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Bhowal B, Bhattacharjee A, Goswami K, Sanan-Mishra N, Singla-Pareek SL, Kaur C, Sopory S. Serotonin and Melatonin Biosynthesis in Plants: Genome-Wide Identification of the Genes and Their Expression Reveal a Conserved Role in Stress and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011034. [PMID: 34681693 PMCID: PMC8538589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (Ser) and melatonin (Mel) serve as master regulators of plant growth and development by influencing diverse cellular processes. The enzymes namely, tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) and tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H) catalyse the formation of Ser from tryptophan. Subsequently, serotonin N-acetyl transferase (SNAT) and acetyl-serotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) form Mel from Ser. Plant genomes harbour multiple genes for each of these four enzymes, all of which have not been identified. Therefore, to delineate information regarding these four gene families, we carried out a genome-wide analysis of the genes involved in Ser and Mel biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, tomato, rice and sorghum. Phylogenetic analysis unravelled distinct evolutionary relationships among these genes from different plants. Interestingly, no gene family except ASMTs showed monocot- or dicot-specific clustering of respective proteins. Further, we observed tissue-specific, developmental and stress/hormone-mediated variations in the expression of the four gene families. The light/dark cycle also affected their expression in agreement with our quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Importantly, we found that miRNAs (miR6249a and miR-1846e) regulated the expression of Ser and Mel biosynthesis under light and stress by influencing the expression of OsTDC5 and OsASMT18, respectively. Thus, this study may provide opportunities for functional characterization of suitable target genes of the Ser and Mel pathway to decipher their exact roles in plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Bhowal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Annapurna Bhattacharjee
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kavita Goswami
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Sneh L. Singla-Pareek
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
| | - Charanpreet Kaur
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Sudhir Sopory
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (B.B.); (A.B.); (K.G.); (N.S.-M.); (S.L.S.-P.)
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (S.S.)
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Hernández-Ruiz J, Cano A, Arnao MB. A Phytomelatonin-Rich Extract Obtained from Selected Herbs with Application as Plant Growth Regulator. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102143. [PMID: 34685952 PMCID: PMC8540480 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The animal hormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a pleiotropic molecule with multiple and various functions. Phytomelatonin is the melatonin from plants and was discovered in 1995 in some species. Phytomelatonin is considered an interesting molecule in the physiology of plants, as it seems to be involved in many actions, such as germination, growth, rooting and parthenocarpy, including fruit set and ripening; it also seems to play a role during postharvest. It has been studied in processes such as primary and secondary metabolism, photosynthesis and senescence, as well as in the nitrogen and sulfur cycles. Phytomelatonin up- and down-regulates many relevant genes related to plant hormones and key genes related to the above-mentioned aspects. One of the most decisive aspects of phytomelatonin is its relevant role as a bioprotective and alleviating agent against both biotic and abiotic stressors, which has opened up the possibility of using melatonin as a phytoprotector and biostimulant in agriculture. In this respect, using material of plant origin to obtain extracts rich in phytomelatonin instead of using synthetic melatonin (thus avoiding unwanted by-products) has become a topic of discussion. This work characterized the phytomelatonin-rich extracts obtained from selected herbs and determined their contents of phytomelatonin, phenols and flavonoids; the antioxidant activity was also measured. Finally, two melatonin-specific bioassays in plants were applied to demonstrate the excellent biological properties of the natural phytomelatonin-rich extracts obtained. The herb composition and the protocols for obtaining the extracts rich in phytomelatonin are in the process of registration for their legal protection.
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Anderson AJ, Kim YC. The Plant-Stress Metabolites, Hexanoic Aacid and Melatonin, Are Potential "Vaccines" for Plant Health Promotion. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 37:415-427. [PMID: 34847628 PMCID: PMC8632612 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.01.2021.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of compounds stimulate protective mechanisms in plants against microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses. Some defense activators are synthetic compounds and trigger responses only in certain protective pathways, such as activation of defenses under regulation by the plant regulator, salicylic acid (SA). This review discusses the potential of naturally occurring plant metabolites as primers for defense responses in the plant. The production of the metabolites, hexanoic acid and melatonin, in plants means they are consumed when plants are eaten as foods. Both metabolites prime stronger and more rapid activation of plant defense upon subsequent stress. Because these metabolites trigger protective measures in the plant they can be considered as "vaccines" to promote plant vigor. Hexanoic acid and melatonin instigate systemic changes in plant metabolism associated with both of the major defense pathways, those regulated by SA- and jasmonic acid (JA). These two pathways are well studied because of their induction by different microbial triggers: necrosis-causing microbial pathogens induce the SA pathway whereas colonization by beneficial microbes stimulates the JA pathway. The plant's responses to the two metabolites, however, are not identical with a major difference being a characterized growth response with melatonin but not hexanoic acid. As primers for plant defense, hexanoic acid and melatonin have the potential to be successfully integrated into vaccination-like strategies to protect plants against diseases and abiotic stresses that do not involve man-made chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J. Anderson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young Cheol Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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Melatonin: A blooming biomolecule for postharvest management of perishable fruits and vegetables. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Arnao MB, Hernández-Ruiz J. Melatonin as a plant biostimulant in crops and during post-harvest: a new approach is needed. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5297-5304. [PMID: 34002381 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A great amount of data covering a wide variety of plant species and experimental conditions has demonstrated the beneficial actions that melatonin exerts on many aspects of plant development, including germination, photosynthesis and water economy. Melatonin behaves especially well as a plant biostimulator against biotic and abiotic stressors, increasing stress tolerance. The present contribution sets out possible future multidisciplinary studies, in which the impact of using melatonin with respect to agriculture, food technology, human nutrition and the environment needs to be clearly established. In crops, the effective dose and best formulations for individual plant species and cultivation conditions should be studied. As regards post-harvest, the focus should be on the half-life time of melatonin in fruits and water-residue treatments. Detailed studies are lacking on the human intake of phytomelatonin in different diets. Studies on the metabolization of phytomelatonin and the combined effect with other phytonutrients such as carotenoids, chlorophylls, flavonoids, fibers, etc., would also be of interest. In soils, the possible interaction between melatonin and microbiome and non-vertebrate animals is of primordial interest. In terms of the environment, although melatonin is classified as a non-hazardous agent, its limitations as a possible animal hormone disruptor have been suggested. Specific studies on the permanence of melatonin in plant tissues, plant by-products, soil, freshwater and honeybees, amongst others, are proposed to obtain crucial information. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino B Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Arnao MB, Hernández-Ruiz J, Cano A, Reiter RJ. Melatonin and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Plant Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1917. [PMID: 34579448 PMCID: PMC8472256 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, a multifunctional molecule that is present in all living organisms studied, is synthesized in plant cells in several intercellular organelles including in the chloroplasts and in mitochondria. In plants, melatonin has a relevant role as a modulatory agent which improves their tolerance response to biotic and abiotic stress. The role of melatonin in stress conditions on the primary metabolism of plant carbohydrates is reviewed in the present work. Thus, the modulatory actions of melatonin on the various biosynthetic and degradation pathways involving simple carbohydrates (mono- and disaccharides), polymers (starch), and derivatives (polyalcohols) in plants are evaluated. The possible applications of the use of melatonin in crop improvement and postharvest products are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino B. Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.H.-R.); (A.C.)
| | - Josefa Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.H.-R.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Cano
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.H.-R.); (A.C.)
