: 29069455 PMCID: PMC5853424 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The heterotrophic lifestyle of parasitic plants relies on the development of the haustorium, a specific infectious organ required for attachment to host roots. While haustorium development is initiated upon chemodetection of host-derived molecules in hemiparasitic plants, the induction of haustorium formation remains largely unknown in holoparasitic species such as Phelipanche ramosa. This work demonstrates that the root exudates of the host plant Brassica napus contain allelochemicals displaying haustorium-inducing activity on P. ramosa germinating seeds, which increases the parasite aggressiveness. A de novo assembled transcriptome and microarray approach with P. ramosa during early haustorium formation upon treatment with B. napus root exudates allowed the identification of differentially expressed genes involved in hormone signaling. Bioassays using exogenous cytokinins and the specific cytokinin receptor inhibitor PI-55 showed that cytokinins induced haustorium formation and increased parasite aggressiveness. Root exudates triggered the expression of cytokinin-responsive genes during early haustorium development in germinated seeds, and bio-guided UPLC-ESI(+)-/MS/MS analysis showed that these exudates contain a cytokinin with dihydrozeatin characteristics. These results suggest that cytokinins constitutively exudated from host roots play a major role in haustorium formation and aggressiveness in P. ramosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Goyet
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Billard
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Pouvreau
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Marc-Marie Lechat
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- IRHS UMR1345, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Muriel Bahut
- Plateau Technique Mutualisé ANAN, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | - Fabrice Monteau
- ONIRIS, USC 2013, LABERCA, Atlanpole-La Chantrerie, BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Delavault
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Grégory Montiel
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Simier
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 44322 Nantes, France
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88
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Adolfsson L, Nziengui H, Abreu IN, Šimura J, Beebo A, Herdean A, Aboalizadeh J, Široká J, Moritz T, Novák O, Ljung K, Schoefs B, Spetea C. Enhanced Secondary- and Hormone Metabolism in Leaves of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:392-411. [PMID: 28698354 PMCID: PMC5580739 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are the most common symbiotic associations between a plant's root compartment and fungi. They provide nutritional benefit (mostly inorganic phosphate [Pi]), leading to improved growth, and nonnutritional benefits, including defense responses to environmental cues throughout the host plant, which, in return, delivers carbohydrates to the symbiont. However, how transcriptional and metabolic changes occurring in leaves of AM plants differ from those induced by Pi fertilization is poorly understood. We investigated systemic changes in the leaves of mycorrhized Medicago truncatula in conditions with no improved Pi status and compared them with those induced by high-Pi treatment in nonmycorrhized plants. Microarray-based genome-wide profiling indicated up-regulation by mycorrhization of genes involved in flavonoid, terpenoid, jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis as well as enhanced expression of MYC2, the master regulator of JA-dependent responses. Accordingly, total anthocyanins and flavonoids increased, and most flavonoid species were enriched in AM leaves. Both the AM and Pi treatments corepressed iron homeostasis genes, resulting in lower levels of available iron in leaves. In addition, higher levels of cytokinins were found in leaves of AM- and Pi-treated plants, whereas the level of ABA was increased specifically in AM leaves. Foliar treatment of nonmycorrhized plants with either ABA or JA induced the up-regulation of MYC2, but only JA also induced the up-regulation of flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthetic genes. Based on these results, we propose that mycorrhization and Pi fertilization share cytokinin-mediated improved shoot growth, whereas enhanced ABA biosynthesis and JA-regulated flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthesis in leaves are specific to mycorrhization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Adolfsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hugues Nziengui
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ilka N Abreu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Jan Šimura
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Azeez Beebo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrei Herdean
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jila Aboalizadeh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jitka Široká
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany of Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Metabolism, Engineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, University Bretagne Loire, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral - Fédération de Recherche 3473 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Le Mans, 72085 Le Mans cedex 9, France
| | - Cornelia Spetea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Vinković T, Novák O, Strnad M, Goessler W, Jurašin DD, Parađiković N, Vrček IV. Cytokinin response in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) exposed to silver nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:10-18. [PMID: 28314149 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing development of different nanomaterials, such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and their practical use in agriculture and biotechnology has created a strong need for elucidations of biological effects and risk assessments of AgNPs in plants. This study was aimed to investigate AgNPs effects on metal uptake and their biodistribution in pepper plants as well as on morphological parameters and hormonal responses of the isoprenoid cytokinin (CK) family. In addition, the comparison of effects silver form, nanoparticles vs. ionic, has also been examined. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study describing CK responses in plants exposed to metallic NPs. The obtained results indicate that both AgNPs and Ag+ ions significantly increased total content of Ag+ in pepper tissues in a dose-dependent manner and affected on plant development by decreasing both plant height and biomass in a similar way. This study evidenced for the first time the role of CKs in abiotic stress in plants caused by AgNPs. The hormonal analysis, conducted by an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, revealed a significant increase in total CKs in the leaves and also highlighted the importance of cis-zeatin type CKs in plants treated with AgNPs. Our observations suggest potential risks of AgNPs on plant ecosystems upon their release into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Vinković
- Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute for Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Darija Domazet Jurašin
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nada Parađiković
- Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Vinković Vrček
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Abstract
AIM Micro-SPE in pipette tips (μ-SPE-PT) with particle sorbent has never been used in small-molecule drug analysis. Methodology & results: μ-SPE-PT was used for the extraction of statins from biological materials followed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The commercial and homemade μ-SPE-PT tips filled with particle sorbent were compared. While the homemade tips enabled direct serum sample loading into the sorbent, protein precipitation (PP) had to be implemented before μ-SPE-PT procedure using commercial tips. Three μ-SPE-PT methods were developed and validated: method A: μ-SPE-PT with homemade tips; method B: PP + μ-SPE-PT with homemade tips; and method C: PP + μ-SPE-PT with commercial tips. Method A enabled a simple high-throughput approach (48 samples in 90 min) compared with methods B and C that required three-times longer time. However, PP increased the recoveries of protein-bound analytes and extracts purity in methods B and C. The matrix effects without internal standards correction for method C were significantly higher than those for the methods A and B. CONCLUSION Compared with commercial tips, homemade tips filled with particles were found to be more suitable for drug analysis. Commercial tips tested in this study were found challenging but the conditions under which they could be applicable were also defined.
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91
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Frébortová J, Plíhal O, Florová V, Kokáš F, Kubiasová K, Greplová M, Šimura J, Novák O, Frébort I. Light influences cytokinin biosynthesis and sensing in Nostoc (cyanobacteria). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:703-714. [PMID: 28378335 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are an important group of plant hormones that are also found in other organisms, including cyanobacteria. While various aspects of cytokinin function and metabolism are well understood in plants, the information is limited for cyanobacteria. In this study, we first experimentally confirmed a prenylation of tRNA by recombinant isopentenyl transferase NoIPT2 from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120, whose encoding gene we previously identified in Nostoc genome along with the gene for adenylate isopentenyl transferase NoIPT1. In contrast to NoIPT2, the transcription of NoIPT1 was strongly activated during the dark period and was followed by an increase in the cytokinin content several hours later in the light period. Dominant cytokinin metabolites detected at all time points were free bases and monophosphates of isopentenyladenine and cis-zeatin, while N-glucosides were not detected at all. Whole transcriptome differential expression analysis of cultures of the above Nostoc strain treated by cytokinin compared to untreated controls indicated that cytokinin together with light trigger expression of several genes related to signal transduction, including two-component sensor histidine kinases and two-component hybrid sensors and regulators. One of the affected histidine kinases with a cyclase/histidine kinase-associated sensory extracellular domain similar to the cytokinin-binding domain in plant cytokinin receptors was able to modestly bind isopentenyladenine. The data show that the genetic disposition allows Nostoc not only to produce free cytokinins and prenylate tRNA but also modulate the cytokinin biosynthesis in response to light, triggering complex changes in sensing and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Frébortová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Florová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kokáš
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Kubiasová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Greplová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šimura
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Frébort
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Roche J, Turnbull MH, Guo Q, Novák O, Späth J, Gieseg SP, Jameson PE, Love J. Coordinated nitrogen and carbon remobilization for nitrate assimilation in leaf, sheath and root and associated cytokinin signals during early regrowth of Lolium perenne. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:1353-1364. [PMID: 28334245 PMCID: PMC5604574 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The efficiency of N assimilation in response to defoliation is a critical component of plant regrowth and forage production. The aim of this research was to test the effect of the internal C/N balance on NO3- assimilation and to estimate the associated cytokinin signals following defoliation of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L. 'Grasslands Nui') plants. Methods Plants, manipulated to have contrasting internal N content and contrasting availability of water soluble carbohydrates (WSCs), were obtained by exposure to either continuous light or short days (8:16 h light-dark), and watered with modified N-free Hoagland medium containing either high (5 m m ) or low (50 μ m ) NO3- as sole N source. Half of the plants were defoliated and the root, sheath and leaf tissue were harvested at 8, 24 and 168 h after cutting. The spatiotemporal changes in WSCs, synthesis of amino acids and associated cytokinin content were recorded after cutting. Key Results Leaf regrowth following defoliation involved changes in the low- and high-molecular weight WSCs. The extent of the changes and the partitioning of the WSC following defoliation were dependant on the initial WSC levels and the C and N availability. Cytokinin levels varied in the sheath and root as early as 8 h following defoliation and preceded an overall increase in amino acids at 24 h. Subsequently, negative feedback brought the amino acid response back towards pre-defoliation levels within 168 h after cutting, a response that was under control of the C/N ratio. Conclusions WSC remobilization in the leaf is coordinated with N availability to the root, potentially via a systemic cytokinin signal, leading to efficient N assimilation in the leaf and the sheath tissues and to early leaf regrowth following defoliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Roche
