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Bessone F, Hillotte GL, Ahumada N, Jaureguizahar F, Medeot AC, Roma MG. UDCA for Drug-Induced Liver Disease: Clinical and Pathophysiological Basis. Semin Liver Dis 2024; 44:1-22. [PMID: 38378025 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an adverse reaction to medications and other xenobiotics that leads to liver dysfunction. Based on differential clinical patterns of injury, DILI is classified into hepatocellular, cholestatic, and mixed types; although hepatocellular DILI is associated with inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis, cholestatic DILI is associated with bile plugs and bile duct paucity. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been empirically used as a supportive drug mainly in cholestatic DILI, but both curative and prophylactic beneficial effects have been observed for hepatocellular DILI as well, according to preliminary clinical studies. This could reflect the fact that UDCA has a plethora of beneficial effects potentially useful to treat the wide range of injuries with different etiologies and pathomechanisms occurring in both types of DILI, including anticholestatic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antinecrotic, mitoprotective, endoplasmic reticulum stress alleviating, and immunomodulatory properties. In this review, a revision of the literature has been performed to evaluate the efficacy of UDCA across the whole DILI spectrum, and these findings were associated with the multiple mechanisms of UDCA hepatoprotection. This should help better rationalize and systematize the use of this versatile and safe hepatoprotector in each type of DILI scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bessone
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Geraldine L Hillotte
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Natalia Ahumada
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Jaureguizahar
- Hospital Provincial del Centenario, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Servicio de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Barmoudeh Z, Fouani MH, Moslemi Z, Azizi M, Doustimotlagh AH, Bardania H. Melatonin and metformin co-loaded nanoliposomes efficiently attenuate liver damage induced by bile duct ligation in rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:395-410. [PMID: 37452836 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, the therapeutic effectiveness of the metformin (Met) and melatonin (Mel) co-loaded liposomes was investigated on cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) in male rats. Histopathological analysis, biochemical analysis, and oxidative stress markers were assayed to determine the therapeutic effect of Met and Mel co-loaded liposomes on cholestasis. Histopathological analysis revealed that the simultaneous administration of Met and Mel, whether in the free (C-Mel-Met) or liposomal (C-Lipo-Mel-Met) forms, reduced inflammation as well as proliferation of bile ducts; however, results were more prominent in the liposomal form of Mel and Met. Additionaly, serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in (C-Mel-Met) treated rats compared with (BDL) rats; however, (C-Lipo-Mel-Met) treated rats exhibited significant (p < 0.05) lower AST rates in comparison to (BDL) rats. Moreover, a significant (p < 0.0001) drop in bilirubin levels was detected in (C-Lipo-Mel-Met) treated rats in comparison to (BDL) rats; it is noteworthy mentioning that bilirubin levels in (C-Lipo-Mel-Met) treated rats were insignificant in comparison to sham-control (SC) rats. Furthermore, rats concomitantly administered Met and Mel, exhibited significant downregulation in the expression levels of inflammatory cytokine genes such as TNF-α and IL-1 gene expression, where the downregulation was more prominent in the liposomal from. Our findings demonestrate that the concomitant administration of metformin and melatonin in the liposomal form had more therapeutic effect on liver injury than their free forms through improving histological changes, reducing biochemical markers and favoring oxidant- antioxidant balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Barmoudeh
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mohamad Hassan Fouani
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Moslemi
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mahdokht Azizi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Imamsajad Hospital, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Doustimotlagh
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
| | - Hassan Bardania
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
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Xu Z, Tang W, Xie Q, Cao X, Zhang M, Zhang X, Chai J. Dimethyl fumarate attenuates cholestatic liver injury by activating the NRF2 and FXR pathways and suppressing NLRP3/GSDMD signaling in mice. Exp Cell Res 2023; 432:113781. [PMID: 37722551 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The progression of cholestasis is characterized by excessive accumulation of bile acids (BAs) in the liver, which leads to oxidative stress (OS), inflammation and liver injury. There are currently limited treatments for cholestasis. Therefore, appropriate drugs for cholestasis treatment need to be developed. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been widely used in the treatment of various diseases and exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but its effect on cholestatic liver disease remains unclarified. We fed mice 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine or cholic acid to induce cholestatic liver injury and treated these mice with DMF to evaluate its protective ability. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total liver BAs were assessed as indicators of liver function. The levels of OS, liver inflammation, transporters and metabolic enzymes were also measured. DMF markedly altered the relative ALT and AST levels and enhanced the liver antioxidant capacity. DMF regulated the MST/NRF2 signaling pathway to protect against OS and reduced liver inflammation through the NLRP3/GSDMD signaling pathway. DMF also regulated the levels of BA transporters by promoting FXR protein expression. These findings provide new strategies for the treatment of cholestatic liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Xu
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wan Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiaoling Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mengni Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaoxun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jin Chai
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Digestive Diseases of PLA, Cholestatic Liver Diseases Center, and Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital (Southwest Hospital) to Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Eteghadi MR, Nasehi M, Vaseghi S, Hesami-Tackallou S. The effect of Crocin on TFAM and PGC-1α expression and Catalase and Superoxide dismutase activities following cholestasis-induced neuroinflammation in the striatum of male Wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1791-1801. [PMID: 34019207 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bile secretion is a physiological function that is disrupted following Bile Duct Ligation (BDL) and induces cholestasis. Cholestasis is a bile flow reduction that induces apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, and alters the expression of genes. Evidence shows the relationship between cholestasis and neuroinflammation. Cholestasis via attenuating mitochondrial biogenesis and anti-oxidant activity can induce neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (TFAM) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, and TFAM, PGC-1α, Catalase (CAT), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) have a role in upregulating antioxidant pathways. On the other hand, many studies have shown the neuroprotective effects of Crocin, the water-soluble carotenoid of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Crocin on the level of TFAM, PGC-1α, CAT, and SOD following cholestasis-induced neuroinflammation in the rat's striatum. Cholestasis was induced by BDL surgery and administration of Crocin was intraperitoneal, at the dose of 30 mg/kg every day, 24 h after BDL surgery up to thirty days. The results showed that TFAM, PGC-1α, and SOD were decreased following cholestasis; while, CAT was increased. In addition, Crocin restored the effects of cholestasis on the level of TFAM, PGC-1α, and SOD. In conclusion, Crocin may have improvement effects on cholestasis-induced neuroinflammation in the rat's striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Eteghadi
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Hesami-Tackallou
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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Ommati MM, Attari H, Siavashpour A, Shafaghat M, Azarpira N, Ghaffari H, Moezi L, Heidari R. Mitigation of cholestasis-associated hepatic and renal injury by edaravone treatment: Evaluation of its effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. LIVER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Molaei P, Vaseghi S, Entezari M, Hashemi M, Nasehi M. The Effect of NeuroAid (MLC901) on Cholestasis-Induced Spatial Memory Impairment with Respect to the Expression of BAX, BCL-2, BAD, PGC-1α and TFAM Genes in the Hippocampus of Male Wistar Rats. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2154-2166. [PMID: 34031842 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a bile flow reduction that is induced following Bile Duct Ligation (BDL). Cholestasis impairs memory and induces apoptosis. Apoptosis consists of two pathways: intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic pathway is modulated by BCL-2 (B cell lymphoma-2) family proteins. BCL-2 (a pro-survival BCL-2 protein) has anti-apoptotic effect, while BAD (BCL-2-associated death) and BAX (BCL-2-associated X), the other members of BCL-2 family have pro-apoptotic effect. Furthermore, TFAM (mitochondrial transcriptional factor A) is involved in transcription and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA and PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. On the other hand, NeuroAid is a Traditional Chinese Medicine with neuroprotective and anti-apoptosis effects. In this study, we evaluated the effect of cholestasis on spatial memory and expression of BCL-2, BAD, BAX, TFAM, and PGC-1α in the hippocampus of rats. Additionally, we assessed the effect of NeuroAid on cholestasis-induced cognitive and genetic alterations. Cholestasis was induced by BDL surgery and NeuroAid was injected intraperitoneal at the dose of 0.4 mg/kg. Furthermore, spatial memory was evaluated using Morris Water Maze (MWM) apparatus. The results showed cholestasis impaired spatial memory, increased the expression of BAD and BAX, decreased the expression of TFAM and PGC-1α, and did not alter the expression of BCL-2. Also, NeuroAid decreased the expression of BAD and BAX and increased the expression of TFAM, PGC-1α, and BCL-2. In conclusion, cholestasis impaired spatial memory and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic genes. Also, cholestasis decreased the expression of TFAM and PGC-1α. Interestingly, NeuroAid restored the effects of cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Molaei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Navazani P, Vaseghi S, Hashemi M, Shafaati MR, Nasehi M. Effects of Treadmill Exercise on the Expression Level of BAX, BAD, BCL-2, BCL-XL, TFAM, and PGC-1α in the Hippocampus of Thimerosal-Treated Rats. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1274-1284. [PMID: 33939098 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Thimerosal (THIM) induces neurotoxic changes including neuronal death and releases apoptosis inducing factors from mitochondria to cytosol. THIM alters the expression level of factors involved in apoptosis. On the other hand, the anti-apoptotic effects of exercise have been reported. In this study, we aimed to discover the effect of three protocols of treadmill exercise on the expression level of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), BCL-2-associated death (BAD), BCL-2-associated X (BAX), BCL-XL, and BCL-2 (a pro-survival BCL-2 protein) in the hippocampus of control and THIM-exposed rats. Male Wistar rats were used in this research. Real-time PCR was applied to assess genes expression. The results showed that THIM increased the expression of pro-apoptotic factors (BAD and BAX), decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic factors (BCL-2 and BCL-XL), and decreased the expression of factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (TFAM and PGC-1α). Treadmill exercise protocols reversed the effect of THIM on all genes. In addition, treadmill exercise protocols decreased the expression of BAD and BAX, increased the expression of BCL-2, and increased the expression of TFAM and PGC-1α in control rats. In conclusion, THIM induced a pro-apoptotic effect and disturbed mitochondrial biogenesis and stability, whereas treadmill exercise reversed these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Navazani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Shafaati
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Vairetti M, Di Pasqua LG, Cagna M, Richelmi P, Ferrigno A, Berardo C. Changes in Glutathione Content in Liver Diseases: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:364. [PMID: 33670839 PMCID: PMC7997318 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide particularly concentrated in the liver, is the most important thiol reducing agent involved in the modulation of redox processes. It has also been demonstrated that GSH cannot be considered only as a mere free radical scavenger but that it takes part in the network governing the choice between survival, necrosis and apoptosis as well as in altering the function of signal transduction and transcription factor molecules. The purpose of the present review is to provide an overview on the molecular biology of the GSH system; therefore, GSH synthesis, metabolism and regulation will be reviewed. The multiple GSH functions will be described, as well as the importance of GSH compartmentalization into distinct subcellular pools and inter-organ transfer. Furthermore, we will highlight the close relationship existing between GSH content and the pathogenesis of liver disease, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), chronic cholestatic injury, ischemia/reperfusion damage, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatocellular carcinoma. Finally, the potential therapeutic benefits of GSH and GSH-related medications, will be described for each liver disorder taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Giuseppina Di Pasqua
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.V.); (M.C.); (P.R.); (C.B.)