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Ahmad S, Muhammad I, Wang GY, Zeeshan M, Yang L, Ali I, Zhou XB. Ameliorative effect of melatonin improves drought tolerance by regulating growth, photosynthetic traits and leaf ultrastructure of maize seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:368. [PMID: 34384391 PMCID: PMC8359050 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03160-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melatonin is considered a potential plant growth regulator to enhance the growth of plants and increase tolerance to various abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, melatonin's role in mediating stress response in different plant species and growth cycles still needs to be explored. This study was conducted to understand the impact of different melatonin concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 μM) applied as a soil drench to maize seedling under drought stress conditions. A decreased irrigation approach based on watering was exposed to maize seedling after drought stress was applied at 40-45% of field capacity. RESULTS The results showed that drought stress negatively affected the growth behavior of maize seedlings, such as reduced biomass accumulation, decreased photosynthetic pigments, and enhanced the malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, melatonin application enhanced plant growth; alleviated ROS-induced oxidative damages by increasing the photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities, relative water content, and osmo-protectants of maize seedlings. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin treatment also enhanced the stomatal traits, such as stomatal length, width, area, and the number of pores under drought stress conditions. Our data suggested that 100 μM melatonin application as soil drenching could provide a valuable foundation for improving plant tolerance to drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmad
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ihsan Muhammad
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Guo Yun Wang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Li Yang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Izhar Ali
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xun Bo Zhou
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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Yang Q, Li J, Ma W, Zhang S, Hou S, Wang Z, Li X, Gao W, Rengel Z, Chen Q, Cui X. Melatonin increases leaf disease resistance and saponin biosynthesis in Panax notogiseng. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 263:153466. [PMID: 34216845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Bruk.) FH Chen is a valuable traditional herb in China, with saponins being the main medicinal components in its roots. However, leaf diseases are a major factor limiting growth and production of P. notoginseng. Melatonin is a ubiquitous signaling molecule associated with abiotic stress resistance. In this study, we investigated the role of melatonin in leaf disease resistance of P. notoginseng in field conditions. Additionally, saponin concentrations were analyzed to evaluate the suitability of melatonin use in agricultural practice. Our results showed that exogenous application of melatonin promoted the endogenous phytomelatonin accumulation via upregulation of genes involved in its biosynthesis. The application of 10 μM melatonin decreased the incidence of leaf diseases (gray mold, round spot, and black spot) by about 40% compared with the solvent control, which might have been due to the increased expression of genes associated with immunity and disease resistance. Furthermore, concentrations of saponins and expression of their biosynthesis-related genes were significantly increased by melatonin. Taken together, the data presented here suggested that melatonin could be used in agricultural management of P. notoginseng because it increased leaf disease resistance and biosynthesis of saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenna Ma
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Suying Hou
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Analytic & Testing Research Center of Yunnan, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zed Rengel
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia; Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, Panax notoginseng Research Institute in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Yang L, You J, Li J, Wang Y, Chan Z. Melatonin promotes Arabidopsis primary root growth in an IAA-dependent manner. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5599-5611. [PMID: 34009365 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has been characterized as a growth regulator in plants. Melatonin shares tryptophan as the precursor with the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but the interplay between melatonin and IAA remains controversial. In this study, we aimed to dissect the relationship between melatonin and IAA in regulating Arabidopsis primary root growth. We observed that melatonin concentrations ranging from 10-9 to 10-6 M functioned as IAA mimics to promote primary root growth in Arabidopsis wild type, as well as in pin-formed (pin) single and double mutants. Transcriptome analysis showed that changes in gene expression after melatonin and IAA treatment were moderately correlated. Most of the IAA-regulated genes were co-regulated by melatonin, indicating that melatonin and IAA regulated a similar subset of genes. Melatonin partially rescued primary root growth defects in pin single and double mutant plants. However, melatonin treatment had little effect on primary root growth in the presence of high concentrations of auxin biosynthesis inhibitors, or polar transport inhibitor, and could not rescue the root length defect of the IAA biosynthesis quintuple mutant yucQ. Therefore, we propose that melatonin promotes primary root growth in an IAA-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jun You
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jinzhu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A& F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhulong Chan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Tiwari RK, Lal MK, Kumar R, Chourasia KN, Naga KC, Kumar D, Das SK, Zinta G. Mechanistic insights on melatonin-mediated drought stress mitigation in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1212-1226. [PMID: 33305363 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress imposes a serious threat to crop productivity and nutritional security. Drought adaptation mechanisms involve complex regulatory network comprising of various sensory and signaling molecules. In this context, melatonin has emerged as a potential signaling molecule playing a crucial role in imparting stress tolerance in plants. Melatonin pretreatment regulates various plant physiological processes such as osmoregulation, germination, photosynthesis, senescence, primary/secondary metabolism, and hormonal cross-talk under water deficit conditions. Melatonin-mediated regulation of ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle plays a crucial role to scavenge reactive oxygen species generated in the cells during drought. Here, in this review, the current knowledge on the role of melatonin to ameliorate adverse effects of drought by modulating morphological, physiological, and redox regulatory processes is discussed. The role of melatonin to improve water absorption capacity of roots by regulating aquaporin channels and hormonal cross-talk involved in drought stress mitigation are also discussed. Overall, melatonin is a versatile bio-molecule involved in growth promotion and yield enhancement under drought stress that makes it a suitable candidate for eco-friendly crop production to ensure food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Plant Protection, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Milan Kumar Lal
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Division of Plant Protection, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Kumar Nishant Chourasia
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Kailash Chandra Naga
- Division of Plant Protection, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Division of Crop Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sourav Kumar Das
- Radiation Biology and Health Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