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Matthew H. Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Qianqian Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Späth
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences KBC, Umeå University, Linnéus väg, SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steven P. Gieseg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Love
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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93
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Novák O, Napier R, Ljung K. Zooming In on Plant Hormone Analysis: Tissue- and Cell-Specific Approaches. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:323-348. [PMID: 28226234 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones are a group of naturally occurring, low-abundance organic compounds that influence physiological processes in plants. Our knowledge of the distribution profiles of phytohormones in plant organs, tissues, and cells is still incomplete, but advances in mass spectrometry have enabled significant progress in tissue- and cell-type-specific analyses of phytohormones over the last decade. Mass spectrometry is able to simultaneously identify and quantify hormones and their related substances. Biosensors, on the other hand, offer continuous monitoring; can visualize local distributions and real-time quantification; and, in the case of genetically encoded biosensors, are noninvasive. Thus, biosensors offer additional, complementary technologies for determining temporal and spatial changes in phytohormone concentrations. In this review, we focus on recent advances in mass spectrometry-based quantification, describe monitoring systems based on biosensors, and discuss validations of the various methods before looking ahead at future developments for both approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden; ,
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Richard Napier
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden; ,
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Kolachevskaya OO, Sergeeva LI, Floková K, Getman IA, Lomin SN, Alekseeva VV, Rukavtsova EB, Buryanov YI, Romanov GA. Auxin synthesis gene tms1 driven by tuber-specific promoter alters hormonal status of transgenic potato plants and their responses to exogenous phytohormones. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:419-435. [PMID: 27999977 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic auxin overproduction in transgenic potato leads to enhanced productivity accompanied with concerted and occasional changes in hormonal status, and causing altered response of transformants to exogenous auxin or cytokinin. Previously, we generated potato transformants expressing Agrobacterium-derived auxin synthesis gene tms1 driven by tuber-specific patatin gene promoter (B33-promoter). Here, we studied the endogenous hormonal status and the response to exogenous phytohormones in tms1 transformants cultured in vitro. Adding indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or kinetin to culture medium affected differently tuberization of tms1-transformed and control plants, depending also on sucrose content in the medium. Exogenous phytohormones ceased to stimulate the tuber initiation in transformants at high (5-8%) sucrose concentration, while in control plants the stimulation was observed in all experimental settings. Furthermore, exogenous auxin partly inhibited the tuber initiation, and exogenous cytokinin reduced the average tuber weight in most transformants at high sucrose content. The elevated auxin level in tubers of the transformants was accompanied with a decrease in content of cytokinin bases and their ribosides in tubers and most shoots. No concerted changes in contents of abscisic, jasmonic, salicylic acids and gibberellins in tubers were detected. The data on hormonal status indicated that the enhanced productivity of tms1 transformants was due to auxin and not mediated by other phytohormones. In addition, exogenous cytokinin was shown to upregulate the expression of genes encoding orthologs of auxin receptors. Overall, the results showed that tms1 expression and local increase in IAA level in transformants affect both the balance of endogenous cytokinins and the dynamics of tuberization in response to exogenous hormones (auxin, cytokinin), the latter reaction depending also on the carbohydrate supply. We introduce a basic model for the hormonal network controlling tuberization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana O Kolachevskaya
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems, Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Lidiya I Sergeeva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kristyna Floková
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irina A Getman
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems, Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Sergey N Lomin
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems, Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Valeriya V Alekseeva
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Branch of Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Elena B Rukavtsova
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Branch of Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Yaroslav I Buryanov
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Branch of Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Georgy A Romanov
- Laboratory of Signaling Systems, Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, Moscow, 127276, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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95
