251
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Prendin AL, Petit G, Fonti P, Rixen C, Dawes MA, Arx G. Axial xylem architecture of
Larix decidua
exposed to CO
2
enrichment and soil warming at the tree line. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Luisa Prendin
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro‐ForestaliUniversità degli Studi di Padova Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro‐ForestaliUniversità degli Studi di Padova Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Davos Switzerland
| | - Melissa Autumn Dawes
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Davos Switzerland
| | - Georg Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate ImpactsInstitute for Environmental Sciences Geneva Switzerland
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252
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Anderegg WRL, Wolf A, Arango-Velez A, Choat B, Chmura DJ, Jansen S, Kolb T, Li S, Meinzer F, Pita P, Resco de Dios V, Sperry JS, Wolfe BT, Pacala S. Plant water potential improves prediction of empirical stomatal models. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185481. [PMID: 29023453 PMCID: PMC5638234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to lead to increases in drought frequency and severity, with deleterious effects on many ecosystems. Stomatal responses to changing environmental conditions form the backbone of all ecosystem models, but are based on empirical relationships and are not well-tested during drought conditions. Here, we use a dataset of 34 woody plant species spanning global forest biomes to examine the effect of leaf water potential on stomatal conductance and test the predictive accuracy of three major stomatal models and a recently proposed model. We find that current leaf-level empirical models have consistent biases of over-prediction of stomatal conductance during dry conditions, particularly at low soil water potentials. Furthermore, the recently proposed stomatal conductance model yields increases in predictive capability compared to current models, and with particular improvement during drought conditions. Our results reveal that including stomatal sensitivity to declining water potential and consequent impairment of plant water transport will improve predictions during drought conditions and show that many biomes contain a diversity of plant stomatal strategies that range from risky to conservative stomatal regulation during water stress. Such improvements in stomatal simulation are greatly needed to help unravel and predict the response of ecosystems to future climate extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. L. Anderegg
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Adam Wolf
- Arable Labs, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Adriana Arango-Velez
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Chmura
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Kolb
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shan Li
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frederick Meinzer
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, United States Forest Service, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Pilar Pita
- Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences and Agrotecnio Center, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - John S. Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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253
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Nolan RH, Fairweather KA, Tarin T, Santini NS, Cleverly J, Faux R, Eamus D. Divergence in plant water-use strategies in semiarid woody species. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:1134-1146. [PMID: 32480639 DOI: 10.1071/fp17079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Partitioning of water resources amongst plant species within a single climate envelope is possible if the species differ in key hydraulic traits. We examined 11 bivariate trait relationships across nine woody species found in the Ti-Tree basin of central Australia. We found that species with limited access to soil moisture, evidenced by low pre-dawn leaf water potential, displayed anisohydric behaviour (e.g. large seasonal fluctuations in minimum leaf water potential), had greater sapwood density and lower osmotic potential at full turgor. Osmotic potential at full turgor was positively correlated with the leaf water potential at turgor loss, which was, in turn, positively correlated with the water potential at incipient stomatal closure. We also observed divergent behaviour in two species of Mulga, a complex of closely related Acacia species which range from tall shrubs to low trees and dominate large areas of arid and semiarid Australia. These Mulga species had much lower minimum leaf water potentials and lower specific leaf area compared with the other seven species. Finally, one species, Hakea macrocarpa A.Cunn ex.R.Br., had traits that may allow it to tolerate seasonal dryness (through possession of small specific leaf area and cavitation resistant xylem) despite exhibiting cellular water relations that were similar to groundwater-dependent species. We conclude that traits related to water transport and leaf water status differ across species that experience differences in soil water availability and that this enables a diversity of species to exist in this low rainfall environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael H Nolan
- Terrestrial Ecohydrology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kendal A Fairweather
- Terrestrial Ecohydrology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Tonantzin Tarin
- Terrestrial Ecohydrology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nadia S Santini
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - James Cleverly
- Terrestrial Ecohydrology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ralph Faux
- Terrestrial Ecohydrology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Derek Eamus
- Terrestrial Ecohydrology Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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254
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Osazuwa-Peters OL, Wright SJ, Zanne AE. Linking wood traits to vital rates in tropical rainforest trees: Insights from comparing sapling and adult wood. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1464-1473. [PMID: 29885221 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Wood density is the top predictor of growth and mortality rates (vital rates) but with modest explanatory power at best. Stronger links to vital rates are expected if wood density is decomposed into its anatomical properties at sapling and adult stages, since saplings and adults differ in wood traits and vital rates. We examined whether anatomical determinants of wood density and strength of the relationship between wood traits and vital rates shift between saplings and adults. METHODS Using wood segments from near pith (sapling) and near bark (adult) for 20 tree species (three adults each) from Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we quantified wood traits. Vital rates for saplings and adults were obtained from an earlier study. KEY RESULTS Anatomical predictors of wood density were similar for sapling and adult wood, with wood density variation largely explained by fiber lumen area and fiber wall fraction. In sapling wood only, growth rates decreased with fiber wall fraction and increased with fiber lumen area, while mortality rates increased with vessel area but decreased with fiber wall fraction and vessel density. CONCLUSIONS Wood traits of sapling trees provide functional insight into the growth-mortality tradeoff. Sapling wood with relatively large fiber lumen area and wide vessels, enabling faster hydraulic transport but less mechanical strength, is associated with fast growth and high mortality. Sapling wood with relatively more fiber wall and many narrow vessels, enabling greater mechanical strength but slower hydraulic transport, is associated with slow growth and low mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyomoare L Osazuwa-Peters
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63121 USA
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 USA
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843 - 03092 Balboa, Panama
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC DC 20052 USA
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 USA
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255
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Li L, Ma Z, Niinemets Ü, Guo D. Three Key Sub-leaf Modules and the Diversity of Leaf Designs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1542. [PMID: 28932233 PMCID: PMC5592238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Earth harbors a highly diverse array of plant leaf forms. A well-known pattern linking diverse leaf forms with their photosynthetic function across species is the global leaf economics spectrum (LES). However, within homogeneous plant functional groups such as tropical woody angiosperms or temperate deciduous woody angiosperms, many species can share a similar position in the LES but differ in other vital leaf traits, and thus function differently under the given suite of environmental drivers. How diverse leaves differentiate from each other has yet to be fully explained. Here, we propose a new perspective for linking leaf structure and function by arguing that a leaf may be divided into three key sub-modules, the light capture module, the water-nutrient flow module and the gas exchange module. Each module consists of a set of leaf tissues corresponding to a certain resource acquisition function, and the combination and configuration of different modules may differ depending on overall leaf functioning in a given environment. This modularized-leaf perspective differs from the whole-leaf perspective used in leaf economics theory and may serve as a valuable tool for tracing the evolution of leaf form and function. This perspective also implies that the evolutionary direction of various leaf designs is not to optimize a single critical trait, but to optimize the combination of different traits to better adapt to the historical and current environments. Future studies examining how different modules are synchronized for overall leaf functioning should offer critical insights into the diversity of leaf designs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zeqing Ma
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life SciencesTartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of SciencesTallinn, Estonia
| | - Dali Guo
- Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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256
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Scoffoni C, Sack L, Ort D. The causes and consequences of leaf hydraulic decline with dehydration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4479-4496. [PMID: 28981777 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Resolving the drivers of hydraulic decline during drought is crucial for understanding drought tolerance in crops and natural ecosystems. In the past 15 years, studies of the decline of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) have supported a major role in controlling plant drought responses. We analyzed the variation in Kleaf decline with dehydration in a global database of 310 species, providing novel insights into its underlying mechanisms, its co-ordination with stem hydraulics, its influence on gas exchange and drought tolerance, and its linkage with species ecological distributions. Kleaf vulnerability varied strongly within and across lineages, growth forms, and biomes. A critical literature review indicates that changes in hydraulic conductance outside the xylem with dehydration drive the overall decline of Kleaf. We demonstrate a significant leaf hydraulic safety-efficiency trade-off across angiosperm species and discuss the importance of the large variation around this trend. Leaves tend to be more vulnerable than stems, with their vulnerabilities co-ordinated across species, and importantly linked with adaptation across biomes. We hypothesize a novel framework to explain diversity across species in the co-ordination of Kleaf and gas exchange during dehydration. These findings reflect considerable recent progress, yet new tools for measurement, visualization, and modeling will result in ongoing discoveries important across fields in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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257
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yin
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell Univ.; Ithaca NY USA
| | - Taryn L. Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell Univ.; Ithaca NY USA
