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Park S, No K, Lee J. Anti-Obesity Effect ofAllium hookeriLeaf Extract in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. J Med Food 2018; 21:254-260. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kihoon No
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Joomin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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102
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Rudolphi B, Zapp B, Kraus NA, Ehebauer F, Kraus BJ, Kraus D. Body weight predicts Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase activity in mouse fat. Endocr Res 2018; 43:55-63. [PMID: 29035138 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2017.1381972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a novel regulator of energy homeostasis in adipose tissue. NNMT expression is higher in obese mice than in lean mice, and NNMT knockdown prevents diet-induced obesity. Little is known about the regulation of enzyme activity during the development of obesity. The aim of this study was to analyze NNMT activity in tissues of mice with incipient and established obesity. METHODS A fluorescence-based, sensitive, low-volume, high-throughput method was developed to assay NNMT activity. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks (incipient obesity) and for 12 weeks (established obesity). Tissues and serum were harvested and analyzed. RESULTS NNMT activity was highest in subcutaneous white fat (55.0 µU/mg), followed by epididymal white fat (35.6 µU/mg), brown adipose tissue (7.8 µU/mg), liver (7.6 µU/mg), and lung (7.3 µU/mg). Little activity was detected in heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney. No activity was found in serum samples. Body weight predicted NNMT activity in white fat, but not in brown fat or any other tissue, and only in incipient obesity. With established obesity, this association was lost. CONCLUSIONS As obesity develops, body weight predicts NNMT activity in white adipose tissue, but not in any other tissue, consistent with a specific role of adipose-tissue NNMT in the regulation of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Rudolphi
- a Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Abteilung für Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Benedikt Zapp
- a Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Abteilung für Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Nils A Kraus
- a Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Abteilung für Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Franziska Ehebauer
- a Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Abteilung für Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Bettina J Kraus
- a Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Abteilung für Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Daniel Kraus
- a Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Abteilung für Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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103
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Guglielmi V, Sbraccia P. Obesity phenotypes: depot-differences in adipose tissue and their clinical implications. Eat Weight Disord 2018; 23:3-14. [PMID: 29230714 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-017-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, defined as excess fat mass, increases risks for multiple chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and several types of cancer. Beyond adiposity per se, the pattern of fat distribution, android or truncal as compared to gynoid or peripheral, has a profound influence on systemic metabolism and hence risk for obesity complications. Not only factors as genetics, environment, gender, and age account for the apparent compartmentalization of white adipose tissue (WAT) in the body. Indeed, the heterogeneity among different anatomical depots also appears to stem from their intrinsic diversity, including cellular developmental origin, proliferative capacity, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, cytokine pattern, thermogenic ability, and vascularization. Under the obese condition, these depot-specific differences translate into specific WAT distribution patterns, giving rise to different cardiometabolic consequences. This review summarizes the clinical and mechanistic evidence for the depot-specific differences and the phenotypic characteristics of different WAT depots that link their depot-specific biology to obesity-specific complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Guglielmi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Internal Medicine Unit and Obesity Center, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Sbraccia
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Internal Medicine Unit and Obesity Center, University Hospital Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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104
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Henson J, Edwardson CL, Morgan B, Horsfield MA, Khunti K, Davies MJ, Yates T. Sedentary Time and MRI-Derived Measures of Adiposity in Active Versus Inactive Individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:29-36. [PMID: 29265769 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine cross-sectional associations between objectively measured sedentary time and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-assessed adiposity in a population at high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and to determine whether associations are modified by the recommended levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). METHODS Sedentary time and MVPA were measured objectively by using accelerometers. Linear regression models examined the association of sedentary time with liver, visceral, subcutaneous, and total abdominal fat (quantified by using MRI). Interaction terms determined whether results were consistent across activity categories (active [> 150 min/wk of MVPA] vs. inactive [< 150 min/wk of MVPA]). RESULTS One hundred and twenty-four participants (age = 64.0 ± 7.1 years; male = 65.3%; BMI = 31.8 ± 5.6 kg/m2 ) were included. Following adjustment, each 60 minutes of sedentary time was associated with 1.74 L higher total abdominal fat, 0.62 L higher visceral fat, 1.14 L higher subcutaneous fat, and 1.86% higher liver fat. When results were stratified by MVPA (active vs. inactive), sedentary time was associated with greater liver, visceral, and total abdominal fat in the inactive group only. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that sedentary time is associated with higher levels of inter- and intraorgan fat, but associations with liver, visceral, and total abdominal fat were stronger in those who do not reach the current exercise recommendations for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Henson
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Charlotte L Edwardson
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Bruno Morgan
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Kamlesh Khunti
- NIHR Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) East Midlands, UK and Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Melanie J Davies
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Thomas Yates
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
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105
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Gepner Y, Shelef I, Schwarzfuchs D, Zelicha H, Tene L, Yaskolka Meir A, Tsaban G, Cohen N, Bril N, Rein M, Serfaty D, Kenigsbuch S, Komy O, Wolak A, Chassidim Y, Golan R, Avni-Hassid H, Bilitzky A, Sarusi B, Goshen E, Shemesh E, Henkin Y, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Thiery J, Ceglarek U, Rudich A, Stampfer MJ, Shai I. Effect of Distinct Lifestyle Interventions on Mobilization of Fat Storage Pools: CENTRAL Magnetic Resonance Imaging Randomized Controlled Trial. Circulation 2017; 137:1143-1157. [PMID: 29142011 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess whether distinct lifestyle strategies can differentially affect specific body adipose depots. METHODS We performed an 18-month randomized controlled trial among 278 sedentary adults with abdominal obesity (75%) or dyslipidemia in an isolated workplace with a monitored provided lunch. Participants were randomized to isocaloric low-fat or Mediterranean/low-carbohydrate (MED/LC) diet+28 g walnuts/day with/without added moderate physical activity (PA; 80% aerobic; supervised/free gym membership). Overall primary outcome was body fat redistribution, and the main specific end point was visceral adipose tissue (VAT). We further followed the dynamics of different fat depots (deep and superficial subcutaneous, liver, pericardial, muscle, pancreas, and renal sinus) by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Of 278 participants (age, 48 years, 89% men, body mass index, 30.8 kg/m2), 86% completed the trial with good adherence. The low-fat group preferentially decreased reported fat intake (-21.0% versus -11.5% for the MED/LC; P<0.001), and the MED/LC group decreased reported carbohydrates intake (-39.5% versus -21.3% for the low-fat group; P<0.001). The PA+ groups significantly increased the metabolic equivalents per week versus the PA- groups (19.0 versus 2.1; P=0.009). Whereas final moderate weight loss was indifferent, exercise attenuated the waist circumference rebound with the greatest effect in the MED/LCPA+ group (P<0.05). VAT (-22%), intrahepatic (-29%), and intrapericardial (-11%) fats declines were higher than pancreatic and femur intermuscular fats (1% to 2%) loss. Independent of weight loss, PA+ with either diet had a significantly greater effect on decreasing VAT (mean of difference, -6.67cm2; 95% confidence interval, -14.8 to -0.45) compared with PA-. The MED/LC diet was superior to the low-fat diet in decreasing intrahepatic, intrapericardial, and pancreatic fats (P<0.05 for all). In contrast, renal sinus and femoral intermuscular fats were not differentially altered by lifestyle interventions but by weight loss per se. In multivariate models further adjusted for weight loss, losing VAT or intrahepatic fat was independently associated with improved lipid profile, losing deep subcutaneous adipose tissue with improved insulin sensitivity, and losing superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue remained neutral except for an association with decreased leptin. CONCLUSIONS Moderate weight loss alone inadequately reflects the significant lifestyle effects on atherogenic and diabetogenic fat depots. The MED/LC diet mobilizes specific ectopic fat depots, and exercise has an independent contribution to VAT loss. Fat depots exhibit diverse responsiveness and are differentially related to cardiometabolic markers. Distinct lifestyle protocols may uniquely induce fat mobilization from specific anatomic sites. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01530724.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yftach Gepner
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | | | - Dan Schwarzfuchs
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (I.S., D.S., G.T., Y.C., Y.H.)
| | - Hila Zelicha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Lilac Tene
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Anat Yaskolka Meir
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Gal Tsaban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.).,Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (I.S., D.S., G.T., Y.C., Y.H.)
| | - Noa Cohen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Nitzan Bril
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Michal Rein
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Dana Serfaty
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Shira Kenigsbuch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Oded Komy
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Arik Wolak
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Imaging Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (A.W.)
| | - Yoash Chassidim
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (I.S., D.S., G.T., Y.C., Y.H.)
| | - Rachel Golan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Hila Avni-Hassid
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Avital Bilitzky
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | | | - Eyal Goshen
- Nuclear Research Center-Negev, Dimona, Israel (B.S., E.G.)
| | - Elad Shemesh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Yaakov Henkin
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (I.S., D.S., G.T., Y.C., Y.H.)
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.B., J.T., U.C.)
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.B., J.T., U.C.)
| | - Joachim Thiery
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.B., J.T., U.C.)
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany (M.S., M.B., J.T., U.C.)
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.)
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (M.J.S.).
| | - Iris Shai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel (Y.G., H.Z., L.T., A.Y.M., G.T., N.C., N.B., M.R., D.S., S.K., O.K., R.G., H.A.-H., A.B., E.S., A.R., I.S.). .,Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (I.S., D.S., G.T., Y.C., Y.H.)
