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Ashok A, Kalthur G, Kumar A. Degradation meets development: Implications in β-cell development and diabetes. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:759-776. [PMID: 38499517 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic development is orchestrated by timely synthesis and degradation of stage-specific transcription factors (TFs). The transition from one stage to another stage is dependent on the precise expression of the developmentally relevant TFs. Persistent expression of particular TF would impede the exit from the progenitor stage to the matured cell type. Intracellular protein degradation-mediated protein turnover contributes to a major extent to the turnover of these TFs and thereby dictates the development of different tissues. Since even subtle changes in the crucial cellular pathways would dramatically impact pancreatic β-cell performance, it is generally acknowledged that the biological activity of these pathways is tightly regulated by protein synthesis and degradation process. Intracellular protein degradation is executed majorly by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and Lysosomal degradation pathway. As more than 90% of the TFs are targeted to proteasomal degradation, this review aims to examine the crucial role of UPS in normal pancreatic β-cell development and how dysfunction of these pathways manifests in metabolic syndromes such as diabetes. Such understanding would facilitate designing a faithful approach to obtain a therapeutic quality of β-cells from stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Ashok
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Guruprasad Kalthur
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Anujith Kumar
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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2
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Azad A, Altunbas HA, Manguoglu AE. From islet transplantation to beta-cell regeneration: an update on beta-cell-based therapeutic approaches in type 1 diabetes. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024; 19:217-227. [PMID: 38693782 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2024.2347263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes (T1D) mellitus is an autoimmune disease in which immune cells, predominantly effector T cells, destroy insulin-secreting beta-cells. Beta-cell destruction led to various consequences ranging from retinopathy and nephropathy to neuropathy. Different strategies have been developed to achieve normoglycemia, including exogenous glucose compensation, whole pancreas transplantation, islet transplantation, and beta-cell replacement. AREAS COVERED The last two decades of experience have shown that indigenous glucose compensation through beta-cell regeneration and protection is a peerless method for T1D therapy. Tremendous studies have tried to find an unlimited source for beta-cell regeneration, on the one hand, and beta-cell protection against immune attack, on the other hand. Recent advances in stem cell technology, gene editing methods, and immune modulation approaches provide a unique opportunity for both beta-cell regeneration and protection. EXPERT OPINION Pluripotent stem cell differentiation into the beta-cell is considered an unlimited source for beta-cell regeneration. Devising engineered pancreas-specific regulatory T cells using Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) technology potentiates an effective immune tolerance induction for beta-cell protection. Beta-cell regeneration using pluripotent stem cells and beta-cell protection using pancreas-specific engineered regulatory T cells promises to develop a curative protocol in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asef Azad
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ali Altunbas
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ayse Esra Manguoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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3
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Ramzy A, Saber N, Bruin JE, Thompson DM, Kim PTW, Warnock GL, Kieffer TJ. Thyroid Hormone Levels Correlate With the Maturation of Implanted Pancreatic Endoderm Cells in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:413-423. [PMID: 37671625 PMCID: PMC10795919 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macroencapsulated pancreatic endoderm cells (PECs) can reverse diabetes in rodents and preclinical studies revealed that thyroid hormones in vitro and in vivo bias PECs to differentiate into insulin-producing cells. In an ongoing clinical trial, PECs implanted in macroencapsulation devices into patients with type 1 diabetes were safe but yielded heterogeneous outcomes. Though most patients developed meal responsive C-peptide, levels were heterogeneous and explanted grafts had variable numbers of surviving cells with variable distribution of endocrine cells. METHODS We measured circulating triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels in all patients treated at 1 of the 7 sites of the ongoing clinical trial and determined if thyroid hormone levels were associated with the C-peptide or glucagon levels and cell fate of implanted PECs. RESULTS Both triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels were significantly associated with the proportion of cells that adopted an insulin-producing fate with a mature phenotype. Thyroid hormone levels were inversely correlated to circulating glucagon levels after implantation, suggesting that thyroid hormones lead PECs to favor an insulin-producing fate over a glucagon-producing fate. In mice, hyperthyroidism led to more rapid maturation of PECs into insulin-producing cells similar in phenotype to PECs in euthyroid mice. CONCLUSION These data highlight the relevance of thyroid hormones in the context of PEC therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes and suggest that a thyroid hormone adjuvant therapy may optimize cell outcomes in some PEC recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ramzy
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nelly Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Bruin
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - David M Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Peter T W Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Garth L Warnock
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Montalvo AP, Gruskin ZL, Leduc A, Liu M, Gao Z, Ahn JH, Straubhaar JR, Slavov N, Alvarez-Dominguez JR. An adult clock component links circadian rhythms to pancreatic β-cell maturation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.11.552890. [PMID: 37609178 PMCID: PMC10441398 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.11.552890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
