51
|
Wang P, Loh KH, Wu M, Morgan DA, Schneeberger M, Yu X, Chi J, Kosse C, Kim D, Rahmouni K, Cohen P, Friedman J. A leptin-BDNF pathway regulating sympathetic innervation of adipose tissue. Nature 2020; 583:839-844. [PMID: 32699414 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2527-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the leptin gene (ob) result in a metabolic disorder that includes severe obesity1, and defects in thermogenesis2 and lipolysis3, both of which are adipose tissue functions regulated by the sympathetic nervous system. However, the basis of these sympathetic-associated abnormalities remains unclear. Furthermore, chronic leptin administration reverses these abnormalities in adipose tissue, but the underlying mechanism remains to be discovered. Here we report that ob/ob mice, as well as leptin-resistant diet-induced obese mice, show significant reductions of sympathetic innervation of subcutaneous white and brown adipose tissue. Chronic leptin treatment of ob/ob mice restores adipose tissue sympathetic innervation, which in turn is necessary to correct the associated functional defects. The effects of leptin on innervation are mediated via agouti-related peptide and pro-opiomelanocortin neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Deletion of the gene encoding the leptin receptor in either population leads to reduced innervation in fat. These agouti-related peptide and pro-opiomelanocortin neurons act via brain-derived neurotropic factor-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (BDNFPVH). Deletion of BDNFPVH blunts the effects of leptin on innervation. These data show that leptin signalling regulates the plasticity of sympathetic architecture of adipose tissue via a top-down neural pathway that is crucial for energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Putianqi Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken H Loh
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michelle Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Chi
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christin Kosse
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Damian Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Münzberg H, Singh P, Heymsfield SB, Yu S, Morrison CD. Recent advances in understanding the role of leptin in energy homeostasis. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32518627 PMCID: PMC7255681 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24260.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hormone leptin plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, although our overall understanding of acutely changing leptin levels still needs improvement. Several developments allow a fresh look at recent and early data on leptin action. This review highlights select recent publications that are relevant for understanding the role played by dynamic changes in circulating leptin levels. We further discuss the relevance for our current understanding of leptin signaling in central neuronal feeding and energy expenditure circuits and highlight cohesive and discrepant findings that need to be addressed in future studies to understand how leptin couples with physiological adaptations of food intake and energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Prachi Singh
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steven B Heymsfield
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sangho Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
Animals that lack the hormone leptin become grossly obese, purportedly for 2 reasons: increased food intake and decreased energy expenditure (thermogenesis). This review examines the experimental evidence for the thermogenesis component. Analysis of the data available led us to conclude that the reports indicating hypometabolism in the leptin-deficient ob/ob mice (as well as in the leptin-receptor-deficient db/db mice and fa/fa rats) derive from a misleading calculation artefact resulting from expression of energy expenditure per gram of body weight and not per intact organism. Correspondingly, the body weight-reducing effects of leptin are not augmented by enhanced thermogenesis. Congruent with this, there is no evidence that the ob/ob mouse demonstrates atrophied brown adipose tissue or diminished levels of total UCP1 mRNA or protein when the ob mutation is studied on the inbred C57BL/6 mouse background, but a reduced sympathetic nerve activity is observed. On the outbred "Aston" mouse background, brown adipose tissue atrophy is seen, but whether this is of quantitative significance for the development of obesity has not been demonstrated. We conclude that leptin is not a thermogenic hormone. Rather, leptin has effects on body temperature regulation, by opposing torpor bouts and by shifting thermoregulatory thresholds. The central pathways behind these effects are largely unexplored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Marangon PB, Mecawi AS, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Elias LLK. Perinatal over- and underfeeding affect hypothalamic leptin and ghrelin neuroendocrine responses in adult rats. Physiol Behav 2020; 215:112793. [PMID: 31874179 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in the nutritional supply during the perinatal period can lead to metabolic disturbances and obesity in adulthood. OBJECTIVE The divergent litter size model was used to investigate the hypothalamic sensitivity to leptin and ghrelin as well as the mechanisms involved in the disruption of food intake and energy expenditure. METHODS On postnatal day 3 (P3), male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: small litter (SL - 3 pups), normal litter (NL - 10 pups), and large litter (LL - 16 pups). Animals at P60 were intraperitoneally treated with leptin (500 µg/Kg), ghrelin (40 µg/Kg), or vehicle (0.9% NaCl) at 5 pm and the following parameters were assessed: food intake and body weight; immunostaining of p-STAT-3 in the hypothalamus; Western Blotting analysis of p-AMPKα and UCP2 in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), and UCP1 in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT); or heat production, VO2, VCO2, and locomotor activity. RESULTS SL rats had earlier leptin and ghrelin surges, while LL rats had no variations. At P60, after leptin treatment, LL rats showed hypophagia and increased p-STAT-3 expression in the arcuate nucleus, but SL rats had no response. After ghrelin treatment, LL rats did not have the orexigenic response or AMPKα phosphorylation in the MBH, while SL animals, unexpectedly, decreased body weight gain, without changes in food intake, and increased metabolic parameters and UCP1 expression in the BAT. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the nutritional supply at early stages of life modify leptin and ghrelin responsiveness in adulthood, programming metabolic and central mechanisms, which contribute to overweight and obesity in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula B Marangon
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André S Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Seoane-Collazo P, Martínez-Sánchez N, Milbank E, Contreras C. Incendiary Leptin. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020472. [PMID: 32069871 PMCID: PMC7071158 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone released by adipose tissue that plays a key role in the control of energy homeostasis through its binding to leptin receptors (LepR), mainly expressed in the hypothalamus. Most scientific evidence points to leptin’s satiating effect being due to its dual capacity to promote the expression of anorexigenic neuropeptides and to reduce orexigenic expression in the hypothalamus. However, it has also been demonstrated that leptin can stimulate (i) thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and (ii) the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Since the demonstration of the importance of BAT in humans 10 years ago, its study has aroused great interest, mainly in the improvement of obesity-associated metabolic disorders through the induction of thermogenesis. Consequently, several strategies targeting BAT activation (mainly in rodent models) have demonstrated great potential to improve hyperlipidemias, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and weight gain, leading to an overall healthier metabolic profile. Here, we review the potential therapeutic ability of leptin to correct obesity and other metabolic disorders, not only through its satiating effect, but by also utilizing its thermogenic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Seoane-Collazo
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.S.-C.); (N.M.-S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +81-298-533-301 (P.S.-C.); +34-913-941-650 (N.M.-S.); +44-01865285890 (C.C.)
| | - Noelia Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
- Correspondence: (P.S.-C.); (N.M.-S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +81-298-533-301 (P.S.-C.); +34-913-941-650 (N.M.-S.); +44-01865285890 (C.C.)