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Shekari A, Hassani RN, Aghdam MS, Rezaee M, Jannatizadeh A. The effects of melatonin treatment on cap browning and biochemical attributes of Agaricus bisporus during low temperature storage. Food Chem 2021; 348:129074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Arnao MB, Hernández-Ruiz J. Melatonin as a regulatory hub of plant hormone levels and action in stress situations. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23 Suppl 1:7-19. [PMID: 33098247 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a molecule first discovered in animal tissues, plays an important role in multiple physiological responses as a possible plant master regulator. It mediates responses to different types of stress, both biotic and abiotic. Melatonin reduces the negative effects associated with stressors, improving the plant response by increasing plant stress tolerance. When plants respond to stress situations, they use up a large amount of plant resources through a set of perfectly synchronized actions. Responses mediated by melatonin use the plant's hormones to, after adequate modulation, counteract and overcome the negative action of the stressor. In this paper, we review melatonin-plant hormone relationships. Factors that trigger the stress response and the central role of melatonin are analysed. An extensive analysis of current studies shows that melatonin modulates the metabolism of plant hormones (biosynthesis and catabolism), the rise or fall in their endogenous levels, the regulation of signalling elements and how melatonin affects the final response of auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, jasmonates, brassinosteroids, polyamines and strigolactones. Lastly, a general overview of melatonin's actions and its regulatory role at a global level is provided and proposals for future research are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Cui N, Xiao J, Feng Y, Zhao Y, Yu X, Xu JW, Li T, Zhao P. Antioxidants enhance lipid productivity in Heveochlorella sp. Yu. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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CAND2/PMTR1 Is Required for Melatonin-Conferred Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084014. [PMID: 33924609 PMCID: PMC8069227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osmotic stress severely inhibits plant growth and development, causing huge loss of crop quality and quantity worldwide. Melatonin is an important signaling molecule that generally confers plant increased tolerance to various environmental stresses, however, whether and how melatonin participates in plant osmotic stress response remain elusive. Here, we report that melatonin enhances plant osmotic stress tolerance through increasing ROS-scavenging ability, and melatonin receptor CAND2 plays a key role in melatonin-mediated plant response to osmotic stress. Upon osmotic stress treatment, the expression of melatonin biosynthetic genes including SNAT1, COMT1, and ASMT1 and the accumulation of melatonin are increased in the wild-type plants. The snat1 mutant is defective in osmotic stress-induced melatonin accumulation and thus sensitive to osmotic stress, while exogenous melatonin enhances the tolerance of the wild-type plant and rescues the sensitivity of the snat1 mutant to osmotic stress by upregulating the expression and activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase to repress H2O2 accumulation. Further study showed that the melatonin receptor mutant cand2 exhibits reduced osmotic stress tolerance with increased ROS accumulation, but exogenous melatonin cannot revert its osmotic stress phenotype. Together, our study reveals that CADN2 functions necessarily in melatonin-conferred osmotic stress tolerance by activating ROS-scavenging ability in Arabidopsis.
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Lee HY, Back K. Melatonin Regulates Chloroplast Protein Quality Control via a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040511. [PMID: 33806011 PMCID: PMC8064490 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase 1 (SNAT1), the penultimate enzyme for melatonin biosynthesis has shown N-acetyltransferase activity toward multiple substrates, including histones, serotonin, and plastid proteins. Under two different light conditions such as 50 or 100 μmol m−2 s−1, a SNAT1-knockout (snat1) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia (Col-0) exhibited small size phenotypes relative over wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis Col-0. Of note, the small phenotype is stronger when growing at the 50 μmol m−2 s−1, exhibiting a dwarfism phenotype and delayed flowering. The snat1 Arabidopsis Col-0 accumulated less starch than the WT Col-0. Moreover, snat1 exhibited lower Lhcb1, Lhcb4, and RBCL protein levels, compared with the WT Col-0, but no changes in the corresponding transcripts, suggesting the involvement of melatonin in chloroplast protein quality control (CPQC). Accordingly, caseinolytic protease (Clp) and chloroplast heat shock proteins (CpHSPs), two key proteins involved in CPQC, as well as ROS defense were suppressed in snat1. In contrast, exogenous melatonin treatment induced expression of Clp, CpHSP, APX1, and GST, but not other growth-related genes such as DWF4, KS, and IAA1. Finally, the induction of ClpR1, APX1, and GST1 in response to melatonin was inhibited in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) knockdown Arabidopsis (mpk3/6), suggesting that melatonin-mediated CPQC was mediated, in part, by the MAPK signaling cascade. These results suggest that melatonin is involved in CPQC, which plays a pivotal role in starch synthesis in plants.
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Yin Y, Liu Y, Cheng C, Yang Z, Luo Z, Fang W. iTRAQ-based proteomic and physiological analyses of broccoli sprouts in response to exogenous melatonin with ZnSO 4 stress. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12336-12347. [PMID: 35423784 PMCID: PMC8696995 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00696g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous melatonin (10 μM) enhances ZnSO4 (4 mM) stress tolerance and regulates the isothiocyanate content of broccoli sprouts. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism underlying the role of melatonin in isothiocyanate metabolism under ZnSO4 stress is unclear. The effects of exogenous melatonin on growth and isothiocyanate metabolism in broccoli sprouts under ZnSO4 stress during germination were investigated by physio-biochemical methods, quantification of relative gene expression levels, and the isobaric tags for the relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labelling technique. Compared with sprouts under ZnSO4 stress alone, sprout length, fresh weight and free calcium content increased significantly in sprouts under ZnSO4 stress plus melatonin treatment while electrolyte leakage and malonaldehyde content decreased. The glucosinolate content and myrosinase activity also significantly increased in sprouts under ZnSO4 stress plus melatonin treatment compared with the control, and thus the isothiocyanate and sulforaphane content increased markedly. Meanwhile, the expression of glucoraphanin biosynthesis genes, such as MYB28, CYP83A1, AOP2, BoSAT1, and BoHMT1 was significantly induced by melatonin in sprouts under ZnSO4 stress. Furthermore, compared with sprouts under ZnSO4 stress alone, a total of 145 proteins in broccoli sprouts under ZnSO4 stress plus melatonin treatment showed differential relative abundances. These proteins were divided into 13 functional classes and revealed that pathways for sulfur metabolism, glucosinolate biosynthesis, selenocompound metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and peroxisome were significantly enriched. The present study indicates that exogenous melatonin alleviates the adverse effects of ZnSO4 stress on sprout growth and promotes glucoraphanin biosynthesis and the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin to form isothiocyanates in broccoli sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 210095 People's Republic of China +86-514-89786551 +86-514-89786551
| | - Yin Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 210095 People's Republic of China +86-514-89786551 +86-514-89786551
| | - Chao Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 210095 People's Republic of China +86-514-89786551 +86-514-89786551
| | - Zhengfei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 210095 People's Republic of China +86-514-89786551 +86-514-89786551
| | - Zhenlan Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 210095 People's Republic of China +86-514-89786551 +86-514-89786551
| | - Weiming Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu 210095 People's Republic of China +86-514-89786551 +86-514-89786551
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Suppression of Rice Cryptochrome 1b Decreases Both Melatonin and Expression of Brassinosteroid Biosynthetic Genes Resulting in Salt Tolerance. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041075. [PMID: 33670642 PMCID: PMC7922549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between the blue-light photoreceptor cryptochrome (CRY) and melatonin biosynthesis by generating RNA interference (RNAi) transgenic rice plants that suppress the cryptochrome 1b gene (CRY1b). The resulting CRY1b RNAi rice lines expressed less CRY1b mRNA, but not CRY1a or CRY2 mRNA, suggesting that the suppression is specific to CRY1b. The growth of CRY1b RNAi rice seedlings was enhanced under blue light compared to wild-type growth, providing phenotypic evidence for impaired CRY function. When these CRY1b RNAi rice plants were challenged with cadmium to induce melatonin, wild-type plants produced 100 ng/g fresh weight (FW) melatonin, whereas CRY1b RNAi lines produced 60 ng/g FW melatonin on average, indicating that melatonin biosynthesis requires the CRY photoreceptor. Due to possible feedback regulation, the expression of melatonin biosynthesis genes such as T5H, SNAT1, SNAT2, and COMT was elevated in the CRY1b RNAi lines compared to the wild-type plants. In addition, laminar angles decreased in the CRY1b RNAi lines via the suppression of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis genes such as DWARF. The main cause of the BR decrease in the CRY1b RNAi lines seems to be the suppression of CRY rather than decreased melatonin because the melatonin decrease suppressed DWARF4 rather than DWARF.