How ubiquitous circadian clocks orchestrate tissue-specific outputs is not well understood. Pancreatic β cell-autonomous clocks attune insulin secretion to daily energy cycles, and desynchrony from genetic or behavioral disruptions raises type 2 diabetes risk. We show that the transcription factor DEC1, a clock component induced in adult β cells, coordinates their glucose responsiveness by synchronizing energy metabolism and secretory gene oscillations. Dec1-ablated mice develop lifelong hypo-insulinemic diabetes, despite normal islet formation and intact circadian Clock and Bmal1 activators. DEC1, but not CLOCK/BMAL1, binds maturity-linked genes that mediate respiratory metabolism and insulin exocytosis, and Dec1 loss disrupts their transcription synchrony. Accordingly, β-cell Dec1 ablation causes hypo-insulinemia due to immature glucose responsiveness, dampening insulin rhythms. Thus, Dec1 links circadian clockwork to the β-cell maturation process, aligning metabolism to diurnal energy cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Montalvo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zoe L Gruskin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Leduc
- Departments of Bioengineering and Biology, Single-Cell Proteomics Center and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mai Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zihan Gao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - June H Ahn
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Juerg R Straubhaar
- Bioinformatics Center, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nikolai Slavov
- Departments of Bioengineering and Biology, Single-Cell Proteomics Center and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Juan R Alvarez-Dominguez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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5
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Zhu H, Wang G, Nguyen-Ngoc KV, Kim D, Miller M, Goss G, Kovsky J, Harrington AR, Saunders DC, Hopkirk AL, Melton R, Powers AC, Preissl S, Spagnoli FM, Gaulton KJ, Sander M. Understanding cell fate acquisition in stem-cell-derived pancreatic islets using single-cell multiome-inferred regulomes. Dev Cell 2023; 58:727-743.e11. [PMID: 37040771 PMCID: PMC10175223 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic islet cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for modeling and treating diabetes. Differences between stem-cell-derived and primary islets remain, but molecular insights to inform improvements are limited. Here, we acquire single-cell transcriptomes and accessible chromatin profiles during in vitro islet differentiation and pancreas from childhood and adult donors for comparison. We delineate major cell types, define their regulomes, and describe spatiotemporal gene regulatory relationships between transcription factors. CDX2 emerged as a regulator of enterochromaffin-like cells, which we show resemble a transient, previously unrecognized, serotonin-producing pre-β cell population in fetal pancreas, arguing against a proposed non-pancreatic origin. Furthermore, we observe insufficient activation of signal-dependent transcriptional programs during in vitro β cell maturation and identify sex hormones as drivers of β cell proliferation in childhood. Altogether, our analysis provides a comprehensive understanding of cell fate acquisition in stem-cell-derived islets and a framework for manipulating cell identities and maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gaowei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kim-Vy Nguyen-Ngoc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dongsu Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Georgina Goss
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jenna Kovsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Austin R Harrington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diane C Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0475, USA
| | - Alexander L Hopkirk
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0475, USA
| | - Rebecca Melton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0475, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212-2637, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kyle J Gaulton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maike Sander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA; Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Jiang H, Jiang FX. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived β cells: Truly immature islet β cells for type 1 diabetes therapy? World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:182-195. [PMID: 37180999 PMCID: PMC10173812 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i4.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A century has passed since the Nobel Prize winning discovery of insulin, which still remains the mainstay treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to this day. True to the words of its discoverer Sir Frederick Banting, “insulin is not a cure for diabetes, it is a treatment”, millions of people with T1DM are dependent on daily insulin medications for life. Clinical donor islet transplantation has proven that T1DM is curable, however due to profound shortages of donor islets, it is not a mainstream treatment option for T1DM. Human pluripotent stem cell derived insulin-secreting cells, pervasively known as stem cell-derived β cells (SC-β cells), are a promising alternative source and have the potential to become a T1DM treatment through cell replacement therapy. Here we briefly review how islet β cells develop and mature in vivo and several types of reported SC-β cells produced using different ex vivo protocols in the last decade. Although some markers of maturation were expressed and glucose stimulated insulin secretion was shown, the SC-β cells have not been directly compared to their in vivo counterparts, generally have limited glucose response, and are not yet fully matured. Due to the presence of extra-pancreatic insulin-expressing cells, and ethical and technological issues, further clarification of the true nature of these SC-β cells is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Jiang
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Fang-Xu Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, Australia
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7
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Sosa-Larios TC, Ortega-Márquez AL, Rodríguez-Aguilera JR, Vázquez-Martínez ER, Domínguez-López A, Morimoto S. A low-protein maternal diet during gestation affects the expression of key pancreatic β-cell genes and the methylation status of the regulatory region of the MafA gene in the offspring of Wistar rats. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1138564. [PMID: 36992977 PMCID: PMC10040775 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1138564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrition during gestation has important effects on gene expression-mediated metabolic programming in offspring. To evaluate the effect of a protein-restricted maternal diet during gestation, pancreatic islets from male progeny of Wistar rats were studied at postnatal days (PND) 36 (juveniles) and 90 (young adults). The expression of key genes involved in β-cell function and the DNA methylation pattern of the regulatory regions of two such genes, Pdx1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1) and MafA (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein A), were investigated. Gene expression analysis in the pancreatic islets of restricted offspring showed significant differences compared with the control group at PND 36 (P < 0.05). The insulin 1 and 2 (Ins1 and Ins2), Glut2 (glucose transporter 2), Pdx1, MafA, and Atf2 (activating transcription factor 2), genes were upregulated, while glucokinase (Gck) and NeuroD1 (neuronal differentiation 1) were downregulated. Additionally, we studied whether the gene expression differences in Pdx1 and MafA between control and restricted offspring were associated with differential DNA methylation status in their regulatory regions. A decrease in the DNA methylation levels was found in the 5' flanking region between nucleotides −8118 to −7750 of the MafA regulatory region in restricted offspring compared with control pancreatic islets. In conclusion, low protein availability during gestation causes the upregulation of MafA gene expression in pancreatic β-cells in the male juvenile offspring at least in part through DNA hypomethylation. This process may contribute to developmental dysregulation of β-cell function and influence the long-term health of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonantzin C. Sosa-Larios
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana L. Ortega-Márquez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús R. Rodríguez-Aguilera
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar R. Vázquez-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aaron Domínguez-López
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sumiko Morimoto
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Sumiko Morimoto
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8
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Chen X, Yin J, Zhong Q, Wang K, Zhang X, Liang M, Lin Q, Wang H, Wang W, Wang L, Hu X, Bei W, Guo J. Fufang-zhenzhu-tiaozhi formula protects islet against injury and promotes β cell regeneration in diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115791. [PMID: 36240976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fufang-zhenzhu-tiaozhi formula (FTZ) is a patented preparation of traditional Chinese medicine that has been used to treat hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in the clinic for almost 10 years. Our previous study had demonstrated that FTZ can protect islet β cell injury in vitro. However, the efficacy of FTZ on β cell regeneration in vivo and the involved anti-diabetic mechanism remains unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY We aim to investigate the effects of FTZ as a good remedy for islet protection and β cell regeneration, and to reveal the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were fed with high-fat diet for 3 weeks and then intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (90 mg/kg/d × 1 d) to establish type 2 diabetes (T2D) models. Mice in each group were divided into three batches that sacrificed after 3, 7 and 28 days of FTZ administration. Body weight, blood glucose, and oral glucose tolerance test were measured at indicated time points. Fasting insulin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Neonatal β cell was assessed by insulin & PCNA double immunofluorescence staining, and the underlying mechanisms related to β cell regeneration were further performed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, insulin & glucagon double immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. RESULTS FTZ and metformin can significantly help with the symptoms of DM, such as alleviating weight loss, reducing blood glucose, improving the level of insulin in vivo, and relieving insulin resistance, suggesting FTZ and metformin treatment maintained the normal morphological function of islet. Notably, β cell regeneration, which is indicated by insulin and PCNA double-positive cells, was promoted by FTZ, whereas few neonatal β cells were observed in metformin group. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, and its quantification results showed that FTZ effectively prevented the invasion of inflammatory cells into the islets in diabetic mice. Most β cells in the islets of diabetic model mice were devoid, and the islets were almost all α cells, while the diabetic mice administered FTZ could still maintain about half of the β cells in the islet. Furthermore, FTZ upregulated the expression of critical transcription factors during β cell development and maturation (such as PDX-1, MAFA and NGN3) in diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS FTZ can alleviate diabetes symptoms and promote β cell regeneration in diabetic mice. Moreover, FTZ promotes β cell regeneration by preserving islet (resisting inflammatory cells invading islets), maintaining the number of β cells in islets, and increasing the expression of PDX-1, MAFA and NGN3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jianying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Mingjie Liang
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Quanyou Lin
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Weixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Lexun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xuguang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Weijian Bei
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder of Ministry of Education, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; Chinese Medicine Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Importance of multiple endocrine cell types in islet organoids for type 1 diabetes treatment. Transl Res 2022; 250:68-83. [PMID: 35772687 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Almost 50 years ago, scientists developed the bi-hormonal abnormality hypothesis, stating that diabetes is not caused merely by the impaired insulin signaling. Instead, the presence of inappropriate level of glucagon is a prerequisite for the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). It is widely understood that the hormones insulin and glucagon, secreted by healthy β and α cells respectively, operate in a negative feedback loop to maintain the body's blood sugar levels. Despite this fact, traditional T1D treatments rely solely on exogenous insulin injections. Furthermore, research on cell-based therapies and stem-cell derived tissues tends to focus on the replacement of β cells alone. In vivo, the pancreas is made up of 4 major endocrine cell types, that is, insulin-producing β cells, glucagon-producing α cells, somatostatin-producing δ cells, and pancreatic polypeptide-producing γ cells. These distinct cell types are involved synergistically in regulating islet functions. Therefore, it is necessary to produce a pancreatic islet organoid in vitro consisting of all these cell types that adequately replaces the function of the native islets. In this review, we describe the unique function of each pancreatic endocrine cell type and their interactions contributing to the maintenance of normoglycemia. Furthermore, we detail current sources of whole islets and techniques for their long-term expansion and culture. In addition, we highlight a vast potential of the pancreatic islet organoids for transplantation and diabetes research along with updated new approaches for successful transplantation using stem cell-derived islet organoids.
