101
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Guo JS, Ogle K. Antecedent soil water content and vapor pressure deficit interactively control water potential in Larrea tridentata. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:218-232. [PMID: 30129140 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant water potential Ψ is regulated by stomatal responses to atmospheric moisture demand D and soil water availability W, but the timescales of influence and interactions between these drivers of plant Ψ are poorly understood. Here, we quantify the effects of antecedent D and W on plant Ψ in the desert shrub Larrea tridentata. Repeated measurements of plant baseline water potential ΨB and diurnal water potential ΨD were analyzed in a Bayesian framework to evaluate the influence of antecedent D and W at daily and subdaily timescales. Both ΨB and ΨD exhibited negative, 2- to 4-d lagged responses to daily-scale D; conversely, plant ΨD responded almost instantaneously to subdaily D, though the direction of this response depended on antecedent moisture conditions. Plant ΨB and ΨD responded positively and immediately (no lag) to shallow W, which contrasts the negative, lagged (6-7 d) response to deep W. The changing sensitivity of ΨD to subdaily D highlights shifting modes of plant Ψ regulation: D effects on ΨD range from negative to neutral to positive depending on past conditions and time of day. Explicit consideration of antecedent conditions across multiple timescales can reveal important complexities in plant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- The Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- The Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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102
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Islam M, Rahman M, Bräuning A. Long-Term Hydraulic Adjustment of Three Tropical Moist Forest Tree Species to Changing Climate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1761. [PMID: 30564255 PMCID: PMC6288455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Xylem hydraulic adjustment to global climatic changes was reported from temperate, boreal, and Mediterranean tree species. Yet, the long-term hydraulic adjustment in tropical tree species has not been studied so far. Here we developed the first standard chronologies of three hydraulic trait variables for three South Asian moist forest tree species to analyze their long-term hydraulic responses to changing climate. Based on wood anatomical measurements, we calculated Hagen-Poiseuille hydraulically weighted vessel diameter (DH), potential specific hydraulic conductivity (KS), and vulnerability index (VX) and developed standard chronologies of these variables for Chukrasia tabularis, Toona ciliata, and Lagerstroemia speciosa which are different in their xylem structure, wood density, shade tolerance, growth rates, and habitat preferences. Bootstrap correlation analysis revealed that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) strongly positively influenced the xylem water transport capacity in C. tabularis, whereas T. ciliata was affected by both temperature and precipitation. The hydraulic conductivity of L. speciosa was mainly affected by temperature. Different adjustment strategies were observed among the species, probably due to the differences in life history strategies and xylem properties. No positive relationship of conductivity and radial growth was found, but a trade-off between hydraulic safety and efficiency was observed in all studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmuda Islam
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Achim Bräuning
- Department of Geography and Geosciences, Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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103
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Johnson KM, Jordan GJ, Brodribb TJ. Wheat leaves embolized by water stress do not recover function upon rewatering. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2704-2714. [PMID: 29981153 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
New techniques now make it possible to precisely and accurately determine the failure threshold of the plant vascular system during water stress. This creates an opportunity to understand the vulnerability of species to drought, but first, it must be determined whether damage to leaf function associated with xylem cavitation is reparable or permanent. This question is particularly relevant in crop plants such as wheat, which may have the capacity to repair xylem embolism with positive root pressure. Using wheat (Triticum aestivum, Heron), we employed non-invasive imaging to find the water potential causing 50% xylem embolism (-2.87 ± 0.52 MPa) in leaves. Replicate plants were water-stressed to varying degrees to induce embolism ranging from minimal to substantial. Plants were then rewatered to determine the reversibility of xylem damage and photosynthetic inhibition in glasshouse conditions. Rewatering after drought-induced xylem cavitation did not induce visible refilling of embolized xylem, and embolized leaves showed photosynthetic impairment upon rewatering. This impairment was significant even after only 10-20% of leaf veins were embolized, and leaves accumulating >20% embolism died upon rewatering in 7/10 individuals. Photosynthetic damage and hydraulic decline occurred concurrently as wheat leaves dehydrated, and leaf shrinkage during drying was the best predictor of photosynthetic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory J Jordan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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104
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Wang J, Wang M, Zhang X, Sun S, Zhang A, Chen N, Zhao C. Enhanced cell dehydration tolerance and photosystem stability facilitate the occupation of cold alpine habitats by a homoploid hybrid species, Picea purpurea. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply053. [PMID: 30310559 PMCID: PMC6174853 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS), characterized by hybrid speciation without a change in chromosome number and facilitated by ecological divergence, is well known in angiosperms but rare in gymnosperms. Picea purpurea as one of two demonstrably conifer diploid hybrid species in gymnosperms has been found to occupy colder alpine habitats than its parents. However, studies on whether leaf frost tolerance and hydraulic safety exhibit transgressive segregation and thus play a role in conifer HHS are still lacking. In this study, we compared the frost tolerance of photosystem stability (the maximum efficiency of PSII, F v/F m), pressure-volume parameters, and xylem resistance to dysfunction of leaves (current-year twigs) and stems (annual shoots) between P. purpurea and its progenitors. The results indicated that P. purpurea had significantly lower osmotic potential at full turgor, water potential at turgor loss point, water potential at 12 % loss of conductance of stem, the maximum hydraulic conductance of stem and the temperature causing a 50 % reduction in initial F v/F m than its parental species. In contrast, the leaf and stem xylem pressure inducing 50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (leaf Ψ50 and stem Ψ50, respectively) and hydraulic safety margin in leaf Ψ50, stem Ψ50 in P. purpurea showed no significant difference with those of P. wilsonii, but significantly larger than those of P. likiangensis. This suggests that the frost tolerance of photosystem stability and the cell dehydration tolerance in P. purpurea are superior to its parental species, facilitating its successful colonization and establishment in colder habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Minghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Forestry College of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Aiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Changming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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105
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Petruzzellis F, Pagliarani C, Savi T, Losso A, Cavalletto S, Tromba G, Dullin C, Bär A, Ganthaler A, Miotto A, Mayr S, Zwieniecki MA, Nardini A, Secchi F. The pitfalls of in vivo imaging techniques: evidence for cellular damage caused by synchrotron X-ray computed micro-tomography. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:104-110. [PMID: 30040128 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron X-ray computed micro-tomography (microCT) has emerged as a promising noninvasive technique for in vivo monitoring of xylem function, including embolism build-up under drought and hydraulic recovery following re-irrigation. Yet, the possible harmful effects of ionizing radiation on plant tissues have never been quantified. We specifically investigated the eventual damage suffered by stem living cells of three different species exposed to repeated microCT scans. Stem samples exposed to one, two or three scans were used to measure cell membrane and RNA integrity, and compared to controls never exposed to X-rays. Samples exposed to microCT scans suffered serious alterations to cell membranes, as revealed by marked increase in relative electrolyte leakage, and also underwent severe damage to RNA integrity. The negative effects of X-rays were apparent in all species tested, but the magnitude of damage and the minimum number of scans inducing negative effects were species-specific. Our data show that multiple microCT scans lead to disruption of fundamental cellular functions and processes. Hence, microCT investigation of phenomena that depend on physiological activity of living cells may produce erroneous results and lead to incorrect conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliarani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Division of Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, A-3430, Tulln, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvia Cavalletto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Giuliana Tromba
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Dullin
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Max-Plank-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bär
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Miotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maciej A Zwieniecki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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106
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Lobo A, Torres-Ruiz JM, Burlett R, Lemaire C, Parise C, Francioni C, Truffaut L, Tomášková I, Hansen JK, Kjær ED, Kremer A, Delzon S. Assessing inter- and intraspecific variability of xylem vulnerability to embolism in oaks. FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2018; 424:53-61. [PMID: 29910530 PMCID: PMC5997172 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The genus Quercus comprises important species in forestry not only for their productive value but also for their ability to withstand drought. Hence an evaluation of inter- and intraspecific variation in drought tolerance is important for selecting the best adapted species and provenances for future afforestation. The presence of long vessels makes it difficult to assess xylem vulnerability to embolism in oak. Thanks to the development of an in situ flow centrifuge equipped with a large rotor, we quantified (i) the between species variability of embolism resistance in four native and two exotic species of oaks in Europe and (ii) the within species variability in Quercus petraea. Embolism resistance varied significantly among species, with the pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50 ) ranging between - 7.0 and -4.2 MPa. Species native to the Mediterranean region were more resistant than pan-European species. In contrast, intraspecific variability in embolism resistance in Q. petraea was low within provenances and null among provenances. A positive correlation between P50 and vessel diameter among the six oak species indicates that the more embolism resistant species had narrower xylem vessels. However, this tradeoff between hydraulic efficiency and safety was not observed between Q. petraea provenances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Lobo