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258
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Males J. Hydraulics link leaf shape and environmental niche in terrestrial bromeliads. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Males
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Cambridge; Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EA UK
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259
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Bourne AE, Creek D, Peters JMR, Ellsworth DS, Choat B. Species climate range influences hydraulic and stomatal traits in Eucalyptus species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:123-133. [PMID: 28369162 PMCID: PMC5737682 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant hydraulic traits influence the capacity of species to grow and survive in water-limited environments, but their comparative study at a common site has been limited. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether selective pressures on species originating in drought-prone environments constrain hydraulic traits among related species grown under common conditions. METHODS Leaf tissue water relations, xylem anatomy, stomatal behaviour and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism were measured on six Eucalyptus species growing in a common garden to determine whether these traits were related to current species climate range and to understand linkages between the traits. KEY RESULTS Hydraulically weighted xylem vessel diameter, leaf turgor loss point, the water potential at stomatal closure and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism were significantly ( P < 0·05) correlated with climate parameters from the species range. There was a co-ordination between stem and leaf parameters with the water potential at turgor loss, 12 % loss of conductivity and the point of stomatal closure significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS The correlation of hydraulic, stomatal and anatomical traits with climate variables from the species' original ranges suggests that these traits are genetically constrained. The conservative nature of xylem traits in Eucalyptus trees has important implications for the limits of species responses to changing environmental conditions and thus for species survival and distribution into the future, and yields new information for physiological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E. Bourne
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Danielle Creek
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. R. Peters
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - David S. Ellsworth
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
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260
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Cosme LHM, Schietti J, Costa FRC, Oliveira RS. The importance of hydraulic architecture to the distribution patterns of trees in a central Amazonian forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:113-125. [PMID: 28369998 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Species distributions and assemblage composition may be the result of trait selection through environmental filters. Here, we ask whether filtering of species at the local scale could be attributed to their hydraulic architectural traits, revealing the basis of hydrological microhabitat partitioning in a Central Amazonian forest. We analyzed the hydraulic characteristics at tissue (anatomical traits, wood specific gravity (WSG)), organ (leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area : sapwood area ratio) and whole-plant (height) levels for 28 pairs of congeneric species from 14 genera restricted to either valleys or plateaus of a terra-firme forest in Central Amazonia. On plateaus, species had higher WSG, but lower mean vessel area, mean vessel hydraulic diameter, sapwood area and SLA than in valleys; traits commonly associated with hydraulic safety. Mean vessel hydraulic diameter and mean vessel area increased with height for both habitats, but leaf area and leaf area : sapwood area ratio investments with tree height declined in valley vs plateau species. [Correction added after online publication 29 March 2017: the preceding sentence has been reworded.] Two strategies for either efficiency or safety were detected, based on vessel size or allocation to sapwood. In conclusion, contrasting hydrological conditions act as environmental filters, generating differences in species composition at the local scale. This has important implications for the prediction of species distributions under future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza H M Cosme
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. Ephigênio Sales 2239, 69060-20, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schietti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. Ephigênio Sales 2239, 69060-20, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. Ephigênio Sales 2239, 69060-20, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Flávia R C Costa
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. Ephigênio Sales 2239, 69060-20, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
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261
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Hölttä T, Lintunen A, Chan T, Mäkelä A, Nikinmaa E. A steady-state stomatal model of balanced leaf gas exchange, hydraulics and maximal source-sink flux. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:851-868. [PMID: 28338800 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Trees must simultaneously balance their CO2 uptake rate via stomata, photosynthesis, the transport rate of sugars and rate of sugar utilization in sinks while maintaining a favourable water and carbon balance. We demonstrate using a numerical model that it is possible to understand stomatal functioning from the viewpoint of maximizing the simultaneous photosynthetic production, phloem transport and sink sugar utilization rate under the limitation that the transpiration-driven hydrostatic pressure gradient sets for those processes. A key feature in our model is that non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis increase with decreasing leaf water potential and/or increasing leaf sugar concentration and are thus coupled to stomatal conductance. Maximizing the photosynthetic production rate using a numerical steady-state model leads to stomatal behaviour that is able to reproduce the well-known trends of stomatal behaviour in response to, e.g., light, vapour concentration difference, ambient CO2 concentration, soil water status, sink strength and xylem and phloem hydraulic conductance. We show that our results for stomatal behaviour are very similar to the solutions given by the earlier models of stomatal conductance derived solely from gas exchange considerations. Our modelling results also demonstrate how the 'marginal cost of water' in the unified stomatal conductance model and the optimal stomatal model could be related to plant structural and physiological traits, most importantly, the soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance and soil moisture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Hölttä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommy Chan
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Nikinmaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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262
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Martínez-Sancho E, Dorado-Liñán I, Heinrich I, Helle G, Menzel A. Xylem adjustment of sessile oak at its southern distribution limits. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:903-914. [PMID: 28402468 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a key limiting factor for tree growth in the Mediterranean Basin. However, the variability in acclimation via xylem traits is largely unknown. We studied tree growth and vessel features of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Lieb. in five marginal stands across southern Europe. Tree-ring width (TRW), mean earlywood vessel area (MVA) and number of earlywood vessels (NV) as well as theoretical hydraulic conductivity (Kh) chronologies were developed for the period 1963-2012. Summer drought signals were consistent among TRW chronologies; however, climatic responses of vessel features differed considerably among sites. At the three xeric sites, previous year's summer drought had a negative effect on MVA and a positive effect on NV. In contrast, at the two mesic sites, current year's spring drought negatively affected NV, while exerting a positive influence on MVA. In both cases, Kh was not altered by this xylem adjustment. All variables revealed identical east-west geographical patterns in growth and anatomical features. Sessile oak copes with drought in different ways: at xeric sites and after unfavourable previous summer conditions more but smaller vessels are built, lowering vulnerability to cavitation, whereas at mesic sites, dry springs partly lead to tree-rings with wider but fewer vessels. The variability of vessel-related features displays a similar geographical dipole in the Mediterranean Basin previously described for tree growth by other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Gestión de los Sistemas Forestales, CIFOR-INIA, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7,5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingo Heinrich
- Department 5 Geoarchives, GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gerhard Helle
- Section 5.2 Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Annette Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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263
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Christoffersen B, Meir P, McDowell NG. Linking plant hydraulics and beta diversity in tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:12-14. [PMID: 28560791 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Christoffersen
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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264
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Larter M, Pfautsch S, Domec JC, Trueba S, Nagalingum N, Delzon S. Aridity drove the evolution of extreme embolism resistance and the radiation of conifer genus Callitris. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:97-112. [PMID: 28378882 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vulnerability to embolism is emerging as a major factor in drought-induced tree mortality events across the globe. However, we lack understanding of how and to what extent climate has shaped vascular properties or functions. We investigated the evolution of xylem hydraulic function and diversification patterns in Australia's most successful gymnosperm clade, Callitris, the world's most drought-resistant conifers. For all 23 species in this group, we measured embolism resistance (P50 ), xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks ), wood density, and tracheary element size from natural populations. We investigated whether hydraulic traits variation linked with climate and the diversification of this clade using a time-calibrated phylogeny. Embolism resistance varied widely across the Callitris clade (P50 : -3.8 to -18.8 MPa), and was significantly related to water scarcity, as was tracheid diameter. We found no evidence of a safety-efficiency tradeoff; Ks and wood density were not related to rainfall. Callitris diversification coincides with the onset of aridity in Australia since the early Oligocene. Our results highlight the evolutionary lability of xylem traits with climate, and the leading role of aridity in the diversification of conifers. The uncoupling of safety from other xylem functions allowed Callitris to evolve extreme embolism resistance and diversify into xeric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences AGRO, UMR 1391 ISPA INRA, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, Gradignan Cedex, 33175, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Santiago Trueba
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- IRD, UMR AMAP, BPA5, Noumea, 98800, New Caledonia
| | - Nathalie Nagalingum
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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265