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10
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Habibe JJ, Clemente-Olivo MP, Scheithauer TPM, Rampanelli E, Herrema H, Vos M, Mieremet A, Nieuwdorp M, van Raalte DH, Eringa EC, de Vries CJM. Glucose-mediated insulin secretion is improved in FHL2-deficient mice and elevated FHL2 expression in humans is associated with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2022; 65:1721-1733. [PMID: 35802167 PMCID: PMC9477948 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The general population is ageing, involving an enhanced incidence of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. With ageing, DNA methylation of FHL2 increases, as well as expression of the four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2) protein in human pancreatic islets. We hypothesised that FHL2 is actively involved in glucose metabolism. METHODS Publicly available microarray datasets from human pancreatic islets were analysed for FHL2 expression. In FHL2-deficient mice, we studied glucose clearance and insulin secretion. Gene expression analysis and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were determined in isolated murine FHL2-deficient islets to evaluate insulin-secretory capacity. Moreover, knockdown and overexpression of FHL2 were accomplished in MIN6 cells to delineate the underlying mechanism of FHL2 function. RESULTS Transcriptomics of human pancreatic islets revealed that individuals with elevated levels of HbA1c displayed increased FHL2 expression, which correlated negatively with insulin secretion pathways. In line with this observation, FHL2-deficient mice cleared glucose more efficiently than wild-type littermates through increased plasma insulin levels. Insulin sensitivity was comparable between these genotypes. Interestingly, pancreatic islets isolated from FHL2-deficient mice secreted more insulin in GSIS assays than wild-type mouse islets even though insulin content and islet size was similar. To support this observation, we demonstrated increased expression of the transcription factor crucial in insulin secretion, MAF BZIP transcription factor A (MafA), higher expression of GLUT2 and reduced expression of the adverse factor c-Jun in FHL2-deficient islets. The underlying mechanism of FHL2 was further delineated in MIN6 cells. FHL2-knockdown led to enhanced activation of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and its downstream genes such as Mafa and Pdx1 (encoding pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1), as well as increased glucose uptake. On the other hand, FHL2 overexpression in MIN6 cells blocked GSIS, increased the formation of reactive oxygen species and increased c-Jun activity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data demonstrate that FHL2 deficiency improves insulin secretion from beta cells and improves glucose tolerance in mice. Given that FHL2 expression in humans increases with age and that high expression levels of FHL2 are associated with beta cell dysfunction, we propose that enhanced FHL2 expression in elderly individuals contributes to glucose intolerance and the development of type 2 diabetes. DATA AVAILABILITY The human islet microarray datasets used are publicly available and can be found on https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayron J Habibe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria P Clemente-Olivo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Torsten P M Scheithauer
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Rampanelli
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Herrema
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariska Vos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arnout Mieremet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel H van Raalte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carlie J M de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Yoshihara E. Adapting Physiology in Functional Human Islet Organogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:854604. [PMID: 35557947 PMCID: PMC9086403 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.854604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of three-dimensional (3D)-structured functional human islets is expected to be an alternative cell source for cadaveric human islet transplantation for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), such as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), offer infinite resources for newly synthesized human islets. Recent advancements in hPSCs technology have enabled direct differentiation to human islet-like clusters, which can sense glucose and secrete insulin, and those islet clusters can ameliorate diabetes when transplanted into rodents or non-human primates (NHPs). However, the generated hPSC-derived human islet-like clusters are functionally immature compared with primary human islets. There remains a challenge to establish a technology to create fully functional human islets in vitro, which are functionally and transcriptionally indistinguishable from cadaveric human islets. Understanding the complex differentiation and maturation pathway is necessary to generate fully functional human islets for a tremendous supply of high-quality human islets with less batch-to-batch difference for millions of patients. In this review, I summarized the current progress in the generation of 3D-structured human islets from pluripotent stem cells and discussed the importance of adapting physiology for in vitro functional human islet organogenesis and possible improvements with environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yoshihara
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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12
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Dos Santos RS, Medina-Gali RM, Babiloni-Chust I, Marroqui L, Nadal A. In Vitro Assays to Identify Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals with Diabetogenic Activity in a Human Pancreatic β-Cell Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095040. [PMID: 35563431 PMCID: PMC9102687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to develop identification tests for Metabolism Disrupting Chemicals (MDCs) with diabetogenic activity. Here we used the human EndoC-βH1 β-cell line, the rat β-cell line INS-1E and dispersed mouse islet cells to assess the effects of endocrine disruptors on cell viability and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). We tested six chemicals at concentrations within human exposure (from 0.1 pM to 1 µM). Bisphenol-A (BPA) and tributyltin (TBT) were used as controls while four other chemicals, namely perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), triphenylphosphate (TPP), triclosan (TCS) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), were used as “unknowns”. Regarding cell viability, BPA and TBT increased cell death as previously observed. Their mode of action involved the activation of estrogen receptors and PPARγ, respectively. ROS production was a consistent key event in BPA-and TBT-treated cells. None of the other MDCs tested modified viability or ROS production. Concerning GSIS, TBT increased insulin secretion while BPA produced no effects. PFOA decreased GSIS, suggesting that this chemical could be a “new” diabetogenic agent. Our results indicate that the EndoC-βH1 cell line is a suitable human β-cell model for testing diabetogenic MDCs. Optimization of the test methods proposed here could be incorporated into a set of protocols for the identification of MDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo Sousa Dos Santos
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Regla María Medina-Gali
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Babiloni-Chust
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Marroqui
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain; (R.S.D.S.); (R.M.M.-G.); (I.B.-C.); (L.M.)