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management (IGN), University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ivana Tomášková
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Praha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jon Kehlet Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management (IGN), University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Erik Dahl Kjær
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management (IGN), University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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107
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García-Cervigón AI, Olano JM, von Arx G, Fajardo A. Xylem adjusts to maintain efficiency across a steep precipitation gradient in two coexisting generalist species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:461-472. [PMID: 29800073 PMCID: PMC6110345 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Trees adjust the configuration of their conductive system in response to changes in water availability, maximizing efficiency in wet environments and increasing safety in dry habitats. However, evidence of this general trend is not conclusive. Generalist species growing across broad climatic gradients provide an ideal framework to assess intra-specific xylem adjustments under contrasting environmental conditions. Our aims were to compare the response of xylem traits to variations in precipitation of two co-occurring generalist tree species, and to assess climate control on xylem trait variability and co-ordination. METHODS We evaluated xylem traits of Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae, evergreen) and Nothofagus antarctica (Nothofagaceae, deciduous) in three areas across an abrupt precipitation gradient, from 500 to 2500 mm, in southern Chile. We measured wood density, vessel lumen area and density, percentage of conductive area and vessel grouping, and estimated the hydraulic function from anatomical measurements in 60 individuals per species. KEY RESULTS Both species shared a common pattern of response along the precipitation gradient, with an increase in vessel density with dryness, but without changes in estimated hydraulic conductivity. Xylem traits in E. coccineum were more variable and more responsive to the climate gradient, decreasing vessel lumen area and increasing wood density, whereas vessel grouping showed contrasting patterns between species. Additionally, the analysis of trait co-ordination at the individual level revealed a tighter co-ordination among xylem traits in E. coccineum. CONCLUSIONS Estimated xylem efficiency was maintained in combination with different levels of expected xylem safety within species. Reduction in vessel lumen area was compensated through large increases in vessel density, thus breaking the trade-off between xylem efficiency and safety. Otherwise, the existence of alternative internal adjustments in coexisting species to face similar climatic constraints might increase resilience of temperate forests against unpredictable changes in climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I García-Cervigón
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, Spain
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - José M Olano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EiFAB, Universidad de Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
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108
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Pelissari AL, F Filho A, Ebling AA, Sanquetta CR, Cysneiros VC, Corte APD. Spatial variability of tree species diversity in a mixed tropical forest in Southern Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:2491-2500. [PMID: 30133578 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Floristic surveys and diversity indices are often applied to measure tree species diversity in mixed tropical forest remnants. However, these analyses are frequently limited to the overall results and do not allow to evaluate the spatial variability distributions of tree diversity, leading to develop additional tools. This study aimed to estimate the spatial variability of tree diversity and map their spatial patterns in a Brazilian mixed tropical forest conservation area. We used indices to measure the tree species diversity (dbh ≥ 10 cm) in 400 sampling units (25 m x 25 m) from a continuous forest inventory. Semivariograms were fitted to estimate spatial dependences and punctual kriging was applied to compose maps. Mean diversity values were constant in the continuous inventories, indicating a forest remnant in an advanced stage of ecological succession. On the other hand, tree diversity presented spatial patterns identified by geostatistics, in which the dynamics were composed of heterogeneous mosaics spatially influenced by tree species with different ecological features and densities, gap dynamics, advancement of forest succession, mortality, and Araucaria angustilofia's cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan L Pelissari
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal do Paraná / UFPR, Av. Prof. Lothário Meissner, 632, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Afonso F Filho
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste / UNICENTRO, PR 153, Km 7, 84500-000 Irati, PR, Brazil
| | - Angelo A Ebling
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia / UFRA, PA 275, Km 13, 68515-970 Parauapebas, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Sanquetta
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal do Paraná / UFPR, Av. Prof. Lothário Meissner, 632, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Vinicius C Cysneiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal do Paraná / UFPR, Av. Prof. Lothário Meissner, 632, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula D Corte
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal do Paraná / UFPR, Av. Prof. Lothário Meissner, 632, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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109
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Liberati D, de Dato G, Guidolotti G, De Angelis P. Linking photosynthetic performances with the changes in cover degree of three Mediterranean shrubs under climate manipulation. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Liberati
- Dept for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF); Univ. of Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
| | - Giovanbattista de Dato
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA); Research Centre for Forestry and Wood; Arezzo Italy
| | - Gabriele Guidolotti
- Dept for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF); Univ. of Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
- Inst. for Agro-Environment and Forest Biology (IBAF); National Research Council of Italy (CNR); Porano (TR) Italy
| | - Paolo De Angelis
- Dept for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF); Univ. of Tuscia; Viterbo Italy
- Div. of Impact Studies and Physiological Analyses; Global Change Research Centre; Brno Czech Republic
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110
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Liu YY, Wang AY, An YN, Lian PY, Wu DD, Zhu JJ, Meinzer FC, Hao GY. Hydraulics play an important role in causing low growth rate and dieback of aging Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica trees in plantations of Northeast China. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1500-1511. [PMID: 29424933 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The frequently observed forest decline in water-limited regions may be associated with impaired tree hydraulics, but the precise physiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. We compared hydraulic architecture of Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) trees of different size classes from a plantation and a natural forest site to test whether greater hydraulic limitation with increasing size plays an important role in tree decline observed in the more water-limited plantation site. We found that trees from plantations overall showed significantly lower stem hydraulic efficiency. More importantly, plantation-grown trees showed significant declines in stem hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic safety margins as well as syndromes of stronger drought stress with increasing size, whereas no such trends were observed at the natural forest site. Most notably, the leaf to sapwood area ratio (LA/SA) showed a strong linear decline with increasing tree size at the plantation site. Although compensatory adjustments in LA/SA may mitigate the effect of increased water stress in larger trees, they may result in greater risk of carbon imbalance, eventually limiting tree growth at the plantation site. Our results provide a potential mechanistic explanation for the widespread decline of Mongolian pine trees in plantations of Northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Teachers Education University, No. 175 Mingxiu East Road, Nanning, 530001, China
| | - Ai-Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu-Ning An
- Institute of Sand Fixation and Silviculture, Liaoning Province, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Pei-Yong Lian
- Daxinganling Academy of Forest Science of Inner Mongolia, Yakeshi, 022150, China
| | - De-Dong Wu
- Institute of Sand Fixation and Silviculture, Liaoning Province, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Jiao-Jun Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Guang-You Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
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111
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Choat B, Brodribb TJ, Brodersen CR, Duursma RA, López R, Medlyn BE. Triggers of tree mortality under drought. Nature 2018; 558:531-539. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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112
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González-Muñoz N, Sterck F, Torres-Ruiz JM, Petit G, Cochard H, von Arx G, Lintunen A, Caldeira MC, Capdeville G, Copini P, Gebauer R, Grönlund L, Hölttä T, Lobo-do-Vale R, Peltoniemi M, Stritih A, Urban J, Delzon S. Quantifying in situ phenotypic variability in the hydraulic properties of four tree species across their distribution range in Europe. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196075. [PMID: 29715289 PMCID: PMC5929519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported that hydraulic properties vary considerably between tree species, but little is known about their intraspecific variation and, therefore, their capacity to adapt to a warmer and drier climate. Here, we quantify phenotypic divergence and clinal variation for embolism resistance, hydraulic conductivity and branch growth, in four tree species, two angiosperms (Betula pendula, Populus tremula) and two conifers (Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris), across their latitudinal distribution in Europe. Growth and hydraulic efficiency varied widely within species and between populations. The variability of embolism resistance was in general weaker than that of growth and hydraulic efficiency, and very low for all species but Populus tremula. In addition, no and weak support for a safety vs. efficiency trade-off was observed for the angiosperm and conifer species, respectively. The limited variability of embolism resistance observed here for all species except Populus tremula, suggests that forest populations will unlikely be able to adapt hydraulically to drier conditions through the evolution of embolism resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F. Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - G. Petit