| | - Edward Milbank
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.S.-C.); (N.M.-S.); (C.C.); Tel.: +81-298-533-301 (P.S.-C.); +34-913-941-650 (N.M.-S.); +44-01865285890 (C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Kokay IC, Grattan DR, Murray JF. Prolactin maintains transient melanin-concentrating hormone expression in the medial preoptic area during established lactation. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12827. [PMID: 31917877 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A population of neurones in the medial part of the medial preoptic area (mPOA) transiently express melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in mid to late lactation in the rat, and this expression disappears on weaning. Prolactin is known to mediate many of the physiological adaptations that occur within the dam associated with lactation and the mPOA is well endowed with prolactin receptors (Prlr); hence, we hypothesised that these transiently MCH-expressing cells may be regulated by prolactin. By in situ hybridisation, we show that approximately 60% of the cells expressing prepro-MCH (Pmch) mRNA in the medial part of the mPOA on day 19 of lactation also express Prlr mRNA. To demonstrate that these transiently MCH-expressing cells can acutely respond to prolactin, dams were treated with bromocriptine on the morning of day 19 of lactation and then given vehicle or prolactin 4 hours later. In the prolactin-treated animals, over 80% of the MCH-immunopositive cells were also immunopositive for phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, an indicator of prolactin receptor activation: double immunopositive cells were rare in vehicle-treated animals. Finally, the effect of manipulating the circulating concentrations of prolactin on days 17, 18 and 19 on the number of MCH-immunopositive cells on day 19 was determined. Reducing circulating concentrations of prolactin over days 17, 18 and 19 of lactation with or without a suckling stimulus resulted in a reduction (P < 0.05) in the number of MCH-immunopositive cells in the medial part of the mPOA on day 19 of lactation. Further research is required to determine the functional role(s) of these prolactin-activated transiently MCH-expressing neurones; however, we suggest the most likely role involves adaptations in maternal metabolism to support the final week of lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona C Kokay
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David R Grattan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanne F Murray
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Lopez‐Vicchi F, Ladyman SR, Ornstein AM, Gustafson P, Knowles P, Luque GM, Grattan DR, Becu‐Villalobos D. Chronic high prolactin levels impact on gene expression at discrete hypothalamic nuclei involved in food intake. FASEB J 2020; 34:3902-3914. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902357r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Lopez‐Vicchi
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Sharon R. Ladyman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ana Maria Ornstein
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Papillon Gustafson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Penelope Knowles
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Guillermina Maria Luque
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - David R. Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Anatomy School of Biomedical Sciences University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre Auckland New Zealand
| | - Damasia Becu‐Villalobos
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos AiresArgentina
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Abstract
Neuroimmunology and immunometabolism are burgeoning topics of study, but the intersection of these two fields is scarcely considered. This interplay is particularly prevalent within adipose tissue, where immune cells and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) have an important role in metabolic homeostasis and pathology, namely in obesity. In the present Review, we first outline the established reciprocal adipose-SNS relationship comprising the neuroendocrine loop facilitated primarily by adipose tissue-derived leptin and SNS-derived noradrenaline. Next, we review the extensive crosstalk between adipocytes and resident innate immune cells as well as the changes that occur in these secretory and signalling pathways in obesity. Finally, we discuss the effect of SNS adrenergic signalling in immune cells and conclude with exciting new research demonstrating an immutable role for SNS-resident macrophages in modulating SNS-adipose crosstalk. We posit that the latter point constitutes the existence of a new field - neuroimmunometabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Larabee
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver C Neely
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
González-García I, Milbank E, Martinez-Ordoñez A, Diéguez C, López M, Contreras C. HYPOTHesizing about central comBAT against obesity. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 76:193-211. [PMID: 31845114 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain region in charge of many vital functions. Among them, BAT thermogenesis represents an essential physiological function to maintain body temperature. In the metabolic context, it has now been established that energy expenditure attributed to BAT function can contribute to the energy balance in a substantial extent. Thus, therapeutic interest in this regard has increased in the last years and some studies have shown that BAT function in humans can make a real contribution to improve diabetes and obesity-associated diseases. Nevertheless, how the hypothalamus controls BAT activity is still not fully understood. Despite the fact that much has been known about the mechanisms that regulate BAT activity in recent years, and that the central regulation of thermogenesis offers a very promising target, many questions remain still unsolved. Among them, the possible human application of knowledge obtained from rodent studies, and drug administration strategies able to specifically target the hypothalamus. Here, we review the current knowledge of homeostatic regulation of BAT, including the molecular insights of brown adipocytes, its central control, and its implication in the development of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael González-García
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Edward Milbank
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anxo Martinez-Ordoñez
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Frare C, Jenkins ME, McClure KM, Drew KL. Seasonal decrease in thermogenesis and increase in vasoconstriction explain seasonal response to N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine-induced hibernation in the Arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii). J Neurochem 2019; 151:316-335. [PMID: 31273780 PMCID: PMC6819227 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation is a seasonal phenomenon characterized by a drop in metabolic rate and body temperature. Adenosine A1 receptor agonists promote hibernation in different mammalian species, and the understanding of the mechanism inducing hibernation will inform clinical strategies to manipulate metabolic demand that are fundamental to conditions such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and therapeutic hypothermia. Adenosine A1 receptor agonist-induced hibernation in Arctic ground squirrels is regulated by an endogenous circannual (seasonal) rhythm. This study aims to identify the neuronal mechanism underlying the seasonal difference in response to the adenosine A1 receptor agonist. Arctic ground squirrels were implanted with body temperature transmitters and housed at constant ambient temperature (2°C) and light cycle (4L:20D). We administered CHA (N6 -cyclohexyladenosine), an adenosine A1 receptor agonist in euthermic-summer phenotype and euthermic-winter phenotype and used cFos and phenotypic immunoreactivity to identify cell groups affected by season and treatment. We observed lower core and subcutaneous temperature in winter animals and CHA produced a hibernation-like response in winter, but not in summer. cFos-ir was greater in the median preoptic nucleus and the raphe pallidus in summer after CHA. CHA administration also resulted in enhanced cFos-ir in the nucleus tractus solitarius and decreased cFos-ir in the tuberomammillary nucleus in both seasons. In winter, cFos-ir was greater in the supraoptic nucleus and lower in the raphe pallidus than in summer. The seasonal decrease in the thermogenic response to CHA and the seasonal increase in vasoconstriction, assessed by subcutaneous temperature, reflect the endogenous seasonal modulation of the thermoregulatory systems necessary for CHA-induced hibernation. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14528.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Frare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Mackenzie E Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Kelsey M McClure
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelly L Drew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Neuroprotective Peptides in Retinal Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081146. [PMID: 31374938 PMCID: PMC6722704 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of many disorders, neuronal death plays a key role. It is now assumed that neurodegeneration is caused by multiple and somewhat converging/overlapping death mechanisms, and that neurons are sensitive to unique death styles. In this respect, major advances in the knowledge of different types, mechanisms, and roles of neurodegeneration are crucial to restore the neuronal functions involved in neuroprotection. Several novel concepts have emerged recently, suggesting that the modulation of the neuropeptide system may provide an entirely new set of pharmacological approaches. Neuropeptides and their receptors are expressed widely in mammalian retinas, where they exert neuromodulatory functions including the processing of visual information. In multiple models of retinal diseases, different peptidergic substances play neuroprotective actions. Herein, we describe the novel advances on the protective roles of neuropeptides in the retina. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which peptides affect neuronal death/survival and the vascular lesions commonly associated with retinal neurodegenerative pathologies. The goal is to highlight the therapeutic potential of neuropeptide systems as neuroprotectants in retinal diseases.
Collapse
|
62
|
Tan CL, Knight ZA. Regulation of Body Temperature by the Nervous System. Neuron 2019; 98:31-48. [PMID: 29621489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of body temperature is one of the most critical functions of the nervous system. Here we review our current understanding of thermoregulation in mammals. We outline the molecules and cells that measure body temperature in the periphery, the neural pathways that communicate this information to the brain, and the central circuits that coordinate the homeostatic response. We also discuss some of the key unresolved issues in this field, including the following: the role of temperature sensing in the brain, the molecular identity of the warm sensor, the central representation of the labeled line for cold, and the neural substrates of thermoregulatory behavior. We suggest that approaches for molecularly defined circuit analysis will provide new insight into these topics in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Lek Tan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Zachary A Knight
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158; Kavli Center for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
GABAergic Inputs to POMC Neurons Originating from the Dorsomedial Hypothalamus Are Regulated by Energy State. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6449-6459. [PMID: 31235650 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3193-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal circuits regulating hunger and satiety synthesize information encoding the energy state of the animal and translate those signals into motivated behaviors to meet homeostatic needs. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are activated by energy surfeits and inhibited by energy deficits. When activated, these cells inhibit food intake and facilitate weight loss. Conversely, decreased activity in POMC cells is associated with increased food intake and obesity. Circulating nutrients and hormones modulate the activity of POMC neurons over protracted periods of time. However, recent work indicates that calcium activity in POMC cells changes in response to food cues on times scales consistent with the rapid actions of amino acid transmitters. Indeed, the frequency of spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) onto POMC neurons increases during caloric deficits. However, the afferent brain regions responsible for this inhibitory modulation are currently unknown. Here, through the use of brain region-specific deletion of GABA release in both male and female mice we show that neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) are responsible for the majority of sIPSCs in POMC neurons as well as the fasting-induced increase in sIPSC frequency. Further, the readily releasable pool of GABA vesicles and the release probability of GABA is increased at DMH-to-POMC synapses following an overnight fast. Collectively these data provide evidence that DMH-to-POMC GABA circuitry conveys inhibitory neuromodulation onto POMC cells that is sensitive to the animal's energy state.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Activation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) cells signals satiety, whereas GABAergic cells in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) can increase food consumption. However, communication between these cells, particularly in response to changes in metabolic state, is unknown. Here, through targeted inhibition of DMH GABA release, we show that DMH neurons contribute a significant portion of spontaneously released GABA onto POMC cells and are responsible for increased GABAergic inhibition of POMC cells during fasting, likely mediated through increased release probability of GABA at DMH terminals. These data provide important information about inhibitory modulation of metabolic circuitry and provide a mechanism through which POMC neurons could be inhibited, or disinhibited, rapidly in response to food availability.
