151
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Genomic and Ancestral Variation Underlies the Severity of COVID-19 Clinical Manifestation in Individuals of European Descent. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090921. [PMID: 34575070 PMCID: PMC8470085 DOI: 10.3390/life11090921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes ranging from asymptomatic to symptomatic with mild or moderate presentation and severe disease. COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and recovery have demonstrated high variability worldwide. Variances in the host genetic architecture may underlie the inter-individual and population-scale differences in COVID-19 presentation. We performed a genome-wide association analysis employing the genotyping data from AncestryDNA for COVID-19 patients of European descent and used asymptomatic subjects as the control group. We identified 621 genetic variants that were significantly distinct between asymptomatic and acutely symptomatic COVID-19 patients (multiple-testing corrected p-value < 0.001). These variants were found to be associated with pathways governing host immunity, such as interferon, interleukin and cytokine signalling, and known COVID-19 comorbidities, such as obesity and cholesterol metabolism. Further, our ancestry analysis revealed that the asymptomatic COVID-19 patients possess discernibly higher proportions of the Ancestral North Eurasian (ANE) and Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) ancestry, which was introduced to Europe through Bell Beaker culture (Yamnaya related) and lower fractions of Western Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) ancestry, while severely symptomatic patients have higher fractions of WHG and lower ANE/EHG ancestral components, thereby delineating the likely ancestral differences between the two groups.
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152
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Sarabipour S, Mac Gabhann F. Targeting neuropilins as a viable SARS-CoV-2 treatment. FEBS J 2021; 288:5122-5129. [PMID: 34185437 PMCID: PMC8420456 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly impacted global health. Research on viral mechanisms, highly effective vaccines, and other therapies is in progress. Neuropilins have recently been identified as host cell receptors enabling viral fusion. Here, we provide context to neuropilin's tissue-specific role in infection and the potential impact of NRP-based therapeutics. We conclude that the central roles of neuropilins in vascular, neural, and other pathways may render it a less suitable target for treating SARS-CoV-2 than agents that target its binding partner, the viral spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Sarabipour
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringInstitute for Computational MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Feilim Mac Gabhann
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringInstitute for Computational MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMDUSA
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153
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von Eckardstein A. High Density Lipoproteins: Is There a Comeback as a Therapeutic Target? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 270:157-200. [PMID: 34463854 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low plasma levels of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with increased risks of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). In cell culture and animal models, HDL particles exert multiple potentially anti-atherogenic effects. However, drugs increasing HDL-C have failed to prevent cardiovascular endpoints. Mendelian Randomization studies neither found any genetic causality for the associations of HDL-C levels with differences in cardiovascular risk. Therefore, the causal role and, hence, utility as a therapeutic target of HDL has been questioned. However, the biomarker "HDL-C" as well as the interpretation of previous data has several important limitations: First, the inverse relationship of HDL-C with risk of ASCVD is neither linear nor continuous. Hence, neither the-higher-the-better strategies of previous drug developments nor previous linear cause-effect relationships assuming Mendelian randomization approaches appear appropriate. Second, most of the drugs previously tested do not target HDL metabolism specifically so that the futile trials question the clinical utility of the investigated drugs rather than the causal role of HDL in ASCVD. Third, the cholesterol of HDL measured as HDL-C neither exerts nor reports any HDL function. Comprehensive knowledge of structure-function-disease relationships of HDL particles and associated molecules will be a pre-requisite, to test them for their physiological and pathogenic relevance and exploit them for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of individuals at HDL-associated risk of ASCVD but also other diseases, for example diabetes, chronic kidney disease, infections, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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154
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Laurent Q, Martinent R, Moreau D, Winssinger N, Sakai N, Matile S. Oligonucleotide Phosphorothioates Enter Cells by Thiol‐Mediated Uptake. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Laurent
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rémi Martinent
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical Biology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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155
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Laurent Q, Martinent R, Moreau D, Winssinger N, Sakai N, Matile S. Oligonucleotide Phosphorothioates Enter Cells by Thiol-Mediated Uptake. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19102-19106. [PMID: 34173696 PMCID: PMC8456962 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide phosphorothioates (OPS) are DNA or RNA mimics where one phosphate oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom. They have been shown to enter mammalian cells much more efficiently than non-modified DNA. Thus, solving one of the key challenges with oligonucleotide technology, OPS became very useful in practice, with several FDA-approved drugs on the market or in late clinical trials. However, the mechanism accounting for this facile cellular uptake is unknown. Here, we show that OPS enter cells by thiol-mediated uptake. The transient adaptive network produced by dynamic covalent pseudo-disulfide exchange is characterized in action. Inhibitors with nanomolar efficiency are provided, together with activators that reduce endosomal capture for efficient delivery of OPS into the cytosol, the site of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Laurent
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Rémi Martinent
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Dimitri Moreau
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Chemical BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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156
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Tang Y, Hu L, Liu Y, Zhou B, Qin X, Ye J, Shen M, Wu Z, Zhang P. Possible mechanisms of cholesterol elevation aggravating COVID-19. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3533-3543. [PMID: 34522180 PMCID: PMC8436106 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.62021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance: Despite the availability of a vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans will have to live with this virus and the after-effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection for a long time. Cholesterol plays an important role in the infection and prognosis of SARS-CoV-2, and the study of its mechanism is of great significance not only for the treatment of COVID-19 but also for research on generic antiviral drugs. Observations: Cholesterol promotes the development of atherosclerosis by activating NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and the resulting inflammatory environment indirectly contributes to COVID-19 infection and subsequent deterioration. In in vitro studies, membrane cholesterol increased the number of viral entry sites on the host cell membrane and the number of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the membrane fusion site. Previous studies have shown that the fusion protein of the virus interacts with cholesterol, and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 also requires cholesterol to enter the host cells. Cholesterol in blood interacts with the spike protein to promote the entry of spike cells, wherein the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) plays an important role. Because of the cardiovascular protective effects of lipid-lowering therapy and the additional anti-inflammatory effects of lipid-lowering drugs, it is currently recommended to continue lipid-lowering therapy for patients with COVID-19, but the safety of extremely low LDL-C is questionable. Conclusions and Relevance: Cholesterol can indirectly increase the susceptibility of patients to SARS-CoV-2 and increase the risk of death from COVID-19, which are mediated by NLRP3 and atherosclerotic plaques, respectively. Cholesterol present in the host cell membrane, virus, and blood may also directly participate in the virus cell entry process, but the specific mechanism still needs further study. Patients with COVID-19 are recommended to continue lipid-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Longtai Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangyi Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jujian Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University/The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoze Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Raoping County People's Hospital, 161 Caichang Street, Huanggang Town, Chaozhou, 515700, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Southern Medical University, No. 6, Chenggui Road, East District, Zhongshan, 528403, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peidong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 235 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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157