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dep. TeSAF, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - H. Cochard
- PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G. von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Lintunen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. C. Caldeira
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G. Capdeville
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - P. Copini
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. Gebauer
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University, Zemědělská 3, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - L. Grönlund
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T. Hölttä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R. Lobo-do-Vale
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M. Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Stritih
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH, Planning of Landscape and Urban Systems, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. Urban
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University, Zemědělská 3, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S. Delzon
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
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113
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Reynolds VA, Anderegg LDL, Loy X, HilleRisLambers J, Mayfield MM. Unexpected drought resistance strategies in seedlings of four Brachychiton species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:664-677. [PMID: 29190366 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional traits associated with drought resistance can be useful for predicting tree responses to a drying climate. Yet drought resistance is likely achieved through a complex combination of constitutive traits (traits expressed even in benign environments) and plastic traits (traits expressed only in response to drought). Because few studies measure multiple traits for multiple species under both well-watered and drought conditions, we often struggle to identify suites of constitutive and plastic traits indicative of drought resistance strategies. Using a greenhouse experiment, we examined nine drought resistance traits (six morphological/allocation traits plus assimilation, stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency) in well-watered and water-stressed seedlings of four Brachychiton (Malvaceae Juss.) species with ranges spanning a strong aridity gradient in east-central Australia. In benign conditions, constitutive biomass allocation was consistent with expectations, with xeric species investing more heavily in roots and stem tissue and less in leaf tissue than mesic species (P = 0.004). Under drought conditions, xeric species decreased relative biomass allocation below-ground while mesic species increased relative below-ground allocation (treatment × species interaction P = 0.0015). Relative water content of the stems was slightly higher in xeric species (P = 0.055), and remained stable during drought while decreasing in mesic species (treatment × species P = 0.001). Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) did not fit with expectations under either benign or water-limited conditions. Moreover, stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation were unexpectedly highest and intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) lowest in the xeric species in benign conditions. Only under drought did the xeric species manifest higher WUEi than the mesic species (treatment × species P < 0.0001). We found that even closely related species exhibited diverse combinations of drought resistance traits. Notably, traits commonly used as proxies for drought tolerance (e.g., SLA, LDMC, well-watered WUEi) performed more poorly than constitutive allocation traits. This study highlights the need to consider multiple traits and phenotypic plasticity when assessing species' drought resistance for forest management in the face of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Reynolds
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - Xingwen Loy
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Emory University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Margaret M Mayfield
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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114
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Santiago LS, De Guzman ME, Baraloto C, Vogenberg JE, Brodie M, Hérault B, Fortunel C, Bonal D. Coordination and trade-offs among hydraulic safety, efficiency and drought avoidance traits in Amazonian rainforest canopy tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1015-1024. [PMID: 29457226 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Predicting responses of tropical forests to climate change-type drought is challenging because of high species diversity. Detailed characterization of tropical tree hydraulic physiology is necessary to evaluate community drought vulnerability and improve model parameterization. Here, we measured xylem hydraulic conductivity (hydraulic efficiency), xylem vulnerability curves (hydraulic safety), sapwood pressure-volume curves (drought avoidance) and wood density on emergent branches of 14 common species of Eastern Amazonian canopy trees in Paracou, French Guiana across species with the densest and lightest wood in the plot. Our objectives were to evaluate relationships among hydraulic traits to identify strategies and test the ability of easy-to-measure traits as proxies for hard-to-measure hydraulic traits. Xylem efficiency was related to capacitance, sapwood water content and turgor loss point, and other drought avoidance traits, but not to xylem safety (P50 ). Wood density was correlated (r = -0.57 to -0.97) with sapwood pressure-volume traits, forming an axis of hydraulic strategy variation. In contrast to drier sites where hydraulic safety plays a greater role, tropical trees in this humid tropical site varied along an axis with low wood density, high xylem efficiency and high capacitance at one end of the spectrum, and high wood density and low turgor loss point at the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Santiago
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panamá, Republic of Panamá
| | - Mark E De Guzman
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jacob E Vogenberg
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Max Brodie
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Kourou, 97379, France
| | - Claire Fortunel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRA, UMR Silva, AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
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115
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Dória LC, Podadera DS, Arco M, Chauvin T, Smets E, Delzon S, Lens F. Insular woody daisies (
Argyranthemum,
Asteraceae) are more resistant to drought‐induced hydraulic failure than their herbaceous relatives. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa C. Dória
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Diego S. Podadera
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em EcologiaUNICAMP Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcelino Arco
- Department of Plant Biology (Botany)La Laguna University La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Thibaud Chauvin
- PIAFINRAUniversity of Clermont Auvergne Clermont‐Ferrand France
- AGPFINRA Orléans Olivet Cedex France
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeiden University Leiden The Netherlands
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116
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Anderegg LDL, Berner LT, Badgley G, Sethi ML, Law BE, HilleRisLambers J. Within‐species patterns challenge our understanding of the leaf economics spectrum. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:734-744. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leander D. L. Anderegg
- Department of Biology University of Washington Box 351800 Seattle WA 98195 USA
- Department of Global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science 260 Panama StStanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Logan T. Berner
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University 330 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA
- School of Informatics, Cumputing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University 1295 S. Knoles Drive Flagstaff AZ, 86011 USA
| | - Grayson Badgley
- Department of Global Ecology Carnegie Institution for Science 260 Panama StStanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Meera L. Sethi
- Department of Biology University of Washington Box 351800 Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Beverly E. Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University 330 Richardson Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA
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117
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Meineke EK, Frank SD. Water availability drives urban tree growth responses to herbivory and warming. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Meineke
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Herbaria Cambridge MA USA
| | - Steven D. Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
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118
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Li X, Blackman CJ, Choat B, Duursma RA, Rymer PD, Medlyn BE, Tissue DT. Tree hydraulic traits are coordinated and strongly linked to climate-of-origin across a rainfall gradient. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:646-660. [PMID: 29314083 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant hydraulic traits capture the impacts of drought stress on plant function, yet vegetation models lack sufficient information regarding trait coordination and variation with climate-of-origin across species. Here, we investigated key hydraulic and carbon economy traits of 12 woody species in Australia from a broad climatic gradient, with the aim of identifying the coordination among these traits and the role of climate in shaping cross-species trait variation. The influence of environmental variation was minimized by a common garden approach, allowing us to factor out the influence of environment on phenotypic variation across species. We found that hydraulic traits (leaf turgor loss point, stomatal sensitivity to drought [Pgs ], xylem vulnerability to cavitation [Px ], and branch capacitance [Cbranch ]) were highly coordinated across species and strongly related to rainfall and aridity in the species native distributional range. In addition, trade-offs between drought tolerance and plant growth rate were observed across species. Collectively, these results provide critical insight into the coordination among hydraulic traits in modulating drought adaptation and will significantly advance our ability to predict drought vulnerability in these dominant trees species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Li
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
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119
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Aubin I, Boisvert-Marsh L, Kebli H, McKenney D, Pedlar J, Lawrence K, Hogg EH, Boulanger Y, Gauthier S, Ste-Marie C. Tree vulnerability to climate change: improving exposure-based assessments using traits as indicators of sensitivity. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I. Aubin
