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González-Salvatierra S, García-Fontana B, Martínez-Heredia L, Lacal J, Andújar-Vera F, Sanabria-de la Torre R, Moratalla-Aranda E, Lozano-Alonso S, García-Fontana C, Muñoz-Torres M. Exploring the role of osteoglycin in type 2 diabetes: implications for insulin resistance and vascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E649-E660. [PMID: 37819194 PMCID: PMC10874653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00320.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Osteoglycin, a fundamental proteoglycan within the vascular extracellular matrix, is expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) but the role of osteoglycin in the development of CVD is controversial to date. Therefore, our aims are to determine and compare the level of osteoglycin in T2D patients with/without CVD versus control subjects both at serum and vascular tissue and to analyze in vitro role of osteoglycin in VSMCs under calcified conditions. For this, serum osteoglycin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 117 controls and 129 patients with T2D (46 with CVD and 83 without CVD), revealing a significant increase in patients with T2D compared with controls. Osteoglycin level was not an estimator of CVD but correlated with markers of insulin resistance (triglycerides and triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol index) in patients with T2D. At the vascular level, osteoglycin expression was assessed by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry, and no significant differences were observed between calcified arteries from patients with T2D and noncalcified arteries from controls. In vitro experiments using VSMCs (mock and overexpressing osteoglycin) under calcifying conditions were performed to analyze the osteoglycin function. The overexpression of osteoglycin in VMSCs under calcifying conditions revealed an increase of cell proliferation without effect on apoptosis and an upregulation of the expression of autotaxin (ATX) involved in inflammatory processes. In conclusion, osteoglycin could play a role in glycemic homeostasis, being a potential biomarker of insulin resistance in patients with T2D. Furthermore, osteoglycin could indirectly participate in the development of atherosclerosis through its regulatory effect on ATX and by proliferating VSMCs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study uncovers an increase of serum osteoglycin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, which does not appear to be associated with the development of atherosclerosis, but rather with insulin resistance in this population. Overexpression of osteoglycin increased proliferation and upregulated the expression of autotaxin in vascular smooth muscle cells within calcified environments. Osteoglycin could be a biomarker of insulin resistance for type 2 diabetes and could be indirectly involved in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila González-Salvatierra
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz García-Fontana
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES) Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Jesus Lacal
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco Andújar-Vera
- Bioinformatic Research Service, Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI Institute), Granada, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanabria-de la Torre
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique Moratalla-Aranda
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Silvia Lozano-Alonso
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Angiology and Vascular Surgery Unit, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Fontana
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES) Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Muñoz-Torres
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES) Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Méaux MN, Regnier M, Portefaix A, Borel O, Alioli C, Peyruchaud O, Legrand M, Bacchetta J. Circulating autotaxin levels in healthy teenagers: Data from the Vitados cohort. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1094705. [PMID: 36861069 PMCID: PMC9969100 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1094705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme with a lysophospholipase D activity, mainly secreted by adipocytes and widely expressed. Its major function is to convert lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an essential bioactive lipid involved in multiple cell processes. The ATX-LPA axis is increasingly studied because of its involvement in numerous pathological conditions, more specifically in inflammatory or neoplastic diseases, and in obesity. Circulating ATX levels gradually increase with the stage of some pathologies, such as liver fibrosis, thus making them a potentially interesting non-invasive marker for fibrosis estimation. Normal circulating levels of ATX have been established in healthy adults, but no data exist at the pediatric age. The aim of our study is to describe the physiological concentrations of circulating ATX levels in healthy teenagers through a secondary analysis of the VITADOS cohort. Our study included 38 teenagers of Caucasian origin (12 males, 26 females). Their median age was 13 years for males and 14 years for females, ranging from Tanner 1 to 5. BMI was at the 25th percentile for males and 54th percentile for females, and median blood pressure was normal. ATX median levels were 1,049 (450-2201) ng/ml. There was no difference in ATX levels between sexes in teenagers, which was in contrast to the male and female differences described in the adult population. ATX levels significantly decreased with age and pubertal status, reaching adult levels at the end of puberty. Our study also suggested positive correlations between ATX levels and blood pressure (BP), lipid metabolism, and bone biomarkers. However, except for LDL cholesterol, these factors were also significantly correlated with age, which might be a confounding factor. Still, a correlation between ATX and diastolic BP was described in obese adult patients. No correlation was found between ATX levels and inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP), Body Mass Index (BMI), and biomarkers of phosphate/calcium metabolism. In conclusion, our study is the first to describe the decline in ATX levels with puberty and the physiological concentrations of ATX levels in healthy teenagers. It will be of utmost importance when performing clinical studies in children with chronic diseases to keep these kinetics in mind, as circulating ATX might become a non-invasive prognostic biomarker in pediatric chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Noëlle Méaux
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, filière OSCAR, Lyon, France.,Service de Néphrologie, Rhumatologie et Dermatologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Maitena Regnier
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, filière OSCAR, Lyon, France.,Service de Néphrologie, Rhumatologie et Dermatologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Aurélie Portefaix
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CIC 1407, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | | | | | | | - Mélanie Legrand
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Lyon, France.,Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Justine Bacchetta
- INSERM, UMR 1033, Lyon, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, filière OSCAR, Lyon, France.,Service de Néphrologie, Rhumatologie et Dermatologie Pédiatriques, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Contreras O, Harvey RP. Single-cell transcriptome dynamics of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid axis during muscle regeneration reveal proliferative effects in mesenchymal fibro-adipogenic progenitors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1017660. [PMID: 36910157 PMCID: PMC9996314 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1017660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid is a growth factor-like bioactive phospholipid recognising LPA receptors and mediating signalling pathways that regulate embryonic development, wound healing, carcinogenesis, and fibrosis, via effects on cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. Extracellular LPA is generated from lysophospholipids by the secreted hydrolase-ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2; also, AUTOTAXIN/ATX) and metabolised by different membrane-bound phospholipid phosphatases (PLPPs). Here, we use public bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets to explore the expression of Lpar 1-6, Enpp2, and Plpp genes under skeletal muscle homeostasis and regeneration conditions. We show that the skeletal muscle system dynamically expresses the Enpp2-Lpar-Plpp gene axis, with Lpar1 being the highest expressed member among LPARs. Lpar1 was expressed by mesenchymal fibro-adipogenic progenitors and tenocytes, whereas FAPs mainly expressed Enpp2. Clustering of FAPs identified populations representing distinct cell states with robust Lpar1 and Enpp2 transcriptome signatures in homeostatic cells expressing higher levels of markers Dpp4 and Hsd11b1. However, tissue injury induced transient repression of Lpar genes and Enpp2. The role of LPA in modulating the fate and differentiation of tissue-resident FAPs has not yet been explored. Ex vivo, LPAR1/3 and ENPP2 inhibition significantly decreased the cell-cycle activity of FAPs and impaired fibro-adipogenic differentiation, implicating LPA signalling in the modulation of the proliferative and differentiative fate of FAPs. Together, our results demonstrate the importance of the ENPP2-LPAR-PLPP axis in different muscle cell types and FAP lineage populations in homeostasis and injury, paving the way for further research on the role of this signalling pathway in skeletal muscle homeostasis and regeneration, and that of other organs and tissues, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Contreras
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Tsutsumi T, Yasuda K, Neya M, Okada H, Tokumura A. Lysophosphatidic acid production from lysophosphatidylcholine by lysophospholipase D activity of autotaxin in plasma of women with normal and adverse pregnancies. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2022; 163:106670. [PMID: 35963509 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To identify biomarker lipids causing preterm delivery, we focused on lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The results of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed that plasma levels of LPCs and LPAs were higher in the first and third (T3) trimesters of human normal and adverse pregnancies than in the second trimester, suggesting the direct metabolic conversion of LPC to LPA by lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity of autotaxin. The elevated LPC and LPA levels in women with preterm deliveries in T3 were higher than in women with term deliveries under normal pregnancy in T3. We measured lysoPLD activity of diluted sera of pregnant women by quantification of choline released from exogenous LPC, and found progressive increases of lysoPLD activities in women with normal and adverse pregnancies. Ratios of lysoPLD activities for linoleoyl LPC to that for palmitoyl LPC were found to be decreased in pregnant women compared to that in non-pregnant women. These results may be due to the altered patterns of endogenous modulators for autotaxin and the profiles of the bound metal ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 1714-1 Yoshinomachi, Nobeoka 882-8508, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yasuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1191, Japan
| | - Mariko Neya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Okada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1191, Japan
| | - Akira Tokumura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, 6-13-1 Yasuhigashi, Asaminami-ku, Hiroshima 731-0153, Japan.