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106
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McGrath S, Brazel D, Dugas L, Cao G, Durazo-Arvizu R, Luke A. Physical activity and central adiposity in a cohort of African-American adults. BMC OBESITY 2017; 4:34. [PMID: 29177056 PMCID: PMC5688823 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-017-0170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is known as an independent predictor of cardiometabolic risk and all-cause mortality, while increased physical activity has been shown to improve cardiometabolic risk. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether or not there is an association between objectively-measured physical activity and VAT in a community-based cohort of African-American adults, a population at higher-than-average risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Methods Free-living physical activity was quantified using accelerometry while VAT and abdominal subcutaneous fat were estimated using dual x-ray absorptiometry in a cohort of African Americans, ages 30–50 years, enrolled in the Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the degree of association comparing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), vigorous activity, and sedentary behavior with measures of central adiposity including VAT, subcutaneous fat, and waist circumference. Results A total of 271 individuals with complete data were included in the analyses. Women, on average, had significantly more VAT and abdominal subcutaneous fat than men. There were statistically significant inverse univariate correlations between MVPA and measures of abdominal adiposity (−0.30, p < 0.001) and activity counts and adiposity (−0.31, p < 0.001) among both sexes. These significant associations remained after controlling for age, sex, and smoking status; neither alcohol consumption nor employment status were associated with abdominal adiposity. Time in sedentary behavior was not meaningfully associated with central adiposity in either sex (women: −0.02, p = 0.79; men: −0.21, p = 0.04). Conclusions To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify significant inverse associations between MVPA and measures of central adiposity among African American adults from a community-based cohort using an objective measure of physical activity and a validated quantitative imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean McGrath
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Danielle Brazel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Lara Dugas
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Guichan Cao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Ramon Durazo-Arvizu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Amy Luke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. First Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
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107
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Leeners B, Geary N, Tobler PN, Asarian L. Ovarian hormones and obesity. Hum Reprod Update 2017; 23:300-321. [PMID: 28333235 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake, i.e. eating and energy expenditure (EE). Severe obesity is more prevalent in women than men worldwide, and obesity pathophysiology and the resultant obesity-related disease risks differ in women and men. The underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Pre-clinical and clinical research indicate that ovarian hormones may play a major role. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE We systematically reviewed the clinical and pre-clinical literature on the effects of ovarian hormones on the physiology of adipose tissue (AT) and the regulation of AT mass by energy intake and EE. SEARCH METHODS Articles in English indexed in PubMed through January 2016 were searched using keywords related to: (i) reproductive hormones, (ii) weight regulation and (iii) central nervous system. We sought to identify emerging research foci with clinical translational potential rather than to provide a comprehensive review. OUTCOMES We find that estrogens play a leading role in the causes and consequences of female obesity. With respect to adiposity, estrogens synergize with AT genes to increase gluteofemoral subcutaneous AT mass and decrease central AT mass in reproductive-age women, which leads to protective cardiometabolic effects. Loss of estrogens after menopause, independent of aging, increases total AT mass and decreases lean body mass, so that there is little net effect on body weight. Menopause also partially reverses women's protective AT distribution. These effects can be counteracted by estrogen treatment. With respect to eating, increasing estrogen levels progressively decrease eating during the follicular and peri-ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. Progestin levels are associated with eating during the luteal phase, but there does not appear to be a causal relationship. Progestins may increase binge eating and eating stimulated by negative emotional states during the luteal phase. Pre-clinical research indicates that one mechanism for the pre-ovulatory decrease in eating is a central action of estrogens to increase the satiating potency of the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin. Another mechanism involves a decrease in the preference for sweet foods during the follicular phase. Genetic defects in brain α-melanocycte-stimulating hormone-melanocortin receptor (melanocortin 4 receptor, MC4R) signaling lead to a syndrome of overeating and obesity that is particularly pronounced in women and in female animals. The syndrome appears around puberty in mice with genetic deletions of MC4R, suggesting a role of ovarian hormones. Emerging functional brain-imaging data indicates that fluctuations in ovarian hormones affect eating by influencing striatal dopaminergic processing of flavor hedonics and lateral prefrontal cortex processing of cognitive inhibitory controls of eating. There is a dearth of research on the neuroendocrine control of eating after menopause. There is also comparatively little research on the effects of ovarian hormones on EE, although changes in ovarian hormone levels during the menstrual cycle do affect resting EE. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The markedly greater obesity burden in women makes understanding the diverse effects of ovarian hormones on eating, EE and body adiposity urgent research challenges. A variety of research modalities can be used to investigate these effects in women, and most of the mechanisms reviewed are accessible in animal models. Therefore, human and translational research on the roles of ovarian hormones in women's obesity and its causes should be intensified to gain further mechanistic insights that may ultimately be translated into novel anti-obesity therapies and thereby improve women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Leeners
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstr. 10, CH 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nori Geary
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lori Asarian
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Bae CR, Hino J, Hosoda H, Arai Y, Son C, Makino H, Tokudome T, Tomita T, Kimura T, Nojiri T, Hosoda K, Miyazato M, Kangawa K. Overexpression of C-type Natriuretic Peptide in Endothelial Cells Protects against Insulin Resistance and Inflammation during Diet-induced Obesity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9807. [PMID: 28852070 PMCID: PMC5574992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous peptide C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) binds its receptor, guanylyl cyclase B (GCB), and is expressed by endothelial cells in diverse tissues. Because the endothelial cells of visceral adipose tissue have recently been reported to play a role in lipid metabolism and inflammation, we investigated the effects of CNP on features of obesity by using transgenic (Tg) mice in which CNP was placed under the control of the Tie2 promoter and was thus overexpressed in endothelial cells (E-CNP). Here we show that increased brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in E-CNP Tg mice increased energy expenditure, decreased mesenteric white adipose tissue (MesWAT) fat weight and adipocyte hypertrophy, and prevented the development of fatty liver. Furthermore, CNP overexpression improved glucose tolerance, decreased insulin resistance, and inhibited macrophage infiltration in MesWAT, thus suppressing pro-inflammation during high-fat diet–induced obesity. Our findings indicate an important role for the CNP produced by the endothelial cells in the regulation of MesWAT hypertrophy, insulin resistance, and inflammation during high-fat diet–induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Rong Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Hino
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Arai
- Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cheol Son
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Makino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokudome
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tomita
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Biobank, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nojiri
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikiya Miyazato
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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109
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Camastra S, Vitali A, Anselmino M, Gastaldelli A, Bellini R, Berta R, Severi I, Baldi S, Astiarraga B, Barbatelli G, Cinti S, Ferrannini E. Muscle and adipose tissue morphology, insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in diabetic and nondiabetic obese patients: effects of bariatric surgery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9007. [PMID: 28827671 PMCID: PMC5566429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by insulin-resistance (IR), enhanced lipolysis, and ectopic, inflamed fat. We related the histology of subcutaneous (SAT), visceral fat (VAT), and skeletal muscle to the metabolic abnormalities, and tested their mutual changes after bariatric surgery in type 2 diabetic (T2D) and weight-matched non-diabetic (ND) patients. We measured IR (insulin clamp), lipolysis (2H5-glycerol infusion), ß-cell glucose-sensitivity (ß-GS, mathematical modeling), and VAT, SAT, and rectus abdominis histology (light and electron microscopy). Presurgery, SAT and VAT showed signs of fibrosis/necrosis, small mitochondria, free interstitial lipids, thickened capillary basement membrane. Compared to ND, T2D had impaired ß-GS, intracapillary neutrophils and higher intramyocellular fat, adipocyte area in VAT, crown-like structures (CLS) in VAT and SAT with rare structures (cyst-like) ~10-fold larger than CLS. Fat expansion was associated with enhanced lipolysis and IR. VAT histology and intramyocellular fat were related to impaired ß-GS. Postsurgery, IR and lipolysis improved in all, ß-GS improved in T2D. Muscle fat infiltration was reduced, adipocytes were smaller and richer in mitochondria, and CLS density in SAT was reduced. In conclusion, IR improves proportionally to weight loss but remains subnormal, whilst SAT and muscle changes disappear. In T2D postsurgery, some VAT pathology persists and beta-cell dysfunction improves but is not normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Camastra
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Vitali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Center of Obesity, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Rossana Berta
- Bariatric Surgery Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Center of Obesity, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simona Baldi
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Brenno Astiarraga
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Barbatelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Center of Obesity, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine-Center of Obesity, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
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110
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Brandão BB, Guerra BA, Mori MA. Shortcuts to a functional adipose tissue: The role of small non-coding RNAs. Redox Biol 2017; 12:82-102. [PMID: 28214707 PMCID: PMC5312655 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes are a major public health issue worldwide. These diseases are often linked to a dysfunctional adipose tissue. Fat is a large, heterogenic, pleiotropic and rather complex tissue. It is found in virtually all cavities of the human body, shows unique plasticity among tissues, and harbors many cell types in addition to its main functional unit - the adipocyte. Adipose tissue function varies depending on the localization of the fat depot, the cell composition of the tissue and the energy status of the organism. While the white adipose tissue (WAT) serves as the main site for triglyceride storage and acts as an important endocrine organ, the brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for thermogenesis. Beige adipocytes can also appear in WAT depots to sustain heat production upon certain conditions, and it is becoming clear that adipose tissue depots can switch phenotypes depending on cell autonomous and non-autonomous stimuli. To maintain such degree of plasticity and respond adequately to changes in the energy balance, three basic processes need to be properly functioning in the adipose tissue: i) adipogenesis and adipocyte turnover, ii) metabolism, and iii) signaling. Here we review the fundamental role of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in these processes, with focus on microRNAs, and demonstrate their importance in adipose tissue function and whole body metabolic control in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B Brandão
- Program in Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Beatriz A Guerra
- Program in Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Program in Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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111