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Dhandapani P, Song J, Novak O, Jameson PE. Infection by Rhodococcus fascians maintains cotyledons as a sink tissue for the pathogen. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:841-852. [PMID: 27864224 PMCID: PMC5378184 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Pisum sativum L. (pea) seed is a source of carbohydrate and protein for the developing plant. By studying pea seeds inoculated by the cytokinin-producing bacterium, Rhodococcus fascians , we sought to determine the impact of both an epiphytic (avirulent) strain and a pathogenic strain on source-sink activity within the cotyledons during and following germination. Methods Bacterial spread was monitored microscopically, and real-time reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to determine the expression of cytokinin biosynthesis, degradation and response regulator gene family members, along with expression of family members of SWEET , SUT , CWINV and AAP genes - gene families identified initially in pea by transcriptomic analysis. The endogenous cytokinin content was also determined. Key Results The cotyledons infected by the virulent strain remained intact and turned green, while multiple shoots were formed and root growth was reduced. The epiphytic strain had no such marked impact. Isopentenyl adenine was elevated in the cotyledons infected by the virulent strain. Strong expression of RfIPT , RfLOG and RfCKX was detected in the cotyledons infected by the virulent strain throughout the experiment, with elevated expression also observed for PsSWEET , PsSUT and PsINV gene family members. The epiphytic strain had some impact on the expression of these genes, especially at the later stages of reserve mobilization from the cotyledons. Conclusions The pathogenic strain retained the cotyledons as a sink tissue for the pathogen rather than the cotyledon converting completely to a source tissue for the germinating plant. We suggest that the interaction of cytokinins, CWINVs and SWEETs may lead to the loss of apical dominance and the appearance of multiple shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragatheswari Dhandapani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Plačková L, Oklestkova J, Pospíšková K, Poláková K, Buček J, Stýskala J, Zatloukal M, Šafařík I, Zbořil R, Strnad M, Doležal K, Novák O. Microscale magnetic microparticle-based immunopurification of cytokinins from Arabidopsis root apex. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1065-1075. [PMID: 27943492 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are pivotal plant hormones that have crucial roles in plant growth and development. However, their isolation and quantification are usually challenging because of their extremely low levels in plant tissues (pmol g-1 fresh weight). We have developed a simple microscale magnetic immunoaffinity-based method for selective one-step isolation of CKs from very small amounts of plant tissue (less than 0.1 mg fresh weight). The capacity of the immunosorbent and the effect of the complex plant matrix on the yield of the rapid one-step purification were tested using a wide range of CK concentrations. The total recovery range of the new microscale isolation procedure was found to be 30-80% depending on individual CKs. Immunoaffinity extraction using group-specific monoclonal CK antibodies immobilized onto magnetic microparticles was combined with a highly sensitive ultrafast mass spectrometry-based method with a detection limit close to one attomole. This combined approach allowed metabolic profiling of a wide range of naturally occurring CKs (bases, ribosides and N9 -glucosides) in 1.0-mm sections of the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristematic zone. The magnetic immunoaffinity separation method was shown to be a simple and extremely fast procedure requiring minimal amounts of plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Sciences of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Oklestkova
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Sciences of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Pospíšková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Poláková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Buček
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Stýskala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17 Listopadu 12, CZ-77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Zatloukal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Šafařík
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISB, CAS, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Sciences of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Sciences of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Sciences of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Guo Q, Turnbull MH, Song J, Roche J, Novak O, Späth J, Jameson PE, Love J. Depletion of carbohydrate reserves limits nitrate uptake during early regrowth in Lolium perenne L. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1569-1583. [PMID: 28379423 PMCID: PMC5444434 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms linking C/N balance to N uptake and assimilation are central to plant responses to changing soil nutrient levels. Defoliation and subsequent regrowth of grasses both impact C partitioning, thereby creating a significant point of interaction with soil N availability. Using defoliation as an experimental treatment, we investigated the dynamic relationships between plant carbohydrate status and NO3--responsive uptake systems, transporter gene expression, and nitrate assimilation in Lolium perenne L. High- and low-affinity NO3- uptake was reduced in an N-dependent manner in response to a rapid and large shift in carbohydrate remobilization triggered by defoliation. This reduction in NO3- uptake was rescued by an exogenous glucose supplement, confirming the carbohydrate dependence of NO3- uptake. The regulation of NO3- uptake in response to the perturbation of the plant C/N ratio was associated with changes in expression of putative high- and low-affinity NO3- transporters. Furthermore, NO3- assimilation appears to be regulated by the C-N status of the plant, implying a mechanism that signals the availability of C metabolites for NO3- uptake and assimilation at the whole-plant level. We also show that cytokinins may be involved in the regulation of N acquisition and assimilation in response to the changing plant C/N ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Hamish Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jessica Roche
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Späth
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences KBC, Umeå University, Linnéus väg 6, SE-90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paula Elizabeth Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Love