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Methanolic fruit extract of Myrica nagi protects the hypothalamus and attenuates inflammation associated with gold thioglucose- and high-fat diet-induced obesity via various adipokines. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022:100582. [PMID: 35842377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myrica nagi is popular in unani and ayurveda. Chemical constituents like myricetin isolated from its fruit has been shown to exert beneficial effects against cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammatory conditions, and metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to elucidate the anti-obesity effect of the methanolic extract of M. nagi (MEMN) using in vivo animal models of obesity induced by gold thioglucose or a high-fat diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS The obese mice were treated or untreated with MEMN for 8 weeks. Thereafter, feed intake, Lee index, and body mass index (BMI); biochemical parameters such as lipid profile, liver enzymes and specific biomarkers of obesity, including insulin, leptin, adiponectin, free fatty acids (FFA), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and resistin, were recorded. The weight and histopathology of organs and fat tissue were examined to validate the effectiveness of the extract. RESULTS MEMN administration at various doses significantly reduced the induced weight gain, feed intake, BMI, and Lee index. Adipose tissue decreased as the MEMN dose increased. MEMN attenuated liver enzyme activity, decreased lipid, leptin, MCP-1, resistin, and FFA levels, and increased adiponectin levels. It also increased protection of liver cells and decreased accumulation of mesenteric fat. CONCLUSIONS MEMN supplementation decreased weight and improved obesity serum/plasma lipid biomarker, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, MCP-1, and resistin levels. The weight-reducing activity of MEMN may be mediated by decreased gastrointestinal fat absorption and modulation of inflammation associated signaling pathways, leading to reduced adipose inflammation associated with energy expenditure.
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Sueajai J, Sutjarit N, Boonmuen N, Auparakkitanon S, Noumjad N, Suksamrarn A, Vinayavekhin N, Piyachaturawat P. Lowering of lysophosphatidylcholines in ovariectomized rats by Curcuma comosa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268179. [PMID: 35588422 PMCID: PMC9119514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Decline of ovarian function in menopausal women increases metabolic disease risk. Curcuma comosa extract and its major compound, (3R)-1,7-diphenyl-(4E,6E)-4,6-heptadien-3-ol (DPHD), improved estrogen-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) rat metabolic disturbances. However, information on their effects on metabolites is limited. Here, we investigated the impacts of C. comosa ethanol extract and DPHD on 12-week-old OVX rat metabolic disturbances, emphasizing the less hydrophobic metabolites. Metabolomics analysis of OVX rat serum showed a marked increase compared to sham-operated rat (SHAM) in levels of lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs), particularly lysoPC (18:0) and lysoPC (16:0), and of arachidonic acid (AA), metabolites associated with inflammation. OVX rat elevated lysoPCs and AA levels reverted to SHAM levels following treatments with C. comosa ethanol extract and DPHD. Overall, our studies demonstrate the effect of C. comosa extract in ameliorating the metabolic disturbances caused by ovariectomy, and the elevated levels of bioactive lipid metabolites, lysoPCs and AA, may serve as potential biomarkers of menopausal metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetjamnong Sueajai
- Toxicology Graduate Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nareerat Sutjarit
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Boonmuen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saranya Auparakkitanon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nantida Noumjad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawaporn Vinayavekhin
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Apelin expression deficiency in mice contributes to vascular stiffening by extracellular matrix remodeling of the aortic wall. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22278. [PMID: 34782679 PMCID: PMC8593139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous recent studies have shown that in the continuum of cardiovascular diseases, the measurement of arterial stiffness has powerful predictive value in cardiovascular risk and mortality and that this value is independent of other conventional risk factors, such as age, cholesterol levels, diabetes, smoking, or average blood pressure. Vascular stiffening is often the main cause of arterial hypertension (AHT), which is common in the presence of obesity. However, the mechanisms leading to vascular stiffening, as well as preventive factors, remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the consequences of apelin deficiency on the vascular stiffening and wall remodeling of aorta in mice. This factor freed by visceral adipose tissue, is known for its homeostasic role in lipid and vascular metabolisms, or again in inflammation. We compared the level of metabolic markers, inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT), and aortic wall remodeling from functional and structural approaches in apelin-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice. Apelin-deficient mice were generated by knockout of the apelin gene (APL-KO). From 8 mice by groups, aortic stiffness was analyzed by pulse wave velocity measurements and by characterizations of collagen and elastic fibers. Mann-Whitney statistical test determined the significant data (p < 5%) between groups. The APL-KO mice developed inflammation, which was associated with significant remodeling of visceral WAT, such as neutrophil elastase and cathepsin S expressions. In vitro, cathepsin S activity was detected in conditioned medium prepared from adipose tissue of the APL-KO mice, and cathepsin S activity induced high fragmentations of elastic fiber of wild-type aorta, suggesting that the WAT secretome could play a major role in vascular stiffening. In vivo, remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), such as collagen accumulation and elastolysis, was observed in the aortic walls of the APL-KO mice, with the latter associated with high cathepsin S activity. In addition, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and AHT were increased in the APL-KO mice. The latter could explain aortic wall remodeling in the APL-KO mice. The absence of apelin expression, particularly in WAT, modified the adipocyte secretome and facilitated remodeling of the ECM of the aortic wall. Thus, elastolysis of elastic fibers and collagen accumulation contributed to vascular stiffening and AHT. Therefore, apelin expression could be a major element to preserve vascular homeostasis.
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Autotaxin-LPA-LPP3 Axis in Energy Metabolism and Metabolic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179575. [PMID: 34502491 PMCID: PMC8431043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides serving as a structural membrane component and intermediate of the glycerolipid metabolism, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has a prominent role as a signaling molecule through its binding to LPA receptors at the cell surface. Extracellular LPA is primarily produced from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) through the activity of secreted lysophospholipase D, autotaxin (ATX). The degradation of extracellular LPA to monoacylglycerol is mediated by lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) at the cell membrane. This review summarizes and interprets current literature on the role of the ATX-LPA-LPP3 axis in the regulation of energy homeostasis, insulin function, and adiposity at baseline and under conditions of obesity. We also discuss how the ATX-LPA-LPP3 axis influences obesity-related metabolic complications, including insulin resistance, fatty liver disease, and cardiomyopathy.
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Li VL, Kim JT, Long JZ. Adipose Tissue Lipokines: Recent Progress and Future Directions. Diabetes 2020; 69:2541-2548. [PMID: 33219098 PMCID: PMC7679773 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Beyond classical metabolic functions in energy storage and energy expenditure, adipose tissue is also a dynamic endocrine organ that secretes bioactive factors into blood plasma. Historically, studies of the adipose secretome have predominantly focused on polypeptide adipokines. Recently, adipose-derived blood-borne lipids ("lipokines") have emerged as a distinct class of endocrine factors. Lipokines are intimately connected to intracellular pathways of fatty acid metabolism and therefore uniquely poised to communicate the intracellular energy status of adipocytes to other nonadipose tissues including liver, muscle, and pancreas. Here, we discuss recent progress on our understanding of adipose-secreted lipokines as endocrine regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism. We also provide our perspective on future directions for adipose-secreted lipids, including limitations of the currently available experimental data as well as potential strategies for addressing the remaining open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Joon T Kim
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Pralle RS, Schultz NE, White HM, Weigel KA. Hyperketonemia GWAS and parity-dependent SNP associations in Holstein dairy cows intensively sampled for blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:347-357. [PMID: 32628084 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperketonemia (HYK) is a metabolic disorder that affects early postpartum dairy cows; however, there has been limited success in identifying genomic variants contributing to HYK susceptibility. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using HYK phenotypes based on an intensive screening protocol, interrogated genotype interactions with parity group (GWIS), and evaluated the enrichment of annotated metabolic pathways. Holstein cows were enrolled into the experiment after parturition, and blood samples were collected at four timepoints between 5 and 18 days postpartum. Concentration of blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was quantified cow-side via a handheld BHB meter. Cows were labeled as a HYK case when at least one blood sample had BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L, and all other cows were considered non-HYK controls. After quality control procedures, 1,710 cows and 58,699 genotypes were available for further analysis. The GWAS and GWIS were performed using the forward feature select linear mixed model method. There was evidence for an association between ARS-BFGL-NGS-91238 and HYK susceptibility, as well as parity-dependent associations to HYK for BovineHD0600024247 and BovineHD1400023753. Candidate genes annotated to these single nuclear polymorphism associations have been previously associated with obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, and fatty liver in humans and rodent models. Enrichment analysis revealed focal adhesion and axon guidance as metabolic pathways contributing to HYK etiology, while genetic variation in pathways related to insulin secretion and sensitivity may affect HYK susceptibility in a parity-dependent matter. In conclusion, the present work proposes several novel marker associations and metabolic pathways contributing to genetic risk for HYK susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Pralle
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nichol E Schultz
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Heather M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kent A Weigel
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Adipocytes in Breast Cancer, the Thick and the Thin. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030560. [PMID: 32120856 PMCID: PMC7140407 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that breast cancer development and progression depend not only on tumor-cell intrinsic factors but also on its microenvironment and on the host characteristics. There is growing evidence that adipocytes play a role in breast cancer progression. This is supported by: (i) epidemiological studies reporting the association of obesity with a higher cancer risk and poor prognosis, (ii) recent studies demonstrating the existence of a cross-talk between breast cancer cells and adipocytes locally in the breast that leads to acquisition of an aggressive tumor phenotype, and (iii) evidence showing that cancer cachexia applies also to fat tissue and shares similarities with stromal-carcinoma metabolic synergy. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the epidemiological link between obesity and breast cancer and outlines the results of the tumor-adipocyte crosstalk. We also focus on systemic changes in body fat in patients with cachexia developed in the course of cancer. Moreover, we discuss and compare adipocyte alterations in the three pathological conditions and the mechanisms through which breast cancer progression is induced.