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Yin YW, Sheng YJ, Wang M, Ma YQ, Ding HM. Interaction of serum proteins with SARS-CoV-2 RBD. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12865-12873. [PMID: 34254633 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02687a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a worldwide public health crisis. When the SARS-CoV-2 enters the biological fluids in the human body, different types of biomolecules (in particular proteins) may adsorb on its surface and alter its infection ability. Although great efforts have recently been devoted to the interaction of specific antibodies with the SARS-CoV-2, it still remains largely unknown how the other serum proteins affect the infection of the SARS-CoV-2. In this work, we systematically investigate the interaction of serum proteins with the SARS-CoV-2 RBD by molecular docking and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that non-specific immunoglobulins (Ig) indeed cannot effectively bind to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD while human serum albumin (HSA) may have some potential in blocking its infection (to ACE2). More importantly, we find that the RBD can cause significant structural changes in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), by which SARS-CoV-2 may hijack the metabolic pathway of ApoE to facilitate its cell entry. The present study enhances the understanding of the role of protein corona in the bio-behaviors of SARS-CoV-2, which may aid the more precise and personalized treatment for COVID-19 infection in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Wen Yin
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
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158
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Abstract
Selective pressures drive adaptive changes in the coronavirus spike proteins directing virus-cell entry. These changes are concentrated in the amino-terminal domains (NTDs) and the receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of complex modular spike protein trimers. The impact of this hypervariability on virus entry is often unclear, particularly with respect to sarbecovirus NTD variations. Therefore, we constructed indels and substitutions within hypervariable NTD regions and used severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus-like particles and quantitative virus-cell entry assays to elucidate spike structures controlling this initial infection stage. We identified NTD variations that increased SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated membrane fusion and cell entry. Increased cell entry correlated with greater presentation of RBDs to ACE2 receptors. This revealed a significant allosteric effect, in that changes within the NTDs can orient RBDs for effective virus-cell binding. Yet, those NTD changes elevating receptor binding and membrane fusion also reduced interdomain associations, leaving spikes on virus-like particles susceptible to irreversible inactivation. These findings parallel those obtained decades ago, in which comparisons of murine coronavirus spike protein variants established inverse relationships between membrane fusion potential and virus stability. Considerable hypervariability in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein NTDs also appear to be driven by counterbalancing pressures for effective virus-cell entry and durable extracellular virus infectivity. These forces may selectively amplify SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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159
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Raith M, Kauffman SJ, Asoudeh M, Buczek JA, Kang NG, Mays JW, Dalhaimer P. Elongated PEO-based nanoparticles bind the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor scavenger receptor class B I (SR-BI). J Control Release 2021; 337:448-457. [PMID: 34352314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Targeting cell-surface receptors with nanoparticles (NPs) is a crucial aspect of nanomedicine. Here, we show that soft, flexible, elongated NPs with poly-ethylene-oxide (PEO) exteriors and poly-butadiene (PBD) interiors - PEO-PBD filomicelles - interact directly with the major high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor and SARS-CoV-2 uptake factor, SR-BI. Filomicelles have a ~ 6-fold stronger interaction with reconstituted SR-BI than PEO-PBD spheres. HDL, and the lipid transport inhibitor, BLT-1, both block the uptake of filomicelles by macrophages and Idla7 cells, the latter are constitutively expressing SR-BI (Idla7-SR-BI). Co-injections of HDL and filomicelles into wild-type mice reduced filomicelle signal in the liver and increased filomicelle plasma levels. The same was true with SCARB1-/- mice. SR-BI binding is followed by phagocytosis for filomicelle macrophage entry, but only SR-BI is needed for entry into Idla7-SR-BI cells. PEO-PBD spheres did not interact strongly with SR-BI in the above experiments. The results show elongated PEO-based NPs can bind cells via cooperativity among SR-BI receptors on cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Raith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Sarah J Kauffman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Monireh Asoudeh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A Buczek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Nam-Goo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Jimmy W Mays
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America
| | - Paul Dalhaimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States of America.
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160
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Pang H, Jiang Y, Li J, Wang Y, Nie M, Xiao N, Wang S, Song Z, Ji F, Chang Y, Zheng Y, Yao K, Yao L, Li S, Li P, Song L, Lan X, Xu Z, Hu Z. Aberrant NAD + metabolism underlies Zika virus-induced microcephaly. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1109-1124. [PMID: 34385701 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly in newborns, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, we reveal extensive and large-scale metabolic reprogramming events in ZIKV-infected mouse brains by performing a multi-omics study comprising transcriptomics, proteomics, phosphoproteomics and metabolomics approaches. Our proteomics and metabolomics analyses uncover dramatic alteration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-related metabolic pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation, TCA cycle and tryptophan metabolism. Phosphoproteomics analysis indicates that MAPK and cyclic GMP-protein kinase G signaling may be associated with ZIKV-induced microcephaly. Notably, we demonstrate the utility of our rich multi-omics datasets with follow-up in vivo experiments, which confirm that boosting NAD+ by NAD+ or nicotinamide riboside supplementation alleviates cell death and increases cortex thickness in ZIKV-infected mouse brains. Nicotinamide riboside supplementation increases the brain and body weight as well as improves the survival in ZIKV-infected mice. Our study provides a comprehensive resource of biological data to support future investigations of ZIKV-induced microcephaly and demonstrates that metabolic alterations can be potentially exploited for developing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Pang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yisheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yushen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (the PHOENIX Center), Beijing, China
| | - Meng Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Song
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fansen Ji
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - LiAng Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao Li
- Institute of TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics / Bioinformatics Division, BNRIST, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (the PHOENIX Center), Beijing, China.