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Role of the Transcription Factor MAFA in the Maintenance of Pancreatic β-Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094478. [PMID: 35562869 PMCID: PMC9101179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are specialized to properly regulate blood glucose. Maintenance of the mature β-cell phenotype is critical for glucose metabolism, and β-cell failure results in diabetes mellitus. Recent studies provide strong evidence that the mature phenotype of β-cells is maintained by several transcription factors. These factors are also required for β-cell differentiation from endocrine precursors or maturation from immature β-cells during pancreatic development. Because the reduction or loss of these factors leads to β-cell failure and diabetes, inducing the upregulation or inhibiting downregulation of these transcription factors would be beneficial for studies in both diabetes and stem cell biology. Here, we discuss one such factor, i.e., the transcription factor MAFA. MAFA is a basic leucine zipper family transcription factor that can activate the expression of insulin in β-cells with PDX1 and NEUROD1. MAFA is indeed indispensable for the maintenance of not only insulin expression but also function of adult β-cells. With loss of MAFA in type 2 diabetes, β-cells cannot maintain their mature phenotype and are dedifferentiated. In this review, we first briefly summarize the functional roles of MAFA in β-cells and then mainly focus on the molecular mechanism of cell fate conversion regulated by MAFA.
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14
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Liang J, Chirikjian M, Pajvani UB, Bartolomé A. MafA Regulation in β-Cells: From Transcriptional to Post-Translational Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040535. [PMID: 35454124 PMCID: PMC9033020 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cells are insulin-producing cells in the pancreas that maintain euglycemic conditions. Pancreatic β-cell maturity and function are regulated by a variety of transcription factors that enable the adequate expression of the cellular machinery involved in nutrient sensing and commensurate insulin secretion. One of the key factors in this regulation is MAF bZIP transcription factor A (MafA). MafA expression is decreased in type 2 diabetes, contributing to β-cell dysfunction and disease progression. The molecular biology underlying MafA is complex, with numerous transcriptional and post-translational regulatory nodes. Understanding these complexities may uncover potential therapeutic targets to ameliorate β-cell dysfunction. This article will summarize the role of MafA in normal β-cell function and disease, with a special focus on known transcriptional and post-translational regulators of MafA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Liang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.L.); (M.C.); (U.B.P.)
| | - Margot Chirikjian
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.L.); (M.C.); (U.B.P.)
| | - Utpal B. Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (J.L.); (M.C.); (U.B.P.)