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Miller ML, Johnson DM. Vascular development in very young conifer seedlings: Theoretical hydraulic capacities and potential resistance to embolism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:979-992. [PMID: 28724592 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Conifers have the highest rates of mortality during their first year, often attributed to water stress; yet, this tree life stage is the least studied in terms of hydraulic properties. Previous work has revealed correlations between xylem anatomy to both hydraulic transport capacity and resistance to hydraulic dysfunction. In this study, we compared xylem anatomical and plant functional traits of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix occidentalis, and Pinus ponderosa seedlings over the first 10 wk of growth to evaluate potential maximum hydraulic capabilities and resistance to drought-induced embolism. We hypothesized that, based on key functional traits of the xylem, predicted xylem embolism resistance of the species will reflect their previously determined drought tolerances with L. occidentalis, P. menziesii, and P. ponderosa in order of least to most embolism-resistant xylem. METHODS Xylem and pit anatomical characteristics and additional hydraulic-related functional traits were compared at five times during the first 10 wk of growth using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). KEY RESULTS Based on thickness to span ratio, torus to pit aperture overlap, and torus thickness, primary xylem appeared to be not only more hydraulically conductive but also less embolism-resistant than secondary xylem. By week 10, P. menziesii was predicted to have the most embolism-resistant xylem followed by P. ponderosa and L. occidentalis. CONCLUSIONS Theoretical measurements suggest that hydraulic transport capacities and vulnerability to embolism varied for each species over the first 10 wk of growth; thus, the timing of germination and onset of limited soil moisture is critical for growth and survival of seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Miller
- 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1133, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844 USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- 875 Perimeter Drive MS 1133, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844 USA
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266
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Venturas MD, Sperry JS, Hacke UG. Plant xylem hydraulics: What we understand, current research, and future challenges. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:356-389. [PMID: 28296168 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we review the current state-of-the-art of plant hydraulics in the context of plant physiology, ecology, and evolution, focusing on current and future research opportunities. We explain the physics of water transport in plants and the limits of this transport system, highlighting the relationships between xylem structure and function. We describe the great variety of techniques existing for evaluating xylem resistance to cavitation. We address several methodological issues and their connection with current debates on conduit refilling and exponentially shaped vulnerability curves. We analyze the trade-offs existing between water transport safety and efficiency. We also stress how little information is available on molecular biology of cavitation and the potential role of aquaporins in conduit refilling. Finally, we draw attention to how plant hydraulic traits can be used for modeling stomatal responses to environmental variables and climate change, including drought mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Venturas
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
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267
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Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL. Conflicting demands on angiosperm xylem: Tradeoffs among storage, transport and biomechanics. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:897-913. [PMID: 27861981 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The secondary xylem of woody plants transports water mechanically supports the plant body and stores resources. These three functions are interdependent giving rise to tradeoffs in function. Understanding the relationships among these functions and their structural basis forms the context in which to interpret xylem evolution. The tradeoff between xylem transport efficiency and safety from cavitation has been carefully examined with less focus on other functions, particularly storage. Here, we synthesize data on all three xylem functions in angiosperm branch xylem in the context of tradeoffs. Species that have low safety and efficiency, examined from a resource economics perspective, are predicted to be adapted for slow resource acquisition and turnover as characterizes some environments. Tradeoffs with water storage primarily arise because of differences in fibre traits, while tradeoffs in carbohydrate storage are driven by parenchyma content of tissue. We find support for a tradeoff between safety from cavitation and storage of both water and starch in branch xylem tissue and between water storage capacity and mechanical strength. Living fibres may facilitate carbohydrate storage without compromising mechanical strength. The division of labour between different xylem cell types allows for considerable functional and structural diversity at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brandon Pratt
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- California State University, Bakersfield, Department of Biology, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
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268
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Torres-Ruiz JM, Cochard H, Fonseca E, Badel E, Gazarini L, Vaz M. Differences in functional and xylem anatomical features allow Cistus species to co-occur and cope differently with drought in the Mediterranean region. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:755-766. [PMID: 28338840 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A significant increase in drought events frequency is predicted for the next decades induced by climate change, potentially affecting plant species mortality rates and distributions worldwide. The main trigger of plant mortality is xylem hydraulic failure due to embolism and induced by the low pressures at which water is transported through xylem. As the Mediterranean basin will be severely affected by climate change, the aim of this study was to provide novel information about drought resistance and tolerance of one of its most widely distributed and common genera as a case study: the genus Cistus. Different functional and anatomical traits were evaluated in four co-occurring Cistus species in the Mediterranean Montado ecosystem. Soil water availability for each species was also assessed to evaluate if they show different ecological niches within the area. Results showed physiological and xylem anatomical differences between the four co-occurring species, as well as in the soil water availability of the sites they occupy. Despite the significant differences in embolism resistance across species, no trade-off between hydraulic safety and efficiency was observed. Interestingly, species with narrower vessels showed lower resistance to embolism than those with higher proportions of large conduits. No correlation, however, was observed between resistance to embolism and wood density. The four species showed different water-use and drought-tolerance strategies, occupying different ecological niches that would make them cope differently with drought. These results will allow us to improve the predictions about the expected changes in vegetation dynamics in this area due to ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elsa Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, ICAAM-Instituto de Ciências Agrarias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Evora, Evora, Portugal
| | - Eric Badel
- INRA, UCA, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Luiz Gazarini
- Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, ICAAM-Instituto de Ciências Agrarias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Evora, Evora, Portugal
| | - Margarida Vaz
- Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, ICAAM-Instituto de Ciências Agrarias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Evora, Evora, Portugal
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269
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Sperry JS, Venturas MD, Anderegg WRL, Mencuccini M, Mackay DS, Wang Y, Love DM. Predicting stomatal responses to the environment from the optimization of photosynthetic gain and hydraulic cost. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:816-830. [PMID: 27764894 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal regulation presumably evolved to optimize CO2 for H2 O exchange in response to changing conditions. If the optimization criterion can be readily measured or calculated, then stomatal responses can be efficiently modelled without recourse to empirical models or underlying mechanism. Previous efforts have been challenged by the lack of a transparent index for the cost of losing water. Yet it is accepted that stomata control water loss to avoid excessive loss of hydraulic conductance from cavitation and soil drying. Proximity to hydraulic failure and desiccation can represent the cost of water loss. If at any given instant, the stomatal aperture adjusts to maximize the instantaneous difference between photosynthetic gain and hydraulic cost, then a model can predict the trajectory of stomatal responses to changes in environment across time. Results of this optimization model are consistent with the widely used Ball-Berry-Leuning empirical model (r2 > 0.99) across a wide range of vapour pressure deficits and ambient CO2 concentrations for wet soil. The advantage of the optimization approach is the absence of empirical coefficients, applicability to dry as well as wet soil and prediction of plant hydraulic status along with gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Martin D Venturas
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3Ju, UK
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - D Scott Mackay
- Department of Geography, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - David M Love
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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270
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Hacke UG, Spicer R, Schreiber SG, Plavcová L. An ecophysiological and developmental perspective on variation in vessel diameter. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:831-845. [PMID: 27304704 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Variation in xylem vessel diameter is one of the most important parameters when evaluating plant water relations. This review provides a synthesis of the ecophysiological implications of variation in lumen diameter together with a summary of our current understanding of vessel development and its endogenous regulation. We analyzed inter-specific variation of the mean hydraulic vessel diameter (Dv ) across biomes, intra-specific variation of Dv under natural and controlled conditions, and intra-plant variation. We found that the Dv measured in young branches tends to stay below 30 µm in regions experiencing winter frost, whereas it is highly variable in the tropical rainforest. Within a plant, the widest vessels are often found in the trunk and in large roots; smaller diameters have been reported for leaves and small lateral roots. Dv varies in response to environmental factors and is not only a function of plant size. Despite the wealth of data on vessel diameter variation, the regulation of diameter is poorly understood. Polar auxin transport through the vascular cambium is a key regulator linking foliar and xylem development. Limited evidence suggests that auxin transport is also a determinant of vessel diameter. The role of auxin in cell expansion and in establishing longitudinal continuity during secondary growth deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe G Hacke
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Rachel Spicer
- Connecticut College, Department of Botany, New London, CT 06320, USA
| | - Stefan G Schreiber
- University of Alberta, Department of Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- University of Hradec Králové, Department of Biology, Rokitanského 62, Hradec Králové, 500 03, Czech Republic
- Charles University, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
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271
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Amada G, Onoda Y, Ichie T, Kitayama K. Influence of leaf trichomes on boundary layer conductance and gas-exchange characteristics inMetrosideros polymorpha(Myrtaceae). Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Amada
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ichie
- Faculty of Agriculture; Kochi University; B200, Monobe Nankoku 783-8502 Japan