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The Novel Perspectives of Adipokines on Brain Health. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225638. [PMID: 31718027 PMCID: PMC6887733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
First seen as a fat-storage tissue, the adipose tissue is considered as a critical player in the endocrine system. Precisely, adipose tissue can produce an array of bioactive factors, including cytokines, lipids, and extracellular vesicles, which target various systemic organ systems to regulate metabolism, homeostasis, and immune response. The global effects of adipokines on metabolic events are well defined, but their impacts on brain function and pathology remain poorly defined. Receptors of adipokines are widely expressed in the brain. Mounting evidence has shown that leptin and adiponectin can cross the blood–brain barrier, while evidence for newly identified adipokines is limited. Significantly, adipocyte secretion is liable to nutritional and metabolic states, where defective circuitry, impaired neuroplasticity, and elevated neuroinflammation are symptomatic. Essentially, neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory properties of adipokines underlie their neuroprotective roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, adipocyte-secreted lipids in the bloodstream can act endocrine on the distant organs. In this article, we have reviewed five adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, apelin, visfatin) and two lipokines (palmitoleic acid and lysophosphatidic acid) on their roles involving in eating behavior, neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors in the brain. Understanding and regulating these adipokines can lead to novel therapeutic strategies to counteract metabolic associated eating disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, thus promote brain health.
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13
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Funcke JB, Scherer PE. Beyond adiponectin and leptin: adipose tissue-derived mediators of inter-organ communication. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1648-1684. [PMID: 31209153 PMCID: PMC6795086 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r094060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough discoveries of leptin and adiponectin more than two decades ago led to a widespread recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Many more adipose tissue-secreted signaling mediators (adipokines) have been identified since then, and much has been learned about how adipose tissue communicates with other organs of the body to maintain systemic homeostasis. Beyond proteins, additional factors, such as lipids, metabolites, noncoding RNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by adipose tissue participate in this process. Here, we review the diverse signaling mediators and mechanisms adipose tissue utilizes to relay information to other organs. We discuss recently identified adipokines (proteins, lipids, and metabolites) and briefly outline the contributions of noncoding RNAs and EVs to the ever-increasing complexities of adipose tissue inter-organ communication. We conclude by reflecting on central aspects of adipokine biology, namely, the contribution of distinct adipose tissue depots and cell types to adipokine secretion, the phenomenon of adipokine resistance, and the capacity of adipose tissue to act both as a source and sink of signaling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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14
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Mathew D, Kremer KN, Strauch P, Tigyi G, Pelanda R, Torres RM. LPA 5 Is an Inhibitory Receptor That Suppresses CD8 T-Cell Cytotoxic Function via Disruption of Early TCR Signaling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1159. [PMID: 31231367 PMCID: PMC6558414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling by CD8 T cells is a feature of cancer and chronic infections and results in the sustained expression of, and signaling by, inhibitory receptors, which ultimately impair cytotoxic activity via poorly characterized mechanisms. We have previously determined that the LPA5 GPCR expressed by CD8 T cells, upon engaging the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) bioactive serum lipid, functions as an inhibitory receptor able to negatively regulate TCR signaling. Notably, the levels of LPA and autotaxin (ATX), the phospholipase D enzyme that produces LPA, are often increased in chronic inflammatory disorders such as chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, obesity, and cancer. In this report, we demonstrate that LPA engagement selectively by LPA5 on human and mouse CD8 T cells leads to the inhibition of several early TCR signaling events including intracellular calcium mobilization and ERK activation. We further show that, as a consequence of LPA5 suppression of TCR signaling, the exocytosis of perforin-containing granules is significantly impaired and reflected by repressed in vitro and in vivo CD8 T cell cytolytic activity. Thus, these data not only document LPA5 as a novel inhibitory receptor but also determine the molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which a naturally occurring serum lipid that is elevated under settings of chronic inflammation signals to suppress CD8 T cell killing activity in both human and murine cells. As diverse tumors have repeatedly been shown to aberrantly produce LPA that acts in an autocrine manner to promote tumorigenesis, our findings further implicate LPA in activating a novel inhibitory receptor whose signaling may be therapeutically silenced to promote CD8 T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divij Mathew
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kimberly N. Kremer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Raul M. Torres
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15
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Abstract
Stem cells are a rare subpopulation defined by the potential to self-renew and differentiate into specific cell types. A population of stem-like cells has been reported to possess the ability of self-renewal, invasion, metastasis, and engraftment of distant tissues. This unique cell subpopulation has been designated as cancer stem cells (CSC). CSC were first identified in leukemia, and the contributions of CSC to cancer progression have been reported in many different types of cancers. The cancer stem cell hypothesis attempts to explain tumor cell heterogeneity based on the existence of stem cell-like cells within solid tumors. The elimination of CSC is challenging for most human cancer types due to their heightened genetic instability and increased drug resistance. To combat these inherent abilities of CSC, multi-pronged strategies aimed at multiple aspects of CSC biology are increasingly being recognized as essential for a cure. One of the most challenging aspects of cancer biology is overcoming the chemotherapeutic resistance in CSC. Here, we provide an overview of autotaxin (ATX), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and their signaling pathways in CSC. Increasing evidence supports the role of ATX and LPA in cancer progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Several studies have demonstrated the ATX-LPA axis signaling in different cancers. This lipid mediator regulatory system is a novel potential therapeutic target in CSC. In this review, we summarize the evidence linking ATX-LPA signaling to CSC and its impact on cancer progression and metastasis. We also provide evidence for the efficacy of cancer therapy involving the pharmacological inhibition of this signaling pathway.