| | | | | | - Andrea Ferrigno
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.V.); (M.C.); (P.R.); (C.B.)
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Shinozawa T, Kimura M, Cai Y, Saiki N, Yoneyama Y, Ouchi R, Koike H, Maezawa M, Zhang RR, Dunn A, Ferguson A, Togo S, Lewis K, Thompson W, Asai A, Takebe T. High-Fidelity Drug-Induced Liver Injury Screen Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoids. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:831-846.e10. [PMID: 33039464 PMCID: PMC7878295 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Preclinical identification of compounds at risk of causing drug induced liver injury (DILI) remains a significant challenge in drug development, highlighting a need for a predictive human system to study complicated DILI mechanism and susceptibility to individual drug. Here, we established a human liver organoid (HLO)-based screening model for analyzing DILI pathology at organoid resolution. METHODS We first developed a reproducible method to generate HLO from storable foregut progenitors from pluripotent stem cell (PSC) lines with reproducible bile transport function. The qRT-PCR and single cell RNA-seq determined hepatocyte transcriptomic state in cells of HLO relative to primary hepatocytes. Histological and ultrastructural analyses were performed to evaluate micro-anatomical architecture. HLO based drug-induced liver injury assays were transformed into a 384 well based high-speed live imaging platform. RESULTS HLO, generated from 10 different pluripotent stem cell lines, contain polarized immature hepatocytes with bile canaliculi-like architecture, establishing the unidirectional bile acid transport pathway. Single cell RNA-seq profiling identified diverse and zonal hepatocytic populations that in part emulate primary adult hepatocytes. The accumulation of fluorescent bile acid into organoid was impaired by CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing and transporter inhibitor treatment with BSEP. Furthermore, we successfully developed an organoid based assay with multiplexed readouts measuring viability, cholestatic and/or mitochondrial toxicity with high predictive values for 238 marketed drugs at 4 different concentrations (Sensitivity: 88.7%, Specificity: 88.9%). LoT positively predicts genomic predisposition (CYP2C9∗2) for Bosentan-induced cholestasis. CONCLUSIONS Liver organoid-based Toxicity screen (LoT) is a potential assay system for liver toxicology studies, facilitating compound optimization, mechanistic study, and precision medicine as well as drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Shinozawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yuqi Cai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Norikazu Saiki
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoneyama
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Rie Ouchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Koike
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mari Maezawa
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ran-Ran Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Dunn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Autumn Ferguson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shodai Togo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kyle Lewis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wendy Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Akihiro Asai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Developmental Biology and Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Communication Design Center, Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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10
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Park JH, Kwak BJ, Choi HJ, Kim OH, Hong HE, Lee SC, Kim KH, You YK, Lee TY, Ahn J, Kim SJ. PGC-1α is downregulated in a mouse model of obstructive cholestasis but not in a model of liver fibrosis. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 11:61-74. [PMID: 32860664 PMCID: PMC7780111 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that cholestatic liver damage involves mitochondria dysfunction. However, the precise mechanism by which hydrophobic bile salts cause mitochondrial dysfunction is not clear. In this study, we intended to determine the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury associated with peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ co‐activator 1α (PGC‐1α). A mouse model of cholestatic liver disease was generated by surgical ligation of the bile duct (BDL), and a mouse model of fibrosis was developed through serial administration of thioacetamide. After obtaining liver specimens on scheduled days, we compared the expression of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase 2 [SOD2], catalase, and glutathione peroxidase‐1[GPx‐1]) and PGC‐1α in livers from mice with fibrosis and cholestasis using western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. We found that cholestatic livers exhibit lower expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD2, catalase, and PGC‐1α. In contrast, fibrotic livers exhibit higher expression of antioxidant enzymes and PGC‐1α. In addition, cholestatic livers exhibited significantly lower expression of pro‐apoptotic markers (Bax) as compared to fibrotic livers. It is well known that overexpression of PGC‐1α increases mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme expression, and vice versa. Thus, we concluded that obstructive cholestasis decreases expression of PGC‐1α, which may lead to decreased expression of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes, thereby rendering mice with cholestatic livers vulnerable to ROS‐induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Park
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong Jun Kwak
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ho Joong Choi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Hong
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kee-Hwan Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Young Kyoung You
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yun Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joseph Ahn
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Say-June Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Industry, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Kim JY, Choi JH, Jun JH, Park S, Jung J, Bae SH, Kim GJ. Enhanced PRL-1 expression in placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells accelerates hepatic function via mitochondrial dynamics in a cirrhotic rat model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:512. [PMID: 33246509 PMCID: PMC7694436 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) have been highlighted as an alternative cell therapy agent that has become a next-generation stem cell treatment. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-1 (PRL-1), an immediate early gene, plays a critical role during liver regeneration. Here, we generated enhanced PRL-1 in PD-MSCs (PD-MSCsPRL-1, PRL-1+) using lentiviral and nonviral gene delivery systems and investigated mitochondrial functions by PD-MSCPRL-1 transplantation for hepatic functions in a rat bile duct ligation (BDL) model. METHODS PD-MSCsPRL-1 were generated by lentiviral and nonviral AMAXA gene delivery systems and analyzed for their characteristics and mitochondrial metabolic functions. Liver cirrhosis was induced in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using common BDL for 10 days. PKH67+ naïve and PD-MSCsPRL-1 using a nonviral sysyem (2 × 106 cells/animal) were intravenously administered into cirrhotic rats. The animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, and 5 weeks after transplantation and engraftment of stem cells, and histopathological analysis and hepatic mitochondrial functions were performed. RESULTS PD-MSCsPRL-1 were successfully generated using lentiviral and nonviral AMAXA systems and maintained characteristics similar to those of naïve cells. Compared with naïve cells, PD-MSCsPRL-1 improved respirational metabolic states of mitochondria. In particular, mitochondria in PD-MSCsPRL-1 generated by the nonviral AMAXA system showed a significant increase in the respirational metabolic state, including ATP production and mitochondrial biogenesis (*p < 0.05). Furthermore, transplantation of PD-MSCsPRL-1 using a nonviral AMAXA system promoted engraftment into injured target liver tissues of a rat BDL cirrhotic model and enhanced the metabolism of mitochondria via increased mtDNA and ATP production, thereby improving therapeutic efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings will further our understanding of the therapeutic mechanism of enhanced MSCs and provide useful data for the development of next-generation MSC-based cell therapy and therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Choi
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Jun
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohae Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical College, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Hepatoprotective Bile Acid Co-Drug of Isoniazid: Synthesis, Kinetics and Investigation of Antimycobacterial Potential. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Thuy LTT, Hai H, Kawada N. Role of cytoglobin, a novel radical scavenger, in stellate cell activation and hepatic fibrosis. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:280-293. [PMID: 32492766 PMCID: PMC7364355 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoglobin (Cygb), a stellate cell-specific globin, has recently drawn attention due to its association with liver fibrosis. In the livers of both humans and rodents, Cygb is expressed only in stellate cells and can be utilized as a marker to distinguish stellate cells from hepatic fibroblast-derived myofibroblasts. Loss of Cygb accelerates liver fibrosis and cancer development in mouse models of chronic liver injury including diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma, bile duct ligation-induced cholestasis, thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis, and choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. This review focuses on the history of research into the role of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species in liver fibrosis and discusses the current perception of Cygb as a novel radical scavenger with an emphasis on its role in hepatic stellate cell activation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Thanh Thuy
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hoang Hai