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Cordeiro A, Pereira S, Saboya CJ, Ramalho A. Relationship between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Vitamin D Nutritional Status in Extreme Obesity. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2017:9456897. [PMID: 28685131 PMCID: PMC5480021 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9456897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the relationship of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with nutritional status of vitamin D in extreme obesity. METHODS Descriptive cross-sectional study in individuals with class III obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2), aged ≥ 20 years to < 60 years. Data were obtained for weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. Vitamin D analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the cutoff points used for its classification were < 20 ng/mL for deficiency and 20-29.9 ng/ml for insufficiency. NAFLD gradation was conducted through histological evaluation by liver biopsy. RESULTS The sample is comprised of 50 individuals (86% female). BMI and average weight were 44.1 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and 121.4 ± 21.4 kg, respectively. Sample distribution according to serum 25(OH)D levels showed 42% of deficiency and 48% of insufficiency. The diagnosis of NAFLD was confirmed in 100% of the individuals, of which 70% had steatosis and 30% had steatohepatitis. The highest percentage of 25(OH)D insufficiency was seen in individuals with steatosis (66%/n = 21) and steatohepatitis (93%/n = 16). All individuals with steatohepatitis presented VDD (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed high prevalence of serum 25(OH)D inadequacy in individuals with class III obesity, which worsens as the stage of liver disease progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adryana Cordeiro
- Micronutrients Research Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia Pereira
- Micronutrients Research Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos José Saboya
- Multidisciplinary Center of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, 22280-020 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22280-020, Brazil
| | - Andrea Ramalho
- Micronutrients Research Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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112
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Vatarescu M, Bechor S, Haim Y, Pecht T, Tarnovscki T, Slutsky N, Nov O, Shapiro H, Shemesh A, Porgador A, Bashan N, Rudich A. Adipose tissue supports normalization of macrophage and liver lipid handling in obesity reversal. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:293-305. [PMID: 28360082 PMCID: PMC5457504 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue inflammation and dysfunction are considered central in the pathogenesis of obesity-related dysmetabolism, but their role in the rapid metabolic recovery upon obesity reversal is less well defined. We hypothesized that changes in adipose tissue endocrine and paracrine mechanisms may support the rapid improvement of obesity-induced impairment in cellular lipid handling. C57Bl-6J mice were fed ad libitum either normal chow (NC) or high-fat diet (HFF) for 10 weeks. A dietary obesity reversal group was fed HFF for 8 weeks and then switched to NC for 2 weeks (HFF→NC). Whole-body glucose homeostasis rapidly nearly normalized in the HFF→NC mice (fasting glucose and insulin fully normalized, glucose and insulin tolerance tests reversed 82% to the NC group levels). During 2 weeks of the dietary reversal, the liver was significantly cleared from ectopic fat, and functionally, glucose production from pyruvate, alanine or fructose was normalized. In contrast, adipose tissue inflammation (macrophage infiltration and polarization) largely remained as in HFF, though obesity-induced adipose tissue macrophage lipid accumulation decreased by ~50%, and adipose tissue MAP kinase hyperactivation was reversed. Ex vivo, mild changes in adipose tissue adipocytokine secretion profile were noted. These corresponded to partial or full reversal of the excess cellular lipid droplet accumulation induced by HFF adipose tissue conditioned media in hepatoma or macrophage cells, respectively. We propose that early after initiating reversal of nutritional obesity, rapid metabolic normalization largely precedes resolution of adipose tissue inflammation. Nevertheless, we demonstrate a hitherto unrecognized contribution of adipose tissue to the rapid improvement in lipid handling by the liver and by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Vatarescu
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN)Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sapir Bechor
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN)Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yulia Haim
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN)Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tal Pecht
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN)Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tanya Tarnovscki
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Noa Slutsky
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ori Nov
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Avishai Shemesh
- The Shraga Segal Department of MicrobiologyImmunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of MicrobiologyImmunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nava Bashan
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Assaf Rudich
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN)Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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113
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Spalding KL, Bernard S, Näslund E, Salehpour M, Possnert G, Appelsved L, Fu KY, Alkass K, Druid H, Thorell A, Rydén M, Arner P. Impact of fat mass and distribution on lipid turnover in human adipose tissue. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15253. [PMID: 28534500 PMCID: PMC5457499 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in white adipose tissue (WAT) lipid turnover between the visceral (vWAT) and subcutaneous (sWAT) depots may cause metabolic complications in obesity. Here we compare triglyceride age and, thereby, triglyceride turnover in vWAT and sWAT biopsies from 346 individuals and find that subcutaneous triglyceride age and storage capacity are increased in overweight or obese individuals. Visceral triglyceride age is only increased in excessively obese individuals and associated with a lower lipid removal capacity. Thus, although triglyceride storage capacity in sWAT is higher than in vWAT, the former plateaus at substantially lower levels of excess WAT mass than vWAT. In individuals with central or visceral obesity, lipid turnover is selectively increased in vWAT. Obese individuals classified as ‘metabolically unhealthy' (according to ATPIII criteria) who have small subcutaneous adipocytes exhibit reduced triglyceride turnover. We conclude that excess WAT results in depot-specific differences in lipid turnover and increased turnover in vWAT and/or decreased turnover in sWAT may result in metabolic complications of overweight or obesity. Lipid turnover in tissues can be calculated from ratios of different carbon isotopes. Here the authors use this approach to study lipid turnover in two distinct adipose tissue depots and find that, in obese individuals, visceral fat is more lipolytic than subcutaneous fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden.,Metabolism Unit and KI/AZ Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE 17176, Sweden
| | - Samuel Bernard
- Institut Camille Jordan, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne F 69622, France
| | - Erik Näslund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE 18288, Sweden
| | - Mehran Salehpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ion Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75120, Sweden
| | - Göran Possnert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ion Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75120, Sweden
| | - Lena Appelsved
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Keng-Yeh Fu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Henrik Druid
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE 17177, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Medicine, The National Board of Forensic Medicine, Stockholm SE 11120, Sweden
| | - Anders Thorell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE 18288, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Ersta Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE 11691, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-141 86, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-141 86, Sweden
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114
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Minchin JEN, Rawls JF. A classification system for zebrafish adipose tissues. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:797-809. [PMID: 28348140 PMCID: PMC5482999 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.025759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish model system offers significant utility for in vivo imaging of adipose tissue (AT) dynamics and for screening to identify chemical and genetic modifiers of adiposity. In particular, AT can be quantified accurately in live zebrafish using fluorescent lipophilic dyes. Although this methodology offers considerable promise, the comprehensive identification and classification of zebrafish ATs has not been performed. Here, we use fluorescent lipophilic dyes and in vivo imaging systematically to identify, classify and quantify the zebrafish AT pool. We identify 34 regionally distinct zebrafish ATs, including five visceral ATs and 22 subcutaneous ATs. For each of these ATs, we describe detailed morphological characteristics to aid their identification in future studies. Furthermore, we quantify the areas for each AT and construct regression models to allow prediction of expected AT size and variation across a range of developmental stages. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this resource for identifying effects of strain variation and high-fat diet on AT growth. Altogether, this resource provides foundational information on the identity, dynamics and expected quantities of zebrafish ATs for use as a reference for future studies. Summary: A standardized nomenclature and classification system for zebrafish adipose tissues and regression models to predict expected adipose size during the course of zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E N Minchin
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA .,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John F Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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115
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Miyachi Y, Tsuchiya K, Komiya C, Shiba K, Shimazu N, Yamaguchi S, Deushi M, Osaka M, Inoue K, Sato Y, Matsumoto S, Kikuta J, Wake K, Yoshida M, Ishii M, Ogawa Y. Roles for Cell-Cell Adhesion and Contact in Obesity-Induced Hepatic Myeloid Cell Accumulation and Glucose Intolerance. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2766-2779. [PMID: 28297678 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Miyachi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kyoichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Chikara Komiya
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kumiko Shiba
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Noriko Shimazu
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shinobu Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Michiyo Deushi
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mizuko Osaka
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kouji Inoue
- Department of Anatomy and Histocytology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Sato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sayaka Matsumoto
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junichi Kikuta
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Wake
- Department of Anatomy and Histocytology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-8501, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Department of Life Science and Bioethics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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116
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Bennis MT, Schneider A, Victoria B, Do A, Wiesenborn DS, Spinel L, Gesing A, Kopchick JJ, Siddiqi SA, Masternak MM. The role of transplanted visceral fat from the long-lived growth hormone receptor knockout mice on insulin signaling. GeroScience 2017; 39:51-59. [PMID: 28299640 PMCID: PMC5352587 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone receptor knockout mice (GHRKO) are characterized by high insulin sensitivity and extended lifespan. Interestingly, the secretory activity of visceral fat in GHRKO mice is altered, stimulating whole body insulin sensitivity. In this study, we transplanted normal (N) mice with visceral fat pads from GHRKO or N mice to determine the role of visceral fat on the insulin signaling. We found that the transplant of visceral fat from GHRKO mice to N mice (N-GHRKO) improved whole body insulin sensitivity when comparing with sham-operated mice (N-S) and with mice that received visceral fat from N mice (N-N). This was associated with increased hepatic insulin sensitivity as observed by the increased phosphorylated insulin receptor and increased hepatic expression of Pparα and Pparγ. In conclusion, we demonstrated that visceral fat transplant from GHRKO mice into normal mice enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. These results further confirm the differential physiological role played by visceral adipose tissue from GH receptor deficient mice, indicating that the increase of this fat depot can be associated with beneficial effects on insulin signaling and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed T Bennis
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Berta Victoria
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Andrew Do
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Denise S Wiesenborn
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Lina Spinel
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Adam Gesing
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Shadab A Siddiqi
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Michal M Masternak
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd., Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland.
