251
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Gualerzi A, Lombardi M, Verderio C. Microglia-oligodendrocyte intercellular communication: role of extracellular vesicle lipids in functional signalling. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1194-1195. [PMID: 33269772 PMCID: PMC8224135 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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252
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Tremblay MÈ. A Diversity of Cell Types, Subtypes and Phenotypes in the Central Nervous System: The Importance of Studying Their Complex Relationships. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:628347. [PMID: 33424557 PMCID: PMC7785523 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.628347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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253
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Subramanian J, Savage JC, Tremblay MÈ. Synaptic Loss in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanistic Insights Provided by Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Transgenic Mouse Models. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:592607. [PMID: 33408613 PMCID: PMC7780885 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.592607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapse loss is the strongest correlate for cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. The mechanisms underlying synapse loss have been extensively investigated using mouse models expressing genes with human familial Alzheimer's disease mutations. In this review, we summarize how multiphoton in vivo imaging has improved our understanding of synapse loss mechanisms associated with excessive amyloid in the living animal brain. We also discuss evidence obtained from these imaging studies for the role of cell-intrinsic calcium dyshomeostasis and cell-extrinsic activities of microglia, which are the immune cells of the brain, in mediating synapse loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaichandar Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Julie C Savage
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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254
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Lana D, Ugolini F, Giovannini MG. Space-Dependent Glia-Neuron Interplay in the Hippocampus of Transgenic Models of β-Amyloid Deposition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9441. [PMID: 33322419 PMCID: PMC7763751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on the description and discussion of the alterations of astrocytes and microglia interplay in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is an age-related neurodegenerative pathology with a slowly progressive and irreversible decline of cognitive functions. One of AD's histopathological hallmarks is the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain. Long regarded as a non-specific, mere consequence of AD pathology, activation of microglia and astrocytes is now considered a key factor in both initiation and progression of the disease, and suppression of astrogliosis exacerbates neuropathology. Reactive astrocytes and microglia overexpress many cytokines, chemokines, and signaling molecules that activate or damage neighboring cells and their mutual interplay can result in virtuous/vicious cycles which differ in different brain regions. Heterogeneity of glia, either between or within a particular brain region, is likely to be relevant in healthy conditions and disease processes. Differential crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia in CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus can be responsible for the differential sensitivity of the two areas to insults. Understanding the spatial differences and roles of glia will allow us to assess how these interactions can influence the state and progression of the disease, and will be critical for identifying therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anatomopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
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255
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Raffaele S, Gelosa P, Bonfanti E, Lombardi M, Castiglioni L, Cimino M, Sironi L, Abbracchio MP, Verderio C, Fumagalli M. Microglial vesicles improve post-stroke recovery by preventing immune cell senescence and favoring oligodendrogenesis. Mol Ther 2020; 29:1439-1458. [PMID: 33309882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrasting myelin damage through the generation of new myelinating oligodendrocytes represents a promising approach to promote functional recovery after stroke. Here, we asked whether activation of microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages affects the regenerative process sustained by G protein-coupled receptor 17 (GPR17)-expressing oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), a subpopulation of OPCs specifically reacting to ischemic injury. GPR17-iCreERT2:CAG-eGFP reporter mice were employed to trace the fate of GPR17-expressing OPCs, labeled by the green fluorescent protein (GFP), after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. By microglia/macrophages pharmacological depletion studies, we show that innate immune cells favor GFP+ OPC reaction and limit myelin damage early after injury, whereas they lose their pro-resolving capacity and acquire a dystrophic "senescent-like" phenotype at later stages. Intracerebral infusion of regenerative microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) restores protective microglia/macrophages functions, limiting their senescence during the post-stroke phase, and enhances the maturation of GFP+ OPCs at lesion borders, resulting in ameliorated neurological functionality. In vitro experiments show that EV-carried transmembrane tumor necrosis factor (tmTNF) mediates the pro-differentiating effects on OPCs, with future implications for regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Gelosa
- IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bonfanti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Castiglioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Cimino
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Luigi Sironi
- IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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256
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Azizi SA. Monoamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin, Beyond Modulation, "Switches" That Alter the State of Target Networks. Neuroscientist 2020; 28:121-143. [PMID: 33292070 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420974336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
How do monoamines influence the perceptual and behavioral aspects of brain function? A library of information regarding the genetic, molecular, cellular, and function of monoamines in the nervous system and other organs has accumulated. We briefly review monoamines' anatomy and physiology and discuss their effects on the target neurons and circuits. Monoaminergic cells in the brain stem receive inputs from sensory, limbic, and prefrontal areas and project extensively to the forebrain and hindbrain. We review selected studies on molecular, cellular, and electrophysiological effects of monoamines on the brain's target areas. The idea is that monoamines, by reversibly modulating the "primary" information processing circuits, regulate and switch the functions of brain networks and can reversibly alter the "brain states," such as consciousness, emotions, and movements. Monoamines, as the drivers of normal motor and sensory brain operations, including housekeeping, play essential roles in pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Ausim Azizi
- Department of Neurology, Global Neuroscience Institute, Chester, PA, USA
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257
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Honarpisheh P, Lee J, Banerjee A, Blasco-Conesa MP, Honarpisheh P, d'Aigle J, Mamun AA, Ritzel RM, Chauhan A, Ganesh BP, McCullough LD. Potential caveats of putative microglia-specific markers for assessment of age-related cerebrovascular neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:366. [PMID: 33261619 PMCID: PMC7709276 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to distinguish resident microglia from infiltrating myeloid cells by flow cytometry-based surface phenotyping is an important technique for examining age-related neuroinflammation. The most commonly used surface markers for the identification of microglia include CD45 (low-intermediate expression), CD11b, Tmem119, and P2RY12. METHODS In this study, we examined changes in expression levels of these putative microglia markers in in vivo animal models of stroke, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and aging as well as in an ex vivo LPS-induced inflammation model. RESULTS We demonstrate that Tmem119 and P2RY12 expression is evident within both CD45int and CD45high myeloid populations in models of stroke, CAA, and aging. Interestingly, LPS stimulation of FACS-sorted adult microglia suggested that these brain-resident myeloid cells can upregulate CD45 and downregulate Tmem119 and P2RY12, making them indistinguishable from peripherally derived myeloid populations. Importantly, our findings show that these changes in the molecular signatures of microglia can occur without a contribution from the other brain-resident or peripherally sourced immune cells. CONCLUSION We recommend future studies approach microglia identification by flow cytometry with caution, particularly in the absence of the use of a combination of markers validated for the specific neuroinflammation model of interest. The subpopulation of resident microglia residing within the "infiltrating myeloid" population, albeit small, may be functionally important in maintaining immune vigilance in the brain thus should not be overlooked in neuroimmunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Honarpisheh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.,UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anik Banerjee
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.,UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Maria P Blasco-Conesa
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Parisa Honarpisheh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John d'Aigle
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
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258
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Li P, Li X, Deng P, Wang D, Bai X, Li Y, Luo C, Belguise K, Wang X, Wei X, Xia Z, Yi B. Activation of adenosine A3 receptor reduces early brain injury by alleviating neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in elderly rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:694-713. [PMID: 33253120 PMCID: PMC7835045 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and hazard ratio of death increase with age. Overactivation of microglia contributes to brain damage. This study aimed to investigate the effects of A3 adenosine receptors (A3R) activation on neurofunction and microglial phenotype polarization in the context of SAH in aged rats. The A3R agonist (CI-IB-MECA) and antagonist (MRS1523) were used in the SAH model. Microglia were cultured to mimic SAH in the presence or absence of CI-IB-MECA and/or siRNA for A3R. The neurofunction and status of the microglial phenotype were evaluated. The P38 inhibitor SB202190 and the STAT6 inhibitor AS1517499 were used to explore the signaling pathway. The results showed that SAH induced microglia to polarize to the M(LPS) phenotype both in vivo and in vitro. CI-IB-MECA distinctly skewed microglia towards the M(IL-4) phenotype and ameliorated neurological dysfunction, along with the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines. Knockdown of A3R or inhibition of P38 and/or STAT6 weakened the effects of CI-IB-MECA on microglial phenotypic shifting. Collectively, our findings suggest that activation of A3R exerted anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects by regulating microglial phenotype polarization through P38/STAT6 pathway and indicated that A3R agonists may be a promising therapeutic options for the treatment of brain injury after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Anesthesia, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Deng