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Fang W, Wen X, Meng Q, Liu L, Xie J, Zhang H, Everaert N. Running Head: Heat Affects Cholesterol and Bile Acid Alterations in Cholesterol and Bile Acids Metabolism in Large White Pigs during Short-Term Heat Exposure. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E359. [PMID: 32102194 PMCID: PMC7070487 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress influences lipid metabolism independently of nutrient intake. It is not well understood how cholesterol and bile acid (BA) metabolism are affected by heat stress. To investigate the alterations of cholesterol and bile acids when pigs are exposed to short term heat stress, 24 Large White pigs (63.2 ± 9.5 kg body weight, BW) were distributed into one of three environmental treatments: control conditions (CON, 23 °C with ad libitum intake; n = 8), heat stress conditions (HS, 33 °C with ad libitum intake; n = 8), or pair-fed conditions (PF, 23 °C with the same amount to the feed consumed by the HS; n = 8) for three days. Compared with CON pigs, HS pigs reduced the average daily feed intake and average daily gain by 55% and 124%, respectively, and significantly increased rectal temperatures by 0.9 °C and respiration rates more than three-fold. The serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG) increased (p < 0.05), while hepatic TC, TG, and mRNA of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase were reduced on day 3. Furthermore, liver taurine-conjugated BAs (TCBAs), including taurolithocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurohyodeoxycholic acid, and taurocholic acid were elevated in HS pigs compared to CON and PF pigs (p < 0.05), and the level of chenodeoxycholic acid was more significant in the PF group than in the CON and HS groups. The concentration of ursodeoxycholic acid in the serum was higher in HS pigs than CON and PF pigs (p < 0.05), and TCDCA was increased in HS pigs compared with PF pigs (p < 0.05). Altogether, short-term HS reduced hepatic cholesterol levels by decreasing cholesterol synthesis, promoting cholesterol to TCBAs conversion, and cholesterol release to serum in growing pigs. This independently reduced feed intake might serve as a mechanism to protect cells from damage during the early period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.F.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (L.L.)
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching, and Research Unit, Liège University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Xiaobin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.F.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Qingshi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.F.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.F.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Jingjing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.F.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (W.F.); (X.W.); (Q.M.); (L.L.)
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, TERRA Teaching, and Research Unit, Liège University, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
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15
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Nasehi M, Torabinejad S, Hashemi M, Vaseghi S, Zarrindast MR. Effect of cholestasis and NeuroAid treatment on the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Pgc-1α and Tfam genes involved in apoptosis and mitochondrial biogenesis in the striatum of male rats. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:183-192. [PMID: 31773435 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis means impaired bile synthesis or secretion. In fact, it is a bile flow reduction following Bile Duct Ligation (BDL). Cholestasis has a main role in necrosis and apoptosis. Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that has intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The intrinsic pathway is mediated by Bcl-2 (B cell lymphoma-2) proteins which integrate death and survival signals. Bcl-2 has anti-apoptotic and Bax has pro-apoptotic effects. Also, striatum is one of the brain regions that has high expressions of Bcl-2 proteins. Moreover, Tfam and Pgc-1α are involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. On the other hand, NeuroAid, is a drug that has neuroprotective and anti-apoptosis effects. In this study, using quantitative PCR, we measured the expression of all these genes in the striatum of male rats following BDL and NeuroAid administration. Results showed, BDL increased the expression of Bax and Tfam and decreased the expression of Bcl-2. NeuroAid restored the effect of BDL on the expression of Bax, while did not alter the effect of BDL on Bcl-2. In addition, it increased the expression of Tfam that was previously elevated by BDL and raised the expression of Tfam in normal rats. Both BDL and NeuroAid, had no effect on Pgc-1α. In conclusion, cholestasis increased the expression of Bax and decreased the expression of Bcl-2, and this effect may have related to enhanced susceptibility of mitochondrial pathways following oxidative stress. Tfam expression was increased following cholestasis and this effect may have related to cellular compensatory mechanisms against high accumulation of free radicals or mitochondrial biogenesis failure. Furthermore, NeuroAid may play a role against apoptosis and can be used to increase mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sepehr Torabinejad
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Bellanti F, Pannone G, Tartaglia N, Serviddio G. Redox Control of the Immune Response in the Hepatic Progenitor Cell Niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:295. [PMID: 32435643 PMCID: PMC7218163 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver commonly self-regenerates by a proliferation of mature cell types. Nevertheless, in case of severe or protracted damage, the organ renewal is mediated by the hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs), adult progenitors capable of differentiating toward the biliary and the hepatocyte lineages. This regeneration process is determined by the formation of a stereotypical niche surrounding the emerging progenitors. The organization of the HPC niche microenvironment is crucial to drive biliary or hepatocyte regeneration. Furthermore, this is the site of a complex immunological activity mediated by several immune and non-immune cells. Indeed, several cytokines produced by monocytes, macrophages and T-lymphocytes may promote the activation of HPCs in the niche. On the other side, HPCs may produce pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by liver inflammation. The inflamed liver is characterized by high generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which in turn lead to the oxidation of macromolecules and the alteration of signaling pathways. Reactive species and redox signaling are involved in both the immunological and the adult stem cell regeneration processes. It is then conceivable that redox balance may finely regulate the immune response in the HPC niche, modulating the regeneration process and the immune activity of HPCs. In this perspective article, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of reactive species in the regulation of hepatic immunity, suggesting future research directions for the study of redox signaling on the immunomodulatory properties of HPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Center for Experimental and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco Bellanti,
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Institute of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Nicola Tartaglia
- Institute of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Center for Experimental and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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17
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Ommati MM, Farshad O, Niknahad H, Arabnezhad MR, Azarpira N, Mohammadi HR, Haghnegahdar M, Mousavi K, Akrami S, Jamshidzadeh A, Heidari R. Cholestasis-associated reproductive toxicity in male and female rats: The fundamental role of mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress. Toxicol Lett 2019; 316:60-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Sun J, Wang J, Zhang N, Yang R, Chen K, Kong D. Identification of global mRNA expression profiles and comprehensive bioinformatic analyses of abnormally expressed genes in cholestatic liver disease. Gene 2019; 707:9-21. [PMID: 31048068 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestatic liver disease (CLD) is a highly heterogeneous hepatobiliary disease with various causes. The purpose of this research was to explore the gene expression changes throughout the course of CLD revealing potential causative molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. METHODS We established two animal models of cholestasis: 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine feeding for 2, 4 and 6 weeks and bile duct ligation for 14 days. Using these two models, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by RNA-Seq analysis and used the newly-found knowledge of DEGs in comprehensive bioinformatic analyses to investigate key molecular events. Sequencing results were confirmed by experimental verification. RESULTS Our study detected overlapping DEGs in the two models, of these 568 genes were upregulated and 117 genes were downregulated. Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that the upregulated genes were associated with the biological processes of cell adhesion, cell migration and cell motility, while the metabolic processes of various substances were enriched for the downregulated genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the upregulated pathways were mainly distributed in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction and amoebiasis, while downregulated pathways focused on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, metabolic pathways and primary bile acid biosynthesis. These findings were further confirmed by protein-protein interaction network modeling. Hub genes Src, Pdgfb, Col15a1, Mmp9, Egfr were selected using centralities analyses and verified by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSION We profiled a global mRNA landscape in CLD to promote a complete understanding of transcriptomic events of this disease, offering candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Renjun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Derun Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China.