Collapse
|
64
|
François M, Torres H, Huesing C, Zhang R, Saurage C, Lee N, Qualls-Creekmore E, Yu S, Morrison CD, Burk D, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H. Sympathetic innervation of the interscapular brown adipose tissue in mouse. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1454:3-13. [PMID: 31184376 PMCID: PMC6810755 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of significant brown fat depots in adult humans has revived discussion of exploiting brown fat thermogenesis in the control of energy balance and body weight. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has a key role in the activation of brown fat and functional mapping of its components will be crucial for the development of specific neuromodulation techniques. The mouse is an important species used for molecular genetic modulations, but its small size is not ideal for anatomical dissections, thus brown fat innervation studies are mostly available in larger rodents such as rats and hamsters. Here, we use pseudorabies virus retrograde tracing, whole tissue clearing, and confocal/light sheet microscopy to show the location of pre- and postganglionic neurons selectively innervating the interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) in the mouse. Using iDISCO whole tissue clearing, we identified iBAT projecting postganglionic neurons in the caudal parts of the ipsilateral fused stellate/T1, as well as the T2-T5 sympathetic chain ganglia and preganglionic neurons between levels T2 and T6 of the ipsilateral spinal cord. The methodology enabled high-resolution imaging and 3D rendering of the specific SNS innervation of iBAT and will be helpful to discern peripheral nervous system innervation of other organs and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie François
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Hayden Torres
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Clara Huesing
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Rui Zhang
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Carson Saurage
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Nathan Lee
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Emily Qualls-Creekmore
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Sangho Yu
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - David Burk
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Hans Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Hristov M, Landzhov B, Nikolov R, Yakimova K. Central, but not systemic, thermoregulatory effects of leptin are impaired in rats with obesity: interactions with GABAB agonist and antagonist. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1055-1063. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
66
|
Harding EC, Franks NP, Wisden W. The Temperature Dependence of Sleep. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:336. [PMID: 31105512 PMCID: PMC6491889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals have evolved a range of behavioural and neurological mechanisms that coordinate cycles of thermoregulation and sleep. Whether diurnal or nocturnal, sleep onset and a reduction in core temperature occur together. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep episodes are also accompanied by core and brain cooling. Thermoregulatory behaviours, like nest building and curling up, accompany this circadian temperature decline in preparation for sleeping. This could be a matter of simply comfort as animals seek warmth to compensate for lower temperatures. However, in both humans and other mammals, direct skin warming can shorten sleep-latency and promote NREM sleep. We discuss the evidence that body cooling and sleep are more fundamentally connected and that thermoregulatory behaviours, prior to sleep, form warm microclimates that accelerate NREM directly through neuronal circuits. Paradoxically, this warmth might also induce vasodilation and body cooling. In this way, warmth seeking and nesting behaviour might enhance the circadian cycle by activating specific circuits that link NREM initiation to body cooling. We suggest that these circuits explain why NREM onset is most likely when core temperature is at its steepest rate of decline and why transitions to NREM are accompanied by a decrease in brain temperature. This connection may have implications for energy homeostasis and the function of sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Harding
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P Franks
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Chen M, Wilson EA, Cui Z, Sun H, Shrestha YB, Podyma B, Le CH, Naglieri B, Pacak K, Gavrilova O, Weinstein LS. G sα deficiency in the dorsomedial hypothalamus leads to obesity, hyperphagia, and reduced thermogenesis associated with impaired leptin signaling. Mol Metab 2019; 25:142-153. [PMID: 31014927 PMCID: PMC6601467 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gsα couples multiple receptors, including the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), to intracellular cAMP generation. Germline inactivating Gsα mutations lead to obesity in humans and mice. Mice with brain-specific Gsα deficiency also develop obesity with reduced energy expenditure and locomotor activity, and impaired adaptive thermogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS We created mice (DMHGsKO) with Gsα deficiency limited to the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) and examined the effects on energy balance and thermogenesis. RESULTS DMHGsKO mice developed severe, early-onset obesity associated with hyperphagia and reduced energy expenditure and locomotor activity, along with impaired brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Studies in mice with loss of MC4R in the DMH suggest that defective DMH MC4R/Gsα signaling contributes to abnormal energy balance but not to abnormal locomotor activity or cold-induced thermogenesis. Instead, DMHGsKO mice had impaired leptin signaling along with increased expression of the leptin signaling inhibitor protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B in the DMH, which likely contributes to the observed hyperphagia and reductions in energy expenditure, locomotor activity, and cold-induced thermogenesis. CONCLUSIONS DMH Gsα signaling is critical for energy balance, thermogenesis, and leptin signaling. This study provides insight into how distinct signaling pathways can interact to regulate energy homeostasis and temperature regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | | | - Zhenzhong Cui
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hui Sun
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Newmyer BA, Whindleton CM, Klein PM, Beenhakker MP, Jones MK, Scott MM. VIPergic neurons of the infralimbic and prelimbic cortices control palatable food intake through separate cognitive pathways. JCI Insight 2019; 5:126283. [PMID: 30939126 PMCID: PMC6538359 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex controls food reward seeking and ingestion, playing important roles in directing attention, regulating motivation towards reward pursuit, and the assignment of reward salience and value. The cell types that mediate these behavioral functions, however, are not well described. We report here that optogenetic activation of vasoactive peptide expressing (VIP) interneurons in both the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) divisions of the medial prefrontal cortex in mice is sufficient to reduce acute, binge-like intake of high calorie palatable food in the absence of any effect on low calorie rodent chow intake in the sated animal. In addition, we discovered that the behavioral mechanisms associated with these changes in feeding differed between animals that underwent either IL or PL VIPergic stimulation. While IL VIP neurons showed the ability to reduce palatable food intake, this effect was dependent upon the novelty and relative value of the food source. In addition, IL VIP neuron activation significantly reduced novel object- and novel social investigative behavior. Activation of PL VIP neurons, however, produced a reduction in high calorie palatable food intake that was independent of food novelty. Neither IL nor PL VIP excitation changed motivation to obtain food reward. Our data show how neurochemically-defined populations of cortical interneurons can regulate specific aspects of food reward-driven behavior, resulting in a selective reduction in intake of highly valued food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marieke K. Jones
- Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Wee NKY, Lorenz MR, Bekirov Y, Jacquin MF, Scheller EL. Shared Autonomic Pathways Connect Bone Marrow and Peripheral Adipose Tissues Across the Central Neuraxis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:668. [PMID: 31611846 PMCID: PMC6776593 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is increased in both obesity and anorexia. This is unique relative to white adipose tissue (WAT), which is generally more attuned to metabolic demand. It suggests that there may be regulatory pathways that are common to both BMAT and WAT and also those that are specific to BMAT alone. The central nervous system (CNS) is a key mediator of adipose tissue function through sympathetic adrenergic neurons. Thus, we hypothesized that central autonomic pathways may be involved in BMAT regulation. To test this, we first quantified the innervation of BMAT by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive nerves within the metaphysis and diaphysis of the tibia of B6 and C3H mice. We found that many of the TH+ axons were concentrated around central blood vessels in the bone marrow. However, there were also areas of free nerve endings which terminated in regions of BMAT adipocytes. Overall, the proportion of nerve-associated BMAT adipocytes increased from proximal to distal along the length of the tibia (from ~3-5 to ~14-24%), regardless of mouse strain. To identify the central pathways involved in BMAT innervation and compare to peripheral WAT, we then performed retrograde viral tract tracing with an attenuated pseudorabies virus (PRV) to infect efferent nerves from the tibial metaphysis (inclusive of BMAT) and inguinal WAT (iWAT) of C3H mice. PRV positive neurons were identified consistently from both injection sites in the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord, reticular formation, rostroventral medulla, solitary tract, periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus, Barrington's nucleus, and hypothalamus. We also observed dual-PRV infected neurons within the majority of these regions. Similar tracings were observed in pons, midbrain, and hypothalamic regions from B6 femur and tibia, demonstrating that these results persist across mouse strains and between skeletal sites. Altogether, this is the first quantitative report of BMAT autonomic innervation and reveals common central neuroanatomic pathways, including putative "command" neurons, involved in coordinating multiple aspects of sympathetic output and facilitation of parallel processing between bone marrow/BMAT and peripheral adipose tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K. Y. Wee