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-Cho Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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272
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Niu C, Meinzer FC, Hao G. Divergence in strategies for coping with winter embolism among co‐occurring temperate tree species: the role of positive xylem pressure, wood type and tree stature. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cun‐Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Frederick C. Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service Forestry Sciences Laboratory 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR97331 USA
| | - Guang‐You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
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273
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Epila J, De Baerdemaeker NJF, Vergeynst LL, Maes WH, Beeckman H, Steppe K. Capacitive water release and internal leaf water relocation delay drought-induced cavitation in African Maesopsis eminii. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:481-490. [PMID: 28062725 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of drought on the hydraulic functioning of important African tree species, like Maesopsis eminii Engl., is poorly understood. To map the hydraulic response to drought-induced cavitation, sole reliance on the water potential at which 50% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity (ψ50) occurs might be limiting and at times misleading as the value alone does not give a comprehensive overview of strategies evoked by M. eminii to cope with drought. This article therefore uses a methodological framework to study the different aspects of drought-induced cavitation and water relations in M. eminii. Hydraulic functioning of whole-branch segments was investigated during bench-top dehydration. Cumulative acoustic emissions and continuous weight measurements were used to quantify M. eminii's vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and hydraulic capacitance. Wood structural traits, including wood density, vessel area, diameter and wall thickness, vessel grouping index, solitary vessel index and vessel wall reinforcement, were used to underpin observed physiological responses. On average, M. eminii's ψ50 (±SE) was -1.9 ± 0.1 MPa, portraying its xylem as drought vulnerable, just as one would expect for a common tropical pioneer. However, M. eminii additionally employed an interesting desiccation delay strategy, fuelled by internal relocation of leaf water, hydraulic capacitance and the presence of parenchyma around the xylem vessels. Our findings suggest that exclusive dependence on ψ50 would have misdirected our assessments of M. eminii's drought stress vulnerability. Hydraulic capacitance linked to anatomy and leaf-water relocation behaviour was equally important to better understand M. eminii's drought survival strategies. Because our study was conducted on branches of 3-year-old greenhouse-grown M. eminii seedlings, the findings cannot be simply extrapolated to adult M. eminii trees or their mature wood, because structural and physiological plant properties change with age. The techniques and methodological framework used in this study are, however, transferable to other species regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Epila
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- CAVElab Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niels J F De Baerdemaeker
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lidewei L Vergeynst
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter H Maes
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Remote Sensing, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), 745 Harris Str., Broadway 2007, NSW, Australia
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Laboratory for Wood Biology and Xylarium (Royal Museum for Central Africa), Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000Ghent, Belgium
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274
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Lübbe T, Schuldt B, Leuschner C. Acclimation of leaf water status and stem hydraulics to drought and tree neighbourhood: alternative strategies among the saplings of five temperate deciduous tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:456-468. [PMID: 27881798 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adjustment in leaf water status parameters and modification in xylem structure and functioning can be important elements of a tree's response to continued water limitation. In a growth trial with saplings of five co-occurring temperate broad-leaved tree species (genera Fraxinus, Acer, Carpinus, Tilia and Fagus) conducted in moist or dry soil, we compared the drought acclimation in several leaf water status and stem hydraulic parameters. Considering the extremes in the species responses, Fraxinus excelsior L. improved its leaf tissue hydration in the dry treatment through osmotic, elastic and apoplastic adjustment while Fagus sylvatica L. solely modified its xylem anatomy, which resulted in increased embolism resistance at the cost of hydraulic efficiency. Our results demonstrate the contrasting response strategies of coexisting tree species and how variable trait plasticity among species can be. The comparison of plants grown either in monoculture or in five-species mixture showed that the neighbouring species diversity can significantly influence a tree's hydraulic architecture and leaf water status regulation. Droughted Carpinus betulus L. (and to a lesser extent, Acer pseudoplatanus L.) plants developed a more efficient stem hydraulic system in heterospecific neighbourhoods, while that of F. sylvatica was generally more efficient in conspecific than heterospecific neighbourhoods. We conclude that co-occurring tree species may develop a high diversity of drought-response strategies, and exploring the full diversity of trait characteristics requires synchronous study of acclimation at the leaf and stem (and possibly also the root) levels, and consideration of physiological as well as morphological and anatomical modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Lübbe
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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275
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Jiang GF, Goodale UM, Liu YY, Hao GY, Cao KF. Salt management strategy defines the stem and leaf hydraulic characteristics of six mangrove tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:389-401. [PMID: 28100712 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves in hypersaline coastal habitats are under constant high xylem tension and face great risk of hydraulic dysfunction. To investigate the relationships between functional traits and salt management, we measured 20 hydraulic and photosynthetic traits in four salt-adapted (SA) and two non-SA (NSA) mangrove tree species in south China. The SA species included two salt secretors (SSs), Avicennia marina (Forsskål) Vierhapper and Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco and two salt excluders (SEs), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Savigny and Kandelia obovata (L.) Sheue et al. The two NSA species were Hibiscus tiliaceus (L.) and Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr. Extremely high xylem cavitation resistance, indicated by water potential at 50% loss of xylem conductivity (Ψ50; -7.85 MPa), was found in SEs. Lower cavitation resistance was observed in SSs, and may result from incomplete salt removal that reduces the magnitude of xylem tension required to maintain water uptake from the soil. Surprisingly, the NSA species, P. pinnata, had very low Ψ50 (-5.44 MPa). Compared with NSAs, SAs had lower photosynthesis, vessel density, hydraulic conductivity and vessel diameter, but higher sapwood density. Eight traits were strongly associated with species' salt management strategies, with predawn water potential (ΨPD) and mean vessel diameter accounting for 95% flow (D95) having the most significant association; D95 separated SAs from NSAs and SEs had the lowest ΨPD. There was significant coupling between hydraulic traits and carbon assimilation traits. Instead of hydraulic safety being compromised by xylem efficiency, mangrove species with higher safety had higher efficiency and greater sapwood density (ρSapwood), but there was no relationship between ρSapwood and efficiency. Principal component analysis differentiated the species of the three salt management strategies by loading D, D95 and vessel density on the first axis and loading ΨPD, Ψ50 and water potential at 12% loss of xylem conductivity (Ψ12), ρSapwood and quantum yield on the second axis. Our results provide the first comparative characterization of hydraulic and photosynthetic traits among mangroves with different salt management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Feng Jiang
- Plant Ecophysiology & Evolution Group, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Uromi Manage Goodale
- Plant Ecophysiology & Evolution Group, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Yan-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang110010, PR China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang110010, PR China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology & Evolution Group, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
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276
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Greenwood S, Ruiz-Benito P, Martínez-Vilalta J, Lloret F, Kitzberger T, Allen CD, Fensham R, Laughlin DC, Kattge J, Bönisch G, Kraft NJB, Jump AS. Tree mortality across biomes is promoted by drought intensity, lower wood density and higher specific leaf area. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:539-553. [PMID: 28220612 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drought events are increasing globally, and reports of consequent forest mortality are widespread. However, due to a lack of a quantitative global synthesis, it is still not clear whether drought-induced mortality rates differ among global biomes and whether functional traits influence the risk of drought-induced mortality. To address these uncertainties, we performed a global meta-analysis of 58 studies of drought-induced forest mortality. Mortality rates were modelled as a function of drought, temperature, biomes, phylogenetic and functional groups and functional traits. We identified a consistent global-scale response, where mortality increased with drought severity [log mortality (trees trees-1 year-1 ) increased 0.46 (95% CI = 0.2-0.7) with one SPEI unit drought intensity]. We found no significant differences in the magnitude of the response depending on forest biomes or between angiosperms and gymnosperms or evergreen and deciduous tree species. Functional traits explained some of the variation in drought responses between species (i.e. increased from 30 to 37% when wood density and specific leaf area were included). Tree species with denser wood and lower specific leaf area showed lower mortality responses. Our results illustrate the value of functional traits for understanding patterns of drought-induced tree mortality and suggest that mortality could become increasingly widespread in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Greenwood
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland.,Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Life Sciences Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Science Building, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Craig D Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA
| | - Rod Fensham
- Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Qld, 4066, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel C Laughlin
- Environmental Research Institute and School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bönisch
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alistair S Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland.,CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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277