| | - Alberto Bartolomé
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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15
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Yanowski E, Yacovzada NS, David E, Giladi A, Jaitin D, Farack L, Egozi A, Ben-Zvi D, Itzkovitz S, Amit I, Hornstein E. Physically interacting beta-delta pairs in the regenerating pancreas revealed by single-cell sequencing. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101467. [PMID: 35240340 PMCID: PMC8983436 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Until recently, communication between neighboring cells in islets of Langerhans was overlooked by genomic technologies, which require rigorous tissue dissociation into single cells. Methods We utilize sorting of physically interacting cells (PICs) with single-cell RNA-sequencing to systematically map cellular interactions in the endocrine pancreas after pancreatectomy. Results The pancreas cellular landscape features pancreatectomy associated heterogeneity of beta-cells, including an interaction-specific program between paired beta and delta-cells. Conclusions Our analysis suggests that the particular cluster of beta-cells that pairs with delta-cells benefits from stress protection, implying that the interaction between beta- and delta-cells might safeguard against pancreatectomy associated challenges. The work encourages testing the potential relevance of physically-interacting beta-delta-cells also in diabetes mellitus. Single-cell RNA-sequencing systematically maps physically interacting endocrine cells in the pancreas. The landscape of pancreatectomy associated beta-cell heterogeneity is mapped in a single cell resolution. Interaction-specific beta - delta cellular program safeguards beta cells against pancreatectomy-associated stress. Physically interacting beta delta pairs were discovered in an injury model and may also be relevant in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Yanowski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Molecular neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nancy-Sarah Yacovzada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Molecular neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Amir Giladi
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Diego Jaitin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lydia Farack
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Adi Egozi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Danny Ben-Zvi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 9112102, Israel
| | - Shalev Itzkovitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eran Hornstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Molecular neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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Mechanisms Underlying the Expansion and Functional Maturation of β-Cells in Newborns: Impact of the Nutritional Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042096. [PMID: 35216239 PMCID: PMC8877060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional maturation of insulin-secreting β-cells is initiated before birth and is completed in early postnatal life. This process has a critical impact on the acquisition of an adequate functional β-cell mass and on the capacity to meet and adapt to insulin needs later in life. Many cellular pathways playing a role in postnatal β-cell development have already been identified. However, single-cell transcriptomic and proteomic analyses continue to reveal new players contributing to the acquisition of β-cell identity. In this review, we provide an updated picture of the mechanisms governing postnatal β-cell mass expansion and the transition of insulin-secreting cells from an immature to a mature state. We then highlight the contribution of the environment to β-cell maturation and discuss the adverse impact of an in utero and neonatal environment characterized by calorie and fat overload or by protein deficiency and undernutrition. Inappropriate nutrition early in life constitutes a risk factor for developing diabetes in adulthood and can affect the β-cells of the offspring over two generations. A better understanding of these events occurring in the neonatal period will help developing better strategies to produce functional β-cells and to design novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.
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Alvarez-Dominguez JR, Melton DA. Cell maturation: Hallmarks, triggers, and manipulation. Cell 2022; 185:235-249. [PMID: 34995481 PMCID: PMC8792364 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
How cells become specialized, or "mature," is important for cell and developmental biology. While maturity is usually deemed a terminal fate, it may be more helpful to consider maturation not as a switch but as a dynamic continuum of adaptive phenotypic states set by genetic and environment programing. The hallmarks of maturity comprise changes in anatomy (form, gene circuitry, and interconnectivity) and physiology (function, rhythms, and proliferation) that confer adaptive behavior. We discuss efforts to harness their chemical (nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors) and physical (mechanical, spatial, and electrical) triggers in vitro and in vivo and how maturation strategies may support disease research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R. Alvarez-Dominguez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Douglas A. Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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18
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Baumel-Alterzon S, Scott DK. Regulation of Pdx1 by oxidative stress and Nrf2 in pancreatic beta-cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1011187. [PMID: 36187092 PMCID: PMC9521308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1011187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The beta-cell identity gene, pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1), plays critical roles in many aspects of the life of beta-cells including differentiation, maturation, function, survival and proliferation. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are extremely toxic to cells and especially to beta-cells due to their relatively low expression of antioxidant enzymes. One of the major mechanisms for beta-cell dysfunction in type-2 diabetes results from oxidative stress-dependent inhibition of PDX1 levels and function. ROS inhibits Pdx1 by reducing Pdx1 mRNA and protein levels, inhibiting PDX1 nuclear localization, and suppressing PDX1 coactivator complexes. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) antioxidant pathway controls the redox balance and allows the maintenance of high Pdx1 levels. Therefore, pharmacological activation of the Nrf2 pathway may alleviate diabetes by preserving Pdx1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Baumel-Alterzon
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Sharon Baumel-Alterzon,
| | - Donald K. Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Iida R, Ueki M, Yasuda T. Deficiency of M-LP/Mpv17L leads to development of β-cell hyperplasia and improved glucose tolerance via activation of the Wnt and TGF-β pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1868:166318. [PMID: 34883249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