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Madelyn R. Lorenz
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Yusuf Bekirov
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mark F. Jacquin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Erica L. Scheller
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Erica L. Scheller
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Lazzeroni ME, Burbrink FT, Simmons NB. Hibernation in bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) did not evolve through positive selection of leptin. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12576-12596. [PMID: 30619566 PMCID: PMC6308895 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature regulation is an indispensable physiological activity critical for animal survival. However, relatively little is known about the origin of thermoregulatory regimes in a phylogenetic context, or the genetic mechanisms driving the evolution of these regimes. Using bats as a study system, we examined the evolution of three thermoregulatory regimes (hibernation, daily heterothermy, and homeothermy) in relation to the evolution of leptin, a protein implicated in regulation of torpor bouts in mammals, including bats. A threshold model was used to test for a correlation between lineages with positively selected lep, the gene encoding leptin, and the thermoregulatory regimes of those lineages. Although evidence for episodic positive selection of lep was found, positive selection was not correlated with lineages of heterothermic bats, a finding that contradicts results from previous studies. Evidence from our ancestral state reconstructions suggests that the most recent common ancestor of bats used daily heterothermy and that the presence of hibernation is highly unlikely at this node. Hibernation likely evolved independently at least four times in bats-once in the common ancestor of Vespertilionidae and Molossidae, once in the clade containing Rhinolophidae and Rhinopomatidae, and again independently in the lineages leading to Taphozous melanopogon and Mystacina tuberculata. Our reconstructions revealed that thermoregulatory regimes never transitioned directly from hibernation to homeothermy, or the reverse, in the evolutionary history of bats. This, in addition to recent evidence that heterothermy is best described along a continuum, suggests that thermoregulatory regimes in mammals are best represented as an ordered continuous trait (homeothermy ← → daily torpor ← → hibernation) rather than as the three discrete regimes that evolve in an unordered fashion. These results have important implications for methodological approaches in future physiological and evolutionary research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank T. Burbrink
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of HerpetologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNew York
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of MammalogyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNew York
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Cui P, Ma T, Tamadon A, Han S, Li B, Chen Z, An X, Shao LR, Wang Y, Feng Y. Hypothalamic DNA methylation in rats with dihydrotestosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndrome: effects of low-frequency electro-acupuncture. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1618-1632. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cui
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine; Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tong Ma
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine; Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Amin Tamadon
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine; Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Sha Han
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine; Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine; Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zheyi Chen
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine; Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiaofei An
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine; Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Linus R. Shao
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; 40530 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine; Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology; Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine; Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Piñol RA, Zahler SH, Li C, Saha A, Tan BK, Škop V, Gavrilova O, Xiao C, Krashes MJ, Reitman ML. Brs3 neurons in the mouse dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate body temperature, energy expenditure, and heart rate, but not food intake. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1530-1540. [PMID: 30349101 PMCID: PMC6203600 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bombesin-like receptor 3 (BRS3) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that regulates energy homeostasis and heart rate. We report that acute activation of Brs3-expressing neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMHBrs3) increased body temperature (Tb), brown adipose tissue temperature, energy expenditure, heart rate and blood pressure, with no effect on food intake or physical activity. Conversely, activation of Brs3 neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVHBrs3) had no effect on Tb or energy expenditure, but suppressed food intake. Inhibition of DMHBrs3 neurons decreased Tb and energy expenditure, suggesting a necessary role in Tb regulation. We found that the preoptic area provides major input (excitatory and inhibitory) to DMHBrs3 neurons. Optogenetic stimulation of DMHBrs3 projections to the raphe pallidus (RPa) increased Tb. Thus, DMHBrs3→RPa neurons regulate Tb, energy expenditure and heart rate, and PVHBrs3 neurons regulate food intake. Brs3 expression is a useful marker for delineating energy metabolism regulatory circuitry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Piñol
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Sebastian H Zahler
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chia Li
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Atreyi Saha
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon K Tan
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vojtěch Škop
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Krashes
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Abstract
Maintenance of a homeostatic body core temperature is a critical brain function accomplished by a central neural network. This orchestrates a complex behavioral and autonomic repertoire in response to environmental temperature challenges or declining energy homeostasis and in support of immune responses and many behavioral states. This review summarizes the anatomical, neurotransmitter, and functional relationships within the central neural network that controls the principal thermoeffectors: cutaneous vasoconstriction regulating heat loss and shivering and brown adipose tissue for heat production. The core thermoregulatory network regulating these thermoeffectors consists of parallel but distinct central efferent pathways that share a common peripheral thermal sensory input. Delineating the neural circuit mechanism underlying central thermoregulation provides a useful platform for exploring its functional organization, elucidating the molecular underpinnings of its neuronal interactions, and discovering novel therapeutic approaches to modulating body temperature and energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S F Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA;
| | - K Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Abstract
Fever is a common symptom of infectious and inflammatory disease. It is well-established that prostaglandin E2 is the final mediator of fever, which by binding to its EP3 receptor subtype in the preoptic hypothalamus initiates thermogenesis. Here, we review the different hypotheses on how the presence of peripherally released pyrogenic substances can be signaled to the brain to elicit fever. We conclude that there is unequivocal evidence for a humoral signaling pathway by which proinflammatory cytokines, through their binding to receptors on brain endothelial cells, evoke fever by eliciting prostaglandin E2 synthesis in these cells. The evidence for a role for other signaling routes for fever, such as signaling via circumventricular organs and peripheral nerves, as well as transfer into the brain of peripherally synthesized prostaglandin E2 are yet far from conclusive. We also review the efferent limb of the pyrogenic pathways. We conclude that it is well established that prostaglandin E2 binding in the preoptic hypothalamus produces fever by disinhibition of presympathetic neurons in the brain stem, but there is yet little understanding of the mechanisms by which factors such as nutritional status and ambient temperature shape the response to the peripheral immune challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Engblom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
de Git KCG, van Tuijl DC, Luijendijk MCM, Wolterink‐Donselaar IG, Ghanem A, Conzelmann K, Adan RAH. Anatomical projections of the dorsomedial hypothalamus to the periaqueductal grey and their role in thermoregulation: a cautionary note. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13807. [PMID: 30047252 PMCID: PMC6060107 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The DMH is known to regulate brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis via projections to sympathetic premotor neurons in the raphe pallidus, but there is evidence that the periaqueductal gray (PAG) is also an important relay in the descending pathways regulating thermogenesis. The anatomical projections from the DMH to the PAG subdivisions and their function are largely elusive, and may differ per anterior-posterior level from bregma. We here aimed to investigate the anatomical projections from the DMH to the PAG along the entire anterior-posterior axis of the PAG, and to study the role of these projections in thermogenesis in Wistar rats. Anterograde channel rhodopsin viral tracing showed that the DMH projects especially to the dorsal and lateral PAG. Retrograde rabies viral tracing confirmed this, but also indicated that the PAG receives a diffuse input from the DMH and adjacent hypothalamic subregions. We aimed to study the role of the identified DMH to PAG projections in thermogenesis in conscious rats by specifically activating them using a combination of canine adenovirus-2 (CAV2Cre) and Cre-dependent designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technology. Chemogenetic activation of DMH to PAG projections increased BAT temperature and core body temperature, but we cannot exclude the possibility that at least some thermogenic effects were mediated by adjacent hypothalamic subregions due to difficulties in specifically targeting the DMH and distinct subdivisions of the PAG because of diffuse virus expression. To conclude, our study shows the complexity of the anatomical and functional connection between the hypothalamus and the PAG, and some technical challenges in studying their connection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy C. G. de Git