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuehong Bai
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxia Luo
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Karine Belguise
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération (LBCMCP), University P. Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération (LBCMCP), University P. Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Xinchuan Wei
- Department of Anesthesia, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Anesthesia, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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259
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Vitner EB. The role of brain innate immune response in lysosomal storage disorders: fundamental process or evolutionary side effect? FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3619-3631. [PMID: 33131047 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are diseases caused by mutations in genes responsible for sphingolipid degradation and thereby lead to sphingolipid accumulation. Most sphingolipidoses have a neurodegenerative manifestation characterized by innate immune activation in the brain. However, the role of the immune response in disease progression is ill-understood. In contrast to infectious diseases, immune activation is unable to eliminate the offending agent in sphingolipidoses resulting in ineffective, chronic inflammation. This paradox begs two fundamental questions: Why has this immune response evolved in sphingolipidoses? What role does it play in disease progression? Here, starting from the observation that sphingolipids (SLs) are elevated also in infectious diseases, I discuss the possibility that the activation of the brain immune response by SLs has evolved as a part of the immune response against pathogens and plays no major role in sphingolipidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
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260
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Tremblay ME, Madore C, Bordeleau M, Tian L, Verkhratsky A. Neuropathobiology of COVID-19: The Role for Glia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:592214. [PMID: 33304243 PMCID: PMC7693550 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.592214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, which causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has a brain neurotropism through binding to the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expressed by neurones and glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia. Systemic infection which accompanies severe cases of COVID-19 also triggers substantial increase in circulating levels of chemokines and interleukins that compromise the blood-brain barrier, enter the brain parenchyma and affect its defensive systems, astrocytes and microglia. Brain areas devoid of a blood-brain barrier such as the circumventricular organs are particularly vulnerable to circulating inflammatory mediators. The performance of astrocytes and microglia, as well as of immune cells required for brain health, is considered critical in defining the neurological damage and neurological outcome of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2, the implication of neuroinflammation, adaptive and innate immunity, autoimmunity, as well as astrocytic and microglial immune and homeostatic functions in the neurological and psychiatric aspects of COVID-19. The consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection during ageing, in the presence of systemic comorbidities, and for the exposed pregnant mother and foetus are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, Spain
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261
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Nascimento C, Nunes PV, Suemoto CK, Rodriguez RD, Leite REP, Grinberg LT, Pasqualucci CA, Nitrini R, Jacob-Filho W, Brentani HP, Lafer B. Differential levels of inflammatory and neuroendocrine markers in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex of bipolar disorder subjects: A post-mortem study. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:286-293. [PMID: 32949690 PMCID: PMC8549680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Nascimento
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paula Villela Nunes
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Kimie Suemoto
- Biobank for Aging Studies, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Biobank for Aging Studies, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil,Memory and Aging Center University of California, Department of Neurology, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Biobank for Aging Studies, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Biobank for Aging Studies, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Paula Brentani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beny Lafer
- Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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262
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Van den Broek B, Pintelon I, Hamad I, Kessels S, Haidar M, Hellings N, Hendriks JJ, Kleinewietfeld M, Brône B, Timmerman V, Timmermans J, Somers V, Michiels L, Irobi J. Microglial derived extracellular vesicles activate autophagy and mediate multi-target signaling to maintain cellular homeostasis. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 10:e12022. [PMID: 33708355 PMCID: PMC7890546 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis in the CNS. These cells secrete immunomodulatory factors including nanovesicles and participate in the removal of cellular debris by phagocytosis or autophagy. Accumulating evidence indicates that specifically the cellular exchange of small extracellular vesicles (EVs), participates in physiology and disease through intercellular communication. However, the contribution of microglial-derived extracellular vesicles (M-EVs) to the maintenance of microglia homeostasis and how M-EVs could influence the phenotype and gene function of other microglia subtypes is unclear. In addition, knowledge of canonical signalling pathways of inflammation and immunity gene expression patterns in human microglia exposed to M-EVs is limited. Here, we analysed the effects of M-EVs produced in vitro by either tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) activated or non-activated microglia BV2 cells. We showed that M-EVs are internalized by both mouse and human C20 microglia cells and that the uptake of M-EVs in microglia induced autophagic vesicles at various stages of degradation including autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Consistently, stimulation of microglia with M-EVs increased the protein expression of the autophagy marker, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B isoform II (LC3B-II), and promoted autophagic flux in live cells. To elucidate the biological activities occurring at the transcriptional level in C20 microglia stimulated with M-EVs, the gene expression profiles, potential upstream regulators, and enrichment pathways were characterized using targeted RNA sequencing. Inflammation and immunity transcriptome gene panel sequencing of both activated and normal microglia stimulated with M-EVs showed involvement of several canonical pathways and reduced expression of key genes involved in neuroinflammation, inflammasome and apoptosis signalling pathways compared to control cells. In this study, we provide the perspective that a beneficial activity of in vitro cell culture produced EVs could be the modulation of autophagy during cellular stress. Therefore, we use a monoculture system to study microglia-microglia crosstalk which is important in the prevention and propagation of inflammation in the brain. We demonstrate that in vitro produced microglial EVs are able to influence multiple biological pathways and promote activation of autophagy in order to maintain microglia survival and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & HistologyAntwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM)University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Ibrahim Hamad
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
- VIB Laboratory of Translational ImmunomodulationVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchHasseltBelgium
| | - Sofie Kessels
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Mansour Haidar
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | | | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
- VIB Laboratory of Translational ImmunomodulationVIB Center for Inflammation ResearchHasseltBelgium
| | - Bert Brône
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research GroupDepartment of Biomedical SciencesInstitute Born Bunge and University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Jean‐Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology & HistologyAntwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM)University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Luc Michiels
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Joy Irobi
- Biomedical Research InstituteUHasseltHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
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263
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Pawelec P, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Sypecka J, Zalewska T. The Impact of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Axis in Neurological Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102277. [PMID: 33065974 PMCID: PMC7600611 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1) is a transmembrane chemokine expressed by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). CX3CL1 signals through its unique receptor, CX3CR1, that is expressed in microglia. Within the CNS, fractalkine acts as a regulator of microglia activation in response to brain injury or inflammation. During the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the roles that the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling pathway plays in the neuropathology of a diverse array of brain disorders. However, the reported results have proven controversial, indicating that a disruption of the CX3CL1 axis induces a disease-specific microglial response that may have either beneficial or detrimental effects. Therefore, it has become clear that the understanding of neuron-to-glia signals mediated by CX3CL1/CX3CR1 at different stages of diseases could provide new insight into potential therapeutic targets. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a summary of the literature on the emerging role of CX3CL1 in animal models of some brain disorders.