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - L. Boisvert-Marsh
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - H. Kebli
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - D. McKenney
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - J. Pedlar
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - K. Lawrence
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Sault Ste Marie Ontario P6A 2E5 Canada
| | - E. H. Hogg
- Northern Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Edmonton Alberta T6H 3S5 Canada
| | - Y. Boulanger
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Quebec City Quebec G1V 4C7 Canada
| | - S. Gauthier
- Laurentian Forestry Centre; Canadian Forest Service; Natural Resources Canada; Quebec City Quebec G1V 4C7 Canada
| | - C. Ste-Marie
- Geological Survey of Canada; Natural Resources Canada; Ottawa Ontario K1A 0E8 Canada
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120
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Esperón-Rodríguez M, Curran TJ, Camac JS, Hofmann RW, Correa-Metrio A, Barradas VL. Correlation of drought traits and the predictability of osmotic potential at full leaf turgor in vegetation from New Zealand. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Esperón-Rodríguez
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Hawkesbury Campus; Bourke Street Richmond 2753 NSW Australia
| | - Timothy J. Curran
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Lincoln University; Lincoln Canterbury New Zealand
| | - James S. Camac
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis (CEBRA); School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Rainer W. Hofmann
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Lincoln University; Lincoln Canterbury New Zealand
| | | | - Víctor L. Barradas
- Laboratorio de Interacción Planta-Atmósfera; Instituto de Ecología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México City Mexico
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121
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De Baerdemaeker NJF, Hias N, Van den Bulcke J, Keulemans W, Steppe K. The effect of polyploidization on tree hydraulic functioning. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:161-171. [PMID: 29570227 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Recent research has highlighted the importance of living tissue in wood. Polyploidization can impact amounts and arrangements of living cells in wood, potentially leading to increased drought tolerance. Tetraploid variants were created from the apple cultivar Malus ×domestica 'Gala' (Gala-4x), and their vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and their hydraulic capacitance were compared to those of their diploid predecessors (Gala-2x). Assuming a positive correlation between polyploidy and drought tolerance, we hypothesized lower vulnerability and higher capacitance for the tetraploid. METHODS Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and the hydraulic capacitance were quantified through acoustic emission and continuous weighing of shoots during a bench-top dehydration experiment. To underpin the hydraulic trait results, anatomical variables such as vessel area, conduit diameter, cell wall reinforcement, and ray and vessel-associated parenchyma were measured. KEY RESULTS Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation was intrinsically equal for both ploidy variants, but Gala-4x proved to be more vulnerable than Gala-2x during the early phase of desiccation as was indicated by its significantly lower air entry value. Higher change in water content of the leafy shoot, higher amount of parenchyma, and larger vessel area and size resulted in a significantly higher hydraulic capacitance and efficiency for Gala-4x compared to Gala-2x. CONCLUSIONS Both ploidy variants were typified as highly sensitive to drought-induced cavitation, with no significant difference in their overall drought vulnerability. But, when water deficit is short and moderate, Gala-4x may delay a drought-induced decrease in performance by trading hydraulic safety for increased release of capacitively stored water from living tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J F De Baerdemaeker
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niek Hias
- Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Keulemans
- Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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122
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Julio Camarero J, Gazol A, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Cantero A, Sánchez-Salguero R, Sánchez-Miranda A, Granda E, Serra-Maluquer X, Ibáñez R. Forest Growth Responses to Drought at Short- and Long-Term Scales in Spain: Squeezing the Stress Memory from Tree Rings. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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123
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Hudson PJ, Limousin JM, Krofcheck DJ, Boutz AL, Pangle RE, Gehres N, McDowell NG, Pockman WT. Impacts of long-term precipitation manipulation on hydraulic architecture and xylem anatomy of piñon and juniper in Southwest USA. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:421-435. [PMID: 29215745 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic architecture imposes a fundamental control on water transport, underpinning plant productivity, and survival. The extent to which hydraulic architecture of mature trees acclimates to chronic drought is poorly understood, limiting accuracy in predictions of forest responses to future droughts. We measured seasonal shoot hydraulic performance for multiple years to assess xylem acclimation in mature piñon (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) after 3+ years of precipitation manipulation. Our treatments consisted of water addition (+20% ambient precipitation), partial precipitation-exclusion (-45% ambient precipitation), and exclusion-structure control. Supplemental watering elevated leaf water potential, sapwood-area specific hydraulic conductivity, and leaf-area specific hydraulic conductivity relative to precipitation exclusion. Shifts in allocation of leaf area to sapwood area enhanced differences between irrigated and droughted KL in piñon but not juniper. Piñon and juniper achieved similar KL under ambient conditions, but juniper matched or outperformed piñon in all physiological measurements under both increased and decreased precipitation treatments. Embolism vulnerability and xylem anatomy were unaffected by treatments in either species. Absence of significant acclimation combined with inferior performance for both hydraulic transport and safety suggests piñon has greater risk of local extirpation if aridity increases as predicted in the southwestern USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hudson
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - J M Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - D J Krofcheck
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - A L Boutz
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - R E Pangle
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - N Gehres
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - N G McDowell
- Earth Systems Analysis and Modeling, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - W T Pockman
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
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124
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Barotto AJ, Monteoliva S, Gyenge J, Martinez-Meier A, Fernandez ME. Functional relationships between wood structure and vulnerability to xylem cavitation in races of Eucalyptus globulus differing in wood density. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:243-251. [PMID: 29177476 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wood density can be considered as a measure of the internal wood structure, and it is usually used as a proxy measure of other mechanical and functional traits. Eucalyptus is one of the most important commercial forestry genera worldwide, but the relationship between wood density and vulnerability to cavitation in this genus has been little studied. The analysis is hampered by, among other things, its anatomical complexity, so it becomes necessary to address more complex techniques and analyses to elucidate the way in which the different anatomical elements are functionally integrated. In this study, vulnerability to cavitation in two races of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. with different wood density was evaluated through Path analysis, a multivariate method that allows evaluation of descriptive models of causal relationship between variables. A model relating anatomical variables with wood properties and functional parameters was proposed and tested. We found significant differences in wood basic density and vulnerability to cavitation between races. The main exogenous variables predicting vulnerability to cavitation were vessel hydraulic diameter and fibre wall fraction. Fibre wall fraction showed a direct impact on wood basic density and the slope of vulnerability curve, and an indirect and negative effect over the pressure imposing 50% of conductivity loss (P50) through them. Hydraulic diameter showed a direct negative effect on P50, but an indirect and positive influence over this variable through wood density on one hand, and through maximum hydraulic conductivity (ks max) and slope on the other. Our results highlight the complexity of the relationship between xylem efficiency and safety in species with solitary vessels such as Eucalyptus spp., with no evident compromise at the intraspecific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Barotto
- Instituto de Fisiología vegetal (INFIVE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 31 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Silvia Monteoliva
- Instituto de Fisiología vegetal (INFIVE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 31 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Javier Gyenge
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- INTA, EEA Balcarce-Oficina Tandil, CC 370 (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | | | - María Elena Fernandez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- INTA, EEA Balcarce-Oficina Tandil, CC 370 (7000) Tandil, Argentina
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125
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Tomasella M, Beikircher B, Häberle KH, Hesse B, Kallenbach C, Matyssek R, Mayr S. Acclimation of branch and leaf hydraulics in adult Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in a forest through-fall exclusion experiment. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:198-211. [PMID: 29177459 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing water availability due to climate change poses the question of whether and to what extent tree species are able to hydraulically acclimate and how hydraulic traits of stems and leaves are coordinated under drought. In a through-fall exclusion experiment, hydraulic acclimation was analyzed in a mixed forest stand of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. In drought-stressed (TE, through-fall exclusion over 2 years) and control (CO) trees, hydraulic vulnerability was studied in branches as well as in leaves (F. sylvatica) and end-twigs (P. abies, entirely formed during the drought period) sampled at the same height in sun-exposed portions of the tree crown. In addition, relevant xylem anatomical traits and leaf pressure-volume relations were analyzed. The TE trees reached pre-dawn water potentials down to -1.6 MPa. In both species, water potentials at 50% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity were ~0.4 MPa more negative in TE than in CO branches. Foliage hydraulic vulnerability (expressed as water potential at 50% loss of leaf/end-twig hydraulic conductance) and water potential at turgor loss point were also, respectively, 0.4 and 0.5 MPa lower in TE trees. Minor differences were observed in conduit mean hydraulic diameter and cell wall reinforcement. Our findings indicate significant and fast hydraulic acclimation under relatively mild drought in both tree species. Acclimation was well coordinated between branches and foliage, which might be essential for survival and productivity of mature trees under future drought periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tomasella