- Brain Center Rudolf MagnusDepartment of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Diana C. van Tuijl
- Brain Center Rudolf MagnusDepartment of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Mieneke C. M. Luijendijk
- Brain Center Rudolf MagnusDepartment of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Inge G. Wolterink‐Donselaar
- Brain Center Rudolf MagnusDepartment of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ghanem
- VirologyFaculty of MedicineMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene CenterLMU MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Karl‐Klaus Conzelmann
- VirologyFaculty of MedicineMax von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene CenterLMU MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Roger A. H. Adan
- Brain Center Rudolf MagnusDepartment of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Yu S, Cheng H, François M, Qualls-Creekmore E, Huesing C, He Y, Jiang Y, Gao H, Xu Y, Zsombok A, Derbenev AV, Nillni EA, Burk DH, Morrison CD, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H. Preoptic leptin signaling modulates energy balance independent of body temperature regulation. eLife 2018; 7:33505. [PMID: 29761783 PMCID: PMC5953538 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipokine leptin acts on the brain to regulate energy balance but specific functions in many brain areas remain poorly understood. Among these, the preoptic area (POA) is well known to regulate core body temperature by controlling brown fat thermogenesis, and we have previously shown that glutamatergic, long-form leptin receptor (Lepr)-expressing neurons in the POA are stimulated by warm ambient temperature and suppress energy expenditure and food intake. Here we further investigate the role of POA leptin signaling in body weight regulation and its relationship to body temperature regulation in mice. We show that POA Lepr signaling modulates energy expenditure in response to internal energy state, and thus contributes to body weight homeostasis. However, POA leptin signaling is not involved in ambient temperature-dependent metabolic adaptations. Our study reveals a novel cell population through which leptin regulates body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Yu
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Helia Cheng
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Marie François
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Emily Qualls-Creekmore
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Clara Huesing
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Yanlin He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Andrei V Derbenev
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Eduardo A Nillni
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,The Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - David H Burk
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, United States
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Hambrecht-Wiedbusch VS, Gabel M, Liu LJ, Imperial JP, Colmenero AV, Vanini G. Preemptive Caffeine Administration Blocks the Increase in Postoperative Pain Caused by Previous Sleep Loss in the Rat: A Potential Role for Preoptic Adenosine A2A Receptors in Sleep-Pain Interactions. Sleep 2018; 40:4037126. [PMID: 28934532 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and pain are reciprocally related, but the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship are poorly understood. This study used a rat model of surgical pain to examine the effect of previous sleep loss on postoperative pain and tested the hypothesis that preoptic adenosinergic mechanisms regulate sleep-pain interactions. Relative to ad libitum sleep, 6 hours of total sleep deprivation prior to a surgical incision significantly enhanced postoperative mechanical hypersensitivity in the affected paw and prolonged the time to recovery from surgery. There were no sex-specific differences in these measures. There were also no changes in adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone levels after sleep deprivation, suggesting that this effect was not mediated by the stress associated with the sleep perturbation. Systemic administration of the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine at the onset of sleep deprivation prevented the sleep deprivation-induced increase in postoperative hypersensitivity. Microinjection of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM 241385 into the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) blocked the increase in surgical pain levels and duration caused by prior sleep deprivation and eliminated the thermal hyperalgesia induced by sleep deprivation in a group of nonoperated (i.e., without surgical incision) rats. These data show that even a brief sleep disturbance prior to surgery worsens postoperative pain and are consistent with our hypothesis that adenosine A2A receptors in the MnPO contribute to regulate these sleep-pain interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Gabel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Linda J Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - John P Imperial
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Giancarlo Vanini
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Chojnowska K, Czerwinska J, Kaminski T, Kaminska B, Kurzynska A, Bogacka I. Leptin/leptin receptor system in the regulation of reproductive functions and stress response in the European beaver. Curr Zool 2018; 65:197-203. [PMID: 30936909 PMCID: PMC6430972 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The European beaver (Castor fiber L.) is the largest free-living rodent in Eurasia. The present work aimed to determine sex- and season-related changes in leptin receptor (Ob-R) expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal/adrenal axes and uterus of beavers during breeding- (April), post-breeding- (July), and pre-breeding- (November) periods. The expression of Ob-R gene and protein was found in all analyzed tissues. The expression of Ob-R mRNA remained constant in the hypothalamus of both sexes during the analyzed stages. Sex- and season-related changes were found in the pituitary gland; the greatest level was observed in July in both sexes. The same expression pattern was noted in the testis, whereas in the ovary a lack of seasonal changes was found. In uterine tissues, the greatest expression occurred in November. The impact of season was also demonstrated in the adrenal cortex. In females, a higher Ob-R transcript level was noted in April, while in males, an increased mRNA abundance was noted in November than July. Our study suggests that in the beaver, leptin acting via the Ob-R can be an important endocrine factor engaged in the regulation of reproductive functions and stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Chojnowska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Street 1A, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Czerwinska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Street 1A, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Kaminski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Street 1A, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Kaminska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Street 1A, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kurzynska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Street 1A, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Bogacka
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Street 1A, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Leptin injection into the left stellate ganglion augments ischemia-related ventricular arrhythmias via sympathetic nerve activation. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15:597-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
80
|
Lee SJ, Sanchez-Watts G, Krieger JP, Pignalosa A, Norell PN, Cortella A, Pettersen KG, Vrdoljak D, Hayes MR, Kanoski SE, Langhans W, Watts AG. Loss of dorsomedial hypothalamic GLP-1 signaling reduces BAT thermogenesis and increases adiposity. Mol Metab 2018; 11:33-46. [PMID: 29650350 PMCID: PMC6001878 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) neurons in the hindbrain densely innervate the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), a nucleus strongly implicated in body weight regulation and the sympathetic control of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Therefore, DMH GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are well placed to regulate energy balance by controlling sympathetic outflow and BAT function. Methods We investigate this possibility in adult male rats by using direct administration of GLP-1 (0.5 ug) into the DMH, knocking down DMH GLP-1R mRNA with viral-mediated RNA interference, and by examining the neurochemical phenotype of GLP-1R expressing cells in the DMH using in situ hybridization. Results GLP-1 administered into the DMH increased BAT thermogenesis and hepatic triglyceride (TG) mobilization. On the other hand, Glp1r knockdown (KD) in the DMH increased body weight gain and adiposity, with a concomitant reduction in energy expenditure (EE), BAT temperature, and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression. Moreover, DMH Glp1r KD induced hepatic steatosis, increased plasma TG, and elevated liver specific de-novo lipogenesis, effects that collectively contributed to insulin resistance. Interestingly, DMH Glp1r KD increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression in the DMH. GLP-1R mRNA in the DMH, however, was found in GABAergic not NPY neurons, consistent with a GLP-1R-dependent inhibition of NPY neurons that is mediated by local GABAergic neurons. Finally, DMH Glp1r KD attenuated the anorexigenic effects of the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4, highlighting an important role of DMH GLP-1R signaling in GLP-1-based therapies. Conclusions Collectively, our data show that DMH GLP-1R signaling plays a key role for BAT thermogenesis and adiposity. DMH GLP-1R stimulation acutely increases BAT thermogenesis. DMH GLP-1R mRNA knockdown decreases EE and BAT thermogenesis. DMH GLP-1R mRNA knockdown impairs lipid and glucose metabolism. Reduced DMH GLP-1R signaling blunts the anorexigenic responses to Ex-4. DMH GLP-1R signaling indirectly regulates NPY gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin J Lee