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117
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Ma J, Jacques PF, Meigs JB, Fox CS, Rogers GT, Smith CE, Hruby A, Saltzman E, McKeown NM. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage but Not Diet Soda Consumption Is Positively Associated with Progression of Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes. J Nutr 2016; 146:2544-2550. [PMID: 27934644 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.234047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown an inconsistent relation between habitual beverage consumption and insulin resistance and prediabetes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), rather than diet soda, is associated with long-term progression of insulin resistance and the development of prediabetes. METHODS We analyzed the prospective association between cumulative mean consumption of SSBs or diet soda and incident prediabetes (n = 1685) identified across a median of 14 y of follow-up in participants [mean ± SD age: 51.9 ± 9.2 y; 59.6% women; mean ± SD body mass index (BMI; kg/m2): 26.3 ± 4.4] of the Framingham Offspring cohort. The prospective association between beverage consumption and change in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; n = 2076) over ∼7 y was also analyzed. The cumulative mean consumption of SSBs and diet soda was estimated by using food-frequency questionnaires. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and linear regression models were implemented to estimate the HRs of incident prediabetes and change in HOMA-IR, respectively. RESULTS After adjustment for multiple potential confounders, including baseline BMI, we observed that SSB intake was positively associated with incident prediabetes (P-trend < 0.001); the highest SSB consumers (>3 servings/wk; median: 6 servings/wk) had a 46% higher risk of developing prediabetes than did the SSB nonconsumers (HR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.83). Higher SSB intake was also associated with a greater increase in HOMA-IR (P-trend = 0.006). No prospective associations were observed between diet soda intake and risk of prediabetes (P-trend = 0.24) or changes in HOMA-IR (P-trend = 0.25). These associations were similar after additional adjustment for change in BMI. CONCLUSION Regular SSB intake, but not diet soda intake, is associated with a greater increase in insulin resistance and a higher risk of developing prediabetes in a group of middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; and
| | - Caroline S Fox
- Framingham Heart Study, Population Science Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA
| | | | | | | | - Edward Saltzman
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Rajkumar A, Lamothe G, Bolongo P, Harper ME, Adamo K, Doucet É, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Prud'homme D, Tesson F. Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain 5 genotype is associated with body composition changes in response to lifestyle interventions in postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity: a genetic association study on cohorts Montréal-Ottawa New Emerging Team, and Complications Associated with Obesity. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:56. [PMID: 27515448 PMCID: PMC4982019 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic studies on Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long-Chain 5 (ACSL5) demonstrate an association between rs2419621 genotype and rate of weight loss in women with obesity in response to caloric restriction. Our objectives were to (1) confirm results in two different populations of women with overweight and obesity (2) study rs2419621's influence on body composition parameters of women with overweight and obesity following lifestyle interventions. METHODS rs2419621 genotype was determined in women with overweight and obesity who participated in the Montréal-Ottawa New Emerging Team (MONET n = 137) and Complications Associated with Obesity (CAO n = 37) studies. Genotyping was done using TaqMan MGB probe-based assay. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to test for associations. RESULTS When studying women with overweight and obesity, rs2419621 [T] allele carriers had a significantly greater decrease in visceral fat, absolute and percent fat mass and a greater increase in percent lean mass in response to lifestyle intervention in comparison to non-carriers. Studying only individuals with obesity showed similar results with rs2419621 [T] allele carriers also displaying a significantly greater decrease in body mass index following the lifestyle intervention in comparison to non-carriers. CONCLUSION Women with overweight and obesity carrying the ACSL5 rs2419621 [T] allele are more responsive to lifestyle interventions in comparison to non-carriers. Conducting such genetic association studies can aid in individualized treatments/interventions catered towards an individual's genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishankari Rajkumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gilles Lamothe
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pierrette Bolongo
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kristi Adamo
- CHEO Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Éric Doucet
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Remi Rabasa-Lhoret
- Départment de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Prud'homme
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital Montfort, Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frédérique Tesson
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, 451 Smyth, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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Lombardi R, Pisano G, Fargion S. Role of Serum Uric Acid and Ferritin in the Development and Progression of NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:548. [PMID: 27077854 PMCID: PMC4849004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), tightly linked to the metabolic syndrome (MS), has emerged as a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Since it is potentially progressive towards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatic fibrosis, up to cirrhosis and its associated complications, the need for predictive factors of NAFLD and of its advanced forms is mandatory. Despite the current "gold standard" for the assessment of liver damage in NAFLD being liver biopsy, in recent years, several non-invasive tools have been designed as alternatives to histology, of which fibroscan seems the most promising. Among the different serum markers considered, serum uric acid (SUA) and ferritin have emerged as possible predictors of severity of liver damage in NAFLD. In fact, as widely described in this review, they share common pathogenetic pathways and are both associated with hepatic steatosis and MS, thus suggesting a likely synergistic action. Nevertheless, the power of these serum markers seems to be too low if considered alone, suggesting that they should be included in a wider perspective together with other metabolic and biochemical parameters in order to predict liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lombardi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, IRCCS "Ca' Granda" IRCCS Foundation, Poiliclinico Hospital, University of Milan, Centro delle Malattie Metaboliche del Fegato, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Pisano
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, IRCCS "Ca' Granda" IRCCS Foundation, Poiliclinico Hospital, University of Milan, Centro delle Malattie Metaboliche del Fegato, Milan 20122, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fargion
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, IRCCS "Ca' Granda" IRCCS Foundation, Poiliclinico Hospital, University of Milan, Centro delle Malattie Metaboliche del Fegato, Milan 20122, Italy.
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Heterogeneity of white adipose tissue: molecular basis and clinical implications. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e215. [PMID: 26964831 PMCID: PMC4892883 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a highly heterogeneous endocrine organ. The heterogeneity among different anatomical depots stems from their intrinsic differences in cellular and physiological properties, including developmental origin, adipogenic and proliferative capacity, glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, hormonal control, thermogenic ability and vascularization. Additional factors that influence adipose tissue heterogeneity are genetic predisposition, environment, gender and age. Under obese condition, these depot-specific differences translate into specific fat distribution patterns, which are closely associated with differential cardiometabolic risks. For instance, individuals with central obesity are more susceptible to developing diabetes and cardiovascular complications, whereas those with peripheral obesity are more metabolically healthy. This review summarizes the clinical and mechanistic evidence for the depot-specific differences that give rise to different metabolic consequences, and provides therapeutic insights for targeted treatment of obesity.
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121
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Wu FZ, Wu CC, Kuo PL, Wu MT. Differential impacts of cardiac and abdominal ectopic fat deposits on cardiometabolic risk stratification. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2016; 16:20. [PMID: 26800881 PMCID: PMC4724070 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-016-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that excessive abdominal visceral adipose tissue (AVAT) and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) are risk factors of cardiometabolic disease; we hypothesized there is differential contribution of abdominal and cardiac fat deposits to the cardiometabolic profiles. Methods Two hundred eight consecutive subjects with clinical suspicion of coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent cardiac and abdominal CT for Agatston score and abdominal visceral fat measurement were retrospectively analyzed. Regional thickness of EAT (EATth), total volume of EAT, total volume of paracardial adipose tissue (PAT) and total volume of AVAT from L2 to L5 level were measured. The relationships between abdominal and cardiac adipose tissue measurements, the number of components of metabolic syndrome, and the severity of Agatston score on a four ranking scale (0, 1–10,11–100, 101–400, >400) were investigated. Results The amounts of AVAT, EAT, PAT and EATth-LAVG showed a significant linear trend with increasing number (0–5) of components in metabolic syndrome (AVAT, EAT and PAT P for trend <0.0001; EATth-LVAG P for trend <0.001). EATth at left atrioventricular groove (EATth-LAVG) showed significant linear trend with the severity of Agatston score on a four ranking scale (P for trend <0.0001). In multivariate binary regression analysis, total volume of AVAT was the sole adiposity predictor for metabolic syndrome independent to age, gender, and waist circumference (odds ratio of 1.20, 95 % CI 1.08–1.32, p < 0.001) while total volume of EAT, PAT, and EATth-LAVG were not. In contrary, EATth-LAVG was the sole adiposity predictor for Agatston score >400 (odds ratio of 1.11, 95 % CI 1.034–1.184, p = 0.004). Conclusions Excessive total volume of AVAT appears to be preferentially associated with metabolic syndrome; while EAT, esp. EATth-LAVG is preferentially associated with coronary artery disease. This differential effect of the two adiposities deserves a large-scale cohort study for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Zong Wu
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Carol C Wu
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Pei-Lun Kuo
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Ting Wu
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 81362, Taiwan. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hartwig S, Kluttig A, Tiller D, Fricke J, Müller G, Schipf S, Völzke H, Schunk M, Meisinger C, Schienkiewitz A, Heidemann C, Moebus S, Pechlivanis S, Werdan K, Kuss O, Tamayo T, Haerting J, Greiser KH. Anthropometric markers and their association with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: which marker is best for prediction? Pooled analysis of four German population-based cohort studies and comparison with a nationwide cohort study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e009266. [PMID: 26792214 PMCID: PMC4735317 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the association between different anthropometric measurements and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to assess their predictive ability in different regions of Germany. METHODS Data of 10,258 participants from 4 prospective population-based cohorts were pooled to assess the association of body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR) with incident T2DM by calculating HRs of the crude, adjusted and standardised markers, as well as providing receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Differences between HRs and ROCs for the different anthropometric markers were calculated to compare their predictive ability. In addition, data of 3105 participants from the nationwide survey were analysed separately using the same methods to provide a nationally representative comparison. RESULTS Strong associations were found for each anthropometric marker and incidence of T2DM. Among the standardised anthropometric measures, we found the strongest effect on incident T2DM for WC and WHtR in the pooled sample (HR for 1 SD difference in WC 1.97, 95% CI 1.75 to 2.22, HR for WHtR 1.93, 95% CI 1.71 to 2.17 in women) and in female DEGS participants (HR for WC 2.24, 95% CI 1.91 to 2.63, HR for WHtR 2.10, 95% CI 1.81 to 2.44), whereas the strongest association in men was found for WHR among DEGS participants (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.89 to 2.78). ROC analysis showed WHtR to be the strongest predictor for incident T2DM. Differences in HR and ROCs between the different markers confirmed WC and WHtR to be the best predictors of incident T2DM. Findings were consistent across study regions and age groups (<65 vs ≥ 65 years). CONCLUSIONS We found stronger associations between anthropometric markers that reflect abdominal obesity (ie, WC and WHtR) and incident T2DM than for BMI and weight. The use of these measurements in risk prediction should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Hartwig