| | - Xun Lan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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161
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Farouq MA, Al Qaraghuli MM, Kubiak-Ossowska K, Ferro VA, Mulheran PA. Biomolecular interactions with nanoparticles: applications for coronavirus disease 2019. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 54:101461. [PMID: 33907504 PMCID: PMC8062422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are small particles sized 1-100 nm, which have a large surface-to-volume ratio, allowing efficient adsorption of drugs, proteins, and other chemical compounds. Consequently, functionalized nanoparticles have potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. A variety of nanoparticles have been studied, including those constructed from inorganic materials, biopolymers, and lipids. In this review, we focus on recent work targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Understanding the interactions between coronavirus-specific proteins (such as the spike protein and its host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) with different nanoparticles paves the way to the development of new therapeutics and diagnostics that are urgently needed for the fight against COVID-19, and indeed for related future viral threats that may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A.H. Farouq
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK,Corresponding author: Farouq, M.A.H
| | - Mohammed M. Al Qaraghuli
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK
| | - Karina Kubiak-Ossowska
- Department of Physics/Archie-West HPC, University of Strathclyde, 107 Rottenrow East, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Valerie A. Ferro
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Paul A. Mulheran
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK
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162
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Gugliandolo A, Chiricosta L, Calcaterra V, Biasin M, Cappelletti G, Carelli S, Zuccotti G, Avanzini MA, Bramanti P, Pelizzo G, Mazzon E. SARS-CoV-2 Infected Pediatric Cerebral Cortical Neurons: Transcriptomic Analysis and Potential Role of Toll-like Receptors in Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8059. [PMID: 34360824 PMCID: PMC8347089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different mechanisms were proposed as responsible for COVID-19 neurological symptoms but a clear one has not been established yet. In this work we aimed to study SARS-CoV-2 capacity to infect pediatric human cortical neuronal HCN-2 cells, studying the changes in the transcriptomic profile by next generation sequencing. SARS-CoV-2 was able to replicate in HCN-2 cells, that did not express ACE2, confirmed also with Western blot, and TMPRSS2. Looking for pattern recognition receptor expression, we found the deregulation of scavenger receptors, such as SR-B1, and the downregulation of genes encoding for Nod-like receptors. On the other hand, TLR1, TLR4 and TLR6 encoding for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were upregulated. We also found the upregulation of genes encoding for ERK, JNK, NF-κB and Caspase 8 in our transcriptomic analysis. Regarding the expression of known receptors for viral RNA, only RIG-1 showed an increased expression; downstream RIG-1, the genes encoding for TRAF3, IKKε and IRF3 were downregulated. We also found the upregulation of genes encoding for chemokines and accordingly we found an increase in cytokine/chemokine levels in the medium. According to our results, it is possible to speculate that additionally to ACE2 and TMPRSS2, also other receptors may interact with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and mediate its entry or pathogenesis in pediatric cortical neurons infected with SARS-CoV-2. In particular, TLRs signaling could be crucial for the neurological involvement related to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (L.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Luigi Chiricosta
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (L.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (G.Z.)
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences–L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Gioia Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences–L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy; (V.C.); (G.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences–L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Cell Factory, Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (L.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Gloria Pelizzo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences–L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (M.B.); (G.C.); (G.P.)
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, Ospedale dei Bambini “Vittore Buzzi”, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (A.G.); (L.C.); (P.B.)
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Evans P, Wojta J, Hoefer IE, Waltenberger J, Guzik T, Badimon L, Weber C. The year in basic vascular biology research: from mechanoreceptors and neutrophil extracellular traps to smartphone data and omics. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1814-1822. [PMID: 33744925 PMCID: PMC8083796 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
2020 has been an extraordinary year. The emergence of COVID-19 has driven urgent research in pulmonary and cardiovascular science and other fields. It has also shaped the way that we work with many experimental laboratories shutting down for several months, while bioinformatics approaches and other large data projects have gained prominence. Despite these setbacks, vascular biology research is stronger than ever. On behalf of the European Society of Cardiology Council for Basic Cardiovascular Science (ESC CBCS), here we review some of the vascular biology research highlights for 2020. This review is not exhaustive and there are many outstanding vascular biology publications that we were unable to cite due to page limits. Notwithstanding this, we have provided a snapshot of vascular biology research excellence in 2020 and identify topics that are in the ascendency and likely to gain prominence in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Insigneo Institute, Sheffield, UK
| | - Johann Wojta
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Imo E Hoefer
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Waltenberger
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tomasz Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Cracow, Poland
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program-ICCC, IR-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, CiberCV, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillian-Universität (LMU) München, München, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; and.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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164
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Lipid bilayer degradation induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as revealed by neutron reflectometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14867. [PMID: 34290262 PMCID: PMC8295359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins are responsible for the membrane fusion event, which allows the virus to enter the host cell and cause infection. This process starts with the binding of the spike extramembrane domain to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a membrane receptor highly abundant in the lungs. In this study, the extramembrane domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (sSpike) was injected on model membranes formed by supported lipid bilayers in presence and absence of the soluble part of receptor ACE2 (sACE2), and the structural features were studied at sub-nanometer level by neutron reflection. In all cases the presence of the protein produced a remarkable degradation of the lipid bilayer. Indeed, both for membranes from synthetic and natural lipids, a significant reduction of the surface coverage was observed. Quartz crystal microbalance measurements showed that lipid extraction starts immediately after sSpike protein injection. All measurements indicate that the presence of proteins induces the removal of membrane lipids, both in the presence and in the absence of ACE2, suggesting that sSpike molecules strongly associate with lipids, and strip them away from the bilayer, via a non-specific interaction. A cooperative effect of sACE2 and sSpike on lipid extraction was also observed.
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165
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Cho KH. Importance of Apolipoprotein A-I and A-II Composition in HDL and Its Potential for Studying COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:medicines8070038. [PMID: 34357154 PMCID: PMC8307872 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8070038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The composition and properties of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and apoA-II in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) might be critical to SARS-CoV-2 infection via SR-BI and antiviral activity against COVID-19. HDL containing native apoA-I showed potent antiviral activity, while HDL containing glycated apoA-I or other apolipoproteins did not. However, there has been no report to elucidate the putative role of apoA-II in the antiviral activity of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hyun Cho
- Medical Innovation Complex, Korea Research Institute of Lipoproteins, Daegu 41061, Korea; ; Tel.: +82-53-964-1990; Fax: +82-53-965-1992
- LipoLab, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
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166
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Wang G, Deng J, Li J, Wu C, Dong H, Wu S, Zhong Y. The Role of High-Density Lipoprotein in COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720283. [PMID: 34335279 PMCID: PMC8322438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global challenge. Managing a large number of acutely ill patients in a short time, whilst reducing the fatality rate and dealing with complications, brings unique difficulties. The most striking pathophysiological features of patients with severe COVID-19 are dysregulated immune responses and abnormal coagulation function, which can result in multiple-organ failure and death. Normally metabolized high-density lipoprotein (HDL) performs several functions, including reverse cholesterol transport, direct binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to neutralize LPS activity, regulation of inflammatory response, anti-thrombotic effects, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. Clinical data shows that significantly decreased HDL levels in patients with COVID-19 are correlated with both disease severity and mortality. However, the role of HDL in COVID-19 and its specific mechanism remain unclear. In this analysis, we review current evidence mainly in the following areas: firstly, the pathophysiological characteristics of COVID-19, secondly, the pleiotropic properties of HDL, thirdly, the changes and clinical significance of HDL in COVID-19, and fourthly the prospect of HDL-targeting therapy in COVID-19 to clarify the role of HDL in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and discuss the potential of HDL therapy in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayi Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenfang Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiyun Dong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shangjie Wu
- Department of Respiratory, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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167
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Gusev E, Sarapultsev A, Hu D, Chereshnev V. Problems of Pathogenesis and Pathogenetic Therapy of COVID-19 from the Perspective of the General Theory of Pathological Systems (General Pathological Processes). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7582. [PMID: 34299201 PMCID: PMC8304657 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic examines not only the state of actual health care but also the state of fundamental medicine in various countries. Pro-inflammatory processes extend far beyond the classical concepts of inflammation. They manifest themselves in a variety of ways, beginning with extreme physiology, then allostasis at low-grade inflammation, and finally the shockogenic phenomenon of "inflammatory systemic microcirculation". The pathogenetic core of critical situations, including COVID-19, is this phenomenon. Microcirculatory abnormalities, on the other hand, lie at the heart of a specific type of general pathological process known as systemic inflammation (SI). Systemic inflammatory response, cytokine release, cytokine storm, and thrombo-inflammatory syndrome are all terms that refer to different aspects of SI. As a result, the metabolic syndrome model does not adequately reflect the pathophysiology of persistent low-grade systemic inflammation (ChSLGI). Diseases associated with ChSLGI, on the other hand, are risk factors for a severe COVID-19 course. The review examines the role of hypoxia, metabolic dysfunction, scavenger receptors, and pattern-recognition receptors, as well as the processes of the hemophagocytic syndrome, in the systemic alteration and development of SI in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gusev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (E.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (E.G.); (V.C.)