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Holloway OG, King AE, Ziebell JM. Microglia Demonstrate Local Mixed Inflammation and a Defined Morphological Shift in an APP/PS1 Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:1765-1781. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Microglia are traditionally described as the immune cells of the brain and have an inflammatory role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Microglial morphological and phenotypic shifts in AD have not been fully characterized; however, microglia are often described as either pro- or anti-inflammatory. Objective: To determine microglial if microglial morphology and phenotype changes with disease status. Methods: This study observed morphology through Iba1 immunohistochemistry on tissue sections encompassing the primary motor cortex and somatosensory barrel fields. Immunohistochemistry for pro-inflammatory markers: CD14 and CD40; and anti-inflammatory markers: CD16 and TREM2, was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months of age which correlated with pre-plaque, onset, and significant plaque load in APP/PS1 brains (n = 6) and compared to age-matched littermate controls (n = 6). Results: Microglia demonstrated a defined morphological shift with time. Deramified morphologies increased in the APP/PS1, at both 6 months (p < 0.0001) and 12 months (p < 0.0001). At 12 months, there were significantly lower numbers of ramified microglia (p < 0.001). Results indicated that microglia have a heterogenic marker immunoreactivity as CD16, TREM2, and CD40 were associated with an activated morphology at the same time points. All inflammatory markers were significantly upregulated at 12 months in the APP/PS1 mice (TREM2 (F (2,30) = 10.75, p = 0.0003), CD40 (F (2,30) = 15.86, p < 0.0001), CD14 (F (2,30) = 6.84, p = 0.0036), and CD16 (F (2,30) = 3.026, p = 0.0635)). Conclusion: Our data indicate that pro- and anti-inflammatory factors of microglia occur in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Holloway
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anna E. King
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jenna M. Ziebell
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
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Nguyen AT, Wang K, Hu G, Wang X, Miao Z, Azevedo JA, Suh E, Van Deerlin VM, Choi D, Roeder K, Li M, Lee EB. APOE and TREM2 regulate amyloid-responsive microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:477-493. [PMID: 32840654 PMCID: PMC7520051 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid deposition is a defining feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). How genetic risk factors, like APOE and TREM2, intersect with cellular responses to beta-amyloid in human tissues is not fully understood. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing of postmortem human brain with varied APOE and TREM2 genotypes and neuropathology, we identified distinct microglia subpopulations, including a subpopulation of CD163-positive amyloid-responsive microglia (ARM) that are depleted in cases with APOE and TREM2 risk variants. We validated our single-nucleus RNA sequencing findings in an expanded cohort of AD cases, demonstrating that APOE and TREM2 risk variants are associated with a significant reduction in CD163-positive amyloid-responsive microglia. Our results showcase the diverse microglial response in AD and underscore how genetic risk factors influence cellular responses to underlying pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aivi T Nguyen
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 213 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Information Theory and Data Science, School of Mathematical Sciences and LPMC, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 213 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- School of Statistics and Data Science, Key Laboratory for Medical Data Analysis and Statistical Research of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuran Wang
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhen Miao
- Graduate Group in Genomics and Computational Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua A Azevedo
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - EunRan Suh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Choi
- Heinz College of Public Policy and Information Systems, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn Roeder
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 213 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 613A Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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266
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Chandran R, Li W, Ahmed HA, Dong G, Ward RA, He L, Doueiry C, Ergul A. Diabetic rats are more susceptible to cognitive decline in a model of microemboli-mediated vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147132. [PMID: 33002484 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular disease plays an important role in all kinds of cognitive impairment and dementia. Diabetes increases the risk of vascular disease and dementia. However, it is not clear how existing vascular disease in the brain accelerates the development of small vessel disease and promotes cognitive dysfunction in diabetes. We used microemboli (ME) injection model in the current study to test the hypothesis that cerebrovascular dysfunction in diabetes facilitates entrapment of ME leading to inflammation and cognitive decline. We investigated cognitive function, axonal/white matter (WM) changes, neurovascular coupling, and microglial activation in control and diabetic male and female Wistar rats subjected to sham or low/high dose ME injection. Diabetic male animals had cognitive deficits, WM demyelination and greater microglial activation than the control animals even at baseline. Functional hyperemia gradually declined in diabetic male animals after ME injection. Both low and high ME injection worsened WM damage and increased microglial activation in diabetic male and female animals. Low ME did not cause cognitive decline in controls, while promoting learning/memory deficits in diabetic female rats and no further decline in diabetic male animals. High ME led to cognitive decline in control male rats and exacerbated the deficits in diabetic cohort. These results suggest that the existing cerebrovascular dysfunction in diabetes may facilitate ME-mediated demyelination leading to cognitive decline. It is important to integrate comorbidities/sex as a biological variable into experimental models for the development of preventive or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendar Chandran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Weiguo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - Heba A Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Guangkuo Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Rebecca A Ward
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lianying He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Caren Doueiry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
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267
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Lv Y, Cao H, Chu L, Peng H, Shen X, Yang H. Effects of Gastrodin on BV2 cells under oxygen-glucose deprivation and its mechanism. Gene 2020; 766:145152. [PMID: 32979431 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebrovascular disease is one of the major diseases that seriously harm human health currently. The purpose of this study is to find an effective treatment and clarify its mechanism of action to provide a new idea and drug target for the clinical treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. METHODS The microglia cell line (BV2 cell line) was cultured in vitro. Prepare a hypoxia ischemia cell model by OGD and simulate the pathophysiological process of ischemic cerebrovascular disease in vivo. According to the techniques of LDH Cytotoxicity Assay Kit, flow cytometry of Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit, Laser Confocal Fluorescence Immunostaining (Double staining method), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blotting, BV2 cells are observed through morphology and function changes induced by OGD. Moreover, these techniques were used to analyze changes in key proteins expression of signal transduction pathway in ischemic cerebrovascular disease, to explore the mechanism of gastrodin on ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and to elucidate the available ways for cell protection following ischemia and hypoxia. RESULTS Gastrodin has no obvious toxic effect on BV-2 cells under physiological conditions. The death rate of BV-2 cells increases as the time of hypoxia increase. In the absence of oxygen, Gastrodin has a protective effect on the survival of BV-2 cells. This protective effect is related to the reduction of apoptosis rate. It can also improve the hypoxic tolerance of BV-2 cells, and there is no obvious Gastrodin dose-dependence. Moreover, Gastrodin has dual effects on BV-2 cells. The dual role of Gastrodin is closely related to the expression of several proteins which can affect the MAPK signal transduction pathway. CONCLUSION Gastrodin has a dual effect on microglia with OGD. On the one hand, Gastrodin can inhibit the inflammatory cytokines secreted by microglia and aggravate the inflammatory response; on the other hand, Gastrodin can promote the secretion of protective cytokines from microglia to reduce the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lv
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Han Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Liangzhao Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Han Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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268
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Raffaele S, Lombardi M, Verderio C, Fumagalli M. TNF Production and Release from Microglia via Extracellular Vesicles: Impact on Brain Functions. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102145. [PMID: 32977412 PMCID: PMC7598215 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine powerfully influencing diverse processes of the central nervous system (CNS) under both physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we analyze current literature describing the molecular processes involved in TNF synthesis and release from microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS and the main source of this cytokine both in brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. A special attention has been given to the unconventional vesicular pathway of TNF, based on the emerging role of microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the propagation of inflammatory signals and in mediating cell-to-cell communication. Moreover, we describe the contribution of microglial TNF in regulating important CNS functions, including the neuroinflammatory response following brain injury, the neuronal circuit formation and synaptic plasticity, and the processes of myelin damage and repair. Specifically, the available data on the functions mediated by microglial EVs carrying TNF have been scrutinized to gain insights on possible novel therapeutic strategies targeting TNF to foster CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Raffaele
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Marta Lombardi
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (C.V.)
| | - Claudia Verderio
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20129 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (C.V.)
| | - Marta Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250318307
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269
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Carrier M, Robert MÈ, González Ibáñez F, Desjardins M, Tremblay MÈ. Imaging the Neuroimmune Dynamics Across Space and Time. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:903. [PMID: 33071723 PMCID: PMC7539119 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is essential for maintaining homeostasis, as well as promoting growth and healing throughout the brain and body. Considering that immune cells respond rapidly to changes in their microenvironment, they are very difficult to study without affecting their structure and function. The advancement of non-invasive imaging methods greatly contributed to elucidating the physiological roles performed by immune cells in the brain across stages of the lifespan and contexts of health and disease. For instance, techniques like two-photon in vivo microscopy were pivotal for studying microglial functional dynamics in the healthy brain. Through these observations, their interactions with neurons, astrocytes, blood vessels and synapses were uncovered. High-resolution electron microscopy with immunostaining and 3D-reconstruction, as well as super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, provided complementary insights by revealing microglial interventions at synapses (phagocytosis, trogocytosis, synaptic stripping, etc.). In addition, serial block-face scanning electron microscopy has provided the first 3D reconstruction of a microglial cell at nanoscale resolution. This review will discuss the technical toolbox that currently allows to study microglia and other immune cells in the brain, as well as introduce emerging methods that were developed and could be used to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of neuroimmune imaging. A special attention will also be placed on positron emission tomography and the development of selective functional radiotracers for microglia and peripheral macrophages, considering their strong potential for research translation between animals and humans, notably when paired with other imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Robert
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michèle Desjardins
- Axe Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Physics, Physical Engineering and Optics, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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270
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Araki T, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. The effects of microglia‐ and astrocyte‐derived factors on neurogenesis in health and disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5880-5901. [PMID: 32920880 PMCID: PMC8451940 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis continues throughout life and has been suggested to play an essential role in maintaining spatial cognitive function under physiological conditions. An increasing amount of evidence has indicated that adult neurogenesis is tightly controlled by environmental conditions in the neurogenic niche, which consists of multiple types of cells including microglia and astrocytes. Microglia maintain the environment of neurogenic niche through their phagocytic capacity and interaction with neurons via fractalkine‐CX3CR1 signaling. In addition, microglia release growth factors such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α to support the development of adult born neurons. Astrocytes also manipulate neurogenesis by releasing various soluble factors including adenosine triphosphate and lactate. Whereas, under pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy, microglia and astrocytes play a leading role in inflammation and are involved in attenuating the normal process of neurogenesis. The modulation of glial functions on neurogenesis in these brain diseases are attracting attention as a new therapeutic target. This review describes how these glial cells play a role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in both health and disease, especially focusing glia‐derived factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Araki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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271
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Brigadski T, Leßmann V. The physiology of regulated BDNF release. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:15-45. [PMID: 32944867 PMCID: PMC7529619 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophic factor BDNF is an important regulator for the development of brain circuits, for synaptic and neuronal network plasticity, as well as for neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. Up- and downregulations of BDNF levels in human blood and tissue are associated with, e.g., neurodegenerative, neurological, or even cardiovascular diseases. The changes in BDNF concentration are caused by altered dynamics in BDNF expression and release. To understand the relevance of major variations of BDNF levels, detailed knowledge regarding physiological and pathophysiological stimuli affecting intra- and extracellular BDNF concentration is important. Most work addressing the molecular and cellular regulation of BDNF expression and release have been performed in neuronal preparations. Therefore, this review will summarize the stimuli inducing release of BDNF, as well as molecular mechanisms regulating the efficacy of BDNF release, with a focus on cells originating from the brain. Further, we will discuss the current knowledge about the distinct stimuli eliciting regulated release of BDNF under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Brigadski
- Department of Informatics and Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, D-66482, Zweibrücken, Germany.