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Novák O, Antoniadi I, Ljung K. High-Resolution Cell-Type Specific Analysis of Cytokinins in Sorted Root Cell Populations of Arabidopsis thaliana. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1497:231-248. [PMID: 27864770 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6469-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method combining fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) with one-step miniaturized isolation and accurate quantification of cytokinins (CKs) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to measure these phytohormones in specific cell types of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. The methodology provides information of unprecedented resolution about spatial distributions of CKs, and thus should facilitate attempts to elucidate regulatory networks involved in root developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ioanna Antoniadi
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
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Žižková E, Kubeš M, Dobrev PI, Přibyl P, Šimura J, Zahajská L, Záveská Drábková L, Novák O, Motyka V. Control of cytokinin and auxin homeostasis in cyanobacteria and algae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:151-166. [PMID: 27707748 PMCID: PMC5218379 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The metabolism of cytokinins (CKs) and auxins in vascular plants is relatively well understood, but data concerning their metabolic pathways in non-vascular plants are still rather rare. With the aim of filling this gap, 20 representatives of taxonomically major lineages of cyanobacteria and algae from Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Porphyridiophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Zygnematophyceae and Klebsormidiophyceae were analysed for endogenous profiles of CKs and auxins and some of them were used for studies of the metabolic fate of exogenously applied radiolabelled CK, [3H]trans-zeatin (transZ) and auxin ([3H]indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)), and the dynamics of endogenous CK and auxin pools during algal growth and cell division. METHODS Quantification of phytohormone levels was performed by high-performance or ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS, UHPLC-MS/MS). The dynamics of exogenously applied [3H]transZ and [3H]IAA in cell cultures were monitored by HPLC with on-line radioactivity detection. KEY RESULTS The comprehensive screen of selected cyanobacteria and algae for endogenous CKs revealed a predominance of bioactive and phosphate CK forms while O- and N-glucosides evidently did not contribute greatly to the total CK pool. The abundance of cis-zeatin-type CKs and occurrence of CK 2-methylthio derivatives pointed to the tRNA pathway as a substantial source of CKs. The importance of the tRNA biosynthetic pathway was proved by the detection of tRNA-bound CKs during the course of Scenedesmus obliquus growth. Among auxins, free IAA and its oxidation catabolite 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid represented the prevailing endogenous forms. After treatment with [3H]IAA, IAA-aspartate and indole-3-acetyl-1-glucosyl ester were detected as major auxin metabolites. Moreover, different dynamics of endogenous CKs and auxin profiles during S. obliquus culture clearly demonstrated diverse roles of both phytohormones in algal growth and cell division. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest the existence and functioning of a complex network of metabolic pathways and activity control of CKs and auxins in cyanobacteria and algae that apparently differ from those in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Žižková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kubeš
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Přibyl
- Centre for Phycology and Biorefinery Research Centre of Competence, Institute of Botany CAS, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šimura
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Zahajská
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Záveská Drábková
- Department of Taxonomy and Biosystematics, Institute of Botany CAS, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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100
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Hluska T, Šebela M, Lenobel R, Frébort I, Galuszka P. Purification of Maize Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase Casts Doubt on the Existence of Zeatin Cis- Trans Isomerase in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1473. [PMID: 28878803 PMCID: PMC5572937 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Almost 25 years ago, an enzyme named zeatin cis-trans isomerase from common bean has been described by Bassil et al. (1993). The partially purified enzyme required an external addition of FAD and dithiothreitol for the conversion of cis-zeatin to its trans- isomer that occurred only under light. Although an existence of this important enzyme involved in the metabolism of plant hormones cytokinins was generally accepted by plant biologists, the corresponding protein and encoding gene have not been identified to date. Based on the original paper, we purified and identified an enzyme from maize, which shows the described zeatin cis-trans isomerase activity. The enzyme belongs to nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family, which is well characterized in mammals, but less known in plants. Further experiments with the recombinant maize enzyme obtained from yeast expression system showed that rather than the catalytic activity of the enzyme itself, a non-enzymatic flavin induced photoisomerization is responsible for the observed zeatin cis-trans interconversion in vitro. An overexpression of the maize nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase gene led to decreased FAD and increased FMN and riboflavin contents in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. However, neither contents nor the ratio of zeatin isomers was altered suggesting that the enzyme is unlikely to catalyze the interconversion of zeatin isomers in vivo. Using enhanced expression of a homologous gene, functional nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase was also identified in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Hluska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Marek Šebela
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - René Lenobel
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Ivo Frébort
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Galuszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University OlomoucOlomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Petr Galuszka,
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