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 200092, China;
| | - Valeriy Chereshnev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia; (E.G.); (V.C.)
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168
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Chen J, Li S, Lei Z, Tang Q, Mo L, Zhao X, Xie F, Zi D, Tan J. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus invasion by ACE2 protecting and Spike neutralizing peptides: An alternative approach to COVID19 prevention and therapy. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2957-2969. [PMID: 34345219 PMCID: PMC8326117 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.61476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells mainly through the interaction of its spike-protein with host cell membrane ACE2. Various antibodies targeting S-protein have been developed to combat COVID-19 pandemic; however, the potential risk of antibody-dependent enhancement and novel spike mutants-induced neutralization loss or antibody resistance still remain. Alternative preventative agents or therapeutics are still urgently needed. In this study, we designed series of peptides with either ACE2 protecting or Spike-protein neutralizing activities. Molecular docking predicted that, among these peptides, ACE2 protecting peptide AYp28 and Spike-protein neutralizing peptide AYn1 showed strongest intermolecular interaction to ACE2 and Spike-protein, respectively, which were further confirmed by both cell- and non-cell-based in vitro assays. In addition, both peptides inhibited the invasion of pseudotype SARS-CoV-2 into HEK293T/hACE2 cells, either alone or in combination. Moreover, the intranasal administration of AYp28 could partially block pseudovirus invasion in hACE2 transgenic mice. Much more importantly, no significant toxicity was observed in peptides-treated cells. AYp28 showed no impacts on ACE2 function. Taken together, the data from our present study predicted promising preventative and therapeutic values of peptides against COVID-19, and may prove the concept that cocktail containing ACE2 protecting peptides and spike neutralizing peptides could serve as a safe and effective approach for SARS-CoV-2 prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Song Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Zhifeng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Qinmin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Ling Mo
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Transformation Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Feifei Xie
- Anyu Biopharmaceutical (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd. 9F, Building I, No. 265, Chengrui Street, Qiantang New District, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dan Zi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
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169
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Prabhakara C, Godbole R, Sil P, Jahnavi S, Gulzar SEJ, van Zanten TS, Sheth D, Subhash N, Chandra A, Shivaraj A, Panikulam P, U I, Nuthakki VK, Puthiyapurayil TP, Ahmed R, Najar AH, Lingamallu SM, Das S, Mahajan B, Vemula P, Bharate SB, Singh PP, Vishwakarma R, Guha A, Sundaramurthy V, Mayor S. Strategies to target SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection using dual mechanisms of inhibition by acidification inhibitors. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009706. [PMID: 34252168 PMCID: PMC8297935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses utilize the host endo-lysosomal network for infection. Tracing the endocytic itinerary of SARS-CoV-2 can provide insights into viral trafficking and aid in designing new therapeutic strategies. Here, we demonstrate that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is internalized via the pH-dependent CLIC/GEEC (CG) endocytic pathway in human gastric-adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells expressing undetectable levels of ACE2. Ectopic expression of ACE2 (AGS-ACE2) results in RBD traffic via both CG and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Endosomal acidification inhibitors like BafilomycinA1 and NH4Cl, which inhibit the CG pathway, reduce the uptake of RBD and impede Spike-pseudoviral infection in both AGS and AGS-ACE2 cells. The inhibition by BafilomycinA1 was found to be distinct from Chloroquine which neither affects RBD uptake nor alters endosomal pH, yet attenuates Spike-pseudovirus entry. By screening a subset of FDA-approved inhibitors for functionality similar to BafilomycinA1, we identified Niclosamide as a SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Further validation using a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 in AGS-ACE2 and Vero cells confirmed its antiviral effect. We propose that Niclosamide, and other drugs which neutralize endosomal pH as well as inhibit the endocytic uptake, could provide broader applicability in subverting infection of viruses entering host cells via a pH-dependent endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashmi Godbole
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
- University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, India
| | - Parijat Sil
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Sowmya Jahnavi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Shah-e-Jahan Gulzar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
- SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Dhruv Sheth
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Neeraja Subhash
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
- SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Anchal Chandra
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Ibrahim U
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Riyaz Ahmed
- CSIR—Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | | | - Sai Manoz Lingamallu
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inSTEM), Bengaluru, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Snigdhadev Das
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Praveen Vemula
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inSTEM), Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | - Arjun Guha
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inSTEM), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
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170
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Overcoming Culture Restriction for SARS-CoV-2 in Human Cells Facilitates the Screening of Compounds Inhibiting Viral Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0009721. [PMID: 33903110 PMCID: PMC8406809 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00097-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to mitigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic include the screening of existing antiviral molecules that could be repurposed to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Although SARS-CoV-2 replicates and propagates efficiently in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells, antivirals such as nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs) often show decreased activity in these cells due to inefficient metabolization. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits low viability in human cells in culture. Here, serial passages of a SARS-CoV-2 isolate (original-SARS2) in the human hepatoma cell clone Huh7.5 led to the selection of a variant (adapted-SARS2) with significantly improved infectivity in human liver (Huh7 and Huh7.5) and lung cancer (unmodified Calu-1 and A549) cells. The adapted virus exhibited mutations in the spike protein, including a 9-amino-acid deletion and 3 amino acid changes (E484D, P812R, and Q954H). E484D also emerged in Vero E6-cultured viruses that became viable in A549 cells. Original and adapted viruses were susceptible to scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) receptor blocking, and adapted-SARS2 exhibited significantly less dependence on ACE2. Both variants were similarly neutralized by COVID-19 convalescent-phase plasma, but adapted-SARS2 exhibited increased susceptibility to exogenous type I interferon. Remdesivir inhibited original- and adapted-SARS2 similarly, demonstrating the utility of the system for the screening of NUCs. Among the tested NUCs, only remdesivir, molnupiravir, and, to a limited extent, galidesivir showed antiviral effects across human cell lines, whereas sofosbuvir, ribavirin, and favipiravir had no apparent activity. Analogously to the emergence of spike mutations in vivo, the spike protein is under intense adaptive selection pressure in cell culture. Our results indicate that the emergence of spike mutations will most likely not affect the activity of remdesivir.