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16
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Bourgeois R, Piché ME, Auclair A, Grenier-Larouche T, Mitchell PL, Poirier P, Biertho L, Marceau S, Hould FS, Biron S, Lebel S, Lescelleur O, Julien F, Martin J, Tchernof A, Mathieu P, Carpentier AC, Arsenault BJ. Acute and chronic effect of bariatric surgery on circulating autotaxin levels. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14004. [PMID: 30821134 PMCID: PMC6395307 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), an adipose tissue-derived lysophospholipase, has been involved in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases. The impact of bariatric surgery on circulating ATX levels is unknown. We examined the short- (24 h, 5 days) and longer-term (6 and 12 months) impact of bariatric surgery; as well as the short-term effect of caloric restriction (CR) on plasma ATX levels in patients with severe obesity. We measured ATX levels in 69 men and women (mean age: 41 ± 11 years, body mass index: 49.8 ± 7.1 kg/m2 ), before and after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch surgery (BPD-DS) as well as in a control group (patients with severe obesity without surgery; n = 34). We also measured ATX levels in seven patients with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes who underwent a 3-day CR protocol before their BPD-DS. At baseline, ATX levels were positively associated with body mass index, fat mass, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) as well as insulin and leptin levels and negatively with fat-free mass. ATX concentrations decreased 26.2% at 24 h after BPD-DS (342.9 ± 152.3 pg/mL to 253.2 ± 68.9 pg/mL, P < 0.0001) and by 16.4% at 12 months after BPD-DS (342.9 ± 152.3 pg/mL to 286.8 ± 182.6 pg/mL, P = 0.04). ATX concentrations were unchanged during follow-up in the control group (P = 0.4), and not influenced by short-term CR. In patients with severe obesity, bariatric surgery induced a rapid and sustained decrease in plasma ATX levels. Acute changes in ATX may not be explained by bariatric surgery-induced CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Bourgeois
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Piché
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Auclair
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Grenier-Larouche
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Patricia L Mitchell
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Marceau
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric-Simon Hould
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Biron
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéfane Lebel
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Odette Lescelleur
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - François Julien
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Martin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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17
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Brandon JA, Kraemer M, Vandra J, Halder S, Ubele M, Morris AJ, Smyth SS. Adipose-derived autotaxin regulates inflammation and steatosis associated with diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208099. [PMID: 30730895 PMCID: PMC6366870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that generates the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). We generated mice with global inducible post-natal inactivation or adipose-specific loss of the Enpp2 gene encoding ATX. The animals are phenotypically unremarkable and exhibit differences in adipocyte size and adipose tissue expression of inflammatory genes after high fat feeding without gross differences in fat distribution or body mass. Surprisingly, both models of Enpp2- deficiency exhibited marked protection from high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis. This phenotype was not associated with differences in dietary fat absorption but may be accounted for by differences in hepatic expression of genes involved in de novo synthesis of triglycerides. These findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of ATX might be protective against hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Anthony Brandon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Maria Kraemer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Julia Vandra
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Suchismita Halder
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Margo Ubele
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Susan S. Smyth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Weng J, Jiang S, Ding L, Xu Y, Zhu X, Jin P. Autotaxin/lysophosphatidic acid signaling mediates obesity-related cardiomyopathy in mice and human subjects. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1050-1058. [PMID: 30450805 PMCID: PMC6349211 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the direct signals to initiate or exaggerate cardiomyopathy remain largely unknown. Present study aims to explore the pathophysiological role of autotaxin/lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the process of cardiomyopathy during obesity. Through utilizing mouse model and clinical samples, present study investigates the therapeutic benefits of autotaxin inhibitor and clinical correlation to obesity‐related cardiomyopathy. The elevated circulating levels of autotaxin are closely associated with cardiac parameters in mice. Administration with autotaxin inhibitor, PF‐8380 effectively attenuates high fat diet‐induced cardiac hypertrophy, dysfunction and inflammatory response. Consistently, autotaxin inhibition also decreases circulating LPA levels in obese mice. In in vitro study, LPA directly initiates cell size enlargement and inflammation in neonatal cardiomyocytes. More importantly, circulating levels of autotaxin are positively correlated with cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy in 55 patients. In conclusion, present study uncovers the correlation between circulating autotaxin and cardiac parameters in mice and human patient, and provided solid evidence of the therapeutic application of autotaxin inhibitor in combating obesity‐related cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakan Weng
- Department of Cardiac surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Cardiac surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiac surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiongfei Zhu
- Department of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hongkong, Hongkong, China
| | - Peifeng Jin
- Department of Cardiac surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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19
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Meng G, Tang X, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Curtis JM, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Dexamethasone decreases the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate-inflammatory axis in adipose tissue: implications for the metabolic syndrome and breast cancer. FASEB J 2018; 33:1899-1910. [PMID: 30192654 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801226r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidate (LPA) signaling through 6 receptors is regulated by the balance of LPA production by autotaxin (ATX) vs. LPA degradation by lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). LPA promotes an inflammatory cycle by increasing the synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2 and multiple inflammatory cytokines that stimulate further ATX production. We aimed to determine whether the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid (GC) dexamethasone (Dex) functions partly by decreasing the ATX-LPA inflammatory cycle in adipose tissue, a major site of ATX secretion. Treatment of human adipose tissue with 10-1000 nM Dex decreased ATX secretion, increased LPP1 expression, and decreased mRNA expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, and adiponectin. Cotreatment with rosiglitazone (an insulin sensitizer), insulin, or both abolished Dex-induced decreases in ATX and adiponectin secretion, but did not reverse Dex-induced decreases in secretions of 20 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Dex-treated mice exhibited lower ATX activity in plasma, brain, and adipose tissue; decreased mRNA levels for LPA and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors in brain; and decreased plasma concentrations of LPA and S1P. Our results establish a novel mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effects of Dex through decreased signaling by the ATX-LPA-inflammatory axis. The GC action in adipose tissue has implications for the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and obesity in metabolic syndrome and breast cancer treatment.-Meng, G., Tang, X., Yang, Z., Zhao, Y., Curtis, J. M., McMullen, T. P. W., Brindley, D. N. Dexamethasone decreases the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate-inflammatory axis in adipose tissue: implications for the metabolic syndrome and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanmin Meng
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zelei Yang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - YuanYuan Zhao
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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20
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D'Souza K, Nzirorera C, Cowie AM, Varghese GP, Trivedi P, Eichmann TO, Biswas D, Touaibia M, Morris AJ, Aidinis V, Kane DA, Pulinilkunnil T, Kienesberger PC. Autotaxin-LPA signaling contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in muscle and impairs mitochondrial metabolism. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1805-1817. [PMID: 30072447 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m082008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an adipokine that generates the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX-LPA signaling has been implicated in diet-induced obesity and systemic insulin resistance. However, it remains unclear whether the ATX-LPA pathway influences insulin function and energy metabolism in target tissues, particularly skeletal muscle, the major site of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. The objective of this study was to test whether the ATX-LPA pathway impacts tissue insulin signaling and mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle during obesity. Male mice with heterozygous ATX deficiency (ATX+/-) were protected from obesity, systemic insulin resistance, and cardiomyocyte dysfunction following high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) feeding. HFHS-fed ATX+/- mice also had improved insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation in white adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Preserved insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle from HFHS-fed ATX+/- mice was associated with improved mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation in the absence of changes in fat oxidation and ectopic lipid accumulation. Similarly, incubation with LPA decreased insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and mitochondrial energy metabolism in C2C12 myotubes at baseline and following palmitate-induced insulin resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that the ATX-LPA pathway contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in metabolically relevant tissues. Our data also suggest that LPA directly impairs skeletal muscle insulin signaling and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D'Souza
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Carine Nzirorera
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Andrew M Cowie
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Geena P Varghese
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Purvi Trivedi
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dipsikha Biswas
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Mohamed Touaibia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 and Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40511
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel A Kane
- Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Petra C Kienesberger
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
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21
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Ramesh S, Govindarajulu M, Suppiramaniam V, Moore T, Dhanasekaran M. Autotaxin⁻Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071827. [PMID: 29933579 PMCID: PMC6073975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain contains various forms of lipids that are important for maintaining its structural integrity and regulating various signaling cascades. Autotaxin (ATX) is an ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-2 enzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular lysophospholipids into the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA is a major bioactive lipid which acts through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and plays an important role in mediating cellular signaling processes. The majority of synthesized LPA is derived from membrane phospholipids through the action of the secreted enzyme ATX. Both ATX and LPA are highly expressed in the central nervous system. Dysfunctional expression and activity of ATX with associated changes in LPA signaling have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review focuses on the current understanding of LPA signaling, with emphasis on the importance of the autotaxin–lysophosphatidic acid (ATX–LPA) pathway and its alterations in AD and a brief note on future therapeutic applications based on ATX–LPA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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22
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D'Souza K, Paramel GV, Kienesberger PC. Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040399. [PMID: 29570618 PMCID: PMC5946184 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although simple in structure, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid that profoundly influences cellular signaling and function upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6). The majority of circulating LPA is produced by the secreted enzyme autotaxin (ATX). Alterations in LPA signaling, in conjunction with changes in autotaxin (ATX) expression and activity, have been implicated in metabolic and inflammatory disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes our current understanding of the sources and metabolism of LPA with focus on the influence of diet on circulating LPA. Furthermore, we explore how the ATX-LPA pathway impacts obesity and obesity-associated disorders, including impaired glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D'Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5 Canada.
| | - Geena V Paramel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5 Canada.
| | - Petra C Kienesberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5 Canada.