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Angelica Pignalosa
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Puck N Norell
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Alyssa Cortella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Klaus G Pettersen
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Dubravka Vrdoljak
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Alan G Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Abstract
Interactions between the brain and distinct adipose depots have a key role in maintaining energy balance, thereby promoting survival in response to metabolic challenges such as cold exposure and starvation. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the specific central neuronal circuits that regulate adipose depots. Here, we review anatomical, genetic and pharmacological studies on the neural regulation of adipose function, including lipolysis, non-shivering thermogenesis, browning and leptin secretion. In particular, we emphasize the role of leptin-sensitive neurons and the sympathetic nervous system in modulating the activity of brown, white and beige adipose tissues. We provide an overview of advances in the understanding of the heterogeneity of the brain regulation of adipose tissues and offer a perspective on the challenges and paradoxes that the community is facing regarding the actions of leptin on this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Syann Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel K. Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Chu SC, Chen PN, Chen JR, Yu CH, Hsieh YS, Kuo DY. Role of hypothalamic leptin-LepRb signaling in NPY-CART-mediated appetite suppression in amphetamine-treated rats. Horm Behav 2018; 98:173-182. [PMID: 29307696 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipose tissue hormone which plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis. Amphetamine (AMPH) is a drug of appetite suppressant, which exerts its effect by decreasing the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and increasing that of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). This study investigated whether leptin, the leptin receptor (LepRb) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) were involved in NPY/CART-mediated appetite suppression in AMPH-treated rats. Rats were given AMPH daily for four days, and changes in the levels of blood leptin and hypothalamic NPY, CART, LepRb, Janus kinases 2 (JAK2), and STAT3 were assessed and compared. During the AMPH treatment, blood leptin levels and hypothalamic NPY expression decreased, with the largest reduction observed on Day 2. By contrast, the expression of hypothalamic CART, LepRb, JAK2, and STAT3 increased, with the maximum response on Day 2. Furthermore, the binding activity of pSTAT3/DNA increased and was expressed in similar pattern to that of CART, LepRb, and JAK2. An intracerebroventricular infusion of NPY antisense 60min prior to AMPH treatment increased the levels of leptin, as well as the expression in LepRb, JAK2, and CART, whereas an infusion of STAT3 antisense decreased these levels and the expression of these parameters. The results suggest that blood leptin and hypothalamic LepRb-JAK2-STAT3 signaling involved in NPY-CART-regulated appetite suppression in AMPH-treated rats. The findings may aid understanding the role of leptin-LepRb during the treatment of anorectic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Rung Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Liu J, Yang X, Yu S, Zheng R. The Leptin Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1090:123-144. [PMID: 30390288 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leptin plays a critical role in the regulation of energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. Impairment of leptin signaling is closely involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, etc. Leptin initiates its intracellular signaling in the leptin-receptor-expressing neurons in the central nervous system to exert physiological function, thereby leading to a suppression of appetite, a reduction of food intake, a promotion of mitochondrial oxidation, an enhancement of thermogenesis, and a decrease in body weight. In this review, the studies on leptin neural and cellular pathways are summarized with an emphasis on the progress made during the last 10 years, for better understanding the molecular mechanism of obesity and other metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siwang Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of National Health Commission, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Yu S, François M, Huesing C, Münzberg H. The Hypothalamic Preoptic Area and Body Weight Control. Neuroendocrinology 2018; 106:187-194. [PMID: 28772276 PMCID: PMC6118330 DOI: 10.1159/000479875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus is involved in many physiological and behavioral processes thanks to its interconnections to many brain areas and ability to respond to diverse humoral factors. One main function of the POA is to manage body temperature homeostasis, e.g. in response to ambient temperature change, which is achieved in part by controlling brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. The POA is also importantly involved in modulating food intake in response to temperature change, thus making it relevant for body weight homeostasis and obesity research. POA function in body weight control is highly unexplored, and a better understanding of POA circuits and their integration into classic hypothalamic circuits that regulate energy homeostasis is expected to provide new opportunities for the scientific basis and treatment of obesity and comorbidities.
Collapse
|
85
|
Abstract
Body core temperature of mammals is regulated by the central nervous system, in which the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus plays a pivotal role. The POA receives peripheral and central thermosensory neural information and provides command signals to effector organs to elicit involuntary thermoregulatory responses, including shivering thermogenesis, nonshivering brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, and cutaneous vasoconstriction. Cool-sensory and warm-sensory signals from cutaneous thermoreceptors, monitoring environmental temperature, are separately transmitted through the spinal-parabrachial-POA neural pathways, distinct from the spinothalamocortical pathway for perception of skin temperature. These cutaneous thermosensory inputs to the POA likely impinge on warm-sensitive POA neurons, which monitor body core (brain) temperature, to alter thermoregulatory command outflows from the POA. The cutaneous thermosensory afferents elicit rapid thermoregulatory responses to environmental thermal challenges before they impact body core temperature. Peripheral humoral signals also act on neurons in the POA to transmit afferent information of systemic infection and energy storage to induce fever and to regulate energy balance, respectively. This chapter describes the thermoregulatory afferent mechanisms that convey cutaneous thermosensory signals to the POA and that integrate the neural and humoral afferent inputs to the POA to provide descending command signals to thermoregulatory effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Morrison SF. Efferent neural pathways for the control of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and shivering. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 156:281-303. [PMID: 30454595 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63912-7.00017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental central neural circuits for thermoregulation orchestrate behavioral and autonomic repertoires that maintain body core temperature during thermal challenges that arise from either the ambient or the internal environment. This review summarizes our understanding of the neural pathways within the fundamental thermoregulatory reflex circuitry that comprise the efferent (i.e., beyond thermosensory) control of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and shivering thermogenesis: the motor neuron systems consisting of the BAT sympathetic preganglionic neurons and BAT sympathetic ganglion cells, and the alpha- and gamma-motoneurons; the premotor neurons in the region of the rostral raphe pallidus, and the thermogenesis-promoting neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus/dorsal hypothalamic area. Also included are inputs to, and neurochemical modulators of, these efferent neuronal populations that could influence their activity during thermoregulatory responses. Signals of metabolic status can be particularly significant for the energy-hungry thermoeffectors for heat production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun F Morrison
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes arise from distinct developmental origins. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) develops embryonically from precursors that also give to skeletal muscle. Beige fat develops postnatally and is highly inducible. Beige fat recruitment is mediated by multiple mechanisms, including de novo beige adipogenesis and white-to-brown adipocyte transdifferentiaiton. Beige precursors reside around vasculatures, and proliferate and differentiate into beige adipocytes. PDGFRα+Ebf2+ precursors are restricted to beige lineage cells, while another PDGFRα+ subset gives rise to beige adipocytes, white adipocytes, or fibrogenic cells. White adipocytes can be reprogramed and transdifferentiated into beige adipocytes. Brown and beige adipocytes display many similar properties, including multilocular lipid droplets, dense mitochondria, and expression of UCP1. UCP1-mediated thermogenesis is a hallmark of brown/beige adipocytes, albeit UCP1-independent thermogenesis also occurs. Development, maintenance, and activation of BAT/beige fat are guided by genetic and epigenetic programs. Numerous transcriptional factors and coactivators act coordinately to promote BAT/beige fat thermogenesis. Epigenetic reprograming influences expression of brown/beige adipocyte-selective genes. BAT/beige fat is regulated by neuronal, hormonal, and immune mechanisms. Hypothalamic thermal circuits define the temperature setpoint that guides BAT/beige fat activity. Metabolic hormones, paracrine/autocrine factors, and various immune cells also play a critical role in regulating BAT/beige fat functions. BAT and beige fat defend temperature homeostasis, and regulate body weight and glucose and lipid metabolism. Obesity is associated with brown/beige fat deficiency, and reactivation of brown/beige fat provides metabolic health benefits in some patients. Pharmacological activation of BAT/beige fat may hold promise for combating metabolic diseases. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1281-1306, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
|
89
|