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171
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Audino T, Grattarola C, Centelleghe C, Peletto S, Giorda F, Florio CL, Caramelli M, Bozzetta E, Mazzariol S, Di Guardo G, Lauriano G, Casalone C. SARS-CoV-2, a Threat to Marine Mammals? A Study from Italian Seawaters. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1663. [PMID: 34204885 PMCID: PMC8226612 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotically transmitted coronaviruses were responsible for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing the dramatic Coronavirus Disease-2019 (CoViD-19) pandemic, which affected public health, the economy, and society on a global scale. The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic permeated into our environment and wildlife as well; in particular, concern has been raised about the viral occurrence and persistence in aquatic and marine ecosystems. The discharge of untreated wastewaters carrying infectious SARS-CoV-2 into natural water systems that are home to sea mammals may have dramatic consequences on vulnerable species. The efficient transmission of coronaviruses raises questions regarding the contributions of virus-receptor interactions. The main receptor of SARS-CoV-2 is Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2), serving as a functional receptor for the viral spike (S) protein. This study aimed, through the comparative analysis of the ACE-2 receptor with the human one, at assessing susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 for different species of marine mammals living in Italian waters. We also determined, by means of immunohistochemistry, ACE-2 receptor localization in the lung tissue from different cetacean species, in order to provide a preliminary characterization of ACE-2 expression in the marine mammal respiratory tracts. Furthermore, to evaluate if and how Italian wastewater management and coastal exposition to extreme weather events may led to susceptible marine mammal populations being exposed to SARS-CoV-2, geomapping data were carried out and overlapped. The results showed the potential SARS-CoV-2 exposure for marine mammals inhabiting Italian coastal waters, putting them at risk when swimming and feeding in specific risk areas. Thus, we highlighted the potential hazard of the reverse zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with its impact on marine mammals regularly inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea, while also stressing the need for appropriate action in order to prevent further damage to specific vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Audino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (T.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (C.L.F.); (M.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Carla Grattarola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (T.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (C.L.F.); (M.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (T.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (C.L.F.); (M.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Federica Giorda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (T.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (C.L.F.); (M.C.); (E.B.)
- Institute for Animal Health and Food Safety (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Caterina Lucia Florio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (T.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (C.L.F.); (M.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Maria Caramelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (T.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (C.L.F.); (M.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (T.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (C.L.F.); (M.C.); (E.B.)
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Legnaro, 35020 Padua, Italy; (C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Giovanni Di Guardo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Strada Provinciale 18 Località Piano d’Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Giancarlo Lauriano
- Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), via Vitaliano Brancati 60, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy; (T.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (C.L.F.); (M.C.); (E.B.)
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Stasi A, Franzin R, Fiorentino M, Squiccimarro E, Castellano G, Gesualdo L. Multifaced Roles of HDL in Sepsis and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Renal Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5980. [PMID: 34205975 PMCID: PMC8197836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a class of blood particles, principally involved in mediating reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissue to liver. Omics approaches have identified crucial mediators in the HDL proteomic and lipidomic profile, which are involved in distinct pleiotropic functions. Besides their role as cholesterol transporter, HDLs display anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic, and anti-infection properties. Experimental and clinical studies have unveiled significant changes in both HDL serum amount and composition that lead to dysregulated host immune response and endothelial dysfunction in the course of sepsis. Most SARS-Coronavirus-2-infected patients admitted to the intensive care unit showed common features of sepsis disease, such as the overwhelmed systemic inflammatory response and the alterations in serum lipid profile. Despite relevant advances, episodes of mild to moderate acute kidney injury (AKI), occurring during systemic inflammatory diseases, are associated with long-term complications, and high risk of mortality. The multi-faceted relationship of kidney dysfunction with dyslipidemia and inflammation encourages to deepen the clarification of the mechanisms connecting these elements. This review analyzes the multifaced roles of HDL in inflammatory diseases, the renal involvement in lipid metabolism, and the novel potential HDL-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stasi
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Rossana Franzin
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Marco Fiorentino
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Enrico Squiccimarro
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplant (DETO), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Department, Heart & Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC), 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Advanced Research Center on Kidney Aging (A.R.K.A.), Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (R.F.); (M.F.)