| | - Volkmar Leßmann
- Institute of Physiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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272
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Vadhan JD, Speth RC. The role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107684. [PMID: 32956721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by repeated concussions suffered by athletes in sports, military personnel from combat-and non-combat related activities, and civilian populations who suffer head injuries from accidents and domestic violence. Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is primarily a systemic cardiovascular regulatory system that, when dysregulated, causes hypertension and cardiovascular pathology, the brain contains a local RAS that plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. This local RAS includes receptors for angiotensin (Ang) II within the brain parenchyma, as well as on circumventricular organs outside the blood-brain-barrier. The brain RAS acts primarily via the type 1 Ang II receptor (AT1R), exacerbating insults and pathology. With TBI, the brain RAS may contribute to permanent brain damage, especially when a second TBI occurs before the brain recovers from an initial injury. Agents are needed that minimize the extent of injury from an acute TBI, reducing TBI-mediated permanent brain damage. This review discusses how activation of the brain RAS following TBI contributes to this damage, and how drugs that counteract activation of the AT1R including AT1R blockers (ARBs), renin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and agonists at type 2 Ang II receptors (AT2) and at Ang (1-7) receptors (Mas) can potentially ameliorate TBI-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vadhan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Robert C Speth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America; School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States of America.
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273
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Kumar M, Adeluyi A, Anderson EL, Turner JR. Glial cells as therapeutic targets for smoking cessation. Neuropharmacology 2020; 175:108157. [PMID: 32461156 PMCID: PMC7791555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Smoking remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, with less than 5% of smokers attempting to quit succeeding. This low smoking cessation success rate is thought to be due to the long-term adaptations and alterations in synaptic plasticity that occur following chronic nicotine exposure and withdrawal. Glial cells have recently emerged as active players in the development of dependence phenotypes due to their roles in modulating neuronal functions and synaptic plasticity. Fundamental studies have demonstrated that microglia and astrocytes are crucial for synapse formation and elimination in the developing brain, likely contributing to why glial dysfunction is implicated in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders. Recently, there is increasing evidence for the involvement of glial cells in drug dependence and its associated behavioral manifestations. This review summarizes the newly evaluated role of microglia and astrocytes as molecular drivers of nicotine dependence and withdrawal phenotypes. This article is part of the special issue on 'Contemporary Advances in Nicotine Neuropharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Adewale Adeluyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Erin L Anderson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA.
| | - Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA.
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274
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Johansson K, Svensson LA, Mohlin C. Morphological analyzes of microglia heterogeneity and dynamics during photoreceptor degeneration in vitro: Presumptive dark microglia in porcine retina. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108217. [PMID: 32896534 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the adult retina, ramifying microglia interact with the outer plexiform layer (OPL) monitoring the synaptic integrity between photoreceptors and post-synaptic target cells. Microglia are reactive during photoreceptor diseases, but their disease-related function(s) are not fully understood. Retinal explant cultures are model systems used to study degenerative events including photoreceptor degeneration and gliosis. Our culture paradigm, with adult porcine retinas subjected to coculture with human A-retinal pigment epithelia-19 (ARPE) cells, is an experimental approach resulting in improved photoreceptor survival and reduced gliosis. Under the in vitro pathological conditions with photoreceptor degeneration, reactive Iba1-and CD11b-immunoreactive microglia and their processes positioned in proximity with the OPL and among photoreceptor outer segments. Coculture for 3 days with ARPE-cells resulted in a significantly increased density of microglia at the OPL. After 5 days of culture, the density of microglia at the OPL was similar between coculture and control specimens. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of two subtypes of microglia: one exhibiting a dark nucleus and cytosol with dilated endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, endosomes and mitochondrial variations. This subtype localized close to synaptic structures in the OPL. The other subtype appeared as pale phagocytic microglia localized among degenerating outer segments. The Iba1-and CD11b-immunoreactive microglia in degenerating retina may be of two separate subtypes, which differ in localization, subcellular morphology and perhaps function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camilla Mohlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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275
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Comer AL, Carrier M, Tremblay MÈ, Cruz-Martín A. The Inflamed Brain in Schizophrenia: The Convergence of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors That Lead to Uncontrolled Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:274. [PMID: 33061891 PMCID: PMC7518314 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a disorder with a heterogeneous etiology involving complex interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors. The immune system is now known to play vital roles in nervous system function and pathology through regulating neuronal and glial development, synaptic plasticity, and behavior. In this regard, the immune system is positioned as a common link between the seemingly diverse genetic and environmental risk factors for schizophrenia. Synthesizing information about how the immune-brain axis is affected by multiple factors and how these factors might interact in schizophrenia is necessary to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease. Such knowledge will aid in the development of more translatable animal models that may lead to effective therapeutic interventions. Here, we provide an overview of the genetic risk factors for schizophrenia that modulate immune function. We also explore environmental factors for schizophrenia including exposure to pollution, gut dysbiosis, maternal immune activation and early-life stress, and how the consequences of these risk factors are linked to microglial function and dysfunction. We also propose that morphological and signaling deficits of the blood-brain barrier, as observed in some individuals with schizophrenia, can act as a gateway between peripheral and central nervous system inflammation, thus affecting microglia in their essential functions. Finally, we describe the diverse roles that microglia play in response to neuroinflammation and their impact on brain development and homeostasis, as well as schizophrenia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Comer
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alberto Cruz-Martín
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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276
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Thion MS, Garel S. Microglial ontogeny, diversity and neurodevelopmental functions. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:186-194. [PMID: 32823206 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are instrumental to the development, function, homeostasis and pathologies of the central nervous system. These brain-resident macrophages arise early in embryogenesis and seed the developing brain, where they differentiate in response to cues provided by their neural niche. Throughout life, microglia regulate the neural tissue through a variety of cellular functions influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Despite their importance, we are only starting to uncover how microglia colonize the brain, adopt distinct functional states during development and the long-term impact of early alteration of their functions. This review highlights the latest knowledge on the ontogeny of microglia, their developmental trajectory and emerging roles. Characterizing these processes will be critical for our understanding of both brain physiology and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Sonia Thion
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.