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kluttig
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Tiller
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Julia Fricke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Grit Müller
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sabine Schipf
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michaela Schunk
- Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anja Schienkiewitz
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Heidemann
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sonali Pechlivanis
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl Werdan
- Department of Medicine III, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Oliver Kuss
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Teresa Tamayo
- Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Haerting
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Karin Halina Greiser
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Coen PM, Goodpaster BH. A role for exercise after bariatric surgery? Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:16-23. [PMID: 26228356 PMCID: PMC5642115 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity predisposes an individual to develop numerous comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, and represents a major healthcare issue in many countries worldwide. Bariatric surgery can be an effective treatment option, resulting in profound weight loss and improvements in metabolic health; however, not all patients achieve similar weight loss or metabolic improvements. Exercise is an excellent way to improve health, with well-characterized physiological and psychological benefits. In the present paper we review the evidence to determine whether there may be a role for exercise as a complementary adjunct therapy to bariatric surgery. Objectively measured physical activity data indicate that most patients who undergo bariatric surgery do not exercise enough to reap the health benefits of exercise. While there is a dearth of data on the effects of exercise on weight loss and weight loss maintenance after surgery, evidence from studies of caloric restriction and exercise suggest that similar adjunctive benefits may be extended to patients who perform exercise after bariatric surgery. Recent evidence from exercise interventions after bariatric surgery suggests that exercise may provide further improvements in metabolic health compared with surgery-induced weight loss alone. Additional randomized controlled exercise trials are now needed as the next step to more clearly define the potential for exercise to provide additional health benefits after bariatric surgery. This valuable evidence will inform clinical practice regarding much-needed guidelines for exercise after bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
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Choe SS, Huh JY, Hwang IJ, Kim JI, Kim JB. Adipose Tissue Remodeling: Its Role in Energy Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:30. [PMID: 27148161 PMCID: PMC4829583 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue is a central metabolic organ in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis. The white adipose tissue functions as a key energy reservoir for other organs, whereas the brown adipose tissue accumulates lipids for cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis. Adipose tissues secrete various hormones, cytokines, and metabolites (termed as adipokines) that control systemic energy balance by regulating appetitive signals from the central nerve system as well as metabolic activity in peripheral tissues. In response to changes in the nutritional status, the adipose tissue undergoes dynamic remodeling, including quantitative and qualitative alterations in adipose tissue-resident cells. A growing body of evidence indicates that adipose tissue remodeling in obesity is closely associated with adipose tissue function. Changes in the number and size of the adipocytes affect the microenvironment of expanded fat tissues, accompanied by alterations in adipokine secretion, adipocyte death, local hypoxia, and fatty acid fluxes. Concurrently, stromal vascular cells in the adipose tissue, including immune cells, are involved in numerous adaptive processes, such as dead adipocyte clearance, adipogenesis, and angiogenesis, all of which are dysregulated in obese adipose tissue remodeling. Chronic overnutrition triggers uncontrolled inflammatory responses, leading to systemic low-grade inflammation and metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance. This review will discuss current mechanistic understandings of adipose tissue remodeling processes in adaptive energy homeostasis and pathological remodeling of adipose tissue in connection with immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Sik Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Jae Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong In Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Bum Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Adipose Tissue Remodeling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae Bum Kim,
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Bardoxolone Methyl Prevents Mesenteric Fat Deposition and Inflammation in High-Fat Diet Mice. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:549352. [PMID: 26618193 PMCID: PMC4651788 DOI: 10.1155/2015/549352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenteric fat belongs to visceral fat. An increased deposition of mesenteric fat contributes to obesity associated complications such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We have investigated the therapeutic effects of bardoxolone methyl (BARD) on mesenteric adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Male C57BL/6J mice were administered oral BARD during HFD feeding (HFD/BARD), only fed a high-fat diet (HFD), or fed low-fat diet (LFD) for 21 weeks. Histology and immunohistochemistry were used to analyse mesenteric morphology and macrophages, while Western blot was used to assess the expression of inflammatory, oxidative stress, and energy expenditure proteins. Supplementation of drinking water with BARD prevented mesenteric fat deposition, as determined by a reduction in large adipocytes. BARD prevented inflammation as there were fewer inflammatory macrophages and reduced proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha). BARD reduced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt, suggesting an antioxidative stress effect. BARD upregulates energy expenditure proteins, judged by the increased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) proteins. Overall, BARD induces preventive effect in HFD mice through regulation of mesenteric adipose tissue.
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Mulder P, Morrison MC, Wielinga PY, van Duyvenvoorde W, Kooistra T, Kleemann R. Surgical removal of inflamed epididymal white adipose tissue attenuates the development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:675-84. [PMID: 26499443 PMCID: PMC4827008 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with abdominal obesity. Growing evidence suggests that inflammation in specific depots of white adipose tissue (WAT) has a key role in NAFLD progression, but experimental evidence for a causal role of WAT is lacking. Methods: A time-course study in C57BL/6J mice was performed to establish which WAT depot is most susceptible to develop inflammation during high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Crown-like structures (CLS) were quantified in epididymal (eWAT), mesenteric (mWAT) and inguinal/subcutaneous (iWAT) WAT. The contribution of inflamed WAT to NAFLD progression was investigated by surgical removal of a selected WAT depot and compared with sham surgery. Plasma markers were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cytokines/adipokines) and lipidomics (lipids). Results: In eWAT, CLS were formed already after 12 weeks of HFD, which coincided with maximal adipocyte size and fat depot mass, and preceded establishment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). By contrast, the number of CLS were low in mWAT and iWAT. Removal of inflamed eWAT after 12 weeks (eWATx group), followed by another 12 weeks of HFD feeding, resulted in significantly reduced NASH in eWATx. Inflammatory cell aggregates (−40% P<0.05) and inflammatory genes (e.g., TNFα, −37% P<0.05) were attenuated in livers of eWATx mice, whereas steatosis was not affected. Concomitantly, plasma concentrations of circulating proinflammatory mediators, viz. leptin and specific saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, were also reduced in the eWATx group. Conclusions: Intervention in NAFLD progression by removal of inflamed eWAT attenuates the development of NASH and reduces plasma levels of specific inflammatory mediators (cytokines and lipids). These data support the hypothesis that eWAT is causally involved in the pathogenesis of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mulder
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M C Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Y Wielinga
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W van Duyvenvoorde
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Kooistra
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kim HN, Song SW, Choi WS. Association between serum zinc level and body composition: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrition 2015; 32:332-7. [PMID: 26706025 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association between serum zinc levels and several body composition factors in Korean adults. METHODS We used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional survey of Korean civilians. Data from 1896 adults were analyzed. RESULTS Serum zinc levels in men with elevated waist circumference were higher than in those with normal waist circumference (152.1 ± 3.7 μg/dL versus 137.8 ± 2.2 μg/dL; P < 0.001) and serum zinc levels increased with increasing tertiles of total body fat percentage (134.2 ± 2.8 μg/dL, 142 ± 2.9 μg/dL, and 148 ± 2.7 μg/dL; P = 0.001). Among men with a normal waist circumference, serum zinc levels of those with the highest total body fat percentage were higher than in those with the lowest or medium total body fat percentage values (145.4 μg/dL versus 135.2 μg/dL; P = 0.029). In contrast, in men with an elevated waist circumference, no difference in serum zinc levels according to total body fat percentage was detected. There was no relationship between serum zinc levels and body composition factors in women. CONCLUSIONS Body zinc status might be associated with the quantity and distribution of body fat in Korean men. Additional sex-specific studies are needed to determine whether the relationship of body zinc status with abdominal obesity and total body fat affects metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Song
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Whan-Seok Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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128
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Souza-Smith FM, Siggins RW, Molina PE. Mesenteric Lymphatic-Perilymphatic Adipose Crosstalk: Role in Alcohol-Induced Perilymphatic Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1380-7. [PMID: 26147204 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The digestive tract lymphatics transport approximately two-thirds of all lymph produced in the body and have a key role in mucosal immunity through their contribution to antigen transport and immune cell trafficking. Mesenteric lymphatic pumping function integrity is critical for maintaining homeostasis and lipid transport. We previously demonstrated that acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) increases mesenteric lymphatic amplitude of contraction and ejection fraction, enhancing the ability of the lymphatic vessels to pump lymph. AAI has been shown to disrupt intestinal barrier integrity, which would be expected to increase the endotoxin content of mesenteric lymph. In this study, we tested the prediction that AAI increases lymphatic permeability directly affecting perilymphatic adipose tissue (PLAT) milieu. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats received an intragastric infusion of 2.5 g/kg of alcohol. Isovolumic administration of water (vehicle) served as control. PLAT was isolated for the determination of Evans Blue extravasation (permeability), cytokine content, and immunohistochemistry for inflammatory cell infiltration at 30 minutes and 24 hours after alcohol administration. RESULTS PLAT isolated from AAI animals had greater Evans Blue concentrations and cytokine expression (24 hours post-AAI) and mast cell and neutrophil density than that isolated from controls. AAI resulted in significantly higher plasma lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) levels, lower plasma adiponectin levels (at 30 minutes), and unchanged plasma visfatin levels. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that AAI induces mesenteric lymphatic hyperpermeability, promotes PLAT inflammatory milieu and disrupts the systemic adipokine profile. These findings suggest an association between alcohol-induced lymphatic hyperpermeability and early manifestations of metabolic dysfunction as a result of alcohol abuse. We propose that crosstalk between lymph and PLAT results in adipose inflammation and adipokine dysregulation during AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia M Souza-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Robert W Siggins
- Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, New Orleans, Louisiana
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129
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Abstract
Obesity is associated with altered gut microbiota composition and impaired gut barrier function. These changes, together with interrelated mesenteric adipose tissue inflammation, result in increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, bacteria-derived factors, and lipids into the portal circulation, promoting the development of (hepatic) insulin resistance. Herein, the potential impact of obesity-related changes in gut and visceral adipose tissue biology on the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Konrad
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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130
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Castro AVB, Kolka CM, Kim SP, Bergman RN. Obesity, insulin resistance and comorbidities? Mechanisms of association. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 58:600-9. [PMID: 25211442 DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000003223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Overall excess of fat, usually defined by the body mass index, is associated with metabolic (e.g. glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia) and non-metabolic disorders (e.g. neoplasias, polycystic ovary syndrome, non-alcoholic fat liver disease, glomerulopathy, bone fragility etc.). However, more than its total amount, the distribution of adipose tissue throughout the body is a better predictor of the risk to the development of those disorders. Fat accumulation in the abdominal area and in non-adipose tissue (ectopic fat), for example, is associated with increased risk to develop metabolic and non-metabolic derangements. On the other hand, observations suggest that individuals who present peripheral adiposity, characterized by large hip and thigh circumferences, have better glucose tolerance, reduced incidence of T2DM and of metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the main culprits in the association between obesity, particularly visceral, and metabolic as well as non-metabolic diseases. In this review we will highlight the current pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms possibly involved in the link between increased VAT, ectopic fat, IR and comorbidities. We will also provide some insights in the identification of these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valeria B Castro
- Divisão de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, Departamento de Clínica Médica, FMRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cathryn M Kolka
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stella P Kim
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard N Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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131
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Relationship with Metabolic Syndrome in Class III Obesity Individuals. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:839253. [PMID: 26120587 PMCID: PMC4450272 DOI: 10.1155/2015/839253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is represented mainly by abdominal obesity and insulin resistance (IR), both present in most individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MS). IR is the key risk factor in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objective. To relate NAFLD to MS in class III obese individuals. METHODOLOGY A descriptive cross-sectional study with class III obese individuals, aged ≥ 20-60 years. Blood pressure measurement, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and blood glucose, insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglycerides data were obtained. HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance) calculation was carried out with a cutoff value of 2.71 for IR evaluation. The diagnosis of NAFLD was performed by liver biopsy and the diagnosis of MS was performed in accordance with the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEPATP III). RESULTS Of the 50 individuals evaluated, 86% were women and BMI means were 45.4 ± 3.6 Kg/m(2). The overall individuals had NAFLD, 70% steatosis, and 30% steatohepatitis. The diagnosis of MS occurred in 56% but showed no significant association with NAFLD (P = 0.254). Triglycerides (178 ± 65.5 mg/dL) and insulin (28.2 ± 22.6 mcU/mL) mean values were significantly higher in steatohepatitis (P = 0.002 and P = 0.042, resp.) compared to individuals with steatosis. IR was confirmed in 76% and showed a relationship with NAFLD severity. CONCLUSION NAFLD was not related to MS; however, MS components, evaluated in isolation, as well as IR, were related to the presence and severity of NAFLD.
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132
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Chin SH, Item F, Wueest S, Zhou Z, Wiedemann MSF, Gai Z, Schoenle EJ, Kullak-Ublick GA, Al-Hasani H, Konrad D. Opposing effects of reduced kidney mass on liver and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in obese mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:1131-41. [PMID: 25325737 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reduced kidney mass and/or function may result in multiple metabolic derangements, including insulin resistance. However, underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein, we aimed to determine the impact of reduced kidney mass on glucose metabolism in lean and obese mice. To that end, 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice underwent uninephrectomy (UniNx) or sham operation. After surgery, animals were fed either a chow (standard) diet or a high-fat diet (HFD), and glucose homeostasis was assessed 20 weeks after surgery. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance was similar in sham-operated and UniNx mice. However, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in vivo was significantly diminished in UniNx mice, whereas insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into isolated skeletal muscle was similar in sham-operated and UniNx mice. Of note, capillary density was significantly reduced in skeletal muscle of HFD-fed UniNx mice. In contrast, hepatic insulin sensitivity was improved in UniNx mice. Furthermore, adipose tissue hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression and inflammation were reduced in HFD-fed UniNx mice. Treatment with the angiotensin II receptor blocker telmisartan improved glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed sham-operated but not UniNx mice. In conclusion, UniNx protects from obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and hepatic insulin resistance, but it reduces muscle capillary density and, thus, deteriorates HFD-induced skeletal muscle glucose disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Hung Chin
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Item
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhou Zhou
- German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael S F Wiedemann
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhibo Gai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eugen J Schoenle
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- German Diabetes Center at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Konrad
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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133
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Teixeira TFS, Alves RDM, Moreira APB, Peluzio MDCG. Main characteristics of metabolically obese normal weight and metabolically healthy obese phenotypes. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:175-90. [PMID: 26024540 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the influence of fat depots on insulin resistance and the main characteristics of metabolically obese normal-weight and metabolically healthy obese phenotypes are discussed. Medline/PubMed and Science Direct were searched for articles related to the terms metabolically healthy obesity, metabolically obese normal weight, adipose tissue, and insulin resistance. Normal weight and obesity might be heterogeneous in regard to their effects. Fat distribution and lower insulin sensitivity are the main factors defining phenotypes within the same body mass index. Although these terms are interesting, controversies about them remain. Future studies exploring these phenotypes will help elucidate the roles of adiposity and/or insulin resistance in the development of metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana F S Teixeira
- TFS Teixeira, RDM Alves, APB Moreira, and MdCG Peluzio are with the Nutrition and Health Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Raquel D M Alves
- TFS Teixeira, RDM Alves, APB Moreira, and MdCG Peluzio are with the Nutrition and Health Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula B Moreira
- TFS Teixeira, RDM Alves, APB Moreira, and MdCG Peluzio are with the Nutrition and Health Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo G Peluzio
- TFS Teixeira, RDM Alves, APB Moreira, and MdCG Peluzio are with the Nutrition and Health Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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134
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Hilton C, Karpe F, Pinnick KE. Role of developmental transcription factors in white, brown and beige adipose tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:686-96. [PMID: 25668679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the role of developmental transcription factors in adipose tissue biology with a focus on how these developmental genes may contribute to regional variation in adipose tissue distribution and function. Regional, depot-specific, differences in lipid handling and signalling (lipolysis, lipid storage and adipokine/lipokine signalling) are important determinants of metabolic health. At a cellular level, preadipocytes removed from their original depot and cultured in vitro retain depot-specific functional properties, implying that these are intrinsic to the cells and not a function of their environment in situ. High throughput screening has identified a number of developmental transcription factors involved in embryological development, including members of the Homeobox and T-Box gene families, that are strongly differentially expressed between regional white adipose tissue depots and also between brown and white adipose tissue. However, the significance of depot-specific developmental signatures remains unclear. Developmental transcription factors determine body patterning during embryogenesis. The divergent developmental origins of regional adipose tissue depots may explain their differing functional characteristics. There is evidence from human genetics that developmental genes determine adipose tissue distribution: in GWAS studies a number of developmental genes have been identified as being correlated with anthropometric measures of adiposity and fat distribution. Additionally, compelling functional studies have recently implicated developmental genes in both white adipogenesis and the so-called 'browning' of white adipose tissue. Understanding the genetic and developmental pathways in adipose tissue may help uncover novel ways to intervene with the function of adipose tissue in order to promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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135