M-LP/Mpv17L is a protein that was initially identified during screening of age-dependently expressed genes in mice. We have recently demonstrated that M-LP/Mpv17L-knockout (M-LP/Mpv17L-KO) in human hepatoma cells leads to a reduction of cellular cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity, and that in vitro-synthesized M-LP/Mpv17L possesses PDE activity. These findings suggest that M-LP/Mpv17L functions as an atypical PDE, even though it has none of the well-conserved catalytic region or other structural motifs characteristic of the PDE family. In this study, we found that M-LP/Mpv17L-KO mice developed β-cell hyperplasia and improved glucose tolerance. Deficiency of M-LP/Mpv17L in islets from KO mice at early postnatal stages or siRNA-mediated suppression of M-LP/Mpv17L in rat insulinoma cells led to marked upregulation of lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1 (Lef1) and transcription factor 7 (Tcf7), key nuclear effectors in the Wnt signaling pathway, and some of the factors essential for the development and maintenance of β-cells. Moreover, at the protein level, increases in the levels of phosphorylated β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) were observed, indicating activation of the Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings suggest that protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylations of β-catenin and GSK-3β, the key mediators of the Wnt and/or TGF-β signaling pathways, are the most upstream events triggering β-cell hyperplasia and improved glucose tolerance caused by M-LP/Mpv17L deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Iida
- Life Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
| | - Misuzu Ueki
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yasuda
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Walker EM, Cha J, Tong X, Guo M, Liu JH, Yu S, Iacovazzo D, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Flanagan SE, Korbonits M, Stafford J, Jacobson DA, Stein R. Sex-biased islet β cell dysfunction is caused by the MODY MAFA S64F variant by inducing premature aging and senescence in males. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109813. [PMID: 34644565 PMCID: PMC8845126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A heterozygous missense mutation of the islet β cell-enriched MAFA transcription factor (p.Ser64Phe [S64F]) is found in patients with adult-onset β cell dysfunction (diabetes or insulinomatosis), with men more prone to diabetes than women. This mutation engenders increased stability to the unstable MAFA protein. Here, we develop a S64F MafA mouse model to determine how β cell function is affected and find sex-dependent phenotypes. Heterozygous mutant males (MafAS64F/+) display impaired glucose tolerance, while females are slightly hypoglycemic with improved blood glucose clearance. Only MafAS64F/+ males show transiently higher MafA protein levels preceding glucose intolerance and sex-dependent changes to genes involved in Ca2+ signaling, DNA damage, aging, and senescence. MAFAS64F production in male human β cells also accelerate cellular senescence and increase senescence-associated secretory proteins compared to cells expressing MAFAWT. These results implicate a conserved mechanism of accelerated islet aging and senescence in promoting diabetes in MAFAS64F carriers in a sex-biased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeeyeon Cha
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jin-Hua Liu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sophia Yu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Donato Iacovazzo
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sarah E Flanagan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John Stafford
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David A Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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21
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Sosa Alvarado C, Yang K, Qiu H, Mills E, Fouhse JM, Ju T, Buteau J, Field CJ, Willing BP, Chan CB. Transient antibiotic-induced changes in the neonatal swine intestinal microbiota impact islet expression profiles reducing subsequent function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R303-R316. [PMID: 34259034 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00090.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal antibiotics administered to human infants initiate gut microbiota dysbiosis that may have long-term effects on body weight and metabolism. We examined antibiotic-induced adaptations in pancreatic islets of the piglet, a well-accepted model of human infant microbiota and pancreas development. Neonatal piglets randomized to amoxicillin [30 mg/kg body wt/day; n = 7, antibiotic (ANTI)] or placebo [vehicle control; n = 7, control (CON)] from postnatal day (PND)0-13 were euthanized at PND7, 14, and 49. The metabolic phenotype along with functional, immunohistological, and transcriptional phenotypes of the pancreatic islets were studied. The gut microbiome was characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and microbial metabolites and microbiome-sensitive host molecules were measured. Compared with CON, ANTI PND7 piglets had elevated transcripts of genes involved in glucagon-like peptide 1 ((GLP-1) synthesis or signaling in islets (P < 0.05) coinciding with higher plasma GLP-1 (P = 0.11), along with increased tumor necrosis factor α (Tnf) (P < 0.05) and protegrin 1 (Npg1) (P < 0.05). Antibiotic-induced relative increases in Escherichia, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus, Dehalobacterium, and Oscillospira of the ileal microbiome at PND7 normalized after antibiotic withdrawal. In ANTI islets at PND14, the expression of key regulators pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1), insulin-like growth factor-2 (Igf2), and transcription factor 7-like 2 (Tcf7l2) was downregulated, preceding a 40% reduction of β-cell area (P < 0.01) and islet insulin content at PND49 (P < 0.05). At PND49, a twofold elevated plasma insulin concentration (P = 0.07) was observed in ANTI compared with CON. We conclude that antibiotic treatment of neonatal piglets elicited gut microbial changes accompanied by phasic alterations in key regulatory genes in pancreatic islets at PND7 and 14. By PND49, reduced β-cell area and islet insulin content were accompanied by elevated nonfasted insulin despite normoglycemia, indicative of islet stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Sosa Alvarado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kaiyuan Yang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hongbo Qiu
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erinn Mills
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janelle M Fouhse
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tingting Ju
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean Buteau