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Häberle
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hesse
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Kallenbach
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Garrido M, Silva H, Franck N, Arenas J, Acevedo E. Evaluation of Morpho-Physiological Traits Adjustment of Prosopis tamarugo Under Long-Term Groundwater Depletion in the Hyper-Arid Atacama Desert. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:453. [PMID: 29686691 PMCID: PMC5900453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Water extraction from the underground aquifers of the Pampa del Tamarugal (Atacama Desert, Chile) reduced the growing area of Prosopis tamarugo, a strict phreatic species endemic to northern Chile. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of various architectural and morpho-physiological traits adjustment of P. tamarugo subjected to three groundwater depletion intervals (GWDr): <1 m (control), 1-4 m and 6-9 m. The traits were evaluated at three levels, plant [height, trunk cross-section area, leaf fraction (fGCC), and crown size], organ [length of internodes, leaf mass per unit area (LMA), leaflet mass and area], and tissue level [wood density (WD), leaf 13C, 18O isotope composition (δ), and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE)]. In addition, soil water content (VWC) to 1.3 m soil depth, pre-dawn and midday water potential difference (ΔΨ), and stomatal conductance (gs) were evaluated. At the deeper GWDr, P. tamarugo experienced significant growth restriction and reduced fGCC, the remaining canopy had a significantly higher LMA associated with smaller leaflets. No differences in internode length and WD were observed. Values for δ13C and δ18O indicated that as GWDr increased, iWUE increased as a result of partial stomata closure with no significant effect on net assimilation over time. The morpho-physiological changes experienced by P. tamarugo allowed it to acclimate and survive in a condition of groundwater depletion, keeping a functional but diminished canopy. These adjustments allowed maintenance of a relatively high gs; ΔΨ was not different among GWDrs despite smaller VWC at greater GWDr. Although current conservation initiatives of this species are promising, forest deterioration is expected continue as groundwater depth increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Garrido
- Soil-Plant-Water Relations Laboratory, Agricultural Production Department, Faculty of Agronomical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Herman Silva
- Soil-Plant-Water Relations Laboratory, Agricultural Production Department, Faculty of Agronomical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Franck
- Soil-Plant-Water Relations Laboratory, Agricultural Production Department, Faculty of Agronomical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Arenas
- Faculty of Natural Renewable Resources, Desert Agriculture, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Edmundo Acevedo
- Soil-Plant-Water Relations Laboratory, Agricultural Production Department, Faculty of Agronomical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Edmundo Acevedo
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127
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Males J, Griffiths H. Economic and hydraulic divergences underpin ecological differentiation in the Bromeliaceae. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:64-78. [PMID: 28346742 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf economic and hydraulic theories have rarely been applied to the ecological differentiation of speciose herbaceous plant radiations. The role of character trait divergences and network reorganization in the differentiation of the functional types in the megadiverse Neotropical Bromeliaceae was explored by quantifying a range of leaf economic and hydraulic traits in 50 diverse species. Functional types, which are defined by combinations of C3 or Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, terrestrial or epiphytic habits, and non-specialized, tank-forming or atmospheric morphologies, segregated clearly in trait space. Most classical leaf economic relationships were supported, but they were weakened by the presence of succulence. Functional types differed in trait-network architecture, suggesting that rewiring of trait-networks caused by innovations in habit and photosynthetic pathway is an important aspect of ecological differentiation. The hydraulic data supported the coupling of leaf hydraulics and gas exchange, but not the hydraulic safety versus efficiency hypothesis, and hinted at an important role for the extra-xylary compartment in the control of bromeliad leaf hydraulics. Overall, our findings highlight the fundamental importance of structure-function relationships in the generation and maintenance of ecological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Males
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Howard Griffiths
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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128
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Olano JM, González-Muñoz N, Arzac A, Rozas V, von Arx G, Delzon S, García-Cervigón AI. Sex determines xylem anatomy in a dioecious conifer: hydraulic consequences in a drier world. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1493-1502. [PMID: 28575521 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased drought frequency and severity may reshape tree species distribution in arid environments. Dioecious tree species may be more sensitive to climate warming if sex-related vulnerability to drought occurs, since lower performance of one sex may drive differential stress tolerance, sex-related mortality rates and biased sex ratios. We explored the effect of sex and environment on branch hydraulic (hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to embolism) and trunk anatomical traits in both sexes of the dioecious conifer Juniperus thurifera L. at two sites with contrasting water availability. Additionally, we tested for a trade-off between hydraulic safety (vulnerability to embolism) and efficiency (hydraulic conductivity). Vulnerability to embolism and hydraulic conductivity were unaffected by sex or site at branch level. In contrast, sex played a significant role in xylem anatomy. We found a trade-off between hydraulic safety and efficiency, with larger conductivities related to higher vulnerabilities to embolism. At the anatomical level, females' trunk showed xylem anatomical traits related to greater hydraulic efficiency (higher theoretical hydraulic conductivity) over safety (thinner tracheid walls, lower Mork's Index), whereas males' trunk anatomy followed a more conservative strategy, especially in the drier site. Reconciling the discrepancy between branch hydraulic function and trunk xylem anatomy would require a thorough and integrated understanding of the tree structure-function relationship at the whole-plant level. Nevertheless, lower construction costs and higher efficiency in females' xylem anatomy at trunk level might explain the previously observed higher growth rates in mesic habitats. However, prioritizing efficiency over safety in trunk construction might make females more sensitive to drought, endangering the species' persistence in a drier world.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Olano
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, iuFOR-Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Arzac
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, iuFOR-Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66 Blvd Carl Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Ana I García-Cervigón
- CASEM - Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales,Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
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129
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Zhu SD, Chen YJ, Fu PL, Cao KF. Different hydraulic traits of woody plants from tropical forests with contrasting soil water availability. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1469-1477. [PMID: 28985366 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In southwestern China, tropical karst forests (KF) and non-karst rain forests (NKF) have different species composition and forest structure owing to contrasting soil water availability, but with a few species that occur in both forests. Plant hydraulic traits are important for understanding the species' distribution patterns in these two forest types, but related studies are rare. In this study, we investigated hydraulic conductivity, vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and wood anatomy of 23 abundant and typical woody species from a KF and a neighboring NKF, as well as two Bauhinia liana species common to both forests. We found that the KF species tended to have higher sapwood density, smaller vessel diameter, lower specific hydraulic conductivity (ks) and leaf to sapwood area ratio, and were more resistant to cavitation than NKF species. Across the 23 species distinctly occurring in either KF or NKF, there was a significant tradeoff between hydraulic efficiency and safety, which might be an underlying mechanism for distributions of these species across the two forests. Interestingly, by possessing rather large and long vessels, the two Bauhinia liana species had extremely high ks but were also high resistance to cavitation (escaping hydraulic tradeoff). This might be partially due to their distinctly dimorphic vessels, but contribute to their wide occurrence in both forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Dan Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Pei-Li Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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130
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Anderegg WRL, Wolf A, Arango-Velez A, Choat B, Chmura DJ, Jansen S, Kolb T, Li S, Meinzer F, Pita P, Resco de Dios V, Sperry JS, Wolfe BT, Pacala S. Plant water potential improves prediction of empirical stomatal models. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185481. [PMID: 29023453 PMCID: PMC5638234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to lead to increases in drought frequency and severity, with deleterious effects on many ecosystems. Stomatal responses to changing environmental conditions form the backbone of all ecosystem models, but are based on empirical relationships and are not well-tested during drought conditions. Here, we use a dataset of 34 woody plant species spanning global forest biomes to examine the effect of leaf water potential on stomatal conductance and test the predictive accuracy of three major stomatal models and a recently proposed model. We find that current leaf-level empirical models have consistent biases of over-prediction of stomatal conductance during dry conditions, particularly at low soil water potentials. Furthermore, the recently proposed stomatal conductance model yields increases in predictive capability compared to current models, and with particular improvement during drought conditions. Our results reveal that including stomatal sensitivity to declining water potential and consequent impairment of plant water transport will improve predictions during drought conditions and show that many biomes contain a diversity of plant stomatal strategies that range from risky to conservative stomatal regulation during water stress. Such improvements in stomatal simulation are greatly needed to help unravel and predict the response of ecosystems to future climate extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. L. Anderegg