Chachlaki K, Garthwaite J, Prevot V. The gentle art of saying NO: how nitric oxide gets things done in the hypothalamus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017. [PMID: 28621341 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemical signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO), which freely diffuses through aqueous and lipid environments, subserves an array of functions in the mammalian central nervous system, such as the regulation of synaptic plasticity, blood flow and neurohormone secretion. In this Review, we consider the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which NO evokes short-term and long-term changes in neuronal activity. We also highlight recent studies showing that discrete populations of neurons that synthesize NO in the hypothalamus constitute integrative systems that support life by relaying metabolic and gonadal signals to the neuroendocrine brain, and thus gate the onset of puberty and adult fertility. The putative involvement and therapeutic potential of NO in the pathophysiology of brain diseases, for which hormonal imbalances during postnatal development could be risk factors, is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Chachlaki
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, UMR-S 1172, 1 place de Verdun, F-59000 Lille, France
- University of Lille, University Hospital Federations (FHU) 1,000 days for Health, School of Medicine, 1 place de Verdun, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - John Garthwaite
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, UMR-S 1172, 1 place de Verdun, F-59000 Lille, France
- University of Lille, University Hospital Federations (FHU) 1,000 days for Health, School of Medicine, 1 place de Verdun, F-59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Glutamatergic Preoptic Area Neurons That Express Leptin Receptors Drive Temperature-Dependent Body Weight Homeostasis. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5034-46. [PMID: 27147656 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0213-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The preoptic area (POA) regulates body temperature, but is not considered a site for body weight control. A subpopulation of POA neurons express leptin receptors (LepRb(POA) neurons) and modulate reproductive function. However, LepRb(POA) neurons project to sympathetic premotor neurons that control brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, suggesting an additional role in energy homeostasis and body weight regulation. We determined the role of LepRb(POA) neurons in energy homeostasis using cre-dependent viral vectors to selectively activate these neurons and analyzed functional outcomes in mice. We show that LepRb(POA) neurons mediate homeostatic adaptations to ambient temperature changes, and their pharmacogenetic activation drives robust suppression of energy expenditure and food intake, which lowers body temperature and body weight. Surprisingly, our data show that hypothermia-inducing LepRb(POA) neurons are glutamatergic, while GABAergic POA neurons, originally thought to mediate warm-induced inhibition of sympathetic premotor neurons, have no effect on energy expenditure. Our data suggest a new view into the neurochemical and functional properties of BAT-related POA circuits and highlight their additional role in modulating food intake and body weight. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Brown adipose tissue (BAT)-induced thermogenesis is a promising therapeutic target to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. The preoptic area (POA) controls body temperature by modulating BAT activity, but its role in body weight homeostasis has not been addressed. LepRb(POA) neurons are BAT-related neurons and we show that they are sufficient to inhibit energy expenditure. We further show that LepRb(POA) neurons modulate food intake and body weight, which is mediated by temperature-dependent homeostatic responses. We further found that LepRb(POA) neurons are stimulatory glutamatergic neurons, contrary to prevalent models, providing a new view on thermoregulatory neural circuits. In summary, our study significantly expands our current understanding of central circuits and mechanisms that modulate energy homeostasis.
Collapse
|
91
|
Chachlaki K, Malone SA, Qualls-Creekmore E, Hrabovszky E, Münzberg H, Giacobini P, Ango F, Prevot V. Phenotyping of nNOS neurons in the postnatal and adult female mouse hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3177-3189. [PMID: 28577305 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neurons expressing nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS) and thus capable of synthesizing NO play major roles in many aspects of brain function. While the heterogeneity of nNOS-expressing neurons has been studied in various brain regions, their phenotype in the hypothalamus remains largely unknown. Here we examined the distribution of cells expressing nNOS in the postnatal and adult female mouse hypothalamus using immunohistochemistry. In both adults and neonates, nNOS was largely restricted to regions of the hypothalamus involved in the control of bodily functions, such as energy balance and reproduction. Labeled cells were found in the paraventricular, ventromedial, and dorsomedial nuclei as well as in the lateral area of the hypothalamus. Intriguingly, nNOS was seen only after the second week of life in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH). The most dense and heavily labeled population of cells was found in the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OV) and the median preoptic nucleus (MEPO), where most of the somata of the neuroendocrine neurons releasing GnRH and controlling reproduction are located. A great proportion of nNOS-immunoreactive neurons in the OV/MEPO and ARH were seen to express estrogen receptor (ER) α. Notably, almost all ERα-immunoreactive cells of the OV/MEPO also expressed nNOS. Moreover, the use of EYFPVglut2 , EYFPVgat , and GFPGad67 transgenic mouse lines revealed that, like GnRH neurons, most hypothalamic nNOS neurons have a glutamatergic phenotype, except for nNOS neurons of the ARH, which are GABAergic. Altogether, these observations are consistent with the proposed role of nNOS neurons in physiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Chachlaki
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, U1172, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Samuel A Malone
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, U1172, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Emily Qualls-Creekmore
- Departments of Central Leptin Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Departments of Central Leptin Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, U1172, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Ango
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development of GABAergic circuit, IGF, U1191, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, CNRS UMR5203, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, U1172, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Shi Z, Madden CJ, Brooks VL. Arcuate neuropeptide Y inhibits sympathetic nerve activity via multiple neuropathways. J Clin Invest 2017. [PMID: 28628036 PMCID: PMC5490747 DOI: 10.1172/jci92008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) via activation of proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ArcN), and this action requires simultaneous withdrawal of tonic neuropeptide Y (NPY) sympathoinhibition. However, the sites and neurocircuitry by which NPY decreases SNA are unclear. Here, using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) to selectively activate or inhibit ArcN NPY neurons expressing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) in mice, we have demonstrated that this neuronal population tonically suppresses splanchnic SNA (SSNA), arterial pressure, and heart rate via projections to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). First, we found that ArcN NPY/AgRP fibers closely appose PVN and DMH presympathetic neurons. Second, nanoinjections of NPY or an NPY receptor Y1 (NPY1R) antagonist into PVN or DMH decreased or increased SSNA, respectively. Third, blockade of DMH NPY1R reversed the sympathoinhibition elicited by selective, DREADD-mediated activation of ArcN NPY/AgRP neurons. Finally, stimulation of ArcN NPY/AgRP terminal fields in the PVN and DMH decreased SSNA. Considering that chronic obesity decreases ArcN NPY content, we propose that the ArcN NPY neuropathway to the PVN and DMH is pivotal in obesity-induced elevations in SNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
| | - Christopher J Madden
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Pérez-Mendoza M, Luna-Moreno D, Carmona-Castro A, Rodríguez-Guadarrama HA, Montoya-Gómez LM, Díaz-Muñoz M, Miranda-Anaya M. Neotomodon alstoni mice present sex differences between lean and obese in daily hypothalamic leptin signaling. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:956-966. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1331354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Pérez-Mendoza
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Juriquilla, Qro México
| | - Dalia Luna-Moreno
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Juriquilla, Qro México
| | | | | | - Luis M. Montoya-Gómez
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Juriquilla, Qro México
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Juriquilla, Qro México; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Manuel Miranda-Anaya
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Juriquilla, Qro México