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Trueba S, Pouteau R, Lens F, Feild TS, Isnard S, Olson ME, Delzon S. Vulnerability to xylem embolism as a major correlate of the environmental distribution of rain forest species on a tropical island. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:277-289. [PMID: 27862015 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Increases in drought-induced tree mortality are being observed in tropical rain forests worldwide and are also likely to affect the geographical distribution of tropical vegetation. However, the mechanisms underlying the drought vulnerability and environmental distribution of tropical species have been little studied. We measured vulnerability to xylem embolism (P50 ) of 13 woody species endemic to New Caledonia and with different xylem conduit morphologies. We examined the relation between P50 , along with other leaf and xylem functional traits, and a range of habitat variables. Selected species had P50 values ranging between -4.03 and -2.00 MPa with most species falling in a narrow range of resistance to embolism above -2.7 MPa. Embolism vulnerability was significantly correlated with elevation, mean annual temperature and percentage of species occurrences located in rain forest habitats. Xylem conduit type did not explain variation in P50 . Commonly used functional traits such as wood density and leaf traits were not related to embolism vulnerability. Xylem embolism vulnerability stands out among other commonly used functional traits as a major driver of species environmental distribution. Drought-induced xylem embolism vulnerability behaves as a physiological trait closely associated with the habitat occupation of rain forest woody species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin Pouteau
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Diversité biologique et fonctionnelle des écosystèmes terrestes, 98848, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Taylor S Feild
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | | | - Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de Ciudad Universitaria, México DF, 04510, Mexico
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278
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Matheny AM, Mirfenderesgi G, Bohrer G. Trait-based representation of hydrological functional properties of plants in weather and ecosystem models. PLANT DIVERSITY 2017; 39:1-12. [PMID: 30159486 PMCID: PMC6112282 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Land surface models and dynamic global vegetation models typically represent vegetation through coarse plant functional type groupings based on leaf form, phenology, and bioclimatic limits. Although these groupings were both feasible and functional for early model generations, in light of the pace at which our knowledge of functional ecology, ecosystem demographics, and vegetation-climate feedbacks has advanced and the ever growing demand for enhanced model performance, these groupings have become antiquated and are identified as a key source of model uncertainty. The newest wave of model development is centered on shifting the vegetation paradigm away from plant functional types (PFTs) and towards flexible trait-based representations. These models seek to improve errors in ecosystem fluxes that result from information loss due to over-aggregation of dissimilar species into the same functional class. We advocate the importance of the inclusion of plant hydraulic trait representation within the new paradigm through a framework of the whole-plant hydraulic strategy. Plant hydraulic strategy is known to play a critical role in the regulation of stomatal conductance and thus transpiration and latent heat flux. It is typical that coexisting plants employ opposing hydraulic strategies, and therefore have disparate patterns of water acquisition and use. Hydraulic traits are deterministic of drought resilience, response to disturbance, and other demographic processes. The addition of plant hydraulic properties in models may not only improve the simulation of carbon and water fluxes but also vegetation population distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Matheny
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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279
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Scoffoni C, Albuquerque C, Brodersen CR, Townes SV, John GP, Cochard H, Buckley TN, McElrone AJ, Sack L. Leaf vein xylem conduit diameter influences susceptibility to embolism and hydraulic decline. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1076-1092. [PMID: 27861926 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems worldwide are facing increasingly severe and prolonged droughts during which hydraulic failure from drought-induced embolism can lead to organ or whole plant death. Understanding the determinants of xylem failure across species is especially critical in leaves, the engines of plant growth. If the vulnerability segmentation hypothesis holds within leaves, higher order veins that are most terminal in the plant hydraulic system should be more susceptible to embolism to protect the rest of the water transport system. Increased vulnerability in the higher order veins would also be consistent with these experiencing the greatest tensions in the plant xylem network. To test this hypothesis, we combined X-ray micro-computed tomography imaging, hydraulic experiments, cross-sectional anatomy and 3D physiological modelling to investigate how embolisms spread throughout petioles and vein orders during leaf dehydration in relation to conduit dimensions. Decline of leaf xylem hydraulic conductance (Kx ) during dehydration was driven by embolism initiating in petioles and midribs across all species, and Kx vulnerability was strongly correlated with petiole and midrib conduit dimensions. Our simulations showed no significant impact of conduit collapse on Kx decline. We found xylem conduit dimensions play a major role in determining the susceptibility of the leaf water transport system during strong leaf dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Caetano Albuquerque
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Shatara V Townes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Grace P John
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hervé Cochard
- PIAF, INRA, Univ. Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63100, France
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Plant Breeding Institute, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, 12656 Newell Hwy, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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280
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Borghetti M, Gentilesca T, Leonardi S, van Noije T, Rita A, Mencuccini M. Long-term temporal relationships between environmental conditions and xylem functional traits: a meta-analysis across a range of woody species along climatic and nitrogen deposition gradients. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:4-17. [PMID: 28173594 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to provide a quantitative description of the long-term effects of environmental variability on xylem functional traits, in order to better assess xylem capacity to change in response to climate change. Twenty-six sites throughout the world, primarily in Europe, were chosen where results from long-term measurements of anatomical traits were previously published. Published data on long-term xylem anatomy (conduit size and density) and ring width variability were compiled across a range of tree species, which was subsequently related to variability in temperature, precipitation and nitrogen deposition rates across the study sites using generalized additive models and Bayesian methods. We found some appreciable relationships between xylem traits (conduit area Ac and conduit density Dc) and environmental variables; whereas combined trait indices (lumen fraction: Ac × Dc and vessel composition: Ac/Dc) were found to be rather constant across a wide range of environmental conditions and to be decoupled from tree growth rates. Overall, results suggested xylem traits coordinated towards a homeostasis in xylem function, which appeared to act across a wide range of environmental conditions. Results showed also nitrogen deposition was associated with xylem traits and vessel composition: increased nitrogen availability due to nitrogen deposition might facilitate construction of a xylem structure efficient for water transport, and concurrently provide capacity to withstand the risks of drought-induced embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Borghetti
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, Italy
| | - Tiziana Gentilesca
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, Italy
| | - Stefano Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, viale Usberti 11, Parma, Italy
| | - Twan van Noije
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), AE De Bilt, The Netherlands
| | - Angelo Rita
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, Potenza, Italy
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281
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George JP, Grabner M, Karanitsch-Ackerl S, Mayer K, Weißenbacher L, Schueler S. Genetic variation, phenotypic stability, and repeatability of drought response in European larch throughout 50 years in a common garden experiment. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:33-46. [PMID: 28173601 PMCID: PMC5412072 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Assessing intra-specific variation in drought stress response is required to mitigate the consequences of climate change on forest ecosystems. Previous studies suggest that European larch (Larix decidua Mill.), an important European conifer in mountainous and alpine forests, is highly vulnerable to drought. In light of this, we estimated the genetic variation in drought sensitivity and its degree of genetic determination in a 50-year-old common garden experiment in the drought-prone northeastern Austria. Tree ring data from larch provenances originating from across the species' natural range were used to estimate the drought reaction in four consecutive drought events (1977, 1981, 1990–1994, and 2003) with extremely low standardized precipitation- and evapotranspiration-index values that affected growth in all provenances. We found significant differences among provenances across the four drought periods for the trees’ capacity to withstand drought (resistance) and for their capacity to reach pre-drought growth levels after drought (resilience). Provenances from the species' northern distribution limit in the Polish lowlands were found to be more drought resistant and showed higher stability across all drought periods than provenances from mountainous habitats at the southern fringe. The degree of genetic determination, as estimated by the repeatability, ranged up to 0.39, but significantly differed among provenances, indicating varying degrees of natural selection at the provenance origin. Generally, the relationship between the provenances’ source climate and drought behavior was weak, suggesting that the contrasting patterns of drought response are a result of both genetic divergence out of different refugial lineages and local adaptation to summer or winter drought conditions. Our analysis suggests that European larch posseses high genetic variation among and within provenances that can be used for assisted migration and breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Peter George
- Department of Forest Genetics, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Michael Grabner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)-Institute of Wood Sciences and Technology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Sandra Karanitsch-Ackerl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)-Institute of Wood Sciences and Technology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Konrad Mayer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)-Institute of Wood Sciences and Technology, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Lambert Weißenbacher
- Department of Forest Genetics, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
| | - Silvio Schueler
- Department of Forest Genetics, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Wien, Austria
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282
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Nardini A, Savi T, Trifilò P, Lo Gullo MA. Drought Stress and the Recovery from Xylem Embolism in Woody Plants. PROGRESS IN BOTANY VOL. 79 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/124_2017_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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283