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di Bello G, Vendemiale G, Bellanti F. Redox cell signaling and hepatic progenitor cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:546-556. [PMID: 30278988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic diseases are widespread in the world and organ transplantation is currently the only treatment for liver failure. New cell-based approaches have been considered, since stem cells may represent a possible source to treat liver diseases. Acute and chronic liver diseases are characterized by high production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, with consequent oxidative modifications of cellular macromolecules and alteration of signaling pathways, metabolism and cell cycle. Although considered harmful molecules, reactive species are involved in cell growth and differentiation processes, modulating the activity of transcription factors, which take part in stemness/proliferation. It is conceivable that redox balance may regulate the development of hepatic progenitor cells, function and survival in synchrony with metabolism during chronic liver diseases. This review aims to summarize diverse redox-sensitive signaling pathways involved in stem cell fate, highlighting the important role of hepatic progenitor cells as a possible source to treat end-stage liver disease for organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia di Bello
- Centre for Experimental and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Centre for Experimental and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Bellanti
- Centre for Experimental and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy.
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20
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Teskey G, Abrahem R, Cao R, Gyurjian K, Islamoglu H, Lucero M, Martinez A, Paredes E, Salaiz O, Robinson B, Venketaraman V. Glutathione as a Marker for Human Disease. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 87:141-159. [PMID: 30342710 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), often referred to as "the master antioxidant," participates not only in antioxidant defense systems, but many metabolic processes, and therefore its role cannot be overstated. GSH deficiency causes cellular risk for oxidative damage and thus as expected, GSH imbalance is observed in a wide range of pathological conditions including tuberculosis (TB), HIV, diabetes, cancer, and aging. Consequently, it is not surprising that GSH has attracted the attention of biological researchers and pharmacologists alike as a possible target for medical intervention. Here, we discuss the role GSH plays amongst these pathological conditions to illuminate how it can be used as a marker for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Teskey
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Abrahem
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Ruoqiong Cao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States; College of life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Karo Gyurjian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Hicret Islamoglu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Mariana Lucero
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Martinez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Erik Paredes
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Oscar Salaiz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Brittanie Robinson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
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21
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Bellanti F, Villani R, Tamborra R, Blonda M, Iannelli G, di Bello G, Facciorusso A, Poli G, Iuliano L, Avolio C, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Synergistic interaction of fatty acids and oxysterols impairs mitochondrial function and limits liver adaptation during nafld progression. Redox Biol 2018; 15:86-96. [PMID: 29220698 PMCID: PMC5725223 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete mechanism accounting for the progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not been elucidated. Lipotoxicity refers to cellular injury caused by hepatic free fatty acids (FFAs) and cholesterol accumulation. Excess cholesterol autoxidizes to oxysterols during oxidative stress conditions. We hypothesize that interaction of FAs and cholesterol derivatives may primarily impair mitochondrial function and affect biogenesis adaptation during NAFLD progression. We demonstrated that the accumulation of specific non-enzymatic oxysterols in the liver of animals fed high-fat+high-cholesterol diet induces mitochondrial damage and depletion of proteins of the respiratory chain complexes. When tested in vitro, 5α-cholestane-3β,5,6β-triol (triol) combined to FFAs was able to reduce respiration in isolated liver mitochondria, induced apoptosis in primary hepatocytes, and down-regulated transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Finally, a lower protein content in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes was observed in human non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In conclusion, hepatic accumulation of FFAs and non-enzymatic oxysterols synergistically facilitates development and progression of NAFLD by impairing mitochondrial function, energy balance and biogenesis adaptation to chronic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Tamborra
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Blonda
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Iannelli
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giorgia di Bello
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Carlo Avolio
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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Yang R, Zhu S, Pischke SE, Haugaa H, Zou X, Tonnessen TI. Bile and circulating HMGB1 contributes to systemic inflammation in obstructive jaundice. J Surg Res 2018; 228:14-19. [PMID: 29907203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive jaundice (OJ) patients with cholangitis are prone to sepsis; however, the underlying mechanisms are still not clear and need to be clarified. METHODS Analyzing all available published data related to the title of this article. RESULTS OJ leads to absence of gut luminal bile and accumulation of hepatic and circulating bile acids. Absence of gut luminal bile deprives the gut from its antiinflammatory, endotoxin-binding, bacteriostatic, mucosal-trophic, epithelial tight-junction maintaining, and gut motility-regulating effects, leading to gut bacterial overgrowth, mucosal atrophy, mucosal tight-junction loss, and gut motility dysfunction. These alterations promote intestinal endotoxin and bacterial translocation (BT) into portal and systemic circulation. Gut BT triggers systemic inflammation, which can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions in OJ. The accumulation of hepatic and circulating bile acids kills/damages hepatocyte and Kupffer cells, and it also significantly decreases the number of liver natural killer T-cells in OJ. This results in impaired hepatic and systemic immune function, which facilitates BT. In addition, neutralizing bile HMGB1 can reverse endotoxemic bile-induced gut BT and mucosal injury in mice, suggesting that bile HMGB1 in OJ patients can be responsible for internal drainage-related clinical complications. Moreover, the elevated circulating HMGB1 level may contribute to multiple organ injuries, and it might also mediate gut BT in OJ. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 may significantly contribute to systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunctions in OJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkuan Yang
- Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Soeren Erik Pischke
- Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hakon Haugaa
- Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Tor Inge Tonnessen
- Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Chemical chaperone, TUDCA unlike PBA, mitigates protein aggregation efficiently and resists ER and non-ER stress induced HepG2 cell death. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630443 PMCID: PMC5476595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress induced BSA (bovine serum albumin) protein aggregation is effectively mitigated in vitro by TUDCA (tauroursodeoxycholic acid) than by PBA (4- phenylbutyric acid), chemical chaperones approved by FDA for the treatment of biliary cirrhosis and urea cycle disorders respectively. TUDCA, unlike PBA, enhances trypsin mediated digestion of BSA. TUDCA activates PERK, an ER-resident kinase that phosphorylates the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor2 (eIF2α) and promotes the expression of activated transcription factor 4 (ATF4) in HepG2 cells. In contrast, PBA induced eIF2α phosphorylation is not mediated by PERK activation and results in low ATF4 expression. Neither chaperones promote expression of BiP, an ER chaperone, and CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein), downstream target of eIF2α-ATF4 pathway. Both chaperones mitigate tunicamycin induced PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP arm of UPR and expression of BiP. TUDCA, unlike PBA does not decrease cell viability and it also mitigates tunicamycin, UV-irradiation and PBA induced PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase) cleavage and cell death. These findings therefore suggest that TUDCA’s antiapoptotic activity to protect HepG2 cells and PBA’s activity that limits tumor cell progression may be important while considering their therapeutic potential.