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Ramos-Lobo AM, Donato J. The role of leptin in health and disease. Temperature (Austin) 2017; 4:258-291. [PMID: 28944270 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2017.1327003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a master regulator of energy balance and body adiposity. Additionally, leptin exerts important control on glucose homeostasis, thermogenesis, autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine axes. In metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, leptin signaling may be compromised, indicating the important role of this hormone in the etiology and pathophysiological manifestations of these conditions. In the present manuscript, we reviewed important concepts of leptin signaling, as well as about the effects of leptin on several biologic functions. We also discussed the possible therapeutic use of leptin administration and how our current obesogenic environment contributes to the development of leptin resistance. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive and state-of-the-art review about the importance of leptin to maintain the homeostasis and during pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Pandit R, Beerens S, Adan RAH. Role of leptin in energy expenditure: the hypothalamic perspective. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R938-R947. [PMID: 28356295 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00045.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is a peripheral signal that informs the brain about the metabolic status of an organism. Although traditionally viewed as an appetite-suppressing hormone, studies in the past decade have highlighted the role of leptin in energy expenditure. Leptin has been shown to increase energy expenditure in particular through its effects on the cardiovascular system and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis via the hypothalamus. The current review summarizes the role of leptin signaling in various hypothalamic nuclei and its effects on the sympathetic nervous system to influence blood pressure, heart rate, and BAT thermogenesis. Specifically, the role of leptin signaling on three different hypothalamic nuclei, the dorsomedial hypothalamus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, and the arcuate nucleus, is reviewed. It is known that all of these brain regions influence the sympathetic nervous system activity and thereby regulate BAT thermogenesis and the cardiovascular system. Thus the current work focuses on how leptin signaling in specific neuronal populations within these hypothalamic nuclei influences certain aspects of energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pandit
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Beerens
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R A H Adan
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Zhou YT, He ZG, Liu TT, Feng MH, Zhang DY, Xiang HB. Neuroanatomical circuitry between kidney and rostral elements of brain: a virally mediated transsynaptic tracing study in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 37:63-69. [PMID: 28224417 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The identity of higher-order neurons and circuits playing an associative role to control renal function is not well understood. We identified specific neural populations of rostral elements of brain regions that project multisynaptically to the kidneys in 3-6 days after injecting a retrograde tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV)-614 into kidney of 13 adult male C57BL/6J strain mice. PRV-614 infected neurons were detected in a number of mesencephalic (e.g. central amygdala nucleus), telencephalic regions and motor cortex. These divisions included the preoptic area (POA), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), lateral hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus (Arc), suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), periventricular hypothalamus (PeH), and rostral and caudal subdivision of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). PRV-614/Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) double-labeled cells were found within DMH, Arc, SCN, PeH, PVN, the anterodorsal and medial POA. A subset of neurons in PVN that participated in regulating sympathetic outflow to kidney was catecholaminergic or serotonergic. PRV-614 infected neurons within the PVN also contained arginine vasopressin or oxytocin. These data demonstrate the rostral elements of brain innervate the kidney by the neuroanatomical circuitry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ting Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Shuyang Hospital, Shuyang, 223600, China
| | - Zhi-Gang He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tao-Tao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mao-Hui Feng
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan Peritoneal Cancer Clinical Medical Research Center, Zhangnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Ding-Yu Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Wuhan Medical Treatment Center, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Hong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Abstract
The homeostatic control of body temperature is essential for survival in mammals and is known to be regulated in part by temperature-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus. However, the specific neural pathways and corresponding neural populations have not been fully elucidated. To identify these pathways, we used cFos staining to identify neurons that are activated by a thermal challenge and found induced expression in subsets of neurons within the ventral part of the lateral preoptic nucleus (vLPO) and the dorsal part of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMD). Activation of GABAergic neurons in the vLPO using optogenetics reduced body temperature, along with a decrease in physical activity. Optogenetic inhibition of these neurons resulted in fever-level hyperthermia. These GABAergic neurons project from the vLPO to the DMD and optogenetic stimulation of the nerve terminals in the DMD also reduced body temperature and activity. Electrophysiological recording revealed that the vLPO GABAergic neurons suppressed neural activity in DMD neurons, and fiber photometry of calcium transients revealed that DMD neurons were activated by cold. Accordingly, activation of DMD neurons using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) or optogenetics increased body temperature with a strong increase in energy expenditure and activity. Finally, optogenetic inhibition of DMD neurons triggered hypothermia, similar to stimulation of the GABAergic neurons in the vLPO. Thus, vLPO GABAergic neurons suppressed the thermogenic effect of DMD neurons. In aggregate, our data identify vLPO→DMD neural pathways that reduce core temperature in response to a thermal challenge, and we show that outputs from the DMD can induce activity-induced thermogenesis.
Collapse
|
98
|
Chen M, Shrestha YB, Podyma B, Cui Z, Naglieri B, Sun H, Ho T, Wilson EA, Li YQ, Gavrilova O, Weinstein LS. Gsα deficiency in the dorsomedial hypothalamus underlies obesity associated with Gsα mutations. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:500-510. [PMID: 27991864 DOI: 10.1172/jci88622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gsα, encoded by Gnas, mediates hormone and neurotransmitter receptor-stimulated cAMP generation. Heterozygous Gsα-inactivating mutations lead to obesity in Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) patients, but only when the mutations occur on the maternal allele. This parent-of-origin effect is due to Gsα imprinting in the CNS, although the relevant CNS regions are unknown. We have now shown that mice with a Gnas gene deletion disrupting Gsα expression on the maternal allele, but not the paternal allele, in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) developed obesity and reduced energy expenditure without hyperphagia. Although maternal Gnas deletion impaired activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mice, their responses to cold environment remained intact. Similar findings were observed in mice with DMH-specific deficiency of melanocortin MC4R receptors, which are known to activate Gsα. Our results show that Gsα imprinting in the DMH underlies the parent-of-origin metabolic phenotype that results from Gsα mutations and that DMH MC4R/Gsα signaling is important for regulation of energy expenditure and BAT activation, but not the metabolic response to cold.
Collapse
|
99
|
Harris RBS, Desai BN. Fourth-ventricle leptin infusions dose-dependently activate hypothalamic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E939-E948. [PMID: 27802966 PMCID: PMC5183885 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00343.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that very low-dose infusions of leptin into the third or the fourth ventricle alone have little effect on energy balance, but simultaneous low-dose infusions cause rapid weight loss and increased phosphorylation of STAT3 (p-STAT3) in hypothalamic sites that express leptin receptors. Other studies show that injecting high doses of leptin into the fourth ventricle inhibits food intake and weight gain. Therefore, we tested whether fourth-ventricle leptin infusions that cause weight loss are associated with increased leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. In a dose response study 14-day infusions of increasing doses of leptin showed significant hypophagia, weight loss, and increased hypothalamic p-STAT3 in rats receiving at least 0.9 μg leptin/day. In a second study 0.6 μg leptin/day transiently inhibited food intake and reduced carcass fat, but had no significant effect on energy expenditure. In a final study, we identified the localization of STAT3 activation in the hypothalamus of rats receiving 0, 0.3, or 1.2 μg leptin/day. The high dose of leptin, which caused weight loss in the first experiment, increased p-STAT3 in the ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. The low dose that increased brown fat UCP1 but did not affect body composition in the first experiment had little effect on hypothalamic p-STAT3. We propose that hindbrain leptin increases the precision of control of energy balance by lowering the threshold for leptin signaling in the forebrain. Further studies are needed to directly test this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B S Harris
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Bhavna N Desai
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Contribution of adaptive thermogenesis to the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance. Biochem J 2016; 473:4063-4082. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its related disorders are among the most pervasive diseases in contemporary societies, and there is an urgent need for new therapies and preventive approaches. Given (i) our poor social capacity to correct unhealthy habits, and (ii) our evolutionarily genetic predisposition to store excess energy as fat, the current environment of caloric surplus makes the treatment of obesity extremely difficult. During the last few decades, an increasing number of methodological approaches have increased our knowledge of the neuroanatomical basis of the control of energy balance. Compelling evidence underlines the role of the hypothalamus as a homeostatic integrator of metabolic information and its ability to adjust energy balance. A greater understanding of the neural basis of the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance might indeed pave the way for new therapeutic targets. In this regard, it has been shown that several important peripheral signals, such as leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogens and bone morphogenetic protein 8B, converge on common energy sensors, such as AMP-activated protein kinase to modulate sympathetic tone on brown adipose tissue. This knowledge may open new ways to counteract the chronic imbalance underlying obesity. Here, we review the current state of the art on the role of hypothalamus in the regulation of energy balance with particular focus on thermogenesis.
Collapse
|