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Binks O, Meir P, Rowland L, da Costa ACL, Vasconcelos SS, de Oliveira AAR, Ferreira L, Mencuccini M. Limited acclimation in leaf anatomy to experimental drought in tropical rainforest trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1550-1561. [PMID: 27614360 PMCID: PMC5165703 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Dry periods are predicted to become more frequent and severe in the future in some parts of the tropics, including Amazonia, potentially causing reduced productivity, higher tree mortality and increased emissions of stored carbon. Using a long-term (12 year) through-fall exclusion (TFE) experiment in the tropics, we test the hypothesis that trees produce leaves adapted to cope with higher levels of water stress, by examining the following leaf characteristics: area, thickness, leaf mass per area, vein density, stomatal density, the thickness of palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and both of the epidermal layers, internal cavity volume and the average cell sizes of the palisade and spongy mesophyll. We also test whether differences in leaf anatomy are consistent with observed differential drought-induced mortality responses among taxa, and look for relationships between leaf anatomy, and leaf water relations and gas exchange parameters. Our data show that trees do not produce leaves that are more xeromorphic in response to 12 years of soil moisture deficit. However, the drought treatment did result in increases in the thickness of the adaxial epidermis (TFE: 20.5 ± 1.5 µm, control: 16.7 ± 1.0 µm) and the internal cavity volume (TFE: 2.43 ± 0.50 mm3 cm-2, control: 1.77 ± 0.30 mm3 cm-2). No consistent differences were detected between drought-resistant and drought-sensitive taxa, although interactions occurred between drought-sensitivity status and drought treatment for the palisade mesophyll thickness (P = 0.034) and the cavity volume of the leaves (P = 0.025). The limited response to water deficit probably reflects a tight co-ordination between leaf morphology, water relations and photosynthetic properties. This suggests that there is little plasticity in these aspects of plant anatomy in these taxa, and that phenotypic plasticity in leaf traits may not facilitate the acclimation of Amazonian trees to the predicted future reductions in dry season water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Binks
- School of Geosciences, The Crew Building, The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, The Crew Building, The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- School of Geosciences, The Crew Building, The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK
- ICREA at CREAF , 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
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284
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Zhang YJ, Rockwell FE, Graham AC, Alexander T, Holbrook NM. Reversible Leaf Xylem Collapse: A Potential "Circuit Breaker" against Cavitation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2261-2274. [PMID: 27733514 PMCID: PMC5129713 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel form of xylem dysfunction in angiosperms: reversible collapse of the xylem conduits of the smallest vein orders that demarcate and intrusively irrigate the areoles of red oak (Quercus rubra) leaves. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy revealed gradual increases in collapse from approximately -2 MPa down to -3 MPa, saturating thereafter (to -4 MPa). Over this range, cavitation remained negligible in these veins. Imaging of rehydration experiments showed spatially variable recovery from collapse within 20 s and complete recovery after 2 min. More broadly, the patterns of deformation induced by desiccation in both mesophyll and xylem suggest that cell wall collapse is unlikely to depend solely on individual wall properties, as mechanical constraints imposed by neighbors appear to be important. From the perspective of equilibrium leaf water potentials, petioles, whose vessels extend into the major veins, showed a vulnerability to cavitation that overlapped in the water potential domain with both minor vein collapse and buckling (turgor loss) of the living cells. However, models of transpiration transients showed that minor vein collapse and mesophyll capacitance could effectively buffer major veins from cavitation over time scales relevant to the rectification of stomatal wrong-way responses. We suggest that, for angiosperms, whose subsidiary cells give up large volumes to allow large stomatal apertures at the cost of potentially large wrong-way responses, vein collapse could make an important contribution to these plants' ability to transpire near the brink of cavitation-inducing water potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (Y.-J.Z., F.E.R., T.A., N.M.H.) and Center for Nanoscale Systems (A.C.G.), Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Fulton E Rockwell
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (Y.-J.Z., F.E.R., T.A., N.M.H.) and Center for Nanoscale Systems (A.C.G.), Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Adam C Graham
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (Y.-J.Z., F.E.R., T.A., N.M.H.) and Center for Nanoscale Systems (A.C.G.), Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Teressa Alexander
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (Y.-J.Z., F.E.R., T.A., N.M.H.) and Center for Nanoscale Systems (A.C.G.), Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology (Y.-J.Z., F.E.R., T.A., N.M.H.) and Center for Nanoscale Systems (A.C.G.), Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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285
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Barotto AJ, Fernandez ME, Gyenge J, Meyra A, Martinez-Meier A, Monteoliva S. First insights into the functional role of vasicentric tracheids and parenchyma in eucalyptus species with solitary vessels: do they contribute to xylem efficiency or safety? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1485-1497. [PMID: 27614358 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between hydraulic specific conductivity (ks) and vulnerability to cavitation (VC) with size and number of vessels has been studied in many angiosperms. However, few of the studies link other cell types (vasicentric tracheids (VT), fibre-tracheids, parenchyma) with these hydraulic functions. Eucalyptus is one of the most important genera in forestry worldwide. It exhibits a complex wood anatomy, with solitary vessels surrounded by VT and parenchyma, which could serve as a good model to investigate the functional role of the different cell types in xylem functioning. Wood anatomy (several traits of vessels, VT, fibres and parenchyma) in conjunction with maximum ks and VC was studied in adult trees of commercial species with medium-to-high wood density (Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.). Traits of cells accompanying vessels presented correlations with functional variables suggesting that they contribute to both increasing connectivity between adjacent vessels-and, therefore, to xylem conduction efficiency-and decreasing the probability of embolism propagation into the tissue, i.e., xylem safety. All three species presented moderate-to-high resistance to cavitation (mean P50 values = -2.4 to -4.2 MPa) with no general trade-off between efficiency and safety at the interspecific level. The results in these species do not support some well-established hypotheses of the functional meaning of wood anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Barotto
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diagonal 113 469, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
| | - María Elena Fernandez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
- INTA, EEA Balcarce-Oficina Tandil, Gral. Martín Rodríguez 370, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Javier Gyenge
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
- INTA, EEA Balcarce-Oficina Tandil, Gral. Martín Rodríguez 370, (7000) Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ariel Meyra
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
- Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos (IFLYSIB-UNLP-CONICET), Calle 59 789, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Silvia Monteoliva
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diagonal 113 469, (1900) La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) CABA, Argentina
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286
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Apgaua DMG, Tng DYP, Cernusak LA, Cheesman AW, Santos RM, Edwards WJ, Laurance SGW. Plant functional groups within a tropical forest exhibit different wood functional anatomy. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M. G. Apgaua
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal de Lavras Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200‐000 Lavras MG Brazil
| | - David Y. P. Tng
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
| | - Lucas A. Cernusak
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
| | - Alexander W. Cheesman
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
| | - Rubens M. Santos
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal de Lavras Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200‐000 Lavras MG Brazil
| | - Will J. Edwards
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
| | - Susan G. W. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences College of Science and Engineering James Cook University 14‐88 McGregor Rd Smithfield Qld 4878 Australia
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287
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Petit G, Savi T, Consolini M, Anfodillo T, Nardini A. Interplay of growth rate and xylem plasticity for optimal coordination of carbon and hydraulic economies in Fraxinus ornus trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1310-1319. [PMID: 27587483 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Efficient leaf water supply is fundamental for assimilation processes and tree growth. Renovating the architecture of the xylem transport system requires an increasing carbon investment while growing taller, and any deficiency of carbon availability may result in increasing hydraulic constraints to water flow. Therefore, plants need to coordinate carbon assimilation and biomass allocation to guarantee an efficient and safe long-distance transport system. We tested the hypothesis that reduced branch elongation rates together with carbon-saving adjustments of xylem anatomy hydraulically compensate for the reduction in biomass allocation to xylem. We measured leaf biomass, hydraulic and anatomical properties of wood segments along the main axis of branches in 10 slow growing (SG) and 10 fast growing (FG) Fraxinus ornus L. trees. Branches of SG trees had five times slower branch elongation rate (7 vs 35 cm year-1), and produced a higher leaf biomass (P < 0.0001) and thinner xylem rings with fewer but larger vessels (P < 0.0001). On the contrary, we found no differences between SG and FG trees in terms of leaf-specific conductivity (P > 0.05) and xylem safety (Ψ50 ≈ -3.2 MPa). Slower elongation rate coupled with thinner annual rings and larger vessels allows the reduction of carbon costs associated with growth, while maintaining similar leaf-specific conductivity and xylem safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Consolini
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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288
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Jacobsen AL, Tobin MF, Toschi HS, Percolla MI, Pratt RB. Structural determinants of increased susceptibility to dehydration-induced cavitation in post-fire resprouting chaparral shrubs. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2473-2485. [PMID: 27423060 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that transpiration and photosynthetic rates generally increase in resprouting shoots after fire in chaparral shrublands. By contrast, little is known about how plant hydraulic function varies during this same recovery period. We hypothesized that vascular traits, both functional and structural, would also shift in order to support this heightened level of gas exchange and growth. We examined stem xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks ) and resistance to cavitation (P50 ) for eight chaparral shrub species as well as several potential xylem structural determinants of hydraulic function and compared established unburned plants and co-occurring post-fire resprouting plants. Unburned plants were generally more resistant to cavitation than resprouting plants, but the two groups did not differ in Ks . Resprouting plants had altered vessel structure compared with unburned plants, with resprouting plants having both wider diameter vessels and higher inter-vessel pit density. For biomechanics, unburned plants had both stronger and denser stem xylem tissue than resprouting plants. Shifts in hydraulic structure and function resulted in resprouting plants being more vulnerable to dehydration. The interaction between time since disturbance (i.e. resprouting versus established stands) and drought may complicate attempts to predict mortality risk of resprouting plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA.