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Adam Wolf
- Arable Labs, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Adriana Arango-Velez
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Chmura
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Kolb
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frederick Meinzer
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, United States Forest Service, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Pilar Pita
- Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences and Agrotecnio Center, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - John S. Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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131
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De Guzman ME, Santiago LS, Schnitzer SA, Álvarez-Cansino L. Trade-offs between water transport capacity and drought resistance in neotropical canopy liana and tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1404-1414. [PMID: 27672189 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In tropical forest canopies, it is critical for upper shoots to efficiently provide water to leaves for physiological function while safely preventing loss of hydraulic conductivity due to cavitation during periods of soil water deficit or high evaporative demand. We compared hydraulic physiology of upper canopy trees and lianas in a seasonally dry tropical forest to test whether trade-offs between safety and efficiency of water transport shape differences in hydraulic function between these two major tropical woody growth forms. We found that lianas showed greater maximum stem-specific hydraulic conductivity than trees, but lost hydraulic conductivity at less negative water potentials than trees, resulting in a negative correlation and trade-off between safety and efficiency of water transport. Lianas also exhibited greater diurnal changes in leaf water potential than trees. The magnitude of diurnal water potential change was negatively correlated with sapwood capacitance, indicating that lianas are highly reliant on conducting capability to maintain leaf water status, whereas trees relied more on stored water in stems to maintain leaf water status. Leaf nitrogen concentration was related to maximum leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity only for lianas suggesting that greater water transport capacity is more tied to leaf processes in lianas compared to trees. Our results are consistent with a trade-off between safety and efficiency of water transport and may have implications for increasing liana abundance in neotropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E De Guzman
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Louis S Santiago
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-0392, Balboa, Panamá
| | - Stefan A Schnitzer
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-0392, Balboa, Panamá
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Leonor Álvarez-Cansino
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-0392, Balboa, Panamá
- Department of Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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132
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Martin-StPaul N, Delzon S, Cochard H. Plant resistance to drought depends on timely stomatal closure. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1437-1447. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont-Auvergne; INRA; PIAF; 63000, Clermont-Ferrand France
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133
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yin
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell Univ.; Ithaca NY USA
| | - Taryn L. Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell Univ.; Ithaca NY USA
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134
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Aguilar-Romero R, Pineda-Garcia F, Paz H, González-Rodríguez A, Oyama K. Differentiation in the water-use strategies among oak species from central Mexico. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:915-925. [PMID: 28369608 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oak species (Fagaceae: Quercus) differ in their distribution at the landscape scale, specializing to a certain portion of environmental gradients. This suggests that functional differentiation favors habitat partitioning among closely related species. To elucidate the mechanisms of species coexistence in oak forests, we explored patterns of interspecific variation in functional traits involved in water-use strategies. We tested the hypothesis that oak species segregate along key trade-offs between xylem hydraulic efficiency and safety, and between hydraulic safety and drought avoidance capacity, leading to species niche partitioning across a gradient of aridity. To do so, we quantified biophysical and physiological traits in four red and five white oak species (sections Lobatae and Quercus, respectively) across an aridity gradient in central Mexico. We also explored the trade-offs guiding species differentiation, particularly between the drought tolerance versus water acquisition capacity, and determined whether the water-use strategy was associated with the portion of the environmental gradient that the species occupy. In a trait-by-trait analysis, we detected differences between white and red oak species. However, a larger part of the variation was explained at the species rather than at the section level. We detected two primary axes of trait covariation. The first exhibited differences between species with dense tissues and species with soft tissues (the tissue construction cost axis); however, the oak sections did not constitute separate groups, while the second suggested a trade-off between xylem resistance to cavitation and tree deciduousness. As expected, the water-use strategies of the species were related to the environment; oak species from arid areas had more deciduousness and a higher instantaneous water-use efficiency. In contrast, their humid counterparts had less deciduousness and had a xylem that was more resistant to embolisms. Altogether, these results suggest that aridity filters closely related species, resulting in habitat partitioning and niche divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Aguilar-Romero
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, (LANASE), ENES, Unidad Morelia, UNAM, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Fernando Pineda-Garcia
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, (LANASE), ENES, Unidad Morelia, UNAM, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Horacio Paz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Antonio González-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, (LANASE), ENES, Unidad Morelia, UNAM, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Ken Oyama
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (ENES) Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, (LANASE), ENES, Unidad Morelia, UNAM, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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135
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Bourne AE, Creek D, Peters JMR, Ellsworth DS, Choat B. Species climate range influences hydraulic and stomatal traits in Eucalyptus species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:123-133. [PMID: 28369162 PMCID: PMC5737682 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant hydraulic traits influence the capacity of species to grow and survive in water-limited environments, but their comparative study at a common site has been limited. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether selective pressures on species originating in drought-prone environments constrain hydraulic traits among related species grown under common conditions. METHODS Leaf tissue water relations, xylem anatomy, stomatal behaviour and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism were measured on six Eucalyptus species growing in a common garden to determine whether these traits were related to current species climate range and to understand linkages between the traits. KEY RESULTS Hydraulically weighted xylem vessel diameter, leaf turgor loss point, the water potential at stomatal closure and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism were significantly ( P < 0·05) correlated with climate parameters from the species range. There was a co-ordination between stem and leaf parameters with the water potential at turgor loss, 12 % loss of conductivity and the point of stomatal closure significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS The correlation of hydraulic, stomatal and anatomical traits with climate variables from the species' original ranges suggests that these traits are genetically constrained. The conservative nature of xylem traits in Eucalyptus trees has important implications for the limits of species responses to changing environmental conditions and thus for species survival and distribution into the future, and yields new information for physiological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E. Bourne
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Danielle Creek
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. R. Peters
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - David S. Ellsworth
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
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136
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Larter M, Pfautsch S, Domec JC, Trueba S, Nagalingum N, Delzon S. Aridity drove the evolution of extreme embolism resistance and the radiation of conifer genus Callitris. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:97-112. [PMID: 28378882 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vulnerability to embolism is emerging as a major factor in drought-induced tree mortality events across the globe. However, we lack understanding of how and to what extent climate has shaped vascular properties or functions. We investigated the evolution of xylem hydraulic function and diversification patterns in Australia's most successful gymnosperm clade, Callitris, the world's most drought-resistant conifers. For all 23 species in this group, we measured embolism resistance (P50 ), xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks ), wood density, and tracheary element size from natural populations. We investigated whether hydraulic traits variation linked with climate and the diversification of this clade using a time-calibrated phylogeny. Embolism resistance varied widely across the Callitris clade (P50 : -3.8 to -18.8 MPa), and was significantly related to water scarcity, as was tracheid diameter. We found no evidence of a safety-efficiency tradeoff; Ks and wood density were not related to rainfall. Callitris diversification coincides with the onset of aridity in Australia since the early Oligocene. Our results highlight the evolutionary lability of xylem traits with climate, and the leading role of aridity in the diversification of conifers. The uncoupling of safety from other xylem functions allowed Callitris to evolve extreme embolism resistance and diversify into xeric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences AGRO, UMR 1391 ISPA INRA, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, Gradignan Cedex, 33175, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Santiago Trueba
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- IRD, UMR AMAP, BPA5, Noumea, 98800, New Caledonia