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23
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Brown A, Hossain I, Perez LJ, Nzirorera C, Tozer K, D’Souza K, Trivedi PC, Aguiar C, Yip AM, Shea J, Brunt KR, Legare JF, Hassan A, Pulinilkunnil T, Kienesberger PC. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor mRNA levels in heart and white adipose tissue are associated with obesity in mice and humans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189402. [PMID: 29236751 PMCID: PMC5728537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor signaling has been implicated in cardiovascular and obesity-related metabolic disease. However, the distribution and regulation of LPA receptors in the myocardium and adipose tissue remain unclear. Objectives This study aimed to characterize the mRNA expression of LPA receptors (LPA1-6) in the murine and human myocardium and adipose tissue, and its regulation in response to obesity. Methods LPA receptor mRNA levels were determined by qPCR in i) heart ventricles, isolated cardiomyocytes, and perigonadal adipose tissue from chow or high fat-high sucrose (HFHS)-fed male C57BL/6 mice, ii) 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HL-1 cardiomyocytes under conditions mimicking gluco/lipotoxicity, and iii) human atrial and subcutaneous adipose tissue from non-obese, pre-obese, and obese cardiac surgery patients. Results LPA1-6 were expressed in myocardium and white adipose tissue from mice and humans, except for LPA3, which was undetectable in murine adipocytes and human adipose tissue. Obesity was associated with increased LPA4, LPA5 and/or LPA6 levels in mice ventricles and cardiomyocytes, HL-1 cells exposed to high palmitate, and human atrial tissue. LPA4 and LPA5 mRNA levels in human atrial tissue correlated with measures of obesity. LPA5 mRNA levels were increased in HFHS-fed mice and insulin resistant adipocytes, yet were reduced in adipose tissue from obese patients. LPA4, LPA5, and LPA6 mRNA levels in human adipose tissue were negatively associated with measures of obesity and cardiac surgery outcomes. This study suggests that obesity leads to marked changes in LPA receptor expression in the murine and human heart and white adipose tissue that may alter LPA receptor signaling during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Intekhab Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Lester J. Perez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Carine Nzirorera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kathleen Tozer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kenneth D’Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Purvi C. Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Christie Aguiar
- Cardiovascular Research New Brunswick, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Alexandra M. Yip
- Cardiovascular Research New Brunswick, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jennifer Shea
- Department of Pathology, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Keith R. Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Legare
- Cardiovascular Research New Brunswick, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Ansar Hassan
- Cardiovascular Research New Brunswick, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Petra C. Kienesberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Nakamura R, Okura T, Fujioka Y, Sumi K, Matsuzawa K, Izawa S, Ueta E, Kato M, Taniguchi SI, Yamamoto K. Serum fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) concentration is associated with insulin resistance in peripheral tissues, A clinical study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179737. [PMID: 28654680 PMCID: PMC5487042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is caused by insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction. In recent studies reported that several markers associated with insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle, Adiponectin and other parameters, such as fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4), have been reported to regulate insulin resistance, but it remains unclear which factor mostly affects insulin resistance in T2DM. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the relationships between several kinds of biomarkers and insulin resistance, and insulin secretion in T2DM and healthy controls. We recruited 30 participants (12 T2DM and 18 non-diabetic healthy controls). Participants underwent a meal tolerance test during which plasma glucose, insulin and serum C-peptide immunoreactivity were measured. We performed a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and measured the glucose-disposal rate (GDR). The fasting serum levels of adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor-1, irisin, autotaxin, FABP4 and interleukin-6 were measured by ELISA. We found a strong negative correlation between FABP4 concentration and GDR in T2DM (r = -0.657, p = 0.020). FABP4 also was positively correlated with insulin secretion during the meal tolerance test in T2DM (IRI (120): r = 0.604, p = 0.038) and was positively related to the insulinogenic index in non-DM subjects (r = 0.536, p = 0.022). Autotaxin was also related to GDR. However, there was no relationship with insulin secretion. We found that serum FABP4 concentration were associated with insulin resistance and secretion in T2DM. This suggests that FABP4 may play an important role in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Nakamura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Okura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yohei Fujioka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sumi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuzawa
- Department of Regional Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Izawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ueta
- School of Health Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kato
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Taniguchi
- Department of Regional Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
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25
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Dong L, Yuan Y, Opansky C, Chen Y, Aguilera-Barrantes I, Wu S, Yuan R, Cao Q, Cheng YC, Sahoo D, Silverstein RL, Ren B. Diet-induced obesity links to ER positive breast cancer progression via LPA/PKD-1-CD36 signaling-mediated microvascular remodeling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:22550-22562. [PMID: 28186980 PMCID: PMC5410244 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases cancer risk including breast cancer (BC). However, the direct regulatory mechanisms by which obesity promotes BC progression remain largely unknown. We show that lysophosphatidic acid/protein kinase D1 (LPA/PKD-1)-CD36 signaling is a bona fide breast cancer promoter via stimulating microvascular remodeling in chronic diet-induced obesity (DIO). We observed that the growth of an estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer was markedly increased when compared to the lean control, and specifically accompanied by increased microvascular remodeling in a syngeneic BC model in female DIO mice. The tumor neovessels in DIO mice demonstrated elevated levels of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR 2) and endothelial differentiation gene 2/LPA receptor1 (Edg2/LPA1), enhanced PKD-1 phosphorylation, and reduced CD36 expression. Tumor associated endothelial cells (TAECs) exposed to LPA demonstrated sustained nuclear PKD-1 phosphorylation, and elevated mRNA levels of ephrin B2, and reduced mRNA expression of CD36. TAEC proliferation also increased in response to LPA/PKD-1 signaling. These studies suggest that the LPA/PKD-1-CD36 signaling axis links DIO to malignant progression of BC via stimulation of de novo tumor arteriogenesis through arteriolar remodeling of microvasculature in the tumor microenvironment. Targeting this signaling axis could provide an additional novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyi Dong
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ye Yuan
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Cynthia Opansky
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yiliang Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Shiyong Wu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Rong Yuan
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qi Cao
- Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yee Chung Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Roy L. Silverstein
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bin Ren
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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26
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D'Souza K, Kane DA, Touaibia M, Kershaw EE, Pulinilkunnil T, Kienesberger PC. Autotaxin Is Regulated by Glucose and Insulin in Adipocytes. Endocrinology 2017; 158:791-803. [PMID: 28324037 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an adipokine that generates the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid. Despite recent studies implicating adipose-derived ATX in metabolic disorders including obesity and insulin resistance, the nutritional and hormonal regulation of ATX in adipocytes remains unclear. The current study examined the regulation of ATX in adipocytes by glucose and insulin and the role of ATX in adipocyte metabolism. Induction of insulin resistance in adipocytes with high glucose and insulin concentrations increased ATX secretion, whereas coincubation with the insulin sensitizer, rosiglitazone, prevented this response. Moreover, glucose independently increased ATX messenger RNA (mRNA), protein, and activity in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Glucose also acutely upregulated secreted ATX activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue explants. Insulin elicited a biphasic response. Acute insulin stimulation increased ATX activity in a PI3Kinase-dependent and mTORC1-independent manner, whereas chronic insulin stimulation decreased ATX mRNA, protein, and activity. To examine the metabolic role of ATX in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we incubated cells with the ATX inhibitor, PF-8380, for 24 hours. Whereas ATX inhibition increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and its downstream targets, insulin signaling and mitochondrial respiration were unaffected. However, ATX inhibition enhanced mitochondrial H2O2 production. Taken together, this study suggests that ATX secretion from adipocytes is differentially regulated by glucose and insulin. This study also suggests that inhibition of autocrine/paracrine ATX-lysophosphatidic acid signaling does not influence insulin signaling or mitochondrial respiration, but increases reactive oxygen species production in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D'Souza
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Daniel A Kane
- Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Mohamed Touaibia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Erin E Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Petra C Kienesberger
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
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27
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Sun S, Zhang X, Lyu L, Li X, Yao S, Zhang J. Autotaxin Expression Is Regulated at the Post-transcriptional Level by the RNA-binding Proteins HuR and AUF1. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25823-25836. [PMID: 27784781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.756908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a key enzyme that converts lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a lysophospholipid mediator that regulates cellular activities through its specific G protein-coupled receptors. The ATX-LPA axis plays an important role in various physiological and pathological processes, especially in inflammation and cancer development. Although the transcriptional regulation of ATX has been widely studied, the post-transcriptional regulation of ATX is largely unknown. In this study, we identified conserved adenylate-uridylate (AU)-rich elements in the ATX mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR). The RNA-binding proteins HuR and AUF1 directly bound to the ATX mRNA 3'UTR and had antagonistic functions in ATX expression. HuR enhanced ATX expression by increasing ATX mRNA stability, whereas AUF1 suppressed ATX expression by promoting ATX mRNA decay. HuR and AUF1 were involved in ATX regulation in Colo320 human colon cancer cells and the LPS-stimulated human monocytic THP-1 cells. HuR knockdown suppressed ATX expression in B16 mouse melanoma cells, leading to inhibition of cell migration. This effect was reversed by AUF1 knockdown to recover ATX expression or by the addition of LPA. These results suggest that the post-transcriptional regulation of ATX expression by HuR and AUF1 modulates cancer cell migration. In summary, we identified HuR and AUF1 as novel post-transcriptional regulators of ATX expression, thereby elucidating a novel mechanism regulating the ATX-LPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Sun