| | - Michael F Tobin
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, One Main Street, Houston, TX, 77002, USA
| | - Hayden S Toschi
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Marta I Percolla
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, 9001 Stockdale Highway, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
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289
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Xu X, Medvigy D, Powers JS, Becknell JM, Guan K. Diversity in plant hydraulic traits explains seasonal and inter-annual variations of vegetation dynamics in seasonally dry tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:80-95. [PMID: 27189787 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We assessed whether diversity in plant hydraulic traits can explain the observed diversity in plant responses to water stress in seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs). The Ecosystem Demography model 2 (ED2) was updated with a trait-driven mechanistic plant hydraulic module, as well as novel drought-phenology and plant water stress schemes. Four plant functional types were parameterized on the basis of meta-analysis of plant hydraulic traits. Simulations from both the original and the updated ED2 were evaluated against 5 yr of field data from a Costa Rican SDTF site and remote-sensing data over Central America. The updated model generated realistic plant hydraulic dynamics, such as leaf water potential and stem sap flow. Compared with the original ED2, predictions from our novel trait-driven model matched better with observed growth, phenology and their variations among functional groups. Most notably, the original ED2 produced unrealistically small leaf area index (LAI) and underestimated cumulative leaf litter. Both of these biases were corrected by the updated model. The updated model was also better able to simulate spatial patterns of LAI dynamics in Central America. Plant hydraulic traits are intercorrelated in SDTFs. Mechanistic incorporation of plant hydraulic traits is necessary for the simulation of spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation dynamics in SDTFs in vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - David Medvigy
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Jennifer S Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior and Plant Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Justin M Becknell
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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290
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Lens F, Vos RA, Charrier G, van der Niet T, Merckx V, Baas P, Aguirre Gutierrez J, Jacobs B, Chacon Dória L, Smets E, Delzon S, Janssens SB. Scalariform-to-simple transition in vessel perforation plates triggered by differences in climate during the evolution of Adoxaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:1043-1056. [PMID: 27498812 PMCID: PMC5055826 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Angiosperms with simple vessel perforations have evolved many times independently of species having scalariform perforations, but detailed studies to understand why these transitions in wood evolution have happened are lacking. We focus on the striking difference in wood anatomy between two closely related genera of Adoxaceae, Viburnum and Sambucus, and link the anatomical divergence with climatic and physiological insights. Methods After performing wood anatomical observations, we used a molecular phylogenetic framework to estimate divergence times for 127 Adoxaceae species. The conditions under which the genera diversified were estimated using ancestral area reconstruction and optimization of ancestral climates, and xylem-specific conductivity measurements were performed. Key Results Viburnum, characterized by scalariform vessel perforations (ancestral), diversified earlier than Sambucus, having simple perforations (derived). Ancestral climate reconstruction analyses point to cold temperate preference for Viburnum and warm temperate for Sambucus. This is reflected in the xylem-specific conductivity rates of the co-occurring species investigated, showing that Viburnum lantana has rates much lower than Sambucus nigra. Conclusions The lack of selective pressure for high conductive efficiency during early diversification of Viburnum and the potentially adaptive value of scalariform perforations in frost-prone cold temperate climates have led to retention of the ancestral vessel perforation type, while higher temperatures during early diversification of Sambucus have triggered the evolution of simple vessel perforations, allowing more efficient long-distance water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger A. Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Timo van der Niet
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- School of Life Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, 3209, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Vincent Merckx
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Baas
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jesus Aguirre Gutierrez
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Computation Geo-Ecology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Jacobs
- Section Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Larissa Chacon Dória
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Smets
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Section Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, F-33450 Talence, France
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291
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Gleason SM, Westoby M, Jansen S, Choat B, Brodribb TJ, Cochard H, Delzon S, Hacke UG, Jacobsen AL, Johnson DM, Lens F, Maherali H, Martínez-Vilalta J, Mayr S, McCulloh KA, Morris H, Nardini A, Plavcová L, Pratt RB, Schreiber SG, Zanne AE. On research priorities to advance understanding of the safety-efficiency tradeoff in xylem: A response to Bittencourt et al.'s (2016) comment 'On xylem hydraulic efficiencies, wood space-use and the safety-efficiency tradeoff': in this issue of New Phytologist, pp. 1152-1155. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1156-8. [PMID: 27345698 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research, USDA-ARS, 2150 Center Ave, Build D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Hervé Cochard
- UMR547 PIAF, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63100, France
- UMR547 PIAF, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont Université, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- UMR BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, INRA, Talence, F-33450, France
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, Leiden, 2300RA, the Netherlands
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, E-08193, Spain
- Université Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, E-08193, Spain
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | | | - Hugh Morris
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Stefan G Schreiber
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Suite 6000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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292
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Bittencourt PRL, Pereira L, Oliveira RS. On xylem hydraulic efficiencies, wood space-use and the safety-efficiency tradeoff: Comment on Gleason et al. (2016) 'Weak tradeoff between xylem safety and xylem-specific hydraulic efficiency across the world's woody plant species'. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1152-5. [PMID: 27345844 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R L Bittencourt
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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293
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Adams WW, Stewart JJ, Cohu CM, Muller O, Demmig-Adams B. Habitat Temperature and Precipitation of Arabidopsis thaliana Ecotypes Determine the Response of Foliar Vasculature, Photosynthesis, and Transpiration to Growth Temperature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1026. [PMID: 27504111 PMCID: PMC4959142 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acclimatory adjustments of foliar vascular architecture, photosynthetic capacity, and transpiration rate in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes (Italian, Polish [Col-0], Swedish) were characterized in the context of habitat of origin. Temperatures of the habitat of origin decreased linearly with increasing habitat latitude, but habitat precipitation was greatest in Italy, lowest in Poland, and intermediate in Sweden. Plants of the three ecotypes raised under three different growth temperature regimes (low, moderate, and high) exhibited highest photosynthetic capacities, greatest leaf thickness, highest chlorophyll a/b ratio and levels of β-carotene, and greatest levels of wall ingrowths in phloem transfer cells, and, in the Col-0 and Swedish ecotypes, of phloem per minor vein in plants grown at the low temperature. In contrast, vein density and minor vein tracheary to sieve element ratio increased with increasing growth temperature - most strongly in Col-0 and least strongly in the Italian ecotype - and transpirational water loss correlated with vein density and number of tracheary elements per minor vein. Plotting of these vascular features as functions of climatic conditions in the habitat of origin suggested that temperatures during the evolutionary history of the ecotypes determined acclimatory responses of the foliar phloem and photosynthesis to temperature in this winter annual that upregulates photosynthesis in response to lower temperature, whereas the precipitation experienced during the evolutionary history of the ecotypes determined adjustment of foliar vein density, xylem, and transpiration to temperature. In particular, whereas photosynthetic capacity, leaf thickness, and foliar minor vein phloem features increased linearly with increasing latitude and decreasing temperature of the habitats of origin in response to experimental growth at low temperature, transpiration rate, foliar vein density, and minor vein tracheary element numbers and cross-sectional areas increased linearly with decreasing precipitation level in the habitats of origin in response to experimental growth at high temperature. This represents a situation where temperature acclimation of the apparent capacity for water flux through the xylem and transpiration rate in a winter annual responded differently from that of photosynthetic capacity, in contrast to previous reports of strong relationships between hydraulic conductance and photosynthesis in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado BoulderBoulder, CO, USA
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294
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Corlett RT. The Impacts of Droughts in Tropical Forests. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:584-593. [PMID: 26994658 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests exchange more carbon dioxide (CO2) with the atmosphere than any other vegetation type and, thus, form a crucial component of the global carbon cycle. However, the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on drought occurrence and intensity could weaken the tropical forest carbon sink, with resulting feedback to future climates. We urgently need a better understanding of the mechanisms and processes involved to predict future responses of tropical forest carbon sequestration to climate change. Recent progress has been made in the study of drought responses at the molecular, cellular, organ, individual, species, community, and landscape levels. Although understanding of the mechanisms is incomplete, the models used to predict drought impacts could be significantly improved by incorporating existing knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Corlett
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.