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Kumar G, Saad KR, Puthusseri B, Arya M, Shetty NP, Giridhar P. Exogenous Serotonin and Melatonin Regulate Dietary Isoflavones Profoundly through Ethylene Biosynthesis in Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1888-1899. [PMID: 33529027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin and melatonin are important signaling and stress mitigating molecules. However, their role and molecular mechanism in the accumulation of isoflavones are not clearly defined. To elucidate their functions, serotonin and melatonin were applied to in vitro cultures of soybean at different concentrations and analyzed to assess the accumulation of isoflavone content followed by transcript levels of biosynthesis genes at different time intervals. Increased total phenolics, total flavonoids, and different forms of isoflavone content were observed in the treatments. Expression levels of critical genes in isoflavone, ethylene, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and melatonin biosynthesis and related transcription factor were quantified. A correlation was observed between the expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes (S-adenosylmethionine synthase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase) and isoflavone biosynthesis genes (chalcone synthase, chalcone reductase, and isoflavone synthase). We hypothesize that, under serotonin and melatonin treatments, ethylene biosynthesis may play a role in the increase/decrease in isoflavone content in soybean culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanendra Kumar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 Karnataka, India
| | - Kirti R Saad
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 Karnataka, India
| | - Bijesh Puthusseri
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 Karnataka, India
| | - Monisha Arya
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 Karnataka, India
| | - Nandini P Shetty
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 Karnataka, India
| | - Parvatam Giridhar
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570 020 Karnataka, India
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Wei Y, Bai Y, Cheng X, Reiter RJ, Yin X, Shi H. Lighting the way: advances in transcriptional regulation and integrative crosstalk of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes in cassava. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:161-166. [PMID: 33075132 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes has been well studied. However, the transcriptional regulation of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes and their integrative crosstalk with other signaling pathways remain elusive. Here, we summarize recent progress in the functional analysis of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes and the major sites of melatonin synthesis in plants. We focus on the dual roles of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes in melatonin biosynthesis and in the crosstalk between melatonin and autophagy, antioxidant signaling, and stress responses in cassava. We highlight the transcriptional regulation and integrative protein complex of melatonin biosynthetic enzymes, and then raise the challenge of uncovering their precise regulation and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaojian Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China
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Yan H, Mao P. Comparative Time-Course Physiological Responses and Proteomic Analysis of Melatonin Priming on Promoting Germination in Aged Oat ( Avena sativa L.) Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020811. [PMID: 33467472 PMCID: PMC7830126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin priming is an effective strategy to improve the germination of aged oat (Avena sativa L.) seeds, but the mechanism involved in its time-course responses has remained largely unknown. In the present study, the phenotypic differences, ultrastructural changes, physiological characteristics, and proteomic profiles were examined in aged and melatonin-primed seed (with 10 μM melatonin treatment for 12, 24, and 36 h). Thus, 36 h priming (T36) had a better remediation effect on aged seeds, reflecting in the improved germinability and seedlings, relatively intact cell ultrastructures, and enhanced antioxidant capacity. Proteomic analysis revealed 201 differentially abundant proteins between aged and T36 seeds, of which 96 were up-accumulated. In melatonin-primed seeds, the restoration of membrane integrity by improved antioxidant capacity, which was affected by the stimulation of jasmonic acid synthesis via up-accumulation of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase, might be a candidate mechanism. Moreover, the relatively intact ultrastructures enabled amino acid metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, which were closely associated with energy generation through intermediates of pyruvate, phosphoenolpyruvate, fumarate, and α-ketoglutarate, thus providing energy, active amino acids, and secondary metabolites necessary for germination improvement of aged seeds. These findings clarify the time-course related pathways associated with melatonin priming on promoting the germination of aged oat seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yan
- Forage Seed Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Peisheng Mao
- Forage Seed Laboratory, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-62733311
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Zhao D, Wang H, Chen S, Yu D, Reiter RJ. Phytomelatonin: An Emerging Regulator of Plant Biotic Stress Resistance. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:70-82. [PMID: 32896490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has diverse functions in plant development and stress tolerance, with recent evidence showing a beneficial role in plant biotic stress tolerance. It has been hypothesized that pathogenic invasion causes the immediate generation of melatonin, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), with these being mutually dependent, forming the integrative melatonin-ROS-RNS feedforward loop. Here we discuss how the loop, possibly located in the mitochondria and chloroplasts, maximizes disease resistance in the early pathogen ingress stage, providing on-site protection. We also review how melatonin interacts with phytohormone signaling pathways to mediate defense responses and discuss the evolutionary context from the beginnings of the melatonin receptor-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in unicellular green algae, followed by the occurrence of phytohormone pathways in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Zhao
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
| | - Houping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Suiyun Chen
- Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Plant Disease and Pest, Biocontrol Engineering Research Center of Crop Disease and Pest, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Diqiu Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UT Health), San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Yao JW, Ma Z, Ma YQ, Zhu Y, Lei MQ, Hao CY, Chen LY, Xu ZQ, Huang X. Role of melatonin in UV-B signaling pathway and UV-B stress resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:114-129. [PMID: 32860452 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) plays important roles in plant defences against a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses, including UV-B stress. Molecular mechanisms underlying functions of melatonin in plant UV-B responses are poorly understood. Here, we show that melatonin effect on molecular signalling pathways, physiological changes and UV-B stress resistance in Arabidopsis. Both exogenous and endogenous melatonin affected expression of UV-B signal transduction pathway genes. Experiments using UV-B signalling component mutants cop1-4 and hy5-215 revealed that melatonin not only acts as an antioxidant to promote UV-B stress resistance, but also regulates expression of several key components of UV-B signalling pathway, including ubiquitin-degrading enzyme (COP1), transcription factors (HY5, HYH) and RUP1/2. Our findings indicate that melatonin delays and subsequently enhances expression of COP1, HY5, HYH and RUP1/2, which act as central effectors in UV-B signalling pathway, thus regulating their effects on antioxidant systems to protect the plant from UV-B stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Yao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Qin Ma
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng-Qi Lei