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Plant stanol esters might optimise the immune response and improve the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in overweight and obese subjects. Br J Nutr 2021; 127:1117-1118. [PMID: 34044900 PMCID: PMC8367865 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521001781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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174
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Lasunción MA, Martínez-Botas J, Martín-Sánchez C, Busto R, Gómez-Coronado D. Cell cycle dependence on the mevalonate pathway: Role of cholesterol and non-sterol isoprenoids. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114623. [PMID: 34052188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway is responsible for the synthesis of isoprenoids, including sterols and other metabolites that are essential for diverse biological functions. Cholesterol, the main sterol in mammals, and non-sterol isoprenoids are in high demand by rapidly dividing cells. As evidence of its importance, many cell signaling pathways converge on the mevalonate pathway and these include those involved in proliferation, tumor-promotion, and tumor-suppression. As well as being a fundamental building block of cell membranes, cholesterol plays a key role in maintaining their lipid organization and biophysical properties, and it is crucial for the function of proteins located in the plasma membrane. Importantly, cholesterol and other mevalonate derivatives are essential for cell cycle progression, and their deficiency blocks different steps in the cycle. Furthermore, the accumulation of non-isoprenoid mevalonate derivatives can cause DNA replication stress. Identification of the mechanisms underlying the effects of cholesterol and other mevalonate derivatives on cell cycle progression may be useful in the search for new inhibitors, or the repurposing of preexisting cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors to target cancer cell division. In this review, we discuss the dependence of cell division on an active mevalonate pathway and the role of different mevalonate derivatives in cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Lasunción
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
| | - Javier Martínez-Botas
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Covadonga Martín-Sánchez
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Busto
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
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175
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Nguyen M, Bourredjem A, Piroth L, Bouhemad B, Jalil A, Pallot G, Le Guern N, Thomas C, Pilot T, Bergas V, Choubley H, Quenot JP, Charles PE, Lagrost L, Deckert V, de Barros JPP, Guinot PG, Masson D, Binquet C, Gautier T, Blot M. High plasma concentration of non-esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids is a specific feature of severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10824. [PMID: 34031519 PMCID: PMC8144366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pneumonia has specific features and outcomes that suggests a unique immunopathogenesis. Severe forms of COVID-19 appear to be more frequent in obese patients, but an association with metabolic disorders is not established. Here, we focused on lipoprotein metabolism in patients hospitalized for severe pneumonia, depending on COVID-19 status. Thirty-four non-COVID-19 and 27 COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia were enrolled. Most of them required intensive care. Plasma lipid levels, lipoprotein metabolism, and clinical and biological (including plasma cytokines) features were assessed. Despite similar initial metabolic comorbidities and respiratory severity, COVID-19 patients displayed a lower acute phase response but higher plasmatic concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). NEFA profiling was characterised by higher level of polyunsaturated NEFAs (mainly linoleic and arachidonic acids) in COVID-19 patients. Multivariable analysis showed that among severe pneumonia, COVID-19-associated pneumonia was associated with higher NEFAs, lower apolipoprotein E and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, independently of body mass index, sequential organ failure (SOFA) score, and C-reactive protein levels. NEFAs and PUFAs concentrations were negatively correlated with the number of ventilator-free days. Among hospitalized patients with severe pneumonia, COVID-19 is independently associated with higher NEFAs (mainly linoleic and arachidonic acids) and lower apolipoprotein E and HDL concentrations. These features might act as mediators in COVID-19 pathogenesis and emerge as new therapeutic targets. Further investigations are required to define the role of NEFAs in the pathogenesis and the dysregulated immune response associated with COVID-19.Trial registration: NCT04435223.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Nguyen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, CHU Dijon and University of Burgundy, François Mitterrand University Hospital, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France.
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France.
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France.
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Abderrahmane Bourredjem
- Inserm, CIC1432, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trial Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Piroth
- Inserm, CIC1432, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trial Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Infectious Diseases Department, François Mitterrand University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Bélaïd Bouhemad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, CHU Dijon and University of Burgundy, François Mitterrand University Hospital, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, 21000, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | - Charles Thomas
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, 21000, Dijon, France
| | | | - Victoria Bergas
- Lipidomic Analytic Platform, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Hélène Choubley
- Lipidomic Analytic Platform, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Quenot
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, 21000, Dijon, France
- Inserm, CIC1432, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trial Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Department of Intensive Care, François Mitterrand University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Charles
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, 21000, Dijon, France
- Inserm, CIC1432, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trial Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Department of Intensive Care, François Mitterrand University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Valerie Deckert
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- Lipidomic Analytic Platform, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Grégoire Guinot
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, CHU Dijon and University of Burgundy, François Mitterrand University Hospital, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - David Masson
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, 21000, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, François Mitterrand University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Binquet
- Inserm, CIC1432, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trial Unit, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Gautier
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Mathieu Blot
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- INSERM, LNC UMR1231, 21000, Dijon, France
- FCS Bourgogne-Franche Comté, LipSTIC LabEx, 21000, Dijon, France
- Infectious Diseases Department, François Mitterrand University Hospital, Dijon, France
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176
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Souza PFN, Mesquita FP, Amaral JL, Landim PGC, Lima KRP, Costa MB, Farias IR, Lima LB, Montenegro RC. The human pandemic coronaviruses on the show: The spike glycoprotein as the main actor in the coronaviruses play. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:1-19. [PMID: 33667553 PMCID: PMC7921731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Three coronaviruses (CoVs) have threatened the world population by causing outbreaks in the last two decades. In late 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged and caused the coronaviruses to disease 2019 (COVID-19), leading to the ongoing global outbreak. The other pandemic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), share a considerable level of similarities at genomic and protein levels. However, the differences between them lead to distinct behaviors. These differences result from the accumulation of mutations in the sequence and structure of spike (S) glycoprotein, which plays an essential role in coronavirus infection, pathogenicity, transmission, and evolution. In this review, we brought together many studies narrating a sequence of events and highlighting the differences among S proteins from SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. It was performed here, analysis of S protein sequences and structures from the three pandemic coronaviruses pointing out the mutations among them and what they come through. Additionally, we investigated the receptor-binding domain (RBD) from all S proteins explaining the mutation and biological importance of all of them. Finally, we discuss the mutation in the S protein from several new isolates of SARS-CoV-2, reporting their difference and importance. This review brings into detail how the variations in S protein that make SARS-CoV-2 more aggressive than its relatives coronaviruses and other differences between coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil.
| | - Felipe P Mesquita
- Drug research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Jackson L Amaral
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Patrícia G C Landim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Karollyny R P Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Marília B Costa
- Drug research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Izabelle R Farias
- Drug research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Luina B Lima
- Drug research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
| | - Raquel C Montenegro
- Drug research and Development Center, Department of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Brazil
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177
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Case JB, Winkler ES, Errico JM, Diamond MS. On the road to ending the COVID-19 pandemic: Are we there yet? Virology 2021; 557:70-85. [PMID: 33676349 PMCID: PMC7908885 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged into the human population in late 2019 and caused the global COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has spread to more than 215 countries and infected many millions of people. Despite the introduction of numerous governmental and public health measures to control disease spread, infections continue at an unabated pace, suggesting that effective vaccines and antiviral drugs will be required to curtail disease, end the pandemic, and restore societal norms. Here, we review the current developments in antibody and vaccine countermeasures to limit or prevent disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- COVID-19/epidemiology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/therapy
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/biosynthesis
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Pandemics
- Patient Safety
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, DNA
- Vaccines, Subunit
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- COVID-19 Serotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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178
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Marjot T, Webb GJ, Barritt AS, Moon AM, Stamataki Z, Wong VW, Barnes E. COVID-19 and liver disease: mechanistic and clinical perspectives. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:348-364. [PMID: 33692570 PMCID: PMC7945972 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the hepatic consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has evolved rapidly since the onset of the pandemic. In this Review, we discuss the hepatotropism of SARS-CoV-2, including the differential expression of viral receptors on liver cell types, and we describe the liver histology features present in patients with COVID-19. We also provide an overview of the pattern and relevance of abnormal liver biochemistry during COVID-19 and present the possible underlying direct and indirect mechanisms for liver injury. Furthermore, large international cohorts have been able to characterize the disease course of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease. Patients with cirrhosis have particularly high rates of hepatic decompensation and death following SARS-CoV-2 infection and we outline hypotheses to explain these findings, including the possible role of cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction. This finding contrasts with outcome data in pharmacologically immunosuppressed patients after liver transplantation who seem to have comparatively better outcomes from COVID-19 than those with advanced liver disease. Finally, we discuss the approach to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with cirrhosis and after liver transplantation and predict how changes in social behaviours and clinical care pathways during the pandemic might lead to increased liver disease incidence and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Marjot
- Oxford Liver Unit, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Gwilym J Webb
- Cambridge Liver Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alfred S Barritt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew M Moon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vincent W Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Oxford Liver Unit, Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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179
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Sun Y, Wang L, Feng R, Wang N, Wang Y, Zhu D, Xing X, Yang P, Zhang Y, Li W, Wang X. Structure-based development of three- and four-antibody cocktails against SARS-CoV-2 via multiple mechanisms. Cell Res 2021; 31:597-600. [PMID: 33782529 PMCID: PMC8005859 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaorui Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China.