| | - Nathalie Nagalingum
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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137
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Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL. Conflicting demands on angiosperm xylem: Tradeoffs among storage, transport and biomechanics. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:897-913. [PMID: 27861981 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The secondary xylem of woody plants transports water mechanically supports the plant body and stores resources. These three functions are interdependent giving rise to tradeoffs in function. Understanding the relationships among these functions and their structural basis forms the context in which to interpret xylem evolution. The tradeoff between xylem transport efficiency and safety from cavitation has been carefully examined with less focus on other functions, particularly storage. Here, we synthesize data on all three xylem functions in angiosperm branch xylem in the context of tradeoffs. Species that have low safety and efficiency, examined from a resource economics perspective, are predicted to be adapted for slow resource acquisition and turnover as characterizes some environments. Tradeoffs with water storage primarily arise because of differences in fibre traits, while tradeoffs in carbohydrate storage are driven by parenchyma content of tissue. We find support for a tradeoff between safety from cavitation and storage of both water and starch in branch xylem tissue and between water storage capacity and mechanical strength. Living fibres may facilitate carbohydrate storage without compromising mechanical strength. The division of labour between different xylem cell types allows for considerable functional and structural diversity at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brandon Pratt
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
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138
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Martínez-Vilalta J, Garcia-Forner N. Water potential regulation, stomatal behaviour and hydraulic transport under drought: deconstructing the iso/anisohydric concept. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:962-976. [PMID: 27739594 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address the relationship between stomatal behaviour, water potential regulation and hydraulic transport in plants, focusing on the implications for the iso/anisohydric classification of plant drought responses at seasonal timescales. We first revise the history of the isohydric concept and its possible definitions. Then, we use published data to answer two main questions: (1) is greater stomatal control in response to decreasing water availability associated with a tighter regulation of leaf water potential (ΨL ) across species? and (2) is there an association between tighter ΨL regulation (~isohydric behaviour) and lower leaf conductance over time during a drought event? These two questions are addressed at two levels: across species growing in different sites and comparing only species coexisting at a given site. Our analyses show that, across species, a tight regulation of ΨL is not necessarily associated with greater stomatal control or with more constrained assimilation during drought. Therefore, iso/anisohydry defined in terms of ΨL regulation cannot be used as an indicator of a specific mechanism of drought-induced mortality or as a proxy for overall plant vulnerability to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, E-08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, E-08193, Spain
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139
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Wei X, Savage JA, Riggs CE, Cavender‐Bares J. An experimental test of fitness variation across a hydrologic gradient predicts willow and poplar species distributions. Ecology 2017; 98:1311-1323. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wei
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Jessica A. Savage
- Department of Biology University of Minnesota 1035 Kirby Drive Duluth Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Charlotte E. Riggs
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender‐Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
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140
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Trueba S, Pouteau R, Lens F, Feild TS, Isnard S, Olson ME, Delzon S. Vulnerability to xylem embolism as a major correlate of the environmental distribution of rain forest species on a tropical island. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:277-289. [PMID: 27862015 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Increases in drought-induced tree mortality are being observed in tropical rain forests worldwide and are also likely to affect the geographical distribution of tropical vegetation. However, the mechanisms underlying the drought vulnerability and environmental distribution of tropical species have been little studied. We measured vulnerability to xylem embolism (P50 ) of 13 woody species endemic to New Caledonia and with different xylem conduit morphologies. We examined the relation between P50 , along with other leaf and xylem functional traits, and a range of habitat variables. Selected species had P50 values ranging between -4.03 and -2.00 MPa with most species falling in a narrow range of resistance to embolism above -2.7 MPa. Embolism vulnerability was significantly correlated with elevation, mean annual temperature and percentage of species occurrences located in rain forest habitats. Xylem conduit type did not explain variation in P50 . Commonly used functional traits such as wood density and leaf traits were not related to embolism vulnerability. Xylem embolism vulnerability stands out among other commonly used functional traits as a major driver of species environmental distribution. Drought-induced xylem embolism vulnerability behaves as a physiological trait closely associated with the habitat occupation of rain forest woody species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Pouteau
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestes, 98848, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Taylor S Feild
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | | | - Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México DF, 04510, Mexico
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141
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Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Anderegg WRL, Vicente-Serrano SM. Impacts of droughts on the growth resilience of Northern Hemisphere forests. GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY 2017; 26:166-176. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1111/geb.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza Spain
| | - J. J. Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza Spain
| | - W. R. L. Anderegg
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
| | - S. M. Vicente-Serrano
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza Spain
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142
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Vayreda J, Martinez-Vilalta J, Gracia M, Canadell JG, Retana J. Anthropogenic-driven rapid shifts in tree distribution lead to increased dominance of broadleaf species. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3984-3995. [PMID: 27286408 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, major shifts in the geographic distribution of tree species have occurred in response to changes in land use and climate. We analyse species distribution and abundance from about 33 000 forest inventory plots in Spain sampled twice over a period of 10-12 years. We show a dominance of range contraction (extinction), and demographic decline over range expansion (colonization), with seven of 11 species exhibiting extinction downhill of their distribution. Contrary to expectations, these dynamics are not always consistent with climate warming over the study period, but result from legacies in forest structure due to past land use change and fire occurrence. We find that these changes have led to the expansion of broadleaf species (i.e. family Fagaceae) over areas formerly dominated by conifer species (i.e. family Pinaceae), due to the greater capacity of the former to respond to most disturbances and their higher competitive ability. This recent and rapid transition from conifers to broadleaves has important implications in forest dynamics and ecosystem services they provide. The finding raises the question as to whether the increasing dominance of relatively drought-sensitive broadleaf species will diminish resilience of Mediterranean forests to very likely drier conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Vayreda
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
- Univ Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Spain
| | - Jordi Martinez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
- Univ Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Spain
| | | | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Javier Retana
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
- Univ Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Spain
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143
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Barotto AJ, Fernandez ME, Gyenge J, Meyra A, Martinez-Meier A, Monteoliva S. First insights into the functional role of vasicentric tracheids and parenchyma in eucalyptus species with solitary vessels: do they contribute to xylem efficiency or safety? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1485-1497. [PMID: 27614358 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between hydraulic specific conductivity (ks) and vulnerability to cavitation (VC) with size and number of vessels has been studied in many angiosperms. However, few of the studies link other cell types (vasicentric tracheids (VT), fibre-tracheids, parenchyma) with these hydraulic functions. Eucalyptus is one of the most important genera in forestry worldwide. It exhibits a complex wood anatomy, with solitary vessels surrounded by VT and parenchyma, which could serve as a good model to investigate the functional role of the different cell types in xylem functioning. Wood anatomy (several traits of vessels, VT, fibres and parenchyma) in conjunction with maximum ks and VC was studied in adult trees of commercial species with medium-to-high wood density (Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.). Traits of cells accompanying vessels presented correlations with functional variables suggesting that they contribute to both increasing connectivity between adjacent vessels-and, therefore, to xylem conduction efficiency-and decreasing the probability of embolism propagation into the tissue, i.e., xylem safety. All three species presented moderate-to-high resistance to cavitation (mean P50 values = -2.4 to -4.2 MPa) with no general trade-off between efficiency and safety at the interspecific level. The results in these species do not support some well-established hypotheses of the functional meaning of wood anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Barotto
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diagonal 113 469, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
| | - María Elena Fernandez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
- INTA, EEA Balcarce-Oficina Tandil, Gral. Martín Rodríguez 370, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Javier Gyenge
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
- INTA, EEA Balcarce-Oficina Tandil, Gral. Martín Rodríguez 370, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ariel Meyra