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Federico A, Dallio M, Loguercio C. Silymarin/Silybin and Chronic Liver Disease: A Marriage of Many Years. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020191. [PMID: 28125040 PMCID: PMC6155865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is the extract of Silybum marianum, or milk thistle, and its major active compound is silybin, which has a remarkable biological effect. It is used in different liver disorders, particularly chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic power. Indeed, the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of silymarin is oriented towards the reduction of virus-related liver damages through inflammatory cascade softening and immune system modulation. It also has a direct antiviral effect associated with its intravenous administration in hepatitis C virus infection. With respect to alcohol abuse, silymarin is able to increase cellular vitality and to reduce both lipid peroxidation and cellular necrosis. Furthermore, silymarin/silybin use has important biological effects in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These substances antagonize the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, by intervening in various therapeutic targets: oxidative stress, insulin resistance, liver fat accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Silymarin is also used in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma that represent common end stages of different hepatopathies by modulating different molecular patterns. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine scientific studies concerning the effects derived from silymarin/silybin use in chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Federico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marcello Dallio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Carmelina Loguercio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Gonzalez-Sanchez E, Perez MJ, Nytofte NS, Briz O, Monte MJ, Lozano E, Serrano MA, Marin JJG. Protective role of biliverdin against bile acid-induced oxidative stress in liver cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:466-477. [PMID: 27387768 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of bile acids affects mitochondria causing oxidative stress. Antioxidant defense is accepted to include biotransformation of biliverdin (BV) into bilirubin (BR) through BV reductase α (BVRα). The mutation (c.214C>A) in BLVRA results in a non-functional enzyme (mutBVRα). Consequently, homozygous carriers suffering from cholestasis develop green jaundice. Whether BVRα deficiency reduces BV-dependent protection against bile acids is a relevant question because a screening of the mut-BLVRA allele (a) in 311 individuals in Greenland revealed that this SNP was relatively frequent in the Inuit population studied (1% a/a and 4.5% A/a). In three human liver cell lines an inverse correlation between BVRα expression (HepG2>Alexander>HuH-7) and basal reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was found, however the ability of BV to reduce oxidative stress and cell death induced by deoxycholic acid (DCA) or potassium dichromate (PDC) was similar in these cells. The transduction of BVRα or mutBVRα in human placenta JAr cells with negligible BVRα expression or the silencing of endogenous BVRα expression in liver cells had no effect on DCA-induced oxidative stress and cell death or BV-mediated cytoprotection. DCA stimulated both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production, whereas BV only inhibited the latter. DCA and other dihydroxy-bile acids, but not PDC, induced up-regulation of both BVRα and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in liver cells through a FXR independent and BV insensitive mechanism. In conclusion, BV exerts direct and BVRα-independent antioxidant and cytoprotective effects, whereas bile acid accumulation in cholestasis stimulates the expression of enzymes favoring the heme biotransformation into BV and BR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Maria J Perez
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Oscar Briz
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria J Monte
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elisa Lozano
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria A Serrano
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
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Effects of Myrtus communis extract treatment in bile duct ligated rats. J Surg Res 2016; 205:359-367. [PMID: 27664884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to investigate the antifibrotic and antioxidant effects of Myrtus communis subsp. communis (MC) extract against liver injury and fibrosis occurring in rats with biliary obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rats were randomized into four groups (n = 8). Control group (C), MC-administrated group (MC), the bile duct ligation (BDL), and BDL + MC groups. MC was administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg a day orally for 28 days. In blood samples, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase levels, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β measurement were measured. Oxidative injury was examined by measuring luminol and lucigenin chemiluminescence, malondialdehyde and glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase and myeloperoxidase activities. Transforming growth factor-beta and hydroxyproline levels were measured for analyzing fibrosis. The hepatic injury was also analyzed microscopically. RESULTS Plasma total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β levels were found significantly high in the BDL group, while these values significantly decreased in the BDL group treated with MC. On the other hand, the glutathione and superoxide dismutase values significantly decreased in the BDL group compared to the control group but increased markedly in BDL + MC group compared to the BDL group. Malondialdehyde levels, myeloperoxidase activity, tissue luminol, lucigenin, transforming growth factor-beta, and hydroxyproline levels when compared with the control group increased dramatically in the BDL group and reduced the MC + BDL group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MC protects the liver tissues against oxidative damage following BDL via its radical scavenging and antioxidant activities, which appear to involve the inhibition of tissue neutrophil infiltration.
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Bellanti F, Mirabella L, Mitarotonda D, Blonda M, Tamborra R, Cinnella G, Fersini A, Ambrosi A, Dambrosio M, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Propofol but not sevoflurane prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress by limiting HIF-1α activation in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:323-33. [PMID: 27154980 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress during reperfusion are determinant in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury but may be impacted by different anesthetic agents. Thus, we aimed at comparing the effects of inhaled sevoflurane or intravenous propofol anesthesia on liver mitochondria in a rodent model of hepatic I/R injury. To this, male Wistar rats underwent I/R surgery using sevoflurane or propofol. In the I/R model, propofol limited the raise in serum aminotransferase levels as compared to sevoflurane. Mitochondrial oxygen uptake, respiratory activity, membrane potential and proton leak were altered in I/R; however, this impairment was significantly prevented by propofol but not sevoflurane. In addition, differently from sevoflurane, propofol limited hepatic I/R-induced mitochondria H2O2 production rate, free radical leak and hydroxynonenal-protein adducts levels. The I/R group anesthetized with propofol also showed a better recovery of hepatic ATP homeostasis and conserved integrity of mitochondrial PTP. Moreover, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) expression was limited in such group. By using a cell model of desferoxamine-dependent HIF activation, we demonstrated that propofol was able to inhibit apoptosis and mitochondrial depolarization associated to HIF-1α action. In conclusion, hepatic I/R injury induces mitochondrial dysfunction that is not prevented by inhaled sevoflurane. On the contrary, propofol reduces liver damage and mitochondrial dysfunction by preserving respiratory activity, membrane potential and energy homeostasis, and limiting free radicals production as well as PTP opening. These hepatoprotective effects may involve the inhibition of HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Lucia Mirabella
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Domenica Mitarotonda
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Blonda
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Tamborra
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gilda Cinnella
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alberto Fersini
- Department of General Surgery, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Ambrosi
- Department of General Surgery, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Dambrosio
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Testicular immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural changes associated with chronic cholestasis in rats: Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid. Life Sci 2015; 136:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kouroumalis E, Notas G. Primary biliary cirrhosis: From bench to bedside. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2015; 6:32-58. [PMID: 26261733 PMCID: PMC4526840 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i3.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic non-suppurative destructive intrahepatic cholangitis leading to cirrhosis after a protractive non cirrhotic stage. The etiology and pathogenesis are largely unknown and autoimmne mechanisms have been implicated to explain the pathological lesions. Many epitopes and autoantigens have been reported as crucial in the pathophysiology of the disease and T and B cells abnormalities have been described, the exact pathways leading to the destruction of small intrahepatic ductules are mostly speculative. In this review we examined the various epidemiologal and geoepidemiological data as well as the complex pathogenetic aspects of this disease, focusing on recent in vivo and in vitro studies in this field. Initiation and progression of PBC is believed to be a multifactorial process with strong infuences from the patient’s genetic background and by various environmental factors. The role of innate and adaptive immunity, including cytokines, chemokines, macrophages and the involvement of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species are outlined in detailed. The current pathogenetic aspects are presented and a novel pathogenetic theory unifying the accumulated clinical information with in vitro and in vivo data is formulated. A review of clinical manifestations and immunological and pathological diagnosis was presented. Treatment modalities, including the multiple mechanisms of action of ursodeoxycholate were finally discussed.
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Akdemir A, Sahin C, Erbas O, Yeniel AO, Sendag F. Is ursodeoxycholic acid crucial for ischemia/reperfusion-induced ovarian injury in rat ovary? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292:445-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-015-3646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kaffe ET, Rigopoulou EI, Koukoulis GK, Dalekos GN, Moulas AN. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in patients with autoimmune liver diseases. Redox Rep 2015; 20:33-41. [PMID: 25117650 PMCID: PMC6837668 DOI: 10.1179/1351000214y.0000000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate oxidative stress and antioxidant components during different stages of autoimmune liver diseases and assess their possible implication on disease progression. METHODS We determined several markers of oxidative injury (isoprostane, aldehydes, protein carbonyls, 3-nitrotyrosine, and myeloperoxidase) and antioxidant components (glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) in whole blood, serum, and urine in 49 patients with autoimmune cholestatic liver diseases (AC) and 36 patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and healthy subjects matched for sex and age. RESULTS Both AC and AIH patients had increased levels of all lipid and protein oxidative injury products and significantly decreased whole blood glutathione levels compared to controls. AIH patients had significantly higher levels of aldehydes and glutathione peroxidase activity and significantly lower protein carbonyl levels compared to AC patients. Protein carbonyl and isoprostane levels increased and glutathione levels decreased gradually with progression from mild fibrosis to severe fibrosis and cirrhosis in both AC and AIH patients. In addition, both cirrhotic AC and AIH patients had significantly higher protein carbonyls compared to non-cirrhotics. DISCUSSION We provide novel findings in support of a major contribution of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in the progression of liver injury in AC and AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George K. Koukoulis
- Department of PathologyMedical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - George N. Dalekos
- Correspondence to: George N. Dalekos, Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University of Thessaly, School of Medicine, Biopolis, Larissa 41110, Greece.