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng-Ying Hao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Qin Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Sun C, Liu L, Wang L, Li B, Jin C, Lin X. Melatonin: A master regulator of plant development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:126-145. [PMID: 32678945 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule with multiple functions in plants. Since the discovery of melatonin in plants, numerous studies have provided insight into the biosynthesis, catabolism, and physiological and biochemical functions of this important molecule. Here, we describe the biosynthesis of melatonin from tryptophan, as well as its various degradation pathways in plants. The identification of a putative melatonin receptor in plants has led to the hypothesis that melatonin is a hormone involved in regulating plant growth, aerial organ development, root morphology, and the floral transition. The universal antioxidant activity of melatonin and its role in preserving chlorophyll might explain its anti-senescence capacity in aging leaves. An impressive amount of research has focused on the role of melatonin in modulating postharvest fruit ripening by regulating the expression of ethylene-related genes. Recent evidence also indicated that melatonin functions in the plant's response to biotic stress, cooperating with other phytohormones and well-known molecules such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Finally, great progress has been made towards understanding how melatonin alleviates the effects of various abiotic stresses, including salt, drought, extreme temperature, and heavy metal stress. Given its diverse roles, we propose that melatonin is a master regulator in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Luxuan Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Baohai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chongwei Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xianyong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil Science and Plant Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Zhu Y, Guo MJ, Song JB, Zhang SY, Guo R, Hou DR, Hao CY, An HL, Huang X. Roles of Endogenous Melatonin in Resistance to Botrytis cinerea Infection in an Arabidopsis Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683228. [PMID: 34234798 PMCID: PMC8256269 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an important bioactive molecule in plants. Two synthetases, N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) and serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) are involved in the final two steps of melatonin synthesis. Melatonin participates in responses to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, but few studies have addressed the roles of endogenous melatonin in pathogen resistance. We investigated the role of endogenous melatonin in resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection in an Arabidopsis thaliana model system. Plant lines that overexpressed ASMT or SNAT through genetic manipulation showed upregulated expression of resistance genes PR1 and PR5, transcription factor gene WRKY33, and jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway marker gene PDF1.2, and downregulated transcription factor gene MYC2 in JA signaling pathway. Higher melatonin content also enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), increased JA content, reduced plant disease symptoms, and reduced lesion size in leaves. These findings indicate that endogenous melatonin enhances plant resistance to B. cinerea infection. In contrast, ASMT and SNAT gene silencing lines showed opposite results and were more susceptible to B. cinerea. Thus, it can be demonstrated that melatonin functions as an effective regulator of plant stress resistance at the genetic level. A schematic model is presented for its role in resistance to B. cinerea infection. Our findings also helped to elucidate the associated signal transduction pathways and interactions between melatonin and other plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Miao-Jie Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian-Bo Song
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dai-Ru Hou
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Cheng-Ying Hao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hong-Li An
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Hong-Li An,
| | - Xuan Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xuan Huang,
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Back K. Melatonin metabolism, signaling and possible roles in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:376-391. [PMID: 32645752 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a multifunctional biomolecule found in both animals and plants. In this review, the biosynthesis, levels, signaling, and possible roles of melatonin and its metabolites in plants is summarized. Tryptamine 5-hydroxylase (T5H), which catalyzes the conversion of tryptamine into serotonin, has been proposed as a target to create a melatonin knockout mutant presenting a lesion-mimic phenotype in rice. With a reduced anabolic capacity for melatonin biosynthesis and an increased catabolic capacity for melatonin metabolism, all plants generally maintain low melatonin levels. Some plants, including Arabidopsis and Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), do not possess tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), the first committed step enzyme required for melatonin biosynthesis. Major melatonin metabolites include cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin (3-OHM) and 2-hydroxymelatonin (2-OHM). Other melatonin metabolites such as N1 -acetyl-N2 -formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK), N-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK) and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT) are also produced when melatonin is applied to Oryza sativa (rice). The signaling pathways of melatonin and its metabolites act via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, possibly with Cand2 acting as a melatonin receptor, although the integrity of Cand2 remains controversial. Melatonin mediates many important functions in growth stimulation and stress tolerance through its potent antioxidant activity and function in activating the MAPK cascade. The concentration distribution of melatonin metabolites appears to be species specific because corresponding enzymes such as M2H, M3H, catalases, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and N-acetylserotonin deacetylase (ASDAC) are differentially expressed among plant species and even among different tissues within species. Differential levels of melatonin and its metabolites can lead to differential physiological effects among plants when melatonin is either applied exogenously or overproduced through ectopic overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwhan Back
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
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76
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. Melatonin Is Involved in Citrus Response to the Pathogen Huanglongbing via Modulation of Phytohormonal Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:2216-2239. [PMID: 32843523 PMCID: PMC7723116 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease worldwide that is putatively caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and transmitted by Diaphorina citri Melatonin is a ubiquitously distributed auxin-like metabolite found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In this study, we used integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to investigate the potential role of melatonin in citrus response against HLB and to understand the relationships between melatonin and the stress-associated phytohormones at molecular and metabolic levels. Melatonin was detected in the leaves of Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) after derivatization with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide using a targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry running in selective ion monitoring mode-based method. Ca. L. asiaticus infection and D. citri infestation significantly increased endogenous melatonin levels in Valencia sweet orange leaves and upregulated the expression of its biosynthetic genes (CsTDC, CsT5H, CsSNAT, CsASMT, and CsCOMT). However, infection with Ca. L. asiaticus had a greater effect than did infestation with D. citri Melatonin induction was positively correlated with salicylic acid content, but not that of trans-jasmonic acid. Moreover, melatonin supplementation enhanced the endogenous contents of the stress-associated phytohormones (salicylates, auxins, trans-jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid) and the transcript levels of their biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, melatonin supplementation diminished the Ca. L. asiaticus titer within the infected leaves, which suggests that melatonin might play an antibacterial role against this bacterium and gram-negative bacteria in general. These findings provide a better understanding of the melatonin-mediated defensive response against HLB via modulation of multiple hormonal pathways. Understanding the role of melatonin in citrus defense to HLB may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to mitigate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31512 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850
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Role of Melatonin in Plant Tolerance to Soil Stressors: Salinity, pH and Heavy Metals. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225359. [PMID: 33212772 PMCID: PMC7696660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is a pleiotropic molecule with diverse and numerous actions both in plants and animals. In plants, MT acts as an excellent promotor of tolerance against abiotic stress situations such as drought, cold, heat, salinity, and chemical pollutants. In all these situations, MT has a stimulating effect on plants, fomenting many changes in biochemical processes and stress-related gene expression. Melatonin plays vital roles as an antioxidant and can work as a free radical scavenger to protect plants from oxidative stress by stabilization cell redox status; however, MT can alleviate the toxic oxygen and nitrogen species. Beyond this, MT stimulates the antioxidant enzymes and augments antioxidants, as well as activates the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle to scavenge excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, we examine the recent data on the capacity of MT to alleviate the effects of common abiotic soil stressors, such as salinity, alkalinity, acidity, and the presence of heavy metals, reinforcing the general metabolism of plants and counteracting harmful agents. An exhaustive analysis of the latest advances in this regard is presented, and possible future applications of MT are discussed.