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos (IFLYSIB-UNLP-CONICET), Calle 59 789, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Silvia Monteoliva
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diagonal 113 469, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
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144
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Bartlett MK, Klein T, Jansen S, Choat B, Sack L. The correlations and sequence of plant stomatal, hydraulic, and wilting responses to drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13098-13103. [PMID: 27807136 PMCID: PMC5135344 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604088113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to exacerbate drought for many plants, making drought tolerance a key driver of species and ecosystem responses. Plant drought tolerance is determined by multiple traits, but the relationships among traits, either within individual plants or across species, have not been evaluated for general patterns across plant diversity. We synthesized the published data for stomatal closure, wilting, declines in hydraulic conductivity in the leaves, stems, and roots, and plant mortality for 262 woody angiosperm and 48 gymnosperm species. We evaluated the correlations among the drought tolerance traits across species, and the general sequence of water potential thresholds for these traits within individual plants. The trait correlations across species provide a framework for predicting plant responses to a wide range of water stress from one or two sampled traits, increasing the ability to rapidly characterize drought tolerance across diverse species. Analyzing these correlations also identified correlations among the leaf and stem hydraulic traits and the wilting point, or turgor loss point, beyond those expected from shared ancestry or independent associations with water stress alone. Further, on average, the angiosperm species generally exhibited a sequence of drought tolerance traits that is expected to limit severe tissue damage during drought, such as wilting and substantial stem embolism. This synthesis of the relationships among the drought tolerance traits provides crucial, empirically supported insight into representing variation in multiple traits in models of plant and ecosystem responses to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Bartlett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steven Jansen
- Ulm University, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Brendan Choat
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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145
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Cavender-Bares J, Ackerly DD, Hobbie SE, Townsend PA. Evolutionary Legacy Effects on Ecosystems: Biogeographic Origins, Plant Traits, and Implications for Management in the Era of Global Change. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108; ,
| | - David D. Ackerly
- Department of Integrative Biology and Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108; ,
| | - Philip A. Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
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146
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Jacobsen AL, Tobin MF, Toschi HS, Percolla MI, Pratt RB. Structural determinants of increased susceptibility to dehydration-induced cavitation in post-fire resprouting chaparral shrubs. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2473-2485. [PMID: 27423060 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that transpiration and photosynthetic rates generally increase in resprouting shoots after fire in chaparral shrublands. By contrast, little is known about how plant hydraulic function varies during this same recovery period. We hypothesized that vascular traits, both functional and structural, would also shift in order to support this heightened level of gas exchange and growth. We examined stem xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks ) and resistance to cavitation (P50 ) for eight chaparral shrub species as well as several potential xylem structural determinants of hydraulic function and compared established unburned plants and co-occurring post-fire resprouting plants. Unburned plants were generally more resistant to cavitation than resprouting plants, but the two groups did not differ in Ks . Resprouting plants had altered vessel structure compared with unburned plants, with resprouting plants having both wider diameter vessels and higher inter-vessel pit density. For biomechanics, unburned plants had both stronger and denser stem xylem tissue than resprouting plants. Shifts in hydraulic structure and function resulted in resprouting plants being more vulnerable to dehydration. The interaction between time since disturbance (i.e. resprouting versus established stands) and drought may complicate attempts to predict mortality risk of resprouting plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA.
| | - Michael F Tobin
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, One Main Street, Houston, TX, 77002, USA
| | - Hayden S Toschi
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Marta I Percolla
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
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147
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Li Y, Chen W, Chen J, Shi H. Contrasting hydraulic strategies in Salix psammophila and Caragana korshinskii in the southern Mu Us Desert, China. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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148
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Garcia-Forner N, Sala A, Biel C, Savé R, Martínez-Vilalta J. Individual traits as determinants of time to death under extreme drought in Pinus sylvestris L. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1196-1209. [PMID: 27217530 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit a variety of drought responses involving multiple interacting traits and processes, which makes predictions of drought survival challenging. Careful evaluation of responses within species, where individuals share broadly similar drought resistance strategies, can provide insight into the relative importance of different traits and processes. We subjected Pinus sylvestris L. saplings to extreme drought (no watering) leading to death in a greenhouse to (i) determine the relative effect of predisposing factors and responses to drought on survival time, (ii) identify and rank the importance of key predictors of time to death and (iii) compare individual characteristics of dead and surviving trees sampled concurrently. Time until death varied over 3 months among individual trees (from 29 to 147 days). Survival time was best predicted (higher explained variance and impact on the median survival time) by variables related to carbon uptake and carbon/water economy before and during drought. Trees with higher concentrations of monosaccharides before the beginning of the drought treatment and with higher assimilation rates prior to and during the treatment survived longer (median survival time increased 25-70 days), even at the expense of higher water loss. Dead trees exhibited less than half the amount of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in branches, stem and relative to surviving trees sampled concurrently. Overall, our results indicate that the maintenance of carbon assimilation to prevent acute depletion of NSC content above some critical level appears to be the main factor explaining survival time of P. sylvestris trees under extreme drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Garcia-Forner
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Carme Biel
- Environmental Horticulture, IRTA, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Spain
| | - Robert Savé
- Environmental Horticulture, IRTA, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
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149
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Blackman CJ, Pfautsch S, Choat B, Delzon S, Gleason SM, Duursma RA. Toward an index of desiccation time to tree mortality under drought. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2342-5. [PMID: 27093688 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Research in plant hydraulics has provided important insights into plant responses to drought and species absolute drought tolerance. However, our ability to predict when plants will die from hydraulic failure under extreme drought is limited by a lack of knowledge with regards to the dynamics of plant desiccation following stomatal closure. Thus, we develop a simple hydraulics model based on branch-level traits that incorporates key aspects of allometry, rates of water loss and resistance to embolism thresholds in order to define species differences in the time it takes plants to desiccate from stomatal closure to lethal levels of drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | | | - Sean M Gleason
- USDA-ARS, Water Management Research, 2150 Center Ave, Build D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, United States
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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150
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Venturas MD, Rodriguez-Zaccaro FD, Percolla MI, Crous CJ, Jacobsen AL, Pratt RB. Single vessel air injection estimates of xylem resistance to cavitation are affected by vessel network characteristics and sample length. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1247-1259. [PMID: 27358206 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Xylem resistance to cavitation is an important trait that is related to the ecology and survival of plant species. Vessel network characteristics, such as vessel length and connectivity, could affect the spread of emboli from gas-filled vessels to functional ones, triggering their cavitation. We hypothesized that the cavitation resistance of xylem vessels is randomly distributed throughout the vessel network. We predicted that single vessel air injection (SVAI) vulnerability curves (VCs) would thus be affected by sample length. Longer stem samples were predicted to appear more resistant than shorter samples due to the sampled path including greater numbers of vessels. We evaluated the vessel network characteristics of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), English oak (Quercus robur L.) and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray), and constructed SVAI VCs for 5- and 20-cm-long segments. We also constructed VCs with a standard centrifuge method and used computer modelling to estimate the curve shift expected for pathways composed of different numbers of vessels. For all three species, the SVAI VCs for 5 cm segments rose exponentially and were more vulnerable than the 20 cm segments. The 5 cm curve shapes were exponential and were consistent with centrifuge VCs. Modelling data supported the observed SVAI VC shifts, which were related to path length and vessel network characteristics. These results suggest that exponential VCs represent the most realistic curve shape for individual vessel resistance distributions for these species. At the network level, the presence of some vessels with a higher resistance to cavitation may help avoid emboli spread during tissue dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Venturas
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group (GENFOR), School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Daniela Rodriguez-Zaccaro
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
| | - Marta I Percolla
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
| | - Casparus J Crous
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road & Roper Street, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
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