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Medical School/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510200, China.
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180
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Robert J, Osto E, von Eckardstein A. The Endothelium Is Both a Target and a Barrier of HDL's Protective Functions. Cells 2021; 10:1041. [PMID: 33924941 PMCID: PMC8146309 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium serves as a barrier between the intravascular and extravascular compartments. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) have two kinds of interactions with this barrier. First, bloodborne HDL must pass the endothelium to access extravascular tissues, for example the arterial wall or the brain, to mediate cholesterol efflux from macrophages and other cells or exert other functions. To complete reverse cholesterol transport, HDL must even pass the endothelium a second time to re-enter circulation via the lymphatics. Transendothelial HDL transport is a regulated process involving scavenger receptor SR-BI, endothelial lipase, and ATP binding cassette transporters A1 and G1. Second, HDL helps to maintain the integrity of the endothelial barrier by (i) promoting junction closure as well as (ii) repair by stimulating the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and their progenitor cells, and by preventing (iii) loss of glycocalix, (iv) apoptosis, as well as (v) transmigration of inflammatory cells. Additional vasoprotective functions of HDL include (vi) the induction of nitric oxide (NO) production and (vii) the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These vasoprotective functions are exerted by the interactions of HDL particles with SR-BI as well as specific agonists carried by HDL, notably sphingosine-1-phophate (S1P), with their specific cellular counterparts, e.g., S1P receptors. Various diseases modify the protein and lipid composition and thereby the endothelial functionality of HDL. Thorough understanding of the structure-function relationships underlying the multiple interactions of HDL with endothelial cells is expected to elucidate new targets and strategies for the treatment or prevention of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Zurich and University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.R.); (E.O.)
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181
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Chung MK, Zidar DA, Bristow MR, Cameron SJ, Chan T, Harding CV, Kwon DH, Singh T, Tilton JC, Tsai EJ, Tucker NR, Barnard J, Loscalzo J. COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Circ Res 2021; 128:1214-1236. [PMID: 33856918 PMCID: PMC8048382 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.317997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A pandemic of historic impact, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has potential consequences on the cardiovascular health of millions of people who survive infection worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of COVID-19, can infect the heart, vascular tissues, and circulating cells through ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), the host cell receptor for the viral spike protein. Acute cardiac injury is a common extrapulmonary manifestation of COVID-19 with potential chronic consequences. This update provides a review of the clinical manifestations of cardiovascular involvement, potential direct SARS-CoV-2 and indirect immune response mechanisms impacting the cardiovascular system, and implications for the management of patients after recovery from acute COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina K. Chung
- Cleveland Clinic (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (M.K.C., D.A.Z., S.J.C., T.C., C.V.H., D.H.K., T.S., J.C.T.), OH
| | - David A. Zidar
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (M.K.C., D.A.Z., S.J.C., T.C., C.V.H., D.H.K., T.S., J.C.T.), OH
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, OH (D.A.Z.)
| | | | - Scott J. Cameron
- Cleveland Clinic (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (M.K.C., D.A.Z., S.J.C., T.C., C.V.H., D.H.K., T.S., J.C.T.), OH
| | - Timothy Chan
- Cleveland Clinic (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (M.K.C., D.A.Z., S.J.C., T.C., C.V.H., D.H.K., T.S., J.C.T.), OH
| | - Clifford V. Harding
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (M.K.C., D.A.Z., S.J.C., T.C., C.V.H., D.H.K., T.S., J.C.T.), OH
| | - Deborah H. Kwon
- Cleveland Clinic (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (M.K.C., D.A.Z., S.J.C., T.C., C.V.H., D.H.K., T.S., J.C.T.), OH
| | - Tamanna Singh
- Cleveland Clinic (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (M.K.C., D.A.Z., S.J.C., T.C., C.V.H., D.H.K., T.S., J.C.T.), OH
| | - John C. Tilton
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (M.K.C., D.A.Z., S.J.C., T.C., C.V.H., D.H.K., T.S., J.C.T.), OH
| | - Emily J. Tsai
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (E.J.T.)
| | - Nathan R. Tucker
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, Utica, NY (N.R.T.)
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA (N.R.T.)
| | - John Barnard
- Cleveland Clinic (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (M.K.C., S.J.C., T.C., D.H.K., T.S., J.B.), OH
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.L.)