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78
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Suarez-Fernandez M, Marhuenda-Egea FC, Lopez-Moya F, Arnao MB, Cabrera-Escribano F, Nueda MJ, Gunsé B, Lopez-Llorca LV. Chitosan Induces Plant Hormones and Defenses in Tomato Root Exudates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:572087. [PMID: 33250907 PMCID: PMC7672008 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.572087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we use electrophysiological and metabolomic tools to determine the role of chitosan as plant defense elicitor in soil for preventing or manage root pests and diseases sustainably. Root exudates include a wide variety of molecules that plants and root microbiota use to communicate in the rhizosphere. Tomato plants were treated with chitosan. Root exudates from tomato plants were analyzed at 3, 10, 20, and 30 days after planting (dap). We found, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence, that chitosan induces plant hormones, lipid signaling and defense compounds in tomato root exudates, including phenolics. High doses of chitosan induce membrane depolarization and affect membrane integrity. 1H-NMR showed the dynamic of exudation, detecting the largest number of signals in 20 dap root exudates. Root exudates from plants irrigated with chitosan inhibit ca. twofold growth kinetics of the tomato root parasitic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. and reduced ca. 1.5-fold egg hatching of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Frutos Carlos Marhuenda-Egea
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Marino B. Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Maria Jose Nueda
- Department of Mathematics, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Benet Gunsé
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Tiwari RK, Kumar R, Sharma S, Sagar V, Aggarwal R, Naga KC, Lal MK, Chourasia KN, Kumar D, Kumar M. Potato dry rot disease: current status, pathogenomics and management. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:503. [PMID: 33163322 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato dry rot disease caused by Fusarium species is a major threat to global potato production. The soil and seed-borne diseases influence the crop stand by inhibiting the development of potato sprouts and cause severe rots in seed tubers, table and processing purpose potatoes in cold stores. The symptoms of the dry rot include sunken and wrinkled brown to black tissue patches on tubers having less dry matter and shriveled flesh. Fungal infection accompanied by toxin development in the rotten tubers raises more concern for consumer health. The widespread dry rot causing fungal species (Fusarium graminearum) is reported to have a hemibiotrophic lifestyle. A cascade of enzymes, toxins and small secreted proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of these hemibiotrophs. With the availability of the genome sequence of the most devastating species Fusarium sambucinum, it is important to identify the potential pathogenicity factors and small secreted proteins that will help in designing management strategies. Limited resistant cultivars and the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains have made it more threatening for potato cultivation and trade. Several novel fungicide molecules (Azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil and fludioxonil), are found very effective as tuber treatment chemicals. Besides, many beneficial bioagents and safer chemicals have shown antibiosis and mycoparasitism against this pathogen. Germplasm screening for dry rot resistance is important to assist the resistance breeding program for the development of resistant cultivars. This review aims to draw attention to the symptomatology, infection process, pathogenomics, the role of toxins and management approaches for potato dry rot disease, which is very much critical in designing better management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Tiwari
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171 001 India
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171 001 India
| | - Sanjeev Sharma
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171 001 India
| | - Vinay Sagar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171 001 India
| | - Rashmi Aggarwal
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | | | - Milan Kumar Lal
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171 001 India
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | | | - Dharmendra Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171 001 India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171 001 India
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80
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Melatonin-Induced Water Stress Tolerance in Plants: Recent Advances. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090809. [PMID: 32882822 PMCID: PMC7554692 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Water stress (drought and waterlogging) is severe abiotic stress to plant growth and development. Melatonin, a bioactive plant hormone, has been widely tested in drought situations in diverse plant species, while few studies on the role of melatonin in waterlogging stress conditions have been published. In the current review, we analyze the biostimulatory functions of melatonin on plants under both drought and waterlogging stresses. Melatonin controls the levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and positively changes the molecular defense to improve plant tolerance against water stress. Moreover, the crosstalk of melatonin and other phytohormones is a key element of plant survival under drought stress, while this relationship needs further investigation under waterlogging stress. In this review, we draw the complete story of water stress on both sides-drought and waterlogging-through discussing the previous critical studies under both conditions. Moreover, we suggest several research directions, especially for waterlogging, which remains a big and vague piece of the melatonin and water stress puzzle.
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81
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Moustafa-Farag M, Mahmoud A, Arnao MB, Sheteiwy MS, Dafea M, Soltan M, Elkelish A, Hasanuzzaman M, Ai S. Melatonin-Induced Water Stress Tolerance in Plants: Recent Advances. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020. [PMID: 32882822 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202008.0359.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Water stress (drought and waterlogging) is severe abiotic stress to plant growth and development. Melatonin, a bioactive plant hormone, has been widely tested in drought situations in diverse plant species, while few studies on the role of melatonin in waterlogging stress conditions have been published. In the current review, we analyze the biostimulatory functions of melatonin on plants under both drought and waterlogging stresses. Melatonin controls the levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and positively changes the molecular defense to improve plant tolerance against water stress. Moreover, the crosstalk of melatonin and other phytohormones is a key element of plant survival under drought stress, while this relationship needs further investigation under waterlogging stress. In this review, we draw the complete story of water stress on both sides-drought and waterlogging-through discussing the previous critical studies under both conditions. Moreover, we suggest several research directions, especially for waterlogging, which remains a big and vague piece of the melatonin and water stress puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Moustafa-Farag
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 9 Gmaa St, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud
- Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 9 Gmaa St, Giza 12619, Egypt
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Marino B Arnao
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mohamed S Sheteiwy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Dafea
- Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, 9 Gmaa St, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Soltan
- Horticulture and Crop Science Department, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Columbus, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Vegetable Production under Modified Environment Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo 11865, Egypt
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Shaoying Ai
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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82
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Yang L, Sun Q, Wang Y, Chan Z. Global transcriptomic network of melatonin regulated root growth in Arabidopsis. Gene 2020; 764:145082. [PMID: 32858176 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin functions as a plant growth regulator in a concentration-dependent manner. In this study, we investigated the effects of melatonin on root growth and dissected underlined mechanisms. The results showed that melatonin up to 1000 μM inhibited primary root growth, but promoted lateral root development. Through RNA sequencing analysis, functions of differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in stress response, signaling transduction, transport, hormone metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Genes involving in jasmonate (JA), brassinosteroid (BR) and cytokinin (CK) biosynthesis were inhibited, but these in ethylene (ET), strigolactone (SL) and gibberellins (GA) biosynthetic pathways were activated after melatonin treatment. The majority of zinc finger proteins (ZFPs), Calmodulin-like (CMLs), NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2 (NACs) and ubiquitination related genes (RING/U-box and F-box) were upregulated, which possibly acted downstream of integrated hormone signals to mediate root growth. This study characterized melatonin modulated networks in regulating root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Zhulong Chan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Stomata and Xylem Vessels Traits Improved by Melatonin Application Contribute to Enhancing Salt Tolerance and Fatty Acid Composition of Brassica napus L. Plants. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10081186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Salinity stress is a limiting factor for the growth and yield quality of rapeseed. The potentiality of melatonin (MT; 0, 25, 50, and 100 µM) application as a seed priming agent in mediating K+/Na+ homeostasis and preventing the salinity stress mediated oxidative damage and photosynthetic inhibition was studied in two rapeseed cultivars. We found that 50 µM MT treatment imparted a very prominent impact on growth, metabolism of antioxidants, photosynthesis, osmolytes, secondary metabolites, yield, and fatty acids composition. Days required for appearance of first flower and 50% flowering were decreased by MT application. Exogenous MT treatment effectively decreased the oxidative damage by significantly declining the generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide under saline and non-saline conditions, as reflected in lowered lipid peroxidation, heightened membrane stability, and up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase). Furthermore, MT application enhanced the chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, relative water content, K+/Na+ homeostasis, soluble sugars, and proline content. Moreover, MT application obviously improved the oil quality of rapeseed cultivars by reducing glucosinolates, saturated fatty acids (palmitic and arachidic acids), and enhancing unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic and oleic acids except erucic acid were reduced). Yield related-traits such as silique traits, seed yield per plant, 1000 seeds weight, seed oil content, and yield biomass traits were enhanced by MT application. The anatomical analysis of leaf and stem showed that stomatal and xylem vessels traits are associated with sodium chloride tolerance, yield, and seed fatty acid composition. These results suggest the supportive role of MT on the quality and quantity of rapeseed oil yield.