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277
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Fatoba O, Itokazu T, Yamashita T. Microglia as therapeutic target in central nervous system disorders. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 144:102-118. [PMID: 32921391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic microglial activation is associated with the pathogenesis of several CNS disorders. Microglia show phenotypic diversity and functional complexity in diseased CNS. Thus, understanding the pathology-specific heterogeneity of microglial behavior is crucial for the future development of microglia-modulating therapy for variety of CNS disorders. This review summarizes up-to-date knowledge on how microglia contribute to CNS homeostasis during development and throughout adulthood. We discuss the heterogeneity of microglial phenotypes in the context of CNS disorders with an emphasis on neurodegenerative diseases, demyelinating diseases, CNS trauma, and epilepsy. We conclude this review with a discussion about the disease-specific heterogeneity of microglial function and how it could be exploited for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Fatoba
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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278
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Afridi R, Lee WH, Suk K. Microglia Gone Awry: Linking Immunometabolism to Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:246. [PMID: 32903682 PMCID: PMC7438837 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related chronic inflammatory activation of microglia and their dysfunction are observed in many neurodegenerative diseases, and the potential contributions of these dysfunctional cells to neurodegeneration have been demonstrated recently. The housekeeping and defensive functions of microglia, such as surveying the brain parenchyma and phagocytosis of neuronal debris after injury, are important for brain homeostasis and immunity. During neurodegenerative diseases, loss of these functions can promote disease pathology by producing proinflammatory cytokines and increasing oxidative stress, which can exaggerate the ongoing neuroinflammation. A recent surge in microglial research has unraveled myriads of microglial phenotypes associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases, in addition to the conventional M1/M2 paradigm. Each of these phenotypes can be characterized by distinct transcriptional profiles as well as altered metabolism, migration, and phagocytosis characteristics. Mutations in triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) and granulin (GRN) are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases, and these genes are dysregulated in the majority of recently identified microglial phenotypes. These genes act as checkpoint regulators and maintain microglial inflammatory fitness, principally through metabolic modulation. Dysfunctional microglia typically show mitochondrial deficits, glycolysis elevation, and lipid droplet accumulation, which results in reduced migration and phagocytosis and increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion and reactive oxygen species release. In this mini-review article, we discuss the existing data regarding metabolic perturbations in dysfunctional microglia and their documented associations with neurodegeneration, highlighting how aging-induced chronic microglial activation alters microglial bioenergetics, leading to impaired homeostatic and housekeeping functions. Dysfunctional microglia initiate or exacerbate neurodegeneration, and key pathways involved in the dysfunctional processes, including metabolism, may represent potential intervention targets for correcting imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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279
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Hanger B, Couch A, Rajendran L, Srivastava DP, Vernon AC. Emerging Developments in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microglia: Implications for Modelling Psychiatric Disorders With a Neurodevelopmental Origin. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:789. [PMID: 32848951 PMCID: PMC7433763 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident tissue macrophages of the brain, are increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders with a neurodevelopmental origin, including schizophrenia. To date, however, our understanding of the potential role for these cells in schizophrenia has been informed by studies of aged post-mortem samples, low resolution in vivo neuroimaging and rodent models. Whilst these have provided important insights, including signs of the heterogeneous nature of microglia, we currently lack a validated human in vitro system to characterize microglia in the context of brain health and disease during neurodevelopment. Primarily, this reflects a lack of access to human primary tissue during developmental stages. In this review, we first describe microglia, including their ontogeny and heterogeneity and consider their role in brain development. We then provide an evaluation of the potential for differentiating microglia from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as a robust in vitro human model system to study these cells. We find the majority of protocols for hiPSC-derived microglia generate cells characteristically similar to foetal stage microglia when exposed to neuronal environment-like cues. This may represent a robust and relevant model for the study of cellular and molecular mechanisms in schizophrenia. Each protocol however, provides unique benefits as well as shortcomings, highlighting the need for context-dependent protocol choice and cross-lab collaboration and communication to identify the most robust and translatable microglia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Hanger
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amalie Couch
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C. Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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280
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Michael J, Unger MS, Poupardin R, Schernthaner P, Mrowetz H, Attems J, Aigner L. Microglia depletion diminishes key elements of the leukotriene pathway in the brain of Alzheimer's Disease mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:129. [PMID: 32771067 PMCID: PMC7414992 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) contribute to the neuropathology of chronic neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), where they mediate neuroinflammation and neuronal cell-death. In consequence, blocking the action of Leukotrienes (LTs) ameliorates pathologies and improves cognitive function in animal models of neurodegeneration. Surprisingly, the source of Leukotrienes (LTs) in the brain is largely unknown. Here, we identified the Leukotriene (LT) synthesis rate-limiting enzyme 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) primarily in neurons and to a lesser extent in a subpopulation of microglia in human Alzheimer´s Disease (AD) hippocampus brain sections and in brains of APP Swedish PS1 dE9 (APP-PS1) mice, a transgenic model for Alzheimer´s Disease (AD) pathology. The 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activating protein (FLAP), which anchors 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) to the membrane and mediates the contact to the substrate arachidonic acid, was confined exclusively to microglia with the entire microglia population expressing 5-Lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP). To define the contribution of microglia in the Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis pathway, we ablated microglia using the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622 in wildtype (WT) and APP-PS1 mice. Microglia ablation not only diminished the expression of FLAP and of the Leukotriene (LT) receptor Cysteinylleukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1), as expected based on their microglia cell type-specific expression, but also drastically reduced 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) mRNA expression in the brain and its protein expression in neurons, in particular in wildtype (WT) mice. In conclusion i) microglia are key in Leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis, and ii) they regulate neuronal 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) expression implying a yet unknown signaling mechanism between neurons and microglia.
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281
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Jurga AM, Paleczna M, Kuter KZ. Overview of General and Discriminating Markers of Differential Microglia Phenotypes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:198. [PMID: 32848611 PMCID: PMC7424058 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and microglia activation accompany most of the pathophysiological diseases in the central nervous system. It is proven that glial pathology precedes and even drives the development of multiple neurodegenerative conditions. A growing number of studies point out the importance of microglia in brain development as well as in physiological functioning. These resident brain immune cells are divergent from the peripherally infiltrated macrophages, but their precise in situ discrimination is surprisingly difficult. Microglial heterogeneity in the brain is especially visible in their morphology and cell density in particular brain structures but also in the expression of cellular markers. This often determines their role in physiology or pathology of brain functioning. The species differences between rodent and human markers add complexity to the whole picture. Furthermore, due to activation, microglia show a broad spectrum of phenotypes ranging from the pro-inflammatory, potentially cytotoxic M1 to the anti-inflammatory, scavenging, and regenerative M2. A precise distinction of specific phenotypes is nowadays essential to study microglial functions and tissue state in such a quickly changing environment. Due to the overwhelming amount of data on multiple sets of markers that is available for such studies, the choice of appropriate markers is a scientific challenge. This review gathers, classifies, and describes known and recently discovered protein markers expressed by microglial cells in their different phenotypes. The presented microglia markers include qualitative and semi-quantitative, general and specific, surface and intracellular proteins, as well as secreted molecules. The information provided here creates a comprehensive and practical guide through the current knowledge and will facilitate the choosing of proper, more specific markers for detailed studies on microglia and neuroinflammatory mechanisms in various physiological as well as pathological conditions. Both basic research and clinical medicine need clearly described and validated molecular markers of microglia phenotype, which are essential in diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of diseases engaging glia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M Jurga
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Martyna Paleczna
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Z Kuter
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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282
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Lubetzki C, Zalc B, Williams A, Stadelmann C, Stankoff B. Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: from basic science to clinical translation. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:678-688. [PMID: 32702337 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of multiple sclerosis has been transformed by the successful development of immunotherapies that efficiently reduce disease activity and related clinical relapses during the relapsing-remitting phase of the disease. However, the prevention of disability progression, which is due to axonal and neuronal damage and loss, has yet to be achieved and is therapeutically challenging, particularly during the progressive phase of the disease. One strategy to counteract neurodegeneration is to promote neuroprotection by enhancing myelin regeneration, hence restoring nerve conduction and metabolic support to the axon. Animal studies have provided targets for interventions to improve brain and spinal cord remyelination, paving the way for the translation of this research to humans. From these initial and promising forays, further problems have emerged, including questions on how best to design these clinical trials and appropriately measure the outcomes. Solving these problems will need additional work before efficacious pro-remyelination therapies will be ready for people with multiple sclerosis, but there is a real sense of hope that researchers are getting closer to a successful therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lubetzki
- Sorbonne University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Groupe Hospitalier APHP-Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Neurology Department Pitié-Salpêtrière, Groupe Hospitalier APHP-Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
| | - Bernard Zalc
- Sorbonne University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Groupe Hospitalier APHP-Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- Sorbonne University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Groupe Hospitalier APHP-Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Neurology Department Saint-Antoine, Groupe Hospitalier APHP-Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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283
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Althammer F, Ferreira-Neto HC, Rubaharan M, Roy RK, Patel AA, Murphy A, Cox DN, Stern JE. Three-dimensional morphometric analysis reveals time-dependent structural changes in microglia and astrocytes in the central amygdala and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of heart failure rats. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:221. [PMID: 32703230 PMCID: PMC7379770 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, are the most common cause of death globally. Recent studies support a high degree of comorbidity between heart failure and cognitive and mood disorders resulting in memory loss, depression, and anxiety. While neuroinflammation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus contributes to autonomic and cardiovascular dysregulation in heart failure, mechanisms underlying cognitive and mood disorders in this disease remain elusive. The goal of this study was to quantitatively assess markers of neuroinflammation (glial morphology, cytokines, and A1 astrocyte markers) in the central amygdala, a critical forebrain region involved in emotion and cognition, and to determine its time course and correlation to disease severity during the progression of heart failure. METHODS We developed and implemented a comprehensive microglial/astrocyte profiler for precise three-dimensional morphometric analysis of individual microglia and astrocytes in specific brain nuclei at different time points during the progression of heart failure. To this end, we used a well-established ischemic heart failure rat model. Morphometric studies were complemented with quantification of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and A1/A2 astrocyte markers via qPCR. RESULTS We report structural remodeling of central amygdala microglia and astrocytes during heart failure that affected cell volume, surface area, filament length, and glial branches, resulting overall in somatic swelling and deramification, indicative of a change in glial state. These changes occurred in a time-dependent manner, correlated with the severity of heart failure, and were delayed compared to changes in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Morphometric changes correlated with elevated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and markers of reactive A1-type astrocytes in the paraventricular nucleus and central amygdala during heart failure. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that in addition to the previously described hypothalamic neuroinflammation implicated in sympathohumoral activation during heart failure, microglia, and astrocytes within the central amygdala also undergo structural remodeling indicative of glial shifts towards pro-inflammatory phenotypes. Thus, our studies suggest that neuroinflammation in the amygdala stands as a novel pathophysiological mechanism and potential therapeutic target that could be associated with emotional and cognitive deficits commonly observed at later stages during the course of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Althammer
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | | | | | - Ranjan K Roy
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Atit A Patel
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Anne Murphy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Daniel N Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Javier E Stern
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA.