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine B Chan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Midha A, Pan H, Abarca C, Andle J, Carapeto P, Bonner-Weir S, Aguayo-Mazzucato C. Unique Human and Mouse β-Cell Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) Reveal Conserved Signaling Pathways and Heterogeneous Factors. Diabetes 2021; 70:1098-1116. [PMID: 33674410 PMCID: PMC8173799 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aging of pancreatic β-cells may undermine their ability to compensate for insulin resistance, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Aging β-cells acquire markers of cellular senescence and develop a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that can lead to senescence and dysfunction of neighboring cells through paracrine actions, contributing to β-cell failure. In this study, we defined the β-cell SASP signature based on unbiased proteomic analysis of conditioned media of cells obtained from mouse and human senescent β-cells and a chemically induced mouse model of DNA damage capable of inducing SASP. These experiments revealed that the β-cell SASP is enriched for factors associated with inflammation, cellular stress response, and extracellular matrix remodeling across species. Multiple SASP factors were transcriptionally upregulated in models of β-cell senescence, aging, insulin resistance, and T2D. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of islets from an in vivo mouse model of reversible insulin resistance indicated unique and partly reversible changes in β-cell subpopulations associated with senescence. Collectively, these results demonstrate the unique secretory profile of senescent β-cells and its potential implication in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Midha
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Cristian Abarca
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua Andle
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Priscila Carapeto
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
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23
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Bevacqua RJ, Dai X, Lam JY, Gu X, Friedlander MSH, Tellez K, Miguel-Escalada I, Bonàs-Guarch S, Atla G, Zhao W, Kim SH, Dominguez AA, Qi LS, Ferrer J, MacDonald PE, Kim SK. CRISPR-based genome editing in primary human pancreatic islet cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2397. [PMID: 33893274 PMCID: PMC8065166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22651-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting studies in primary human islets could advance our understanding of mechanisms driving diabetes pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate successful genome editing in primary human islets using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). CRISPR-based targeting efficiently mutated protein-coding exons, resulting in acute loss of islet β-cell regulators, like the transcription factor PDX1 and the KATP channel subunit KIR6.2, accompanied by impaired β-cell regulation and function. CRISPR targeting of non-coding DNA harboring type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk variants revealed changes in ABCC8, SIX2 and SIX3 expression, and impaired β-cell function, thereby linking regulatory elements in these target genes to T2D genetic susceptibility. Advances here establish a paradigm for genetic studies in human islet cells, and reveal regulatory and genetic mechanisms linking non-coding variants to human diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina J Bevacqua
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Dai
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jonathan Y Lam
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mollie S H Friedlander
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Krissie Tellez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Irene Miguel-Escalada
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Bonàs-Guarch
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Goutham Atla
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Weichen Zhao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Antonia A Dominguez
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chem-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
- Section of Genetics and Genomics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Northern California JDRF Center of Excellence, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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24
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Scrt1, a transcriptional regulator of β-cell proliferation identified by differential chromatin accessibility during islet maturation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8800. [PMID: 33888791 PMCID: PMC8062533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-induced insulin secretion, a hallmark of mature β-cells, is achieved after birth and is preceded by a phase of intense proliferation. These events occurring in the neonatal period are decisive for establishing an appropriate functional β-cell mass that provides the required insulin throughout life. However, key regulators of gene expression involved in functional maturation of β-cells remain to be elucidated. Here, we addressed this issue by mapping open chromatin regions in newborn versus adult rat islets using the ATAC-seq assay. We obtained a genome-wide picture of chromatin accessible sites (~ 100,000) among which 20% were differentially accessible during maturation. An enrichment analysis of transcription factor binding sites identified a group of transcription factors that could explain these changes. Among them, Scrt1 was found to act as a transcriptional repressor and to control β-cell proliferation. Interestingly, Scrt1 expression was controlled by the transcriptional repressor RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) and was increased in an in vitro reprogramming system of pancreatic exocrine cells to β-like cells. Overall, this study led to the identification of several known and unforeseen key transcriptional events occurring during β-cell maturation. These findings will help defining new strategies to induce the functional maturation of surrogate insulin-producing cells.
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25
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Lorenzo PI, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Martín-Vázquez E, López-Noriega L, Gauthier BR. Harnessing the Endogenous Plasticity of Pancreatic Islets: A Feasible Regenerative Medicine Therapy for Diabetes? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4239. [PMID: 33921851 PMCID: PMC8073058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease caused by an absolute or relative deficiency in functional pancreatic β-cells that leads to defective control of blood glucose. Current treatments for diabetes, despite their great beneficial effects on clinical symptoms, are not curative treatments, leading to a chronic dependence on insulin throughout life that does not prevent the secondary complications associated with diabetes. The overwhelming increase in DM incidence has led to a search for novel antidiabetic therapies aiming at the regeneration of the lost functional β-cells to allow the re-establishment of the endogenous glucose homeostasis. Here we review several aspects that must be considered for the development of novel and successful regenerative therapies for diabetes: first, the need to maintain the heterogeneity of islet β-cells with several subpopulations of β-cells characterized by different transcriptomic profiles correlating with differences in functionality and in resistance/behavior under stress conditions; second, the existence of an intrinsic islet plasticity that allows stimulus-mediated transcriptome alterations that trigger the transdifferentiation of islet non-β-cells into β-cells; and finally, the possibility of using agents that promote a fully functional/mature β-cell phenotype to reduce and reverse the process of dedifferentiation of β-cells during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra I. Lorenzo
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucía-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (N.C.-V.