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, and
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, and
| | - Lin Lyu
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, and
| | - Xixi Li
- the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Siliang Yao
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, and
| | - Junjie Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, and
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Phospholipids are major constituents in the intestinal lumen after meal consumption. This article highlights current literature suggesting the contributory role of intestinal phospholipid metabolism toward cardiometabolic disease manifestation. RECENT FINDINGS Group 1b phospholipase A2 (PLA2g1b) catalyzes phospholipid hydrolysis in the intestinal lumen. The digestive product lysophospholipid, particularly lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), has a direct role in mediating chylomicron assembly and secretion. The LPC in the digestive tract is further catabolized into lysophosphatidic acid and choline via autotaxin-mediated and autotaxin-independent mechanisms. The LPC and lysophosphatidic acid absorbed through the digestive tract and transported to the plasma directly promote systemic inflammation and cell dysfunction, leading to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity/diabetes. The choline moiety generated in the digestive tract can also be used by gut bacteria to generate trimethylamine, which is subsequently transported to the liver and oxidized into trimethylamine-N-oxide that also enhances atherosclerosis and cardiovascular abnormalities. SUMMARY Products of phospholipid metabolism in the intestine through PLA2g1b and autotaxin-mediated pathways directly contribute to cardiometabolic diseases through multiple mechanisms. The implication of these studies is that therapeutic inhibition of PLA2g1b and autotaxin in the digestive tract may be a viable approach for cardiovascular and metabolic disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology, Metabolic Disease Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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29
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Cortelazzo A, De Felice C, Guerranti R, Signorini C, Leoncini S, Pecorelli A, Scalabrì F, Madonna M, Filosa S, Della Giovampaola C, Capone A, Durand T, Mirasole C, Zolla L, Valacchi G, Ciccoli L, Guy J, D’Esposito M, Hayek J. Abnormal N-glycosylation pattern for brain nucleotide pyrophosphatase-5 (NPP-5) in Mecp2-mutant murine models of Rett syndrome. Neurosci Res 2016; 105:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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30
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Volden PA, Skor MN, Johnson MB, Singh P, Patel FN, McClintock MK, Brady MJ, Conzen SD. Mammary Adipose Tissue-Derived Lysophospholipids Promote Estrogen Receptor-Negative Mammary Epithelial Cell Proliferation. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:367-78. [PMID: 26862086 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), acting in an autocrine or paracrine fashion through G protein-coupled receptors, has been implicated in many physiologic and pathologic processes, including cancer. LPA is converted from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) by the secreted phospholipase autotaxin (ATX). Although various cell types can produce ATX, adipocyte-derived ATX is believed to be the major source of circulating ATX and also to be the major regulator of plasma LPA levels. In addition to ATX, adipocytes secrete numerous other factors (adipokines); although several adipokines have been implicated in breast cancer biology, the contribution of mammary adipose tissue-derived LPC/ATX/LPA (LPA axis) signaling to breast cancer is poorly understood. Using murine mammary fat-conditioned medium, we investigated the contribution of LPA signaling to mammary epithelial cancer cell biology and identified LPA signaling as a significant contributor to the oncogenic effects of the mammary adipose tissue secretome. To interrogate the role of mammary fat in the LPA axis during breast cancer progression, we exposed mammary adipose tissue to secreted factors from estrogen receptor-negative mammary epithelial cell lines and monitored changes in the mammary fat pad LPA axis. Our data indicate that bidirectional interactions between mammary cancer cells and mammary adipocytes alter the local LPA axis and increase ATX expression in the mammary fat pad during breast cancer progression. Thus, the LPC/ATX/LPA axis may be a useful target for prevention in patients at risk of ER-negative breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 9(5); 367-78. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Volden
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maxwell N Skor
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Martha K McClintock
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew J Brady
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Suzanne D Conzen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Ben May Department of Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Federico L, Jeong KJ, Vellano CP, Mills GB. Autotaxin, a lysophospholipase D with pleomorphic effects in oncogenesis and cancer progression. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:25-35. [PMID: 25977291 PMCID: PMC4689343 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r060020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase type 2, more commonly known as autotaxin (ATX), is an ecto-lysophospholipase D encoded by the human ENNP2 gene. ATX is expressed in multiple tissues and participates in numerous key physiologic and pathologic processes, including neural development, obesity, inflammation, and oncogenesis, through the generation of the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid. Overwhelming evidence indicates that altered ATX activity leads to oncogenesis and cancer progression through the modulation of multiple hallmarks of cancer pathobiology. Here, we review the structural and catalytic characteristics of the ectoenzyme, how its expression and maturation processes are regulated, and how the systemic integration of its pleomorphic effects on cells and tissues may contribute to cancer initiation, progression, and therapy. Additionally, the up-to-date spectrum of the most frequent ATX genomic alterations from The Cancer Genome Atlas project is reported for a subset of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Federico
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kang Jin Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher P Vellano
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Carpéné C, Galitzky J, Sébastien Saulnier-Blache J. Short-term and rapid effects of lysophosphatidic acid on human adipose cell lipolytic and glucose uptake activities. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.2.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Reeves VL, Trybula JS, Wills RC, Goodpaster BH, Dubé JJ, Kienesberger PC, Kershaw EE. Serum Autotaxin/ENPP2 correlates with insulin resistance in older humans with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2371-6. [PMID: 26727116 PMCID: PMC4700540 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autotaxin (ATX) is an adipocyte-derived lysophospholipase D that generates the lipid signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The ATX/LPA pathway in adipose tissue has recently been implicated in obesity and insulin resistance in animal models, but the role of circulating ATX in humans remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between serum ATX and insulin resistance. METHODS Older (60-75 years), nondiabetic human participants with overweight or obesity (BMI 25-37 kg m(-2) ) were characterized for metabolic phenotype including measures of energy, glucose, and lipid homeostasis. The relationship between serum ATX and metabolic parameters was then determined using correlative and predictive statistics. RESULTS Serum ATX was higher in females than in males. After controlling for sex, serum ATX correlated with multiple measures of adiposity and glucose homeostasis/insulin action. Serum ATX and BMI also independently predicted glucose infusion rate during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance after controlling for sex and medication use. CONCLUSIONS Serum ATX correlates with and predicts measures of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in older humans, suggesting that it may be a potential pathogenic factor and/or diagnostic/therapeutic target for insulin resistance in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Reeves
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Joy S. Trybula
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rachel C. Wills
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - John J. Dubé
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Petra C. Kienesberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L4L5, Canada
| | - Erin E. Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Corresponding author: Erin E. Kershaw, M.D., Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, BST E1140, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA, Telephone: 412-648-8454; Fax: 412-648-3290
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García-Fontana B, Morales-Santana S, Díaz Navarro C, Rozas-Moreno P, Genilloud O, Vicente Pérez F, Pérez del Palacio J, Muñoz-Torres M. Metabolomic profile related to cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A pilot study. Talanta 2015; 148:135-43. [PMID: 26653434 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) that represents one of the main causes of mortality in this population. The knowledge of the underlie factors involved in the development of CVD and the discovery of new biomarkers of the disease could help to early identification of high-risk patients. Using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) we analyzed the serum metabolomic profile of 30 subject distributed according three groups: (i) T2DM patients with CVD; (ii) T2DM patients without CVD; (iii) non-diabetic subjects as controls (C) in order to identify potential biomarkers of the CVD related to T2DM. A partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied to identify differential metabolites between different groups. Four glycerophospholipids were further identified as potential biomarkers of CVD in T2DM patients. Specifically, a reduction in phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) serum levels were found in T2DM patients compared to controls, presenting the patients with CVD the lowest serum levels of these metabolites. These results show a generalized reduction of circulating phospholipids species in T2DM patients which is more pronounced in those with CVD providing information of the pathways involved in the pathogenesis and progression of CVD associated to T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz García-Fontana
- Bone Metabolic Unit (RETICEF), Endocrinology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (Ibs) de Granada, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avda. Doctor Oloriz 16, 18012 Granada, Spain.
| | - Sonia Morales-Santana
- Bone Metabolic Unit (RETICEF), Endocrinology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (Ibs) de Granada, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avda. Doctor Oloriz 16, 18012 Granada, Spain; Proteomic Research Service, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (Ibs) de Granada, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avda. Doctor Oloriz 16, 18012, Granada, Spain.
| | - Caridad Díaz Navarro
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía. Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av del Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Pedro Rozas-Moreno
- Endocrinology Division, Hospital General de Ciudad Real, Calle del Obispo Rafael Torija, s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía. Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av del Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisca Vicente Pérez
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía. Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av del Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - José Pérez del Palacio
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía. Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Av del Conocimiento, 34, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Mnuel Muñoz-Torres
- Bone Metabolic Unit (RETICEF), Endocrinology Unit, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (Ibs) de Granada, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avda. Doctor Oloriz 16, 18012 Granada, Spain.