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Azadi M, Foruozandeh H, Karami L, Khodayar MJ, Rashidi Nooshabadi M, Kalantar M, Gudarzi M, Pirouzi A. Comparing the effect of visceral fat and barley seed ash (hordeum vulgare L) with silversulfadiazine on burn wound healing in rats. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2015; 10:e20670. [PMID: 25866721 PMCID: PMC4379902 DOI: 10.17795/jjnpp-20670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin burn is one of the most common complications and remains a major public health issue worldwide. OBJECTIVES This experiment was conducted to study the effects of traditional medicine (Visceral Fat and Barely Seed Ash) compared with silversulfadiazine (SSD) cream on healing burn wounds in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of equal numbers; each group consisted of 15 animals. After sedation, type II of skin burn with 1.5 cm diameter circle was created on the back of rats with a heated metal in boiling water. Group one was not treated and considered as control. The burned areas in the second, third and fourth groups were applied twice a day with normal saline, SSD cream and traditional preparation, respectively. Percentage of the burn wound concentration and histopathological examinations were used as parameters of our study on days 4, 9and 14. Obtained data were compared between the groups and days. RESULTS SSD cream and traditional preparation had better effects on burnt wound healing compared with control group. Furthermore, on the final day of study, the average percentage of wound concentration in traditional medicine group was significantly greater than other groups (P < 0.05). This finding was supported and confirmed by histological examination as well. CONCLUSIONS Traditional preparation significantly decreased inflammation and accelerated wound healing in treated rats. Furthermore, the findings of this study can be applied clinically in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azadi
- Gerash Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Foruozandeh
- Toxicology Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Leila Karami
- Amiralmomenin Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Grash, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Khodayar
- Toxicology Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Rashidi Nooshabadi
- Toxicology Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kalantar
- Toxicology Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Gudarzi
- Toxicology Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Aliyar Pirouzi
- Gerash Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
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136
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Moreira APB, Alves RDM, Teixeira TFS, Macedo VS, de Oliveira LL, Costa NMB, Bressan J, do Carmo Gouveia Peluzio M, Mattes R, de Cássia Gonçalves Alfenas R. Higher plasma lipopolysaccharide concentrations are associated with less favorable phenotype in overweight/obese men. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:1363-70. [PMID: 25519002 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria might be an inflammation trigger in adipose tissue. It has recently been proposed that there is a link between adipose tissue distribution and blood LPS. However, the number of studies on this topic is scarce, and further investigation in humans is required. In this study, we explored the association between plasma LPS concentrations and body fat distribution, as well as the biochemical parameters that may indicate the presence of metabolic disorders. METHODS Sixty-seven young adult men with body mass index of 26-35 kg/m(2) were evaluated. Anthropometry, body composition and body fat distribution, blood pressure, energy expenditure, physical activity level, dietary intake, and biochemical parameters were assessed. RESULTS Men with median plasma LPS ≥ 0.9 EU/mL presented higher sagittal abdominal diameter, trunk fat percentage, and android fat percentage, and mass, insulin and alanine aminotransferase concentrations, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and beta cell dysfunction (HOMA-B) than those with lower plasma LPS. LPS correlated positively with the trunk fat percentage, and android fat percentage, and mass, insulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, as well as HOMA-IR and HOMA-B. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that a higher plasma LPS concentration is associated with a less favorable phenotype as characterized by higher central adiposity, higher values of HOMA-IR, and beta cell function impairment in overweight/obese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Boroni Moreira
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Bairro Martelos, s/n, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, CEP 36036-330, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Viviane Silva Macedo
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Josefina Bressan
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Richard Mattes
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. A chronic low grade inflammatory state has been described during obesity and associated with insulin resistance pathogenesis. Results from animal studies are in favor of a role of the leukotriene (LT) pathway in obesity induced-insulin resistance. However, there is a paucity of data regarding this association in human obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether LT production was associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic parameters in a cohort of obese subjects. Forty-six (70% females) obese subjects (BMI≧30 kg/m2) without known diabetes and without inflammatory disease (CRP<10 mg/l) were included. Median age was 44 years (16–80) with a median BMI of 36.8 kg/m2 (30–51). Insulin resistance was evaluated by HOMA-IR index and glucose tolerance test. Urinary LTE4 (U-LTE4) concentration was measured by enzyme immune assay. Screening for obstructive sleep apnea was performed. There was a positive association of U-LTE4 with waist to hip ratio, systolic blood pressure and HOMA-IR in univariate analysis. Further, waist to hip ratio remained the only parameter significantly correlated with U-LTE4, in adjusted multivariate analysis. Taken together, these results confirm the previously established notion of chronic low grade inflammation in obesity and further suggests a role for the LT pathway in obesity-associated development of insulin resistance in humans.
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138
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The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Pellino3 Protects against Obesity-Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. Immunity 2014; 41:973-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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139
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Malodobra-Mazur M, Dziewulska A, Kozinski K, Dobrzyn P, Kolczynska K, Janikiewicz J, Dobrzyn A. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase regulates inflammatory gene expression by changing DNA methylation level in 3T3 adipocytes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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140
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Ertelt A, Barton AK, Schmitz RR, Gehlen H. Metabolic syndrome: is equine disease comparable to what we know in humans? Endocr Connect 2014; 3:R81-93. [PMID: 24894908 PMCID: PMC4068110 DOI: 10.1530/ec-14-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes similarities and differences between the metabolic syndromes in humans and equines, concerning the anatomy, symptoms, and pathophysiological mechanisms. In particular, it discusses the structure and distribution of adipose tissue and its specific metabolic pathways. Furthermore, this article provides insights and focuses on issues concerning laminitis in horses and cardiovascular diseases in humans, as well as their overlap.
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141
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Corbould A, Bhathal PS, Dixon JB, O'Brien PE. Interrelationships of Serum Androgens, Omental Adipose Tissue Metabolism, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Premenopausal Women. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12:311-9. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2013.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Corbould
- Prince Henry's Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prithi S. Bhathal
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B. Dixon
- Vascular & Hypertension Division– Obesity Research, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul E. O'Brien
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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142
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Koopman KE, Caan MWA, Nederveen AJ, Pels A, Ackermans MT, Fliers E, la Fleur SE, Serlie MJ. Hypercaloric diets with increased meal frequency, but not meal size, increase intrahepatic triglycerides: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 2014; 60:545-53. [PMID: 24668862 PMCID: PMC4265261 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED American children consume up to 27% of calories from high-fat and high-sugar snacks. Both sugar and fat consumption have been implicated as a cause of hepatic steatosis and obesity but the effect of meal pattern is largely understudied. We hypothesized that a high meal frequency, compared to consuming large meals, is detrimental in the accumulation of intrahepatic and abdominal fat. To test this hypothesis, we randomized 36 lean, healthy men to a 40% hypercaloric diet for 6 weeks or a eucaloric control diet and measured intrahepatic triglyceride content (IHTG) using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H-MRS), abdominal fat using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and insulin sensitivity using a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp with a glucose isotope tracer before and after the diet intervention. The caloric surplus consisted of fat and sugar (high-fat-high-sugar; HFHS) or sugar only (high-sugar; HS) and was consumed together with, or between, the three main meals, thereby increasing meal size or meal frequency. All hypercaloric diets similarly increased body mass index (BMI). Increasing meal frequency significantly increased IHTG (HFHS mean relative increase of 45%; P = 0.016 and HS mean relative increase of 110%; P = 0.047), whereas increasing meal size did not (2-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] size versus frequency P = 0.03). Abdominal fat increased in the HFHS-frequency group (+63.3 ± 42.8 mL; P = 0.004) and tended to increase in the HS-frequency group (+46.5 ± 50.7 mL; P = 0.08). Hepatic insulin sensitivity tended to decrease in the HFHS-frequency group while peripheral insulin sensitivity was not affected. CONCLUSION A hypercaloric diet with high meal frequency increased IHTG and abdominal fat independent of caloric content and body weight gain, whereas increasing meal size did not. This study suggests that snacking, a common feature in the Western diet, independently contributes to hepatic steatosis and obesity. ( TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov; nr.NCT01297738.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Koopman
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Matthan WA Caan
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Aart J Nederveen
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Anouk Pels
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Mariette T Ackermans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre AmsterdamNetherlands,* These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Academic Medical Centre AmsterdamNetherlands,* These authors contributed equally to this work
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143
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The complement system in human cardiometabolic disease. Mol Immunol 2014; 61:135-48. [PMID: 25017306 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complement system has been implicated in obesity, fatty liver, diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Complement factors are produced in adipose tissue and appear to be involved in adipose tissue metabolism and local inflammation. Thereby complement links adipose tissue inflammation to systemic metabolic derangements, such as low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Furthermore, complement has been implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms of diet- and alcohol induced liver damage, hyperglycaemia, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and fibrinolysis. In this review, we summarize current evidence on the role of the complement system in several processes of human cardiometabolic disease. C3 is the central component in complement activation, and has most widely been studied in humans. C3 concentrations are associated with insulin resistance, liver dysfunction, risk of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and CVD. C3 can be activated by the classical, the lectin and the alternative pathway of complement activation; and downstream activation of C3 activates the terminal pathway. Complement may also be activated via extrinsic proteases of the coagulation, fibrinolysis and the kinin systems. Studies on the different complement activation pathways in human cardiometabolic disease are limited, but available evidence suggests that they may have distinct roles in processes underlying cardiometabolic disease. The lectin pathway appeared beneficial in some studies on type 2 diabetes and CVD, while factors of the classical and the alternative pathway were related to unfavourable cardiometabolic traits. The terminal complement pathway was also implicated in insulin resistance and liver disease, and appears to have a prominent role in acute and advanced CVD. The available human data suggest a complex and potentially causal role for the complement system in human cardiometabolic disease. Further, preferably longitudinal studies are needed to disentangle which aspects of the complement system and complement activation affect the different processes in human cardiometabolic disease.