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182
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Jiang C, Li X, Ge C, Ding Y, Zhang T, Cao S, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 being challenged by virus variation and asymptomatic infection. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:257-264. [PMID: 33815862 PMCID: PMC7997641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a pandemic for more than a year. With the expanding second wave of the pandemic in winter, the continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has brought new issues, including the significance of virus mutations in infection and the detection of asymptomatic infection. In this review, we first introduced several major SARS-CoV-2 mutations since the COVID-19 outbreak and then mentioned the widely used molecular detection techniques to diagnose COVID-19, primarily focusing on their strengths and limitations. We further discussed the effects of viral genetic variation and asymptomatic infection on the molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review finally summarized useful insights into the molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 under the special situation being challenged by virus mutation and asymptomatic infection. The widely used molecular diagnostic techniques for COVID-19 are reviewed, with a special focus on their strengths and limitations. The genetic variation of the viral genome and silent asymptomatic infection during the global battle against the nCoV epidemic are discussed. Some diagnosis strategies for those within the quarantine period at home or the assembly site are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congshan Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Changrong Ge
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Shuai Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, PR China
| | - Liesu Meng
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Shemin Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
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183
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SARS-CoV 2 in Cellular Level: Do we dominate the whole picture and how can we intervene? JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.839810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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184
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Nardacci R, Colavita F, Castilletti C, Lapa D, Matusali G, Meschi S, Del Nonno F, Colombo D, Capobianchi MR, Zumla A, Ippolito G, Piacentini M, Falasca L. Evidences for lipid involvement in SARS-CoV-2 cytopathogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:263. [PMID: 33712574 PMCID: PMC7952828 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 remains to be completely understood, and detailed SARS-CoV-2 cellular cytopathic effects requires definition. We performed a comparative ultrastructural study of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero E6 cells and in lungs from deceased COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 induces rapid death associated with profound ultrastructural changes in Vero cells. Type II pneumocytes in lung tissue showed prominent altered features with numerous vacuoles and swollen mitochondria with presence of abundant lipid droplets. The accumulation of lipids was the most striking finding we observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells, both in vitro and in the lungs of patients, suggesting that lipids can be involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Considering that in most cases, COVID-19 patients show alteration of blood cholesterol and lipoprotein homeostasis, our findings highlight a peculiar important topic that can suggest new approaches for pharmacological treatment to contrast the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Nardacci
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colavita
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Meschi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- Pathology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Colombo
- Pathology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Scientific Direction; National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Falasca
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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185
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Abstract
The increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors in people hospitalized with severe COVID-19 illness has engendered considerable interest in the metabolic aspects of SARS-CoV-2-induced pathophysiology. Here, I update concepts informing how metabolic disorders and their co-morbidities modify the susceptibility to, natural history, and potential treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a focus on human biology. New data informing genetic predisposition, epidemiology, immune responses, disease severity, and therapy of COVID-19 in people with obesity and diabetes are highlighted. The emerging relationships of metabolic disorders to viral-induced immune responses and viral persistence, and the putative importance of adipose and islet ACE2 expression, glycemic control, cholesterol metabolism, and glucose- and lipid-lowering drugs is reviewed, with attention to controversies and unresolved questions. Rapid progress in these areas informs our growing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with diabetes and obesity, while refining the therapeutic strategies and research priorities in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
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186
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Müller JA, Groß R, Conzelmann C, Krüger J, Merle U, Steinhart J, Weil T, Koepke L, Bozzo CP, Read C, Fois G, Eiseler T, Gehrmann J, van Vuuren J, Wessbecher IM, Frick M, Costa IG, Breunig M, Grüner B, Peters L, Schuster M, Liebau S, Seufferlein T, Stenger S, Stenzinger A, MacDonald PE, Kirchhoff F, Sparrer KMJ, Walther P, Lickert H, Barth TFE, Wagner M, Münch J, Heller S, Kleger A. SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Nat Metab 2021; 3:149-165. [PMID: 33536639 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection-related diabetes can arise as a result of virus-associated β-cell destruction. Clinical data suggest that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), impairs glucose homoeostasis, but experimental evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect pancreatic tissue has been lacking. In the present study, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects cells of the human exocrine and endocrine pancreas ex vivo and in vivo. We demonstrate that human β-cells express viral entry proteins, and SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cultured human islets. Infection is associated with morphological, transcriptional and functional changes, including reduced numbers of insulin-secretory granules in β-cells and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In COVID-19 full-body postmortem examinations, we detected SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in pancreatic exocrine cells, and in cells that stain positive for the β-cell marker NKX6.1 and are in close proximity to the islets of Langerhans in all four patients investigated. Our data identify the human pancreas as a target of SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest that β-cell infection could contribute to the metabolic dysregulation observed in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carina Conzelmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jana Krüger
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Tatjana Weil
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lennart Koepke
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Clarissa Read
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giorgio Fois
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Gehrmann
- Institute for Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joanne van Vuuren
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel M Wessbecher
- Tissue Bank of the German Center for Infection Research, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ivan G Costa
- Institute for Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Breunig
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beate Grüner
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lynn Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schuster
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Sandra Heller
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
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187
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Di Guardo G. SARS-CoV-2-Cholesterol Interaction: A Lot of Food for Thought. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010032. [PMID: 33401530 PMCID: PMC7824514 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Guardo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Localita' Piano d'Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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188
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Zhang Z, Zhou Q, Liu R, Liu L, Shen WJ, Azhar S, Qu YF, Guo Z, Hu Z. The adaptor protein GIPC1 stabilizes the scavenger receptor SR-B1 and increases its cholesterol uptake. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100616. [PMID: 33811857 PMCID: PMC8093464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor, is a membrane glycoprotein that mediates selective uptake of HDL-cholesterol and cholesterol ester (CE) into cells. SR-B1 is subject to posttranslational regulation; however, the underlying mechanisms still remain obscure. Here, we identified a novel SR-B1-interacting protein, GIPC1 (GAIP-interacting protein, C terminus 1) that interacts with SR-B1 and stabilizes SR-B1 by negative regulation of its proteasomal and lysosomal degradation pathways. The physiological interaction between SR-B1 and GIPC1 was supported by co-immunoprecipitation of wild-type and mutant GIPC1 constructs in SR-B1 ± GIPC1 overexpressing cells, in native liver cells, and in mouse liver tissues. Overexpression of GIPC1 increased endogenous SR-B1 protein levels, subsequently increasing selective HDL-cholesterol/CE uptake and cellular triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels, whereas silencing of GIPC1 in the mouse liver was associated with blunted hepatic SR-B1 levels, elevated plasma TG and TC, and attenuated hepatic TG and TC content. A positive correlation was identified between GIPC1 and SR-B1 expression, and both expressions of GIPC1 and SR-B1 from human liver samples were inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI) from human subjects. We therefore conclude that GIPC1 plays a key role in the stability and function of SR-B1 and can also effectively regulate hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolism. These findings expand our knowledge of the regulatory roles of GIPC1 and suggest that GIPC1 exerts a major effect on cell surface receptors such as SR-B1 and its associated hepatic lipid and cholesterol metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yan-Fu Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
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189
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Taefehshokr N, Taefehshokr S, Heit B. Mechanisms of Dysregulated Humoral and Cellular Immunity by SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1027. [PMID: 33302366 PMCID: PMC7762606 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in December 2019 in China, and has led to thousands of mortalities globally each day. While the innate immune response serves as the first line of defense, viral clearance requires activation of adaptive immunity, which employs B and T cells to provide sanitizing immunity. SARS-CoV-2 has a potent arsenal of mechanisms used to counter this adaptive immune response through processes, such as T cells depletion and T cell exhaustion. These phenomena are most often observed in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients, pointing towards a link between T cell function and disease severity. Moreover, neutralizing antibody titers and memory B cell responses may be short lived in many SARS-CoV-2 patients, potentially exposing these patients to re-infection. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of B and T cells immune responses and activity in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taefehshokr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada;
| | - Sina Taefehshokr
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51368, Iran;
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Human Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N0M 2N0, Canada;
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada
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