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84
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Hashim AM, Alharbi BM, Abdulmajeed AM, Elkelish A, Hozzein WN, Hassan HM. Oxidative Stress Responses of Some Endemic Plants to High Altitudes by Intensifying Antioxidants and Secondary Metabolites Content. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070869. [PMID: 32659963 PMCID: PMC7412441 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Most endemic plant species have limited altitudinal ranges. At higher altitudes, they are subjected to various environmental stresses. However, these plants use unique defense mechanisms at high altitudes as a convenient survival strategy. The changes in antioxidant defense system and accumulation of different secondary metabolites (SMs) were investigated as depending on altitude in five endemic endangered species (Nepeta septemcrenata, Origanum syriacum subsp. Sinaicum, Phlomis aurea, Rosa arabica, and Silene schimperiana) naturally growing in Saint Katherine protectorate (SKP). Leaves were collected from different sites between 1600 and 2200 m above sea level to assess the biochemical and physiological variations in response to high altitudes. At higher altitudes, the soil pH and micronutrient soil content decreased, which can be attributed to lower mineralization processes at lower pH. Total phenols, ascorbic acid, proline, flavonoids, and tannins increased in response to different altitudes. SMs progressively increased in the studied species, associated with a significant decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzyme activity. R. arabica, as the most threatened plant, showed the maximum response compared with other species. There was an increase in photosynthetic pigments, which was attained via the increase in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents. There was a significant increase in total soluble sugars and total soluble protein content in response to different altitudes. SDS-PAGE of leaf proteins showed alteration in the protein profile between different species and the same species grown at a different altitude. These five species can adapt to high-altitude habitats by various physiological mechanisms, which can provide a theoretical basis for the future conservation of these endangered endemic species in SKP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Hashim
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11865, Egypt; (A.M.H.)
| | - Basmah M. Alharbi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Amr Elkelish
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Wael N. Hozzein
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1024824643
| | - Heba M. Hassan
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11865, Egypt; (A.M.H.)
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Jahan MS, Guo S, Baloch AR, Sun J, Shu S, Wang Y, Ahammed GJ, Kabir K, Roy R. Melatonin alleviates nickel phytotoxicity by improving photosynthesis, secondary metabolism and oxidative stress tolerance in tomato seedlings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110593. [PMID: 32294596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arable land contamination with nickel (Ni) has become a major threat to worldwide crop production. Recently, melatonin has appeared as a promising stress-relief substance that can alleviate heavy metal-induced phytotoxicity in plants. However, the plausible underlying mechanism of melatonin function under Ni stress has not been fully substantiated in plants. Herein, we conducted an experiment that unveiled critical mechanisms in favor of melatonin-mediated Ni-stress tolerance in tomato. Ni stress markedly inhibited growth and biomass by impairing the photosynthesis, photosystem function, mineral homeostasis, root activity, and osmotic balance. In contrast, melatonin application notably reinforced the plant growth traits, increased photosynthesis efficiency in terms of chlorophyll content, upregulation of chlorophyll synthesis genes, i.e. POR, CAO, CHL G, gas exchange parameters, and PSII maximum efficiency (Fv/Fm), decreased Ni accumulation and increased mineral nutrient homeostasis. Moreover, melatonin efficiently restricted the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide radical production and increased RBOH expression and restored cellular integrity (less malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage) through triggering the antioxidant enzyme activities and modulating AsA-GSH pools. Notably, oxidative stress was effectively mitigated by upregulation of several defense genes (SOD, CAT, APX, GR, GST, MDHAR, DHAR) and melatonin biosynthesis-related genes (TDC, T5S, SNAT, ASMT). Besides, melatonin treatment enhanced secondary metabolites (phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanin) contents along with their encoding genes (PAL, CHS) expression, and these metabolites potentially restricted excess H2O2 accumulation. In conclusion, our findings deciphered the potential functions of melatonin in alleviating Ni-induced phytotoxicity in tomato through boosting the biomass production, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, redox balance, and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shah Jahan
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China; Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Shirong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Abdul Raziq Baloch
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Khairul Kabir
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Rana Roy
- College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Department of Agroforestry and Environmental Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
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Melatonin Suppressed the Heat Stress-Induced Damage in Wheat Seedlings by Modulating the Antioxidant Machinery. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070809. [PMID: 32605176 PMCID: PMC7412093 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a pleiotropic signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in the regulation of various environmental stresses, including heat stress (HS). In this study, a 100 μM melatonin (MT) pretreatment followed by exposure to heat stress for different time periods was found to efficiently reduce oxidative stress by preventing the over-accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lowering the lipid peroxidation content (malondialdehyde (MDA) content), and increasing proline (Pro) biosynthesis. Moreover, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD), were increased substantially in MT-pretreated wheat seedlings. The presence of MT significantly improved the heat tolerance of wheat seedlings by modulating their antioxidant defense system, activating the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle comprising ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and increasing glutathione reductase (GR) activities. It also held the photosynthetic machinery stable by increasing the chlorophyll content. Enhancement in the endogenous MT contents was also observed in the MT+HS-treated plants. Furthermore, the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes TaSOD, TaPOD, and TaCAT, and anti-stress responsive genes, such as TaMYB80, TaWRKY26, and TaWRKY39, was also induced in MT-treated seedlings. Due to these notable changes, an improvement in stress resistance was observed in MT-treated seedlings compared with control. Taken together, our findings suggest that MT can play a key role in boosting the stress tolerance of plants by modulating the antioxidant defense system and regulating the transcription of stress-responsive genes.