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295
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Hajek P, Kurjak D, von Wühlisch G, Delzon S, Schuldt B. Intraspecific Variation in Wood Anatomical, Hydraulic, and Foliar Traits in Ten European Beech Provenances Differing in Growth Yield. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:791. [PMID: 27379112 PMCID: PMC4909056 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, many studies have described the inter-specific variability of hydraulic-related traits and little is known at the intra-specific level. This information is however mandatory to assess the adaptive capacities of tree populations in the context of increasing drought frequency and severity. Ten 20-year old European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances representing the entire distribution range throughout Europe and differing significantly in aboveground biomass increment (ABI) by a factor of up to four were investigated for branch wood anatomical, hydraulic, and foliar traits in a provenance trial located in Northern Europe. We quantified to which extend xylem hydraulic and leaf traits are under genetic control and tested whether the xylem hydraulic properties (hydraulic efficiency and safety) trades off with yield and wood anatomical and leaf traits. Our results showed that only three out of 22 investigated ecophysiological traits showed significant genetic differentiations between provenances, namely vessel density (VD), the xylem pressure causing 88% loss of hydraulic conductance and mean leaf size. Depending of the ecophysiological traits measured, genetic differentiation between populations explained 0-14% of total phenotypic variation, while intra-population variability was higher than inter-population variability. Most wood anatomical traits and some foliar traits were additionally related to the climate of provenance origin. The lumen to sapwood area ratio, vessel diameter, theoretical specific conductivity and theoretical leaf-specific conductivity as well as the C:N-ratio increased with climatic aridity at the place of origin while the carbon isotope signature (δ(13)C) decreased. Contrary to our assumption, none of the wood anatomical traits were related to embolism resistance but were strong determinants of hydraulic efficiency. Although ABI was associated with both VD and δ(13)C, both hydraulic efficiency and embolism resistance were unrelated, disproving the assumed trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety. European beech seems to compensate increasing water stress with growing size mainly by adjusting vessel number and not vessel diameter. In conclusion, European beech has a high potential capacity to cope with climate change due to the high degree of intra-population genetic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hajek
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kurjak
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in ZvolenZvolen, Slovakia
| | - Georg von Wühlisch
- Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Thuenen Institute for Forest GeneticsGroßhansdorf, Germany
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- UMR BIOGECO Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-UB, University of BordeauxTalence, France
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
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296
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Scoffoni C, Chatelet DS, Pasquet-Kok J, Rawls M, Donoghue MJ, Edwards EJ, Sack L. Hydraulic basis for the evolution of photosynthetic productivity. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16072. [PMID: 27255836 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying the evolution and mechanisms for photosynthetic productivity is a key to both improving crops and understanding plant evolution and habitat distributions. Current theory recognizes a role for the hydraulics of water transport as a potential determinant of photosynthetic productivity based on comparative data across disparate species. However, there has never been rigorous support for the maintenance of this relationship during an evolutionary radiation. We tested this theory for 30 species of Viburnum, diverse in leaf shape and photosynthetic anatomy, grown in a common garden. We found strong support for a fundamental requirement for leaf hydraulic capacity (Kleaf) in determining photosynthetic capacity (Amax), as these traits diversified across this lineage in tight coordination, with their proportionality modulated by the climate experienced in the species' range. Variation in Kleaf arose from differences in venation architecture that influenced xylem and especially outside-xylem flow pathways. These findings substantiate an evolutionary basis for the coordination of hydraulic and photosynthetic physiology across species, and their co-dependence on climate, establishing a fundamental role for water transport in the evolution of the photosynthetic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - David S Chatelet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, 80 Waterman St., Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8106, USA
| | - Jessica Pasquet-Kok
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Michael Rawls
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, PO Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8106, USA
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Box G-W, 80 Waterman St., Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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297
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Meta-analysis reveals that hydraulic traits explain cross-species patterns of drought-induced tree mortality across the globe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5024-9. [PMID: 27091965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525678113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought-induced tree mortality has been observed globally and is expected to increase under climate change scenarios, with large potential consequences for the terrestrial carbon sink. Predicting mortality across species is crucial for assessing the effects of climate extremes on forest community biodiversity, composition, and carbon sequestration. However, the physiological traits associated with elevated risk of mortality in diverse ecosystems remain unknown, although these traits could greatly improve understanding and prediction of tree mortality in forests. We performed a meta-analysis on species' mortality rates across 475 species from 33 studies around the globe to assess which traits determine a species' mortality risk. We found that species-specific mortality anomalies from community mortality rate in a given drought were associated with plant hydraulic traits. Across all species, mortality was best predicted by a low hydraulic safety margin-the difference between typical minimum xylem water potential and that causing xylem dysfunction-and xylem vulnerability to embolism. Angiosperms and gymnosperms experienced roughly equal mortality risks. Our results provide broad support for the hypothesis that hydraulic traits capture key mechanisms determining tree death and highlight that physiological traits can improve vegetation model prediction of tree mortality during climate extremes.
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298
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Schuldt B, Knutzen F, Delzon S, Jansen S, Müller-Haubold H, Burlett R, Clough Y, Leuschner C. How adaptable is the hydraulic system of European beech in the face of climate change-related precipitation reduction? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:443-58. [PMID: 26720626 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming will increase the drought exposure of many forests world-wide. It is not well understood how trees adapt their hydraulic architecture to a long-term decrease in water availability. We examined 23 traits characterizing the hydraulic architecture and growth rate of branches and the dependent foliage of mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees along a precipitation gradient (855-594 mm yr(-1) ) on uniform soil. A main goal was to identify traits that are associated with xylem efficiency, safety and growth. Our data demonstrate for the first time a linear increase in embolism resistance with climatic aridity (by 10%) across populations within a species. Simultaneously, vessel diameter declined by 7% and pit membrane thickness (Tm ) increased by 15%. Although specific conductivity did not change, leaf-specific conductivity declined by 40% with decreasing precipitation. Of eight plant traits commonly associated with embolism resistance, only vessel density in combination with pathway redundancy and Tm were related. We did not confirm the widely assumed trade-off between xylem safety and efficiency but obtained evidence in support of a positive relationship between hydraulic efficiency and growth. We conclude that the branch hydraulic system of beech has a distinct adaptive potential to respond to a precipitation reduction as a result of the environmental control of embolism resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Knutzen
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- UMR BIOGECO INRA-UB, University of Bordeaux, Avenue des Facultés, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hilmar Müller-Haubold
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Régis Burlett
- UMR BIOGECO INRA-UB, University of Bordeaux, Avenue des Facultés, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Yann Clough
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Faculty of Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
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299
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Ocheltree TW, Nippert JB, Prasad PVV. A safety vs efficiency trade-off identified in the hydraulic pathway of grass leaves is decoupled from photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and precipitation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:97-107. [PMID: 26680276 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A common theme in plant physiological research is the trade-off between stress tolerance and growth; an example of this trade-off at the tissue level is the safety vs efficiency hypothesis, which suggests that plants with the greatest resistance to hydraulic failure should have low maximum hydraulic conductance. Here, we quantified the leaf-level drought tolerance of nine C4 grasses as the leaf water potential at which plants lost 50% (P50 × RR ) of maximum leaf hydraulic conductance (Ksat ), and compared this trait with other leaf-level and whole-plant functions. We found a clear trade-off between Ksat and P50 × RR when Ksat was normalized by leaf area and mass (P = 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). However, no trade-off existed between P50 × RR and gas-exchange rates; rather, there was a positive relationship between P50 × RR and photosynthesis (P = 0.08). P50 × RR was not correlated with species distributions based on precipitation (P = 0.70), but was correlated with temperature during the wettest quarter of the year (P < 0.01). These results suggest a trade-off between safety and efficiency in the hydraulic system of grass leaves, which can be decoupled from other leaf-level functions. The unique physiology of C4 plants and adaptations to pulse-driven systems may provide mechanisms that could decouple hydraulic conductance from other plant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy W Ocheltree
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1472, USA
| | - Jesse B Nippert
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - P V Vara Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, 2004 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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Brodersen CR. Finding support for theoretical tradeoffs in xylem structure and function. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:8-10. [PMID: 26625343 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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