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284
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Song Q, Pifferi S, Shi L, Chen C, Proietti Zaccaria R, Menini A, Cao J, Zhang Q, Torre V. Textured nanofibrils drive microglial phenotype. Biomaterials 2020; 257:120177. [PMID: 32682149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are highly plastic cells that change their properties in response to their microenvironment. By using immunofluorescence, live-cell imaging, electrophysiological recordings and RNA sequencing, we investigated the regulation of modified bacterial cellulose (mBC) nanofibril substrates on microglial properties. We demonstrate that mBC substrates induce ramified microglia with constantly extending and retracting processes, reminiscent of what is observed in vivo. Patch-clamp recordings show that microglia acquire a more negative resting membrane potential and have increased inward rectifier K+ currents, caused by an upregulation of Kir2.1 channels. Transcriptome analysis shows upregulation of genes involved in the immune response and downregulation of genes linked to cell adhesion and cell motion. Furthermore, Arp2/3 complex activation and integrin-mediated signaling modulate microglial morphology and motility. Our studies demonstrate that mBC nanofibril substrates modulate microglial phenotype, paving the way for a microglia-material interface that may be very valuable for anti-neuroinflammatory drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Song
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, 34136, Italy; School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, PR China; Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, PR China
| | - Simone Pifferi
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, 34136, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lin Shi
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Chuntao Chen
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Remo Proietti Zaccaria
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, PR China; Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Anna Menini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, 34136, Italy
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
| | - Vincent Torre
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, 34136, Italy; School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Joint Laboratory of Biophysics and Translational Medicine, ISM-SISSA, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, PR China.
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285
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Rodríguez-Gómez JA, Kavanagh E, Engskog-Vlachos P, Engskog MK, Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Joseph B, Hajji N, Venero JL, Burguillos MA. Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response. Cells 2020; 9:E1717. [PMID: 32709045 PMCID: PMC7407646 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory immune response driven by microglia is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Though the research of microglia spans over a century, the last two decades have increased our understanding exponentially. Here, we discuss the phenotypic transformation from homeostatic microglia towards reactive microglia, initiated by specific ligand binding to pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) or triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), as well as pro-inflammatory signaling pathways triggered such as the caspase-mediated immune response. Additionally, new research disciplines such as epigenetics and immunometabolism have provided us with a more holistic view of how changes in DNA methylation, microRNAs, and the metabolome may influence the pro-inflammatory response. This review aimed to discuss our current knowledge of pro-inflammatory microglia from different angles, including recent research highlights such as the role of exosomes in spreading neuroinflammation and emerging techniques in microglia research including positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and the use of human microglia generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Finally, we also discuss current thoughts on the impact of pro-inflammatory microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Edel Kavanagh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Pinelopi Engskog-Vlachos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.E.-V.); (B.J.)
| | - Mikael K.R. Engskog
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Antonio J. Herrera
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Ana M. Espinosa-Oliva
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.E.-V.); (B.J.)
| | - Nabil Hajji
- Division of Brain Sciences, The John Fulcher Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK;
| | - José L. Venero
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Miguel A. Burguillos
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
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286
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Vaz AR, Falcão AS, Scarpa E, Semproni C, Brites D. Microglia Susceptibility to Free Bilirubin Is Age-Dependent. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1012. [PMID: 32765258 PMCID: PMC7381152 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), namely its free fraction (Bf), in neonatal life may cause transient or definitive injury to neurons and glial cells. We demonstrated that UCB damages neurons and glial cells by compromising oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination, and by activating astrocytes and microglia. Immature neurons and astrocytes showed to be especially vulnerable. However, whether microglia susceptibility to UCB is also age-related was never investigated. We developed a microglia culture model in which cells at 2 days in vitro (2DIV) revealed to behave as the neonatal microglia (amoeboid/reactive cells), in contrast with those at 16DIV microglia that performed as aged cells (irresponsive/dormant cells). Here, we aimed to unveil whether UCB-induced toxicity diverged from the young to the long-cultured microglia. Cells were isolated from the cortical brain of 1- to 2-day-old CD1 mice and incubated for 24 h with 50/100 nM Bf levels, which were associated to moderate and severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, respectively. These concentrations of Bf induced early apoptosis and amoeboid shape in 2DIV microglia, while caused late apoptosis in 16DIV cells, without altering their morphology. CD11b staining increased in both, but more markedly in 2DIV cells. Likewise, the gene expression of HMGB1, a well-known alarmin, as well as HMGB1 and GLT-1–positive cells, were enhanced as compared to long-maturated microglia. The CX3CR1 reduction in 2DIV microglia was opposed to the 16DIV cells and suggests a preferential Bf-induced sickness response in younger cells. In conformity, increased mitochondrial mass and NO were enhanced in 2DIV cells, but unchanged or reduced, respectively, in the 16DIV microglia. However, 100 nM Bf caused iNOS gene overexpression in 2DIV and 16DIV cells. While only arginase 1/IL-1β gene expression levels increased upon 50/100 nM Bf treatment in long-maturated microglia, MHCII/arginase 1/TNF-α/IL-1β/IL-6 (>10-fold) were upregulated in the 2DIV microglia. Remarkably, enhanced inflammatory-associated microRNAs (miR-155/miR-125b/miR-21/miR-146a) and reduced anti-inflammatory miR-124 were found in young microglia by both Bf concentrations, while remained unchanged (miR/21/miR-125b) or decreased (miR-155/miR-146a/miR-124) in aged cells. Altogether, these findings support the neurodevelopmental susceptibilities to UCB-induced neurotoxicity, the most severe disabilities in premature babies, and the involvement of immune-inflammation neonatal microglia processes in poorer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Vaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Falcão
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Chronic Diseases Research Centre (CEDOC), Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eleonora Scarpa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlotta Semproni
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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287
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Chen WK, Feng LJ, Liu QD, Ke QF, Cai PY, Zhang PR, Cai LQ, Huang NL, Lin WP. Inhibition of leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology domain containing 1 accelerates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in a rat traumatic spinal cord injury model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:202. [PMID: 32631435 PMCID: PMC7339506 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers the primary mechanical injury and secondary inflammation-mediated injury. Neuroinflammation-mediated insult causes secondary and extensive neurological damage after SCI. Microglia play a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of post-SCI neuroinflammation. METHODS To elucidate the significance of LRCH1 to microglial functions, we applied lentivirus-induced LRCH1 knockdown in primary microglia culture and tested the role of LRCH1 in microglia-mediated inflammatory reaction both in vitro and in a rat SCI model. RESULTS We found that LRCH1 was downregulated in microglia after traumatic SCI. LRCH1 knockdown increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 after in vitro priming with lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate. Furthermore, LRCH1 knockdown promoted the priming-induced microglial polarization towards the pro-inflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing microglia. LRCH1 knockdown also enhanced microglia-mediated N27 neuron death after priming. Further analysis revealed that LRCH1 knockdown increased priming-induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Erk1/2 signaling, which are crucial to the inflammatory response of microglia. When LRCH1-knockdown microglia were adoptively injected into rat spinal cords, they enhanced post-SCI production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased SCI-induced recruitment of leukocytes, aggravated SCI-induced tissue damage and neuronal death, and worsened the locomotor function. CONCLUSION Our study reveals for the first time that LRCH1 serves as a negative regulator of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after SCI and provides clues for developing novel therapeutic approaches against SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Lin-Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 China
| | - Qiao-Dan Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, The Cancer Center of The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519001 China
| | - Qing-Feng Ke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Pei-Ya Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Pei-Ru Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Li-Quan Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Nian-Lai Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
| | - Wen-Ping Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000 China
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital, Shenzhen, 518001 China
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288
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In vivo characterization of functional states of cortical microglia during peripheral inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:243-255. [PMID: 31837418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation is known to trigger a mirror inflammatory response in the brain, involving brain's innate immune cells - microglia. However, the functional phenotypes, which these cells adopt in the course of peripheral inflammation, remain obscure. In vivo two-photon imaging of microglial Ca2+ signaling as well as process motility reveals two distinct functional states of cortical microglia during a lipopolysaccharide-induced peripheral inflammation: an early "sensor state" characterized by dramatically increased intracellular Ca2+ signaling but ramified morphology and a later "effector state" characterized by slow normalization of intracellular Ca2+ signaling but hypertrophic morphology, substantial IL-1β production in a subset of cells as well as increased velocity of directed process extension and loss of coordination between individual processes. Thus, lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial Ca2+ signaling might represent the central element connecting receptive and executive functions of microglia.