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Sood M, Kapoor D, Kumar V, Sheteiwy MS, Ramakrishnan M, Landi M, Araniti F, Sharma A. Trichoderma: The "Secrets" of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060762. [PMID: 32570799 PMCID: PMC7355703 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant symbiotic organisms, Trichoderma spp. also behave as a low cost, effective and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in various patho-systems, have minimal impact on the soil equilibrium and do not impair useful organisms that contribute to the control of pathogens. This symbiotic association in plants leads to the acquisition of plant resistance to pathogens, improves developmental processes and yields and promotes absorption of nutrient and fertilizer use efficiency. Among other biocontrol mechanisms, antibiosis, competition and mycoparasitism are among the main features through which microorganisms, including Thrichoderma, react to the presence of other competitive pathogenic organisms, thereby preventing or obstructing their development. Stimulation of every process involves the biosynthesis of targeted metabolites like plant growth regulators, enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, etc. This review summarizes the biological control activity exerted by Trichoderma spp. and sheds light on the recent progress in pinpointing the ecological significance of Trichoderma at the biochemical and molecular level in the rhizosphere as well as the benefits of symbiosis to the plant host in terms of physiological and biochemical mechanisms. From an applicative point of view, the evidence provided herein strongly supports the possibility to use Trichoderma as a safe, ecofriendly and effective biocontrol agent for different crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sood
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Vipul Kumar
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Delhi-Jalandhar Highway, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India;
| | - Mohamed S. Sheteiwy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
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Salicylic Acid Stimulates Antioxidant Defense and Osmolyte Metabolism to Alleviate Oxidative Stress in Watermelons under Excess Boron. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060724. [PMID: 32521755 PMCID: PMC7357100 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Boron (B) is a microelement required in vascular plants at a high concentration that produces excess boron and toxicity in many crops. B stress occurs widely and limits plant growth and crop productivity worldwide. Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential hormone in plants and is a phenolic compound. The goal of this work is to explore the role of SA in the alleviation of excess B (10 mg L−1) in watermelon plants at a morphological and biochemical level. Excess boron altered the nutrient concentrations and caused a significant reduction in morphological criteria; chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids; net photosynthetic rate; and the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of watermelon seedlings, while intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) was significantly increased compared to the control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B). Furthermore, excess boron accelerated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and induced cellular oxidative injury. The application of exogenous SA significantly increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in plants exposed to excess B (10 mg L−1), in line with the role of SA in alleviating chlorosis caused by B stress. Exogenously applied SA promoted photosynthesis and, consequently, biomass production in watermelon seedlings treated with a high level of B (10 mg L−1) by reducing B accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of H2O2, while significantly increasing levels of the most reactive ROS, OH−. SA also activated antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and protected the seedlings from an ROS induced cellular burst. In conclusion, SA can be used to alleviate the adverse effects of excess boron.
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Arnao MB, Hernández-Ruiz J. Melatonin in flowering, fruit set and fruit ripening. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2020; 33:77-87. [PMID: 32253624 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-020-00388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin induces a delay in flowering stabilizing DELLA proteins and also promotes the transcription of FLC. In fruit set, melatonin is able to induce parthenocarpy. Melatonin promotes ripening and retards senescence of fruits. Melatonin is an animal hormone involved in many regulatory processes such as those related to sleep. Melatonin was discovered in plants in 1995 and is called phytomelatonin. Also in plants, a great variety of physiological processes have been described in which melatonin plays a role. In plants, melatonin is mainly involved in stress situations but also in germination, plant growth, rhizogenesis, senescence and as a protector agent improving important processes such as photosynthesis, CO2 uptake, cell water economy and primary and secondary metabolism. Melatonin has been related to changes in the majority of plant hormones. Many revisions of stress situations have been published. However, melatonin and plant reproductive development have been poorly studied. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of works related to flowering, fruit set and development, including parthenocarpy and fruit ripening/senescence, and the role played by melatonin in the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - J Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Effects of Light Quality and Phytochrome Form on Melatonin Biosynthesis in Rice. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040523. [PMID: 32235549 PMCID: PMC7226006 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is an important factor influencing melatonin synthesis in response to cadmium treatment in rice. However, the effects of light quality on, and the involvement of phytochrome light receptors in, melatonin production have not been explored. In this study, we used light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to investigate the effect of light wavelength on melatonin synthesis, and the role of phytochromes in light-dependent melatonin induction in rice. Upon cadmium treatment, peak melatonin production was observed under combined red and blue (R + B) light, followed by red (R) and blue light (B). However, both far-red (FR) LED light and dark treatment (D) failed to induce melatonin production. Similarly, rice seedlings grown under the R + B treatment showed the highest melatonin synthesis, followed by those grown under B and R. These findings were consistent with the results of our cadmium treatment experiment. To further confirm the effects of light quality on melatonin synthesis, we employed rice photoreceptor mutants lacking functional phytochrome genes. Melatonin induction was most inhibited in the phytochrome A mutant (phyA) followed by the phyB mutant under R + B treatment, whereas phyB produced the least amount of melatonin under R treatment. These results indicate that PhyB is an R light receptor. Expression analyses of genes involved in melatonin biosynthesis clearly demonstrated that tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) played a key role in phytochrome-mediated melatonin induction when rice seedlings were challenged with cadmium.
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Development of a Phytomelatonin-Rich Extract from Cultured Plants with Excellent Biochemical and Functional Properties as an Alternative to Synthetic Melatonin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020158. [PMID: 32079061 PMCID: PMC7070989 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic molecule with multiple and various functions. In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in the consumption of melatonin supplements for reasons other than those related with sleep (as an antioxidant, for anti-aging, and as a hunger regulator). Although the chemical synthesis of melatonin has recently been improved, several unwanted by-products of the chemical reactions involved occur as contaminants. Phytomelatonin, melatonin of plant origin, was discovered in several plants in 1995, and the possibility of using raw plant material as a source to obtain dietary supplements rich in phytomelatonin instead of synthetic melatonin, with its corresponding chemical by-products was raised. This work characterizes the phytomelatonin-rich extract obtained from selected plant material and determines the contents in phytomelatonin, phenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Additionally, the antioxidant activity was measured. Finally, a melatonin-specific bioassay in fish was carried out to demonstrate the excellent biological properties of the natural phytomelatonin-rich extract obtained.
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