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144
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Wang S, Miller B, Matthan NR, Goktas Z, Wu D, Reed DB, Yin X, Grammas P, Moustaid-Moussa N, Shen CL, Lichtenstein AH. Aortic cholesterol accumulation correlates with systemic inflammation but not hepatic and gonadal adipose tissue inflammation in low-density lipoprotein receptor null mice. Nutr Res 2014; 33:1072-82. [PMID: 24267047 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a major contributor to the development of atherosclerotic plaque, yet the involvement of liver and visceral adipose tissue inflammatory status in atherosclerotic lesion development has yet to be fully elucidated. We hypothesized that an atherogenic diet would increase inflammatory response and lipid accumulation in the liver and gonadal adipose tissue (GAT) and would correlate with systemic inflammation and aortic lesion formation in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor null (LDLr-/-) mice. For 32 weeks, LDLr-/- mice (n = 10/group) were fed either an atherogenic (high saturated fat and cholesterol) or control (low fat and cholesterol) diet. Hepatic and GAT lipid content and expression of inflammatory factors were measured using standard procedures. Compared with the control diet, the atherogenic diet significantly increased hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol (TC), primarily esterified cholesterol, and GAT triglyceride content. These changes were accompanied by increased expression of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 5, CD36, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 1 and scavenger receptor B class 1, and they decreased the expression of cytochrome P450, family 7 and subfamily a, polypeptide 1 in GAT. Aortic TC content was positively associated with hepatic TC, triglyceride, and GAT triglyceride contents as well as plasma interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations. Although when compared with the control diet, the atherogenic diet increased hepatic tumor necrosis factor α production, they were not associated with aortic TC content. These data suggest that the LDLr-/- mice responded to the atherogenic diet by increasing lipid accumulation in the liver and GAT, which may have increased inflammatory response. Aortic TC content was positively associated with systemic inflammation but not hepatic and GAT inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Nutritional Sciences Program, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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145
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Alderete TL, Sattler FR, Sheng X, Tucci J, Mittelman SD, Grant EG, Goran MI. A novel biopsy method to increase yield of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:183-6. [PMID: 24849392 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Collection of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) for research testing is traditionally performed using punch biopsy or needle aspiration techniques, yielding small amounts of very superficial SAT (100-500 mg). Although liposuction techniques can be used to obtain large amounts of SAT, these approaches can compromise the integrity of the adipose tissue. Therefore, we investigated a novel method using a 6-mm Bergström side-cutting biopsy needle to acquire suitable amounts of intact abdominal SAT for multiple complex studies such as flow cytometry, RNA extraction, ex vivo expression of molecular and post-translational protein mediators, and histology. Fifty biopsies were obtained from 29 participants using a Bergström biopsy needle, applying transient manual suction and shearing large pieces of fat within the inner-cutting trochar. Eighteen of the biopsies were performed under ultrasound guidance, whereby we successfully sampled deep SAT (dSAT) from below Scarpa's fascia. The average weight of SAT sampled was 1.5 ± 0.4 g. There was no clinically important bleeding or ecchymosis on the abdominal wall and no infection occurred with this procedure. The 6-mm Bergström biopsy needle yielded substantially more SAT than what has been obtained from superficial procedures and, for the first time, allowed sampling of dSAT by a percutaneous approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Alderete
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - F R Sattler
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - X Sheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Tucci
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S D Mittelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E G Grant
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M I Goran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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146
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Association of serum tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand with body fat distribution as assessed by dual X-rays absorptiometry. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:306848. [PMID: 24966465 PMCID: PMC4055388 DOI: 10.1155/2014/306848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A low chronic inflammation mediated by cytokine release is considered a major pathogenic mechanism accounting for the higher risk of cardiovascular disease in the overweight/obese population. In this context, although the existence of a possible interaction between soluble tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) and quantity and localization, of adiposity in the body has been hypothesized, no studies have yet investigated this link by radiologic techniques able to assess directly fat mass (FM) in different body regions. To address this issue, we assessed body fat distribution by dual X-rays absorptiometry (DXA) in a sample of 103 women and investigated the possible association between the derived adiposity measures and serum TRAIL concentration. The level of TRAIL showed a positive and independent correlation with arms FM (P < 0.05), trunk FM (P < 0.001) and trunk FM% (P < 0.05), total FM and total FM% (P < 0.001 for both), and an inverse association with legs FM% (P < 0.05). Only trunk FM retained a significant correlation (P < 0.05) with TRAIL after adjusting for all the other indices of regional adiposity. In conclusion, from our study it emerged a significant and independent association of serum TRAIL levels with overall, and, mainly, central adiposity. Further studies are needed to longitudinally investigate the cause-effect relationship between change in body fat distribution and TRAIL.
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147
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Gonzalez-Campoy JM, Richardson B, Richardson C, Gonzalez-Cameron D, Ebrahim A, Strobel P, Martinez T, Blaha B, Ransom M, Quinonez-Weislow J, Pierson A, Gonzalez Ahumada M. Bariatric endocrinology: principles of medical practice. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:917813. [PMID: 24899894 PMCID: PMC4036612 DOI: 10.1155/2014/917813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, is a chronic, biological, preventable, and treatable disease. The accumulation of fat mass causes physical changes (adiposity), metabolic and hormonal changes due to adipose tissue dysfunction (adiposopathy), and psychological changes. Bariatric endocrinology was conceived from the need to address the neuro-endocrinological derangements that are associated with adiposopathy, and from the need to broaden the scope of the management of its complications. In addition to the well-established metabolic complications of overweight and obesity, adiposopathy leads to hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, hypoadiponectinemia, dysregulation of gut peptides including GLP-1 and ghrelin, the development of an inflammatory milieu, and the strong risk of vascular disease. Therapy for adiposopathy hinges on effectively lowering the ratio of orexigenic to anorexigenic signals reaching the the hypothalamus and other relevant brain regions, favoring a lower caloric intake. Adiposopathy, overweight and obesity should be treated indefinitely with the specific aims to reduce fat mass for the adiposity complications, and to normalize adipose tissue function for the adiposopathic complications. This paper defines the principles of medical practice in bariatric endocrinology-the treatment of overweight and obesity as means to treat adiposopathy and its accompanying metabolic and hormonal derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Gonzalez-Campoy
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Bruce Richardson
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Conor Richardson
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - David Gonzalez-Cameron
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Ayesha Ebrahim
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Pamela Strobel
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Tiphani Martinez
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Beth Blaha
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Maria Ransom
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Jessica Quinonez-Weislow
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Andrea Pierson
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
| | - Miguel Gonzalez Ahumada
- Minnesota Center for Obesity, Metabolism and Endocrinology (MNCOME), 1185 Town Centre Drive, Suite 220, Eagan, MN 55123, USA
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148
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Khalyfa A, Wang Y, Zhang SX, Qiao Z, Abdelkarim A, Gozal D. Sleep fragmentation in mice induces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2-dependent mobilization, proliferation, and differentiation of adipocyte progenitors in visceral white adipose tissue. Sleep 2014; 37:999-1009. [PMID: 24790279 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic sleep fragmentation (SF) without sleep curtailment induces increased adiposity. However, it remains unclear whether mobilization, proliferation, and differentiation of adipocyte progenitors (APs) occurs in visceral white adipose tissue (VWAT), and whether nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (Nox2) activity plays a role. METHODS Changes in VWAT depot cell size and AP proliferation were assessed in wild-type and Nox2 null male mice exposed to SF and control sleep (SC). To assess mobilization, proliferation, and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC), Sca-1+ bone marrow progenitors were isolated from GFP+ or RFP+ mice, and injected intravenously to adult male mice (C57BL/6) previously exposed to SF or SC. RESULTS In comparison with SC, SF was associated with increased weight accrual at 3 w and thereafter, larger subcutaneous and visceral fat depots, and overall adipocyte size at 8 w. Increased global AP numbers in VWAT along with enhanced AP BrDU labeling in vitro and in vivo emerged in SF. Systemic injections of GFP+ BM-MSC resulted in increased AP in VWAT, as well as in enhanced differentiation into adipocytes in SF-exposed mice. No differences occurred between SF and SC in Nox2 null mice for any of these measurements. CONCLUSIONS Chronic sleep fragmentation (SF) induces obesity in mice and increased proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte progenitors (AP) in visceral white adipose tissue (VWAT) that are mediated by increased Nox2 activity. In addition, enhanced migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from the systemic circulation into VWAT, along with AP differentiation, proliferation, and adipocyte formation occur in SF-exposed wild-type but not in oxidase 2 (Nox2) null mice. Thus, Nox2 may provide a therapeutic target to prevent obesity in the context of sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yang Wang
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Shelley X Zhang
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Zhuanhong Qiao
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Amal Abdelkarim
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - David Gozal
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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149
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Ellis A, Crowe K, Lawrence J. Obesity-related inflammation: implications for older adults. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 32:263-90. [PMID: 24224937 DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2013.842199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The combination of age-related increases in obesity and inflammation can lead to chronic disease, decreased strength, and physical disability. Lifestyle interventions that include moderate caloric restriction along with aerobic and resistance exercise have shown improvements in metabolic outcomes, strength, and physical function in obese older adults. Although few weight loss studies have addressed diet quality, evidence summarized in this review suggests that encouraging intake of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables, high-quality protein, low-glycemic index carbohydrates, and omega-3 fatty acids may further ameliorate obesity-related inflammation. Future controlled trials are indicated to examine the effects of incorporating these foods into multimodal weight loss interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ellis
- a Department of Human Nutrition , University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama , USA
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150
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Zhang Y, Zitsman JL, Hou J, Fennoy I, Guo K, Feinberg J, Leibel RL. Fat cell size and adipokine expression in relation to gender, depot, and metabolic risk factors in morbidly obese adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:691-7. [PMID: 23804589 PMCID: PMC3823663 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the regulation of adipocyte size and adipokine expression in relation to gender, anatomic location, adiposity, and metabolic risk factors in adolescents with morbid obesity. METHODS Adipocyte size and adipokine expression in paired abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and omental (VAT) surgical adipose tissues were related to gender, anatomic location, adiposity, and metabolic risk factors in a group of morbidly obese adolescents. RESULTS Significant depot- and/or gender-related differences in adipocyte size and adipokine expression were detected. Adjusted for body mass index, adipocyte size in both depots was larger in males than in females and was a major predictor of mRNA levels of leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and adiponectin. Gender, but not adipocyte size, was significantly correlated with proinflammatory cytokine expression. Body mass index and waist circumference were correlated positively with VAT adipocyte size and negatively with SAT adipocyte size. VAT adiponectin and interleukin-6 expression levels were major predictors of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, independent of gender, adiposity, and insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Adipose tissue morphology and function in obese adolescents are influenced by gender and anatomic location; the pattern of gender- and depot-related differences in adipocyte size and adipokine expression suggests that adolescent males, relative to the females, are at increased risk for obesity-related metabolic comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zhang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA; Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
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