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289
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Rabaneda-Lombarte N, Blasco-Agell L, Serratosa J, Ferigle L, Saura J, Solà C. Parkinsonian neurotoxicants impair the anti-inflammatory response induced by IL4 in glial cells: involvement of the CD200-CD200R1 ligand-receptor pair. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10650. [PMID: 32606391 PMCID: PMC7326927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides such as rotenone is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Dopaminergic neurons are especially sensitive to the toxicity of compounds that inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory chain such as rotenone and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). However, there is scarce information on their effects on glia. To evaluate whether these neurotoxicants affect the immune response of glia, primary mouse mixed glial and microglial cultures were treated with interleukin (IL) 4 in the absence and presence of MPP+ or rotenone. Using qRTPCR or western blot, we determined the expression of anti-inflammatory markers, the CD200R1 microglial receptor and its ligand CD200, and genes regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism. ATP and lactate levels were additionally determined as an index of cell metabolism. Microglial phagocytosis was also evaluated. MPP+ and rotenone clearly abrogated the IL4-induced expression of anti-inflammatory markers in mixed glial cultures. CD200 and CD200R1 expression and microglia phagocytosis were also affected by the neurotoxicants. Changes in the mRNA expression of the molecules regulating glycolysis and oxidative metabolism, as well as in ATP levels and lactate release suggested that metabolic reprogramming in response to MPP+ and rotenone differs between microglial and mixed glial cultures. These findings support the hypothesis that parkinsonian neurotoxicants may impair brain immune response altering glial cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Rabaneda-Lombarte
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucas Blasco-Agell
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Serratosa
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ferigle
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Saura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Solà
- Department of Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August-Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), c/Rosselló 161, 6th Floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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290
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Burns JC, Cotleur B, Walther DM, Bajrami B, Rubino SJ, Wei R, Franchimont N, Cotman SL, Ransohoff RM, Mingueneau M. Differential accumulation of storage bodies with aging defines discrete subsets of microglia in the healthy brain. eLife 2020; 9:e57495. [PMID: 32579115 PMCID: PMC7367682 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, microglia subsets in the healthy CNS have not been identified. Utilizing autofluorescence (AF) as a discriminating parameter, we identified two novel microglia subsets in both mice and non-human primates, termed autofluorescence-positive (AF+) and negative (AF-). While their proportion remained constant throughout most adult life, the AF signal linearly and specifically increased in AF+ microglia with age and correlated with a commensurate increase in size and complexity of lysosomal storage bodies, as detected by transmission electron microscopy and LAMP1 levels. Post-depletion repopulation kinetics revealed AF- cells as likely precursors of AF+ microglia. At the molecular level, the proteome of AF+ microglia showed overrepresentation of endolysosomal, autophagic, catabolic, and mTOR-related proteins. Mimicking the effect of advanced aging, genetic disruption of lysosomal function accelerated the accumulation of storage bodies in AF+ cells and led to impaired microglia physiology and cell death, suggestive of a mechanistic convergence between aging and lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Carlos Burns
- Multiple Sclerosis & Neurorepair Research Unit, BiogenCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Bunny Cotleur
- Emerging Neurosciences Research Unit, BiogenCambridgeUnited States
| | | | - Bekim Bajrami
- Chemical Biology and ProteomicsCambridgeUnited States
| | - Stephen J Rubino
- Multiple Sclerosis & Neurorepair Research Unit, BiogenCambridgeUnited States
| | - Ru Wei
- Chemical Biology and ProteomicsCambridgeUnited States
| | | | - Susan L Cotman
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Michael Mingueneau
- Multiple Sclerosis & Neurorepair Research Unit, BiogenCambridgeUnited States
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291
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Machhi J, Kevadiya BD, Muhammad IK, Herskovitz J, Olson KE, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Harnessing regulatory T cell neuroprotective activities for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:32. [PMID: 32503641 PMCID: PMC7275301 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates that adaptive immunity influences the pathobiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Misfolded aggregated self-proteins can break immune tolerance leading to the induction of autoreactive effector T cells (Teffs) with associated decreases in anti-inflammatory neuroprotective regulatory T cells (Tregs). An imbalance between Teffs and Tregs leads to microglial activation, inflammation and neuronal injury. The cascade of such a disordered immunity includes the drainage of the aggregated protein antigens into cervical lymph nodes serving to amplify effector immune responses. Both preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate transformation of this altered immunity for therapeutic gain. We posit that the signs and symptoms of common neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke can be attenuated by boosting Treg activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, 94304 USA
| | - Ijaz Khan Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Anbar Swabi, 23561 Pakistan
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Katherine E. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880 USA
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292
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Gómez-Budia M, Konttinen H, Saveleva L, Korhonen P, Jalava PI, Kanninen KM, Malm T. Glial smog: Interplay between air pollution and astrocyte-microglia interactions. Neurochem Int 2020; 136:104715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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293
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A Fatal Alliance between Microglia, Inflammasomes, and Central Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113764. [PMID: 32466593 PMCID: PMC7312017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the CNS, which survey the brain parenchyma for pathogens, initiate inflammatory responses, secrete inflammatory mediators, and phagocyte debris. Besides, they play a role in the regulation of brain ion homeostasis and in pruning synaptic contacts and thereby modulating neural networks. More recent work shows that microglia are embedded in brain response related to stress phenomena, the development of major depressive disorders, and pain-associated neural processing. The microglia phenotype varies between activated-toxic-neuroinflammatory to non-activated-protective-tissue remodeling, depending on the challenges and regulatory signals. Increased inflammatory reactions result from brain damage, such as stroke, encephalitis, as well as chronic dysfunctions, including stress and pain. The dimension of damage/toxic stimuli defines the amplitude of inflammation, ranging from an on-off event to low but continuous simmering to uncontrollable. Pain, either acute or chronic, involves inflammasome activation at the point of origin, the different relay stations, and the sensory and processing cortical areas. This short review aimed at identifying a sinister role of the microglia-inflammasome platform for the development and perpetuation of acute and chronic central pain and its association with changes in CNS physiology.