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Dewald J, Dong WF, Mackey JR, Hemmings DG, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Tumor-induced inflammation in mammary adipose tissue stimulates a vicious cycle of autotaxin expression and breast cancer progression. FASEB J 2015; 29:3990-4000. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rachakonda VP, Reeves VL, Aljammal J, Wills RC, Trybula JS, DeLany JP, Kienesberger PC, Kershaw EE. Serum autotaxin is independently associated with hepatic steatosis in women with severe obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:965-72. [PMID: 25865747 PMCID: PMC4414671 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autotaxin (ATX) is an adipocyte-derived lysophospholipase that generates the lipid signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between serum ATX and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in females with obesity. METHODS 101 nondiabetic women with obesity (age: 31.5-55.8 years; BMI: 35.0-64.5 kg/m2) were classified as having NAFLD (36.3%) or not having NAFLD (63.7%) based on the degree of hepatic steatosis on abdominal CT. Subjects were characterized for metabolic phenotype including measures of energy, glucose, and lipid homeostasis. Fasting serum adipokines and inflammatory markers were determined by ELISA. Linear regression analysis was used to determine features independently associated with NAFLD. RESULTS Subjects with and without NAFLD differed in several key features of metabolic phenotype including BMI, waist circumference, fasting glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR, VLDL, triglycerides, and ALT. Serum adipokines, including ATX and leptin, were higher in subjects with NAFLD. Serum ATX was significantly correlated with alkaline phosphatase, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR. Linear regression analysis revealed that serum triglycerides and log-transformed ATX were independently associated with hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSIONS Serum ATX may be a potential pathogenic factor and/or biomarker for NAFLD in nondiabetic women with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant P. Rachakonda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Valerie L. Reeves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jules Aljammal
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rachel C. Wills
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Joy S. Trybula
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James P. DeLany
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Petra C. Kienesberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada
| | - Erin E. Kershaw
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Benesch MGK, Zhao YY, Curtis JM, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Regulation of autotaxin expression and secretion by lysophosphatidate and sphingosine 1-phosphate. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1134-44. [PMID: 25896349 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m057661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme, which produces extracellular lysophosphatidate (LPA) from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). LPA activates six G protein-coupled receptors and this is essential for vasculogenesis during embryonic development. ATX is also involved in wound healing and inflammation, and in tumor growth, metastasis, and chemo-resistance. It is, therefore, important to understand how ATX is regulated. It was proposed that ATX activity is inhibited by its product LPA, or a related lipid called sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). We now show that this apparent inhibition is ineffective at the high concentrations of LPC that occur in vivo. Instead, feedback regulation by LPA and S1P is mediated by inhibition of ATX expression resulting from phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activation. Inhibiting ATX activity in mice with ONO-8430506 severely decreased plasma LPA concentrations and increased ATX mRNA in adipose tissue, which is a major site of ATX production. Consequently, the amount of inhibitor-bound ATX protein in the plasma increased. We, therefore, demonstrate the concept that accumulation of LPA in the circulation decreases ATX production. However, this feedback regulation can be overcome by the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α or interleukin 1β. This enables high LPA and ATX levels to coexist in inflammatory conditions. The results are discussed in terms of ATX regulation in wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yuan Y Zhao
- Departments of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Departments of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Barbayianni E, Kaffe E, Aidinis V, Kokotos G. Autotaxin, a secreted lysophospholipase D, as a promising therapeutic target in chronic inflammation and cancer. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:76-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nishimura S, Nagasaki M, Okudaira S, Aoki J, Ohmori T, Ohkawa R, Nakamura K, Igarashi K, Yamashita H, Eto K, Uno K, Hayashi N, Kadowaki T, Komuro I, Yatomi Y, Nagai R. ENPP2 contributes to adipose tissue expansion and insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity. Diabetes 2014; 63:4154-64. [PMID: 24969110 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Body weight is tightly regulated by food intake and energy dissipation, and obesity is related to decreased energy expenditure (EE). Herein, we show that nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2, autotaxin) is an adipose-derived, secreted enzyme that controls adipose expansion, brown adipose tissue (BAT) function, and EE. In mice, Enpp2 was highly expressed in visceral white adipose tissue and BAT and is downregulated in hypertrophied adipocytes/adipose tissue. Enpp2(+/-) mice and adipocyte-specific Enpp2 knockout mice fed a high-fat diet showed smaller body weight gains and less insulin resistance than control mice fed the same diet. BAT was functionally more active and EE was increased in Enpp2-deficient mice. In humans, ENPP2 expression in subcutaneous fat and ENPP2 levels in serum were reduced in obese subjects. Taken together, our results establish ENPP2 as an adipose-derived, secreted enzyme that regulates adipose obesity and systemic metabolism. They also suggest ENPP2 could be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nishimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Research Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mika Nagasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Okudaira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miygai, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miygai, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ohmori
- Research Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Ohkawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group, Tosoh Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamashita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Eto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kansei Uno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Hayashi
- Computational Diagnostic Radiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Translational Systems Biology and Medicine Initiative, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Department of Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- Research Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Kihara Y, Maceyka M, Spiegel S, Chun J. Lysophospholipid receptor nomenclature review: IUPHAR Review 8. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3575-94. [PMID: 24602016 PMCID: PMC4128058 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipids encompass a diverse range of small, membrane-derived phospholipids that act as extracellular signals. The signalling properties are mediated by 7-transmembrane GPCRs, constituent members of which have continued to be identified after their initial discovery in the mid-1990s. Here we briefly review this class of receptors, with a particular emphasis on their protein and gene nomenclatures that reflect their cognate ligands. There are six lysophospholipid receptors that interact with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA): protein names LPA1 - LPA6 and italicized gene names LPAR1-LPAR6 (human) and Lpar1-Lpar6 (non-human). There are five sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors: protein names S1P1 -S1P5 and italicized gene names S1PR1-S1PR5 (human) and S1pr1-S1pr5 (non-human). Recent additions to the lysophospholipid receptor family have resulted in the proposed names for a lysophosphatidyl inositol (LPI) receptor - protein name LPI1 and gene name LPIR1 (human) and Lpir1 (non-human) - and three lysophosphatidyl serine receptors - protein names LyPS1 , LyPS2 , LyPS3 and gene names LYPSR1-LYPSR3 (human) and Lypsr1-Lypsr3 (non-human) along with a variant form that does not appear to exist in humans that is provisionally named LyPS2L . This nomenclature incorporates previous recommendations from the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, the Human Genome Organization, the Gene Nomenclature Committee, and the Mouse Genome Informatix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kihara
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Maceyka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
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Yung YC, Stoddard NC, Chun J. LPA receptor signaling: pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1192-214. [PMID: 24643338 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r046458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small ubiquitous lipid found in vertebrate and nonvertebrate organisms that mediates diverse biological actions and demonstrates medicinal relevance. LPA's functional roles are driven by extracellular signaling through at least six 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are named LPA1-6 and signal through numerous effector pathways activated by heterotrimeric G proteins, including Gi/o, G12/13, Gq, and Gs LPA receptor-mediated effects have been described in numerous cell types and model systems, both in vitro and in vivo, through gain- and loss-of-function studies. These studies have revealed physiological and pathophysiological influences on virtually every organ system and developmental stage of an organism. These include the nervous, cardiovascular, reproductive, and pulmonary systems. Disturbances in normal LPA signaling may contribute to a range of diseases, including neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, pain, cardiovascular disease, bone disorders, fibrosis, cancer, infertility, and obesity. These studies underscore the potential of LPA receptor subtypes and related signaling mechanisms to provide novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun C Yung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nicole C Stoddard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Abstract
The insulin receptor (IR) is an important hub in insulin signaling and its activation is tightly regulated. Upon insulin stimulation, IR is activated through autophosphorylation, and consequently phosphorylates several insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, including IRS1-6, Shc and Gab1. Certain adipokines have also been found to activate IR. On the contrary, PTP, Grb and SOCS proteins, which are responsible for the negative regulation of IR, are characterized as IR inhibitors. Additionally, many other proteins have been identified as IR substrates and participate in the insulin signaling pathway. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of the signals mediated through IR, we reviewed the upstream and downstream signal molecules of IR, summarized the positive and negative modulators of IR, and discussed the IR substrates and interacting adaptor proteins. We propose that the molecular events associated with IR should be integrated to obtain a better understanding of the insulin signaling pathway and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Du
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Maeda T, Ohhata A, Zhao YY, Kok BPC, Dewald J, Hitt M, Curtis JM, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Inhibition of autotaxin delays breast tumor growth and lung metastasis in mice. FASEB J 2014; 28:2655-66. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. K. Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Tatsuo Maeda
- Exploration Research LaboratoriesOno Pharmaceuticals CompanyTsukubaJapan
| | - Akira Ohhata
- Medicinal Chemistry Research LaboratoriesOno Pharmaceuticals CompanyShimamotoJapan
| | - Yuan Y. Zhao
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Bernard P. C. Kok
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Jay Dewald
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Mary Hitt
- Department of OncologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Jonathan M. Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Todd P. W. McMullen
- Department of SurgeryMackenzie Health Science CentreUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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Autotaxin in the crosshairs: taking aim at cancer and other inflammatory conditions. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2712-27. [PMID: 24560789 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin is a secreted enzyme that produces most of the extracellular lysophosphatidate from lysophosphatidylcholine, the most abundant phospholipid in blood plasma. Lysophosphatidate mediates many physiological and pathological processes by signaling through at least six G-protein coupled receptors to promote cell survival, proliferation and migration. The autotaxin/lysophosphatidate signaling axis is involved in wound healing and tissue remodeling, and it drives many chronic inflammatory conditions from fibrosis to colitis, asthma and cancer. In cancer, lysophosphatidate signaling promotes resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and increases both angiogenesis and metastasis. Research into autotaxin inhibitors is accelerating, both as primary and adjuvant therapy. Historically, autotaxin inhibitors had poor bioavailability profiles and thus had limited efficacy in vivo. This situation is now changing, especially since the recent crystal structure of autotaxin is now enabling rational inhibitor design. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on autotaxin-mediated disease processes including cancer, and discuss recent advancements in the development of autotaxin-targeting strategies. We will also provide new insights into autotaxin as an inflammatory mediator in the tumor microenvironment that promotes cancer progression and therapy resistance.