| | - Anargyros N. Moulas
- Laboratory of BiochemistryDepartment of Animal Production, Technological Education Institute (TEI), Larissa, Greece
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Mousa HS, Lleo A, Invernizzi P, Bowlus CL, Gershwin ME. Advances in pharmacotherapy for primary biliary cirrhosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 16:633-43. [PMID: 25543678 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.998650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease mostly seen in middle-aged women characterized by progressive nonsuppurative destruction of small bile ducts resulting in intrahepatic cholestasis, parenchymal injury and ultimately end-stage liver disease. Despite major breakthroughs in our understanding of PBC, there remains only one FDA-approved agent for treatment: ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to which one-third of patients are unresponsive. AREAS COVERED Biochemical response to treatment with UDCA is associated with excellent survival rates in PBC patients. However, there is a need for alternative treatments for nonresponders. Results from human epidemiological and genetic studies as well as preclinical studies in PBC animal models have provided a strong impetus for the development of new therapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in translational research in PBC focusing on promising therapeutic approaches, namely immune-based targeted therapies and agents targeting the synthesis and circulation of bile acids. EXPERT OPINION We are in a new era for the development of novel therapies for PBC. Data on fibrates, budesonide and obeticholic acid offer encouragement for nonresponders to UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani S Mousa
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Liver Unit and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases , Rozzano (MI) , Italy
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Yu T, Wang L, Lee H, O'Brien DK, Bronk SF, Gores GJ, Yoon Y. Decreasing mitochondrial fission prevents cholestatic liver injury. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34074-88. [PMID: 25342755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.588616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria frequently change their shape through fission and fusion in response to physiological stimuli as well as pathological insults. Disrupted mitochondrial morphology has been observed in cholestatic liver disease. However, the role of mitochondrial shape change in cholestasis is not defined. In this study, using in vitro and in vivo models of bile acid-induced liver injury, we investigated the contribution of mitochondrial morphology to the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver disease. We found that the toxic bile salt glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) rapidly fragmented mitochondria, both in primary mouse hepatocytes and in the bile transporter-expressing hepatic cell line McNtcp.24, leading to a significant increase in cell death. GCDC-induced mitochondrial fragmentation was associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. We found that preventing mitochondrial fragmentation in GCDC by inhibiting mitochondrial fission significantly decreased not only ROS levels but also cell death. We also induced cholestasis in mouse livers via common bile duct ligation. Using a transgenic mouse model inducibly expressing a dominant-negative fission mutant specifically in the liver, we demonstrated that decreasing mitochondrial fission substantially diminished ROS levels, liver injury, and fibrosis under cholestatic conditions. Taken together, our results provide new evidence that controlling mitochondrial fission is an effective strategy for ameliorating cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzheng Yu
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and
| | - Li Wang
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and
| | - Hakjoo Lee
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and
| | - Dawn K O'Brien
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and
| | - Steven F Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Yisang Yoon
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912 and
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Serviddio G, Bellanti F, Stanca E, Lunetti P, Blonda M, Tamborra R, Siculella L, Vendemiale G, Capobianco L, Giudetti AM. Silybin exerts antioxidant effects and induces mitochondrial biogenesis in liver of rat with secondary biliary cirrhosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:117-26. [PMID: 24819445 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of toxic hydrophobic bile acids in hepatocytes, observed during chronic cholestasis, induces substantial modification in the redox state and in mitochondrial functions. Recent reports have suggested a significant role of impaired lipid metabolism in the progression of chronic cholestasis. In this work we report that changes observed in the expression of the lipogenic enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase were associated with a decrease in the activity of citrate carrier (CIC), a protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane closely related to hepatic lipogenesis. We also verified that the impairment of citrate transport was dependent on modification of the phospholipid composition of the mitochondrial membrane and on cardiolipin oxidation. Silybin, an extract of silymarin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, prevented mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cardiolipin oxidation, and CIC failure in cirrhotic livers but did not affect the expression of lipogenic enzymes. Moreover, supplementation of silybin was also associated with mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that chronic cholestasis induces cardiolipin oxidation that in turn impairs mitochondrial function and further promotes ROS production. The capacity of silybin to limit mitochondrial failure is part of its hepatoprotective property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Serviddio
- Centro CURE, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Bellanti
- Centro CURE, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Stanca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Paola Lunetti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Blonda
- Centro CURE, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Tamborra
- Centro CURE, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luisa Siculella
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Centro CURE, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loredana Capobianco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Centro CURE, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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Stanca E, Serviddio G, Bellanti F, Vendemiale G, Siculella L, Giudetti AM. Down-regulation of LPCAT expression increases platelet-activating factor level in cirrhotic rat liver: potential antiinflammatory effect of silybin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1832:2019-26. [PMID: 23851051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is one of the major causes of liver diseases. A chronic accumulation of toxic bile acids in the liver, which occurs in this condition, can induce fibrosis and cirrhosis. Inflammation is a fundamental component of acute and chronic cholestatic liver injury. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a proinflammatory lipid which may be generated by two independent pathways called the de novo and remodeling pathway being the last responsible for the synthesis of PAF during inflammation. In recent years a key role in PAF remodeling has been attributed to lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) enzymes. Although the knowledge on their characteristic is growing, the exact mechanism of LPCAT in pathological conditions remains still unknown. Here, we reported that the level of lyso-PAF and PAF significantly increased in the liver of cirrhotic vs. control rats together with a significant decrease in both mRNA abundance and protein level of both LPCAT1 and LPCAT2. Acyltransferase activities of both LPCAT1 and LPCAT2 were parallel decreased in the liver of cirrhotic animals. Interestingly, treatment with silybin strongly decreased the level of both pro-inflammatory lipids and restored the activity and expression of both LPCAT1 and LPCAT2 of cirrhotic liver. Silybin effect was specific for LPCAT1 and LPCAT2 since it did not affect LPCAT3 mRNA abundance of cirrhotic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Stanca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Takigawa T, Miyazaki H, Kinoshita M, Kawarabayashi N, Nishiyama K, Hatsuse K, Ono S, Saitoh D, Seki S, Yamamoto J. Glucocorticoid receptor-dependent immunomodulatory effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on liver lymphocytes in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G427-38. [PMID: 23868404 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00205.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has long been used for patients with chronic cholestatic liver diseases, particularly primary biliary cirrhosis, it may modulate the host immune response. This study investigated the effect of UDCA feeding on experimental hepatitis, endotoxin shock, and bacterial infection in mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet supplemented with or without 0.3% (wt/vol) UDCA for 4 wk. UDCA improved hepatocyte injury and survival in concanavalin-A (Con-A)-induced hepatitis by suppressing IFN-γ production by liver mononuclear cells (MNC), especially NK and NKT cells. UDCA also increased survival after lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenge; however, it increased mortality of mice following Escherichia coli infection due to the worsening of infection. UDCA-fed mice showed suppressed serum IL-18 levels and production of IL-18 from liver Kupffer cells, which together with IL-12 potently induce IFN-γ production. However, unlike normal mice, exogenous IL-18 pretreatment did not increase the serum IFN-γ levels after E. coli, LPS, or Con-A challenge in the UDCA-fed mice. Interestingly, however, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression was significantly upregulated in the liver MNC of the UDCA-fed mice but not in their whole liver tissue homogenates. Silencing GR in the liver MNC abrogated the suppressive effect of UDCA on LPS- or Con-A-induced IFN-γ production. Furthermore, RU486, a GR antagonist, restored the serum IFN-γ level in UDCA-fed mice after E. coli, LPS, or Con-A challenge. Taken together, these results suggest that IFN-γ-reducing immunomodulatory property of UDCA is mediated by elevated GR in the liver lymphocytes in an IL-12/18-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Takigawa
- Dept. of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513 Japan.
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Bellanti F, Romano AD, Giudetti AM, Rollo T, Blonda M, Tamborra R, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Many faces of mitochondrial uncoupling during age: damage or defense? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68:892-902. [PMID: 23292290 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased mitochondrial proton leak occurs in aging, but the origin of such modification remains unclear. This study defined the cause of mitochondrial uncoupling in mitotic (liver) and postmitotic (heart) rat tissues during aging and its effects on energy homeostasis and free radical production. Proton leak in old heart mitochondria was dependent on uncoupling proteins' upregulation, whereas it was caused by alterations in the mitochondrial membrane composition in old liver. ATP homeostasis was impaired in both tissues from old animals and was associated to disrupted F0F1-ATPase activity. H2O2 production rate and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenalprotein adducts were higher in old liver mitochondria compared with young liver mitochondria, but they were similar in heart mitochondria from both groups. Moreover, key mitochondrial biogenesis regulators were upregulated in old liver but downregulated in old heart. In conclusion, uncoupling proteins mediate proton leak and avoid oxidative damage in heart, acting as a protective mechanism. This does not occur in liver, where ATP depletion and oxidative stress may stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and eliminate damaged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Foggia 71122, Foggia, Italy.
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Tormos AM, Arduini A, Talens-Visconti R, del Barco Barrantes I, Nebreda AR, Sastre J. Liver-specific p38α deficiency causes reduced cell growth and cytokinesis failure during chronic biliary cirrhosis in mice. Hepatology 2013; 57:1950-61. [PMID: 23354775 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED p38α mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) may be essential in the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and can be activated by transforming growth factor β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and oxidative stress. p38 MAPK activation results in hepatocyte growth arrest, whereas increased proliferation has been considered a hallmark of p38α-deficient cells. Our aim was to assess the role of p38α in the progression of biliary cirrhosis induced by chronic cholestasis as an experimental model of chronic inflammation associated with hepatocyte proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and fibrogenesis. Cholestasis was induced in wildtype and liver-specific p38α knockout mice by bile duct ligation and animals were sacrificed at 12 and 28 days. p38α knockout mice exhibited a 50% decrease in mean life-span after cholestasis induction. MK2 phosphorylation was markedly reduced in liver of p38α-deficient mice upon chronic cholestasis. Hepatocyte growth was reduced and hepatomegaly was absent in p38α-deficient mice during chronic cholestasis through down-regulation of both AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin. Cyclin D1 and cyclin B1 were up-regulated in liver of p38α-deficient mice upon chronic cholestasis, but unexpectedly proliferating cell nuclear antigen was down-regulated at 12 days after cholestasis induction and the mitotic index was very high upon cholestasis in p38α-deficient mice. p38α-knockout hepatocytes exhibited cytokinesis failure evidenced by an enhanced binucleation rate. As chronic cholestasis evolved the binucleation rate decreased in wildtype animals, whereas it remained high in p38α-deficient mice. CONCLUSION Our results highlight a key role of p38α in hepatocyte proliferation, in the development of hepatomegaly, and in survival during chronic inflammation such as biliary cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Tormos
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Lim JH, Kim TW, Song IB, Park SJ, Kim MS, Cho ES, Jung JY, Son HY, Kim JW, Yun HI. Protective effect of the roots extract of Platycodon grandiflorum on bile duct ligation-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:1197-205. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327112474832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of aqueous extract from Platycodon grandiflorum (BC703) on bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. BDL rats were divided into three groups, which orally received distilled water or BC703 (10 or 50 mg/kg/day) for consecutive 28 days. Antifibrotic effects of BC703 on BDL-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats were estimated by assessing serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO). The biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver samples stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome stain. ALT, AST, TBIL and BUN were elevated in the group treated with BDL alone than in the sham-operated group. These elevations were significantly decreased by BC703 treatment. Hepatic GSH and SOD levels, depressed by BDL, were also increased in the BC703 group. In addition, increases in hepatic MDA and NO levels in the BDL-induced cholestasis were attenuated by BC703 treatment. Furthermore, BC703 treatment significantly reduced the serum level of fibrogenic cytokine, TGF-β1. Histopathological studies further substantiated the protective effect of BC703 on BDL-induced hepatic fibrosis in rat. BC703 may have beneficial effects not only on hepatic fibrosis by cholestasis but also on hepatic fibrosis development in patients with chronic hepatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Lim
- B&C Biopharm, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - T-W Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - I-B Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - S-J Park
- B&C Biopharm, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - M-S Kim
- Jeollanamdo Development Institute for Traditional Korean Medicine, Jangheung, Jeollanam-Do, South Korea
| | - E-S Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - J-Y Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - H-Y Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - J-W Kim
- B&C Biopharm, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - H-I Yun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Aktas C, Kanter M, Erboga M, Mete R, Oran M. Melatonin attenuates oxidative stress, liver damage and hepatocyte apoptosis after bile-duct ligation in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 30:835-44. [PMID: 23095487 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712464811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of melatonin against cholestatic oxidative stress, liver damage and hepatocyte apoptosis in the common rats with bile duct ligation (BDL). A total of 24 male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: control, BDL and BDL + received melatonin; each group contains eight animals. Melatonin-treated BDL rats received daily melatonin 100 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal injection. The application of BDL clearly increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities. Melatonin treatment significantly decreased the elevated tissue MDA levels and increased the reduced SOD and GSH enzyme levels in the tissues. The changes demonstrate that the bile duct proliferation and fibrosis in expanded portal tracts include the extension of proliferated bile ducts into lobules, mononuclear cells and neutrophil infiltration into the widened portal areas as observed in the BDL group. The data indicate that melatonin attenuates BDL-induced cholestatic liver injury, bile duct proliferation and fibrosis. The α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells in the BDL were observed to be reduced with the melatonin treatment. These results suggest that administration of melatonin is a potentially beneficial agent to reduce liver damage in BDL by decreasing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevat Aktas
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kanter
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Erboga
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Trakya, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Rafet Mete
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Oran
- Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey
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Osorio H, Coronel I, Arellano A, Franco M, Escalante B, Bautista R. Ursodeoxycholic acid decreases sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) expression and oxidative stress in the kidney of diabetic rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 97:276-82. [PMID: 22429686 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oxidative stress has been associated with diabetic complications like nephropathies. Recent studies indicate that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) may be beneficial preventing diabetes-induced oxidative stress and secondary complications. Thus, we study if the UDCA-treatment decreases the expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) and the oxidative stress in the kidney of diabetic rats. METHODS The diabetes model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50mg/kg). SGLT2 expression was evaluated by western blot and RT-PCR. Oxidative stress was assessed by catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase activities (SOD) and immunohistochemical analysis of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT). RESULTS Streptozotocin-induced diabetes caused hyperglycemia and lower body weight. The SGLT2 expression and mRNA levels increased in cortex of kidney from diabetic rats. The CAT activity decreased in cortex and medulla from diabetic rats, otherwise the GPx activity increased. Furthermore the 3-NT staining of kidney from diabetic rats increased compared to control rats. The UDCA treatment was able to decrease hyperglycemia and prevents the SGLT2 over-expression, restores the CAT and GPX activities and decreases 3-NT staining. CONCLUSION The UDCA treatment prevents the over-expression of SGLT2 and oxidative stress in kidney of diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Osorio
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chavez México City, 14080, Mexico.
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42
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Oguz S, Kanter M, Erboga M, Ibis C. Protective effect of Urtica dioica on liver damage induced by biliary obstruction in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:838-45. [PMID: 22585933 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712445045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of Urtica dioica (UD) against liver damage in the common bile duct-ligated rats. A total of 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups, namely, control, bile duct ligation (BDL) and BDL + received UD groups, containing eight animals in each group. The rats in UD-treated groups were given UD oils (2 ml/kg) once a day intraperitoneally for 2 weeks starting 3 days prior to BDL operation. The change demonstrating the bile duct proliferation and fibrosis in expanded portal tracts includes the extension of proliferated bile ducts into the lobules; inflammatory cell infiltration into the widened portal areas were observed in BDL group. Treatment of BDL with UD attenuated alterations in liver histology. The α-smooth muscle actin, cytokeratin-positive ductular proliferation and the activity of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling in the BDL were observed to be reduced with the UD treatment. The data indicate that UD attenuates BDL-induced cholestatic liver injury, bile duct proliferation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Oguz
- 1Department of General Surgery, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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43
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Sokolovic D, Nikolic J, Kocic G, Jevtovic-Stoimenov T, Veljkovic A, Stojanovic M, Stanojkovic Z, Sokolovic DM, Jelic M. The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on oxidative stress level and DNase activity in rat liver after bile duct ligation. Drug Chem Toxicol 2012; 36:141-8. [PMID: 22385135 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2012.658919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids (BAs) during cholestasis plays an important role in apoptosis initiation as well as oxidative stress increase in liver cells. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) acts as a protector in BA-induced cell injury.The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of UDCA on oxidative stress level and DNase I and II activity caused by liver injury in bile duct ligation (BDL) rats.Wistar rats were divided in four groups: group 1, control (sham-operated); group 2, sham-operated and injected with UDCA (30 mg/kg); group 3,animals with BDL; and group 4,UDCA-treatedcholestatic rats. Animals were sacrificed after 9 days. Malondialdehyde (MDA; lipid peroxidation end-product) level and protein-molecule oxidative modification (carbonyl group content) significantly increased in BDL rat liver. Catalase (CAT) activity in liver tissue was found to be decreased in BDL rats. In addition, xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, which is thought to be one of the key enzymes producing reactive oxygen species, was found to be increased in the cholestatic group. The apoptotic effect in cholestasis was probably triggered by the increased activation of DNase I and II. The protective effect of UDCA on liver tissue damage in BDL rats, in comparison to cholestatic liver, were 1) decrease of MDA levels, 2) increased CAT activity, 3) reduced XO activity, and 4) effect on terminal apoptotic reaction, shown as a decrease in DNase I and II activity.Therefore, UDCA may be useful in the preservation of liver function in cholestasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Sokolovic
- Department of Biochemistry, the University of Nis Medical School, Nis, Serbia.
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Min JH, Hong YH, Sung JJ, Kim SM, Lee JB, Lee KW. Oral solubilized ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomized cross-over trial. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27:200-6. [PMID: 22323869 PMCID: PMC3271295 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) with oral solubilized formula in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, patients with probable or definite ALS were randomized to receive oral solubilized UDCA (3.5 g/140 mL/day) or placebo for 3 months after a run-in period of 1 month and switched to receive the other treatment for 3 months after a wash-out period of 1 month. The primary outcome was the rate of progression, assessed by the Appel ALS rating scale (AALSRS), and the secondary outcomes were the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Fifty-three patients completed either the first or second period of study with only 16 of 63 enrolled patients given both treatments sequentially. The slope of AALSRS was 1.17 points/month lower while the patients were treated with UDCA than with placebo (95% CI for difference 0.08-2.26, P = 0.037), whereas the slopes of ALSFRS-R and FVC did not show significant differences between treatments. Gastrointestinal adverse events were more common with UDCA (P < 0.05). Oral solubilized UDCA seems to be tolerable in ALS patients, but we could not make firm conclusion regarding its efficacy, particularly due to the high attrition rate in this cross-over trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hong Min
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Ho Hong
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Goverment Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Sung
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kim
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Bok Lee
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Oguz S, Kanter M, Erboga M, Erenoglu C. Protective effects of thymoquinone against cholestatic oxidative stress and hepatic damage after biliary obstruction in rats. J Mol Histol 2012; 43:151-9. [PMID: 22270828 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the preventive and therapeutic effects of thymoquinone (TQ) against cholestatic oxidative stress and liver damage in common bile duct ligated rats. A total of 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, bile duct ligation (BDL) and BDL + received TQ; each group contain 8 animals. The rats in TQ treated groups were given TQ (50 mg/kg body weight) once a day orally for 2 weeks starting 3 days prior to BDL operation. To date, no more biochemical and histopathological changes on common bile duct ligated rats by TQ treatment have been reported. The application of BDL clearly increased the tissue hydroxyproline (HP) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased the antioxidant enzyme [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] activities. TQ treatment significantly decreased the elevated tissue HP content, and MDA levels and raised the reduced of SOD, and GPx enzymes in the tissues. The changes demonstrating the bile duct proliferation and fibrosis in expanded portal tracts include the extension of proliferated bile ducts into lobules, mononuclear cells, and neutrophil infiltration into the widened portal areas were observed in BDL group. Treatment of BDL with TQ attenuated alterations in liver histology. The immunopositivity of alpha smooth muscle actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in BDL were observed to be reduced with the TQ treatment. The present study demonstrates that oral administration of TQ in bile duct ligated rats maintained antioxidant defenses and reduces liver oxidative damage and ductular proliferation. This effect of TQ may be useful in the preservation of liver function in cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat Oguz
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, 22030, Edirne, Turkey
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46
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Serviddio G, Bellanti F, Giudetti AM, Gnoni GV, Capitanio N, Tamborra R, Romano AD, Quinto M, Blonda M, Vendemiale G, Altomare E. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and respiratory chain dysfunction account for liver toxicity during amiodarone but not dronedarone administration. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:2234-42. [PMID: 21971348 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role played by oxidative stress in amiodarone-induced mitochondrial toxicity is debated. Dronedarone shows pharmacological properties similar to those of amiodarone but several differences in terms of toxicity. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the two drugs on liver mitochondrial function by administering an equivalent human dose to a rat model. Amiodarone increased mitochondrial H(2)O(2) synthesis, which in turn induced cardiolipin peroxidation. Moreover, amiodarone inhibited Complex I activity and uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation, leading to a reduction in the hepatic ATP content. We also observed a modification of membrane phospholipid composition after amiodarone administration. N-acetylcysteine completely prevented such effects. Although dronedarone shares with amiodarone the capacity to induce uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, it did not show any of the oxidative effects and did not impair mitochondrial bioenergetics. Our data provide important insights into the mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity induced by amiodarone. These results may greatly influence the clinical application and toxicity management of these two antiarrhythmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Serviddio
- CURE Center for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Occupational Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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47
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Nunes PM, Jones JG, Rolo AP, Palmeira CMM, Carvalho RA. Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of hepatic steatosis: a (13)C NMR metabolic study. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:1145-1158. [PMID: 21538633 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is commonly used for the treatment of hepatobiliary disorders. In this study, we tested whether a 4-week treatment with this bile acid (12-15 mg/kg/day) could improve hepatic fatty acid oxidation in obese Zucker rats - a model for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and steatosis. After 24 h of fasting, livers were perfused with physiological concentrations of [U-(13) C]nonesterified fatty acids and [3-(13) C]lactate/[3-(13) C]pyruvate. Steatosis was associated with abundant intracellular glucose, lactate, alanine and methionine, and low concentrations of choline and betaine. Steatotic livers also showed the highest output of glucose and lactate. Glucose and glycolytic products were mostly unlabeled, indicating active glycogenolysis and glycolysis after 24 h of fasting. UDCA treatment resulted in a general amelioration of liver metabolic abnormalities with a decrease in intracellular glucose and lactate, as well as their output. Hepatic betaine and methionine were also normalized after UDCA treatment, suggesting the amelioration of anti-oxidative defenses. Choline levels were not affected by the bile acid, which may indicate a deficient synthesis of very-low-density lipoproteins. The percentage contribution of [U-(13) C]nonesterified fatty acids to acetyl-coenzyme A entering the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was significantly lower in livers from Zucker obese rats relative to control rats: 23.1 ± 4.9% versus 44.1 ± 2.7% (p < 0.01). UDCA treatment did not alter significantly fatty acid oxidation in control rats, but improved significantly oxidation in Zucker obese rats to 46.0 ± 6.1% (p > 0.05), comparable with control group values. The TCA cycle activity subsequent to fatty acid oxidation was reduced in steatotic livers and improved when UDCA was administered (0.24 ± 0.04 versus 0.37 ± 0.05, p = 0.05). We further suggest that the mechanism of action of UDCA is either related to the activity of the farnesoid receptor, or to the amelioration of the anti-oxidative defenses and cell nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+) /NADH) ratio, favoring TCA cycle activity and β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Nunes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestasis: linking action mechanisms to therapeutic applications. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011; 121:523-44. [PMID: 21854363 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UDCA (ursodeoxycholic acid) is the therapeutic agent most widely used for the treatment of cholestatic hepatopathies. Its use has expanded to other kinds of hepatic diseases, and even to extrahepatic ones. Such versatility is the result of its multiple mechanisms of action. UDCA stabilizes plasma membranes against cytolysis by tensioactive bile acids accumulated in cholestasis. UDCA also halts apoptosis by preventing the formation of mitochondrial pores, membrane recruitment of death receptors and endoplasmic-reticulum stress. In addition, UDCA induces changes in the expression of metabolizing enzymes and transporters that reduce bile acid cytotoxicity and improve renal excretion. Its capability to positively modulate ductular bile flow helps to preserve the integrity of bile ducts. UDCA also prevents the endocytic internalization of canalicular transporters, a common feature in cholestasis. Finally, UDCA has immunomodulatory properties that limit the exacerbated immunological response occurring in autoimmune cholestatic diseases by counteracting the overexpression of MHC antigens and perhaps by limiting the production of cytokines by immunocompetent cells. Owing to this multi-functionality, it is difficult to envisage a substitute for UDCA that combines as many hepatoprotective effects with such efficacy. We predict a long-lasting use of UDCA as the therapeutic agent of choice in cholestasis.
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Tomur A, Kanter M, Gurel A, Erboga M. The efficiency of CAPE on retardation of hepatic fibrosis in biliary obstructed rats. J Mol Histol 2011; 42:451-8. [PMID: 21822612 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) against cholestatic oxidative stress and liver damage in the common bile duct ligated rats. A total of 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, bile duct ligation (BDL) and BDL + received CAPE; each group contain 6 animals. The rats in CAPE treated groups were given CAPE (10 μmol/kg) once a day intraperitoneally (i.p) for 2 weeks starting just after BDL operation. The changes demonstrating the bile duct proliferation and fibrosis in expanded portal tracts include the extension of proliferated bile ducts into lobules, inflammatory cell infiltration into the widened portal areas were observed in BDL group. Treatment of BDL with CAPE attenuated alterations in liver histology. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the activity of TUNEL in the BDL were observed to be reduced with the QE treatment. The application of BDL clearly increased the tissue hydroxyproline (HP) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decreased the antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) activities. CAPE treatment significantly decreased the elevated tissue HP content, and MDA levels and raised the reduced of SOD, and GPx enzymes in the tissues. The data indicate that CAPE attenuates BDL-induced cholestatic liver injury, bile duct proliferation, and fibrosis. The hepatoprotective effect of CAPE is associated with antioxidative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Tomur
- Department of Emergency Service, Private Sema Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Morris EM, Rector RS, Thyfault JP, Ibdah JA. Mitochondria and redox signaling in steatohepatitis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:485-504. [PMID: 21128703 PMCID: PMC3118705 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases are potentially pathological conditions that can progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. These conditions affect millions of people throughout the world in part through poor lifestyle choices of excess alcohol consumption, overnutrition, and lack of regular physical activity. Abnormal mitochondrial and cellular redox homeostasis has been documented in steatohepatitis and results in alterations of multiple redox-sensitive signaling cascades. Ultimately, these changes in signaling lead to altered enzyme function and transcriptional activities of proteins critical to mitochondrial and cellular function. In this article, we review the current hypotheses linking mitochondrial redox state to the overall pathophysiology of alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and briefly discuss the current therapeutic options under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matthew Morris
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA
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