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294
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De Simone R, Butera A, Armida M, Pezzola A, Boirivant M, Potenza RL, Ricceri L. Beneficial Effects of Fingolimod on Social Interaction, CNS and Peripheral Immune Response in the BTBR Mouse Model of Autism. Neuroscience 2020; 435:22-32. [PMID: 32229233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social communication deficits and repetitive/stereotyped behaviours. We evaluated the effects of a chronic treatment with the immunomodulator drug Fingolimod (FTY720 - a non-selective Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor ligand) in an ASD model, the BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) mouse strain. In adult BTBR males, chronic FTY720 treatment (4 weeks) increased social and vocal response during a male-female interaction and hippocampal expression of BDNF and Neuregulin 1, two trophic factors reduced in BTBR when compared to control C57 mice. FTY720 also re-established the expression of IL-1β and MnSOD in the hippocampus, whereas it did not modify IL-6 mRNA content. In addition to its central effect, FTY720 modulated the activation state of peripheral macrophages in the BTBR model, both in basal conditions and after stimulation with an immune challenge. Furthermore, IL-6 mRNA colonic content of BTBR mice, reduced when compared with C57 mice, was normalized by chronic treatment with FTY720. Our study, while indicating FTY720 as a tool to attenuate relevant alterations of the BTBR neurobehavioural phenotype, emphasizes the importance of gut mucosal immune evaluation as an additional target that deserve to be investigated in preclinical studies of anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta De Simone
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Butera
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Armida
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Pezzola
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Luisa Potenza
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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295
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Luck B, Engevik MA, Ganesh BP, Lackey EP, Lin T, Balderas M, Major A, Runge J, Luna RA, Sillitoe RV, Versalovic J. Bifidobacteria shape host neural circuits during postnatal development by promoting synapse formation and microglial function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7737. [PMID: 32385412 PMCID: PMC7210968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that early-life gut microbiota support the functional organization of neural circuitry in the brain via regulation of synaptic gene expression and modulation of microglial functionality. Germ-free mice were colonized as neonates with either a simplified human infant microbiota consortium consisting of four Bifidobacterium species, or with a complex, conventional murine microbiota. We examined the cerebellum, cortex, and hippocampus of both groups of colonized mice in addition to germ-free control mice. At postnatal day 4 (P4), conventionalized mice and Bifidobacterium-colonized mice exhibited decreased expression of synapse-promoting genes and increased markers indicative of reactive microglia in the cerebellum, cortex and hippocampus relative to germ-free mice. By P20, both conventional and Bifidobacterium-treated mice exhibited normal synaptic density and neuronal activity as measured by density of VGLUT2+ puncta and Purkinje cell firing rate respectively, in contrast to the increased synaptic density and decreased firing rate observed in germ-free mice. The conclusions from this study further reveal how bifidobacteria participate in establishing functional neural circuits. Collectively, these data indicate that neonatal microbial colonization of the gut elicits concomitant effects on the host CNS, which promote the homeostatic developmental balance of neural connections during the postnatal time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkley Luck
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (IMBS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
| | - Bhanu Priya Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Miriam Balderas
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angela Major
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica Runge
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ruth Ann Luna
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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296
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Olmedillas Del Moral M, Fröhlich N, Figarella K, Mojtahedi N, Garaschuk O. Effect of Caloric Restriction on the in vivo Functional Properties of Aging Microglia. Front Immunol 2020; 11:750. [PMID: 32411143 PMCID: PMC7198715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout the lifespan, microglia, the primary innate immune cells of the brain, fulfill a plethora of homeostatic as well as active immune defense functions, and their aging-induced dysfunctionality is now considered as a key trigger of aging-related brain disorders. Recent evidence suggests that both organism’s sex and age critically impact the functional state of microglia but in vivo determinants of such state(s) remain unclear. Therefore, we analyzed in vivo the sex-specific functional states of microglia in young adult, middle aged and old wild type mice by means of multicolor two-photon imaging, using the microglial Ca2 + signaling and directed process motility as main readouts. Our data revealed the sex-specific differences in microglial Ca2 + signaling at all ages tested, beginning with young adults. Furthermore, for both sexes it showed that during the lifespan the functional state of microglia changes at least twice. Already at middle age the cells are found in the reactive or immune alerted state, characterized by heightened Ca2 + signaling but normal process motility whereas old mice harbor senescent microglia with decreased Ca2 + signaling, and faster but disorganized directed movement of microglial processes. The 6–12 months long caloric restriction (70% of ad libitum food intake) counteracted these aging-induced changes shifting many but not all functional properties of microglia toward a younger phenotype. The improvement of Ca2 + signaling was more pronounced in males. Importantly, even short-term (6-week-long) caloric restriction beginning at old age strongly improved microglial process motility and induced a significant albeit weaker improvement of microglial Ca2 + signaling. Together, these data provide first sex-specific in vivo characterization of functional properties of microglia along the lifespan and identify caloric restriction as a potent, cost-effective, and clinically relevant tool for rejuvenation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olmedillas Del Moral
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Fröhlich
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katherine Figarella
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nima Mojtahedi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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297
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Westwell-Roper C, Stewart SE. Commentary: Neurobiology and Therapeutic Potential of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Inhibitors for Inflammation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:264. [PMID: 32425818 PMCID: PMC7212432 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Westwell-Roper
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S. Evelyn Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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298
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Morris G, Puri BK, Maes M, Olive L, Berk M, Carvalho AF. The role of microglia in neuroprogressive disorders: mechanisms and possible neurotherapeutic effects of induced ketosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109858. [PMID: 31923453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of molecular mechanisms involved in the promotion and maintenance of distinct microglia phenotypes is provided. The acquisition and perpetuation of predominantly pro-inflammatory microglial phenotypes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuroprogressive diseases and is associated with reduced ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation, increased ATP generation by glycolysis, elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress and other metabolic, inflammatory and hormonal insults. Microglia can also adopt a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotypes with neuroprotective properties. Strategies that promote and maintain a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotype may hold promise as novel therapeutic opportunities for neuroprogressive illness. Induced ketosis may promote a transition towards predominantly anti-inflammatory microglial states/phenotypes by several mechanisms, including inhibition of glycolysis and increased NAD+ production; engagement of microglial GPR109A receptors; histone deacetylase inhibition; and elevated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. Since microglia activation can now be assessed in vivo, these data provide a clear rationale for the design of transdiagnostic randomized controlled trials of the ketogenic diet and other ketosis-inducing strategies for neuroprogressive diseases, which may also provide mechanistic insights through the assessment of "target engagement".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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299
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Zhang X, Wang D, Zhang B, Zhu J, Zhou Z, Cui L. Regulation of microglia by glutamate and its signal pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1074-1085. [PMID: 32320851 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are an essential component of the central nervous system (CNS) and are involved in the primary response to microorganisms, neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and tissue regeneration, as well as contributing to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Research has shown that microglial diversity, multifunctionality, and their relationship with glutamate are crucial to determining their roles in these diseases. In this review, we focus on recent progress in determining microglial characteristics and the role of glutamate and its receptors in microglia regulation, which could be a novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zhulin Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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300
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Ramírez Hernández E, Sánchez-Maldonado C, Mayoral Chávez MA, Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Patricio Martínez A, Zenteno E, Limón Pérez de León ID. The therapeutic potential of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:439-448. [PMID: 32303136 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1750955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a common factor and one of the main inducers of neuronal degeneration. Galectins are a group of β-galactoside-binding lectins, that play an important role in the immune response, adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell growth. Up to 15 members of the galectin's family have been identified; however, the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 has been considered a key factor in neuronal regeneration and modulation of the inflammatory response. Galectin-1 is necessary to stimulate the secretion of neurotrophic factors in astrocytes and promoting neuronal regeneration. In contrast, galectin-3 fosters the proliferation of microglial cells and modulates cellular apoptosis, therefore these proteins are considered a useful alternative for the treatment of degenerative diseases.Areas covered: This review describes the roles of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in the modulation of neuroinflammation and their potential as therapeutic targets in the treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.Expert opinion: Although data in the literature vary, the effects of galectin-1 and galectin-3 on the activation and modulation of astrocytes and microglia has been described. Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, galectin-1 is proposed as a molecule with therapeutic potential, whereas the inhibition of galectin-3 could contribute to reduce the neuroinflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazar Ramírez Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Sánchez-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Miguel A Mayoral Chávez
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas UNAM-UABJO, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca, México
| | - Luis F Hernández-Zimbrón
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.,Departamento de Investigación, Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México, "Hospital Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Aleidy Patricio Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - I Daniel Limón Pérez de León
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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