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Smyth SS, Mueller P, Yang F, Brandon JA, Morris AJ. Arguing the case for the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid-lipid phosphate phosphatase 3-signaling nexus in the development and complications of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:479-86. [PMID: 24482375 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The structurally simple glycero- and sphingo-phospholipids, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate, serve as important receptor-active mediators that influence blood and vascular cell function and are positioned to influence the events that contribute to the progression and complications of atherosclerosis. Growing evidence from preclinical animal models has implicated LPA, LPA receptors, and key enzymes involved in LPA metabolism in pathophysiologic events that may underlie atherosclerotic vascular disease. These observations are supported by genetic analysis in humans implicating a lipid phosphate phosphatase as a novel risk factor for coronary artery disease. In this review, we summarize current understanding of LPA production, metabolism, and signaling as may be relevant for atherosclerotic and other vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Smyth
- From the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cardiovascular Medicine Service, Lexington, KY (S.S.S., A.J.M.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (S.S.S., P.M., F.Y., J.A.B., A.J.M.)
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Bays H, Blonde L, Rosenson R. Adiposopathy: how do diet, exercise and weight loss drug therapies improve metabolic disease in overweight patients? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 4:871-95. [PMID: 17173503 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.4.6.871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An increase in bodyweight is generally associated with an increased risk of excessive fat-related metabolic diseases (EFRMD), including Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. However, not all patients who are overweight have EFRMD, and not all patients with EFRMD are significantly overweight. The adipocentric paradigm provides the basis for a unifying, pathophysiological process whereby fat gain in susceptible patients leads to fat dysfunction ('sick fat'), and wherein pathological abnormalities in fat function (adiposopathy) are more directly related to the onset of EFRMD than increases in fat mass (adiposity) alone. But just as worsening fat function worsens EFRMD, improved fat function improves EFRMD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists increase the recruitment, proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes ('healthy fat') and cause apoptosis of hypertrophic and dysfunctional (including visceral) adipocytes resulting in improved fat function and improved metabolic parameters associated with EFRMD. Weight loss interventions, such as a hypocaloric diet and physical exercise, in addition to agents such as orlistat, sibutramine and cannabinoid receptor antagonists, may have favorable effects upon fat storage (lipogenesis and fat distribution), nutrient metabolism (such as free fatty acids), favorable effects upon adipose tissue factors involved in metabolic processes and inflammation, and enhanced 'cross-talk' with other major organ systems. In some cases, weight loss therapeutic agents may even affect metabolic parameters and adipocyte function independently of weight loss alone, suggesting that the benefit of these agents in improving EFRMD may go beyond their efficacy in weight reduction. This review describes how adiposopathy interventions may affect fat function, and thus improve EFRMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Bays
- L-MARC Research Center, Medical Director/President, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY 40213, USA.
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Abstract
Computer-aided drug discovery/design methods have played a major role in the development of therapeutically important small molecules for over three decades. These methods are broadly classified as either structure-based or ligand-based methods. Structure-based methods are in principle analogous to high-throughput screening in that both target and ligand structure information is imperative. Structure-based approaches include ligand docking, pharmacophore, and ligand design methods. The article discusses theory behind the most important methods and recent successful applications. Ligand-based methods use only ligand information for predicting activity depending on its similarity/dissimilarity to previously known active ligands. We review widely used ligand-based methods such as ligand-based pharmacophores, molecular descriptors, and quantitative structure-activity relationships. In addition, important tools such as target/ligand data bases, homology modeling, ligand fingerprint methods, etc., necessary for successful implementation of various computer-aided drug discovery/design methods in a drug discovery campaign are discussed. Finally, computational methods for toxicity prediction and optimization for favorable physiologic properties are discussed with successful examples from literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Sliwoski
- Jr., Center for Structural Biology, 465 21st Ave South, BIOSCI/MRBIII, Room 5144A, Nashville, TN 37232-8725.
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Pro-fibrotic activity of lysophosphatidic acid in adipose tissue: in vivo and in vitro evidence. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:88-96. [PMID: 24120919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pro-fibrotic mediator acting via specific receptors (LPARs) and is synthesized by autotaxin, that increases with obesity. We tested whether LPA could play a role in adipose tissue (AT)-fibrosis associated with obesity. Fibrosis [type I, III, and IV collagens (COL), fibronectin (FN), TGFβ, CTGF and αSMA] and inflammation (MCP1 and F4/80) markers were quantified: (i) in vivo in inguinal (IAT) and perigonadic (PGAT) AT from obese-diabetic db/db mice treated with the LPAR antagonist Ki16425 (5mg/kg/day ip for 7 weeks); and (ii) in vitro in human AT explants in primary culture for 72h in the presence of oleoyl-LPA (10μM) and/or Ki16425 (10μM) and/or the HIF-1α inhibitor YC-1 (100μM). Treatment of db/db mice with Ki16425 reduced Col I and IV mRNAs in IAT and PGAT while Col III mRNAs were only reduced in IAT. This was associated with reduction of COL protein staining in both IAT and PGAT. AT explants showed a spontaneous and time-dependent increase in ATX expression and production of LPA in the culture medium, along with increased levels of Col I and III, TGFβ and αSMA mRNAs and of COL protein staining. In vitro fibrosis was blocked by Ki16425 and was further amplified by oleoyl-LPA. LPA-dependent in vitro fibrosis was blocked by co-treatment with YC1. Our results show that endogenous and exogenous LPA exert a pro-fibrotic activity in AT in vivo and in vitro. This activity could be mediated by an LPA1R-dependent pathway and could involve HIF-1α.
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Autotaxin signaling governs phenotypic heterogeneity in visceral and parietal mesothelia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69712. [PMID: 23936085 PMCID: PMC3723636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelia, which cover all coelomic organs and body cavities in vertebrates, perform diverse functions in embryonic and adult life. Yet, mesothelia are traditionally viewed as simple, uniform epithelia. Here we demonstrate distinct differences between visceral and parietal mesothelia, the most basic subdivision of this tissue type, in terms of gene expression, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Gene profiling determined that autotaxin, a secreted lysophospholipase D originally discovered as a tumor cell-motility-stimulating factor, was expressed exclusively in the more motile and invasive visceral mesothelia and at abnormally high levels in mesotheliomas. Gain and loss of function studies demonstrate that autotaxin signaling is indeed a critical factor responsible for phenotypic differences within mesothelia. Furthermore, we demonstrate that known and novel small molecule inhibitors of the autotaxin signaling pathway dramatically blunt migratory and invasive behaviors of aggressive mesotheliomas. Taken together, this study reveals distinct phenotypes within the mesothelial cell lineage, demonstrates that differential autotaxin expression is the molecular underpinning for these differences, and provides a novel target and lead compounds to intervene in invasive mesotheliomas.
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Rancoule C, Attané C, Grès S, Fournel A, Dusaulcy R, Bertrand C, Vinel C, Tréguer K, Prentki M, Valet P, Saulnier-Blache JS. Lysophosphatidic acid impairs glucose homeostasis and inhibits insulin secretion in high-fat diet obese mice. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1394-402. [PMID: 23508306 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2891-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator produced by adipocytes that acts via specific G-protein-coupled receptors; its synthesis is modulated in obesity. We previously reported that reducing adipocyte LPA production in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice is associated with improved glucose tolerance, suggesting a negative impact of LPA on glucose homeostasis. Here, our aim was to test this hypothesis. METHODS First, glucose tolerance and plasma insulin were assessed after acute (30 min) injection of LPA (50 mg/kg) or of the LPA1/LPA3 receptor antagonist Ki16425 (5 mg kg(-1) day(-1), i.p.) in non-obese mice fed a normal diet (ND) and in obese/prediabetic (defined as glucose-intolerant) HFD mice. Glucose and insulin tolerance, pancreas morphology, glycogen storage, glucose oxidation and glucose transport were then studied after chronic treatment (3 weeks) of HFD mice with Ki16425. RESULTS In ND and HFD mice, LPA acutely impaired glucose tolerance by inhibiting glucose-induced insulin secretion. These effects were blocked by pre-injection of Ki16425 (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion by LPA also occurred in isolated mouse islets. Plasma LPA was higher in HFD mice than in ND mice and Ki16425 transiently improved glucose tolerance. The beneficial effect of Ki16425 became permanent after chronic treatment and was associated with increased pancreatic islet mass and higher fasting insulinaemia. Chronic treatment with Ki16425 also improved insulin tolerance and increased liver glycogen storage and basal glucose use in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Exogenous and endogenous LPA exerts a deleterious effect on glucose disposal through a reduction of plasma insulin; pharmacological blockade of LPA receptors improves glucose homeostasis in obese/prediabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rancoule
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université Paul Sabaties, Inserm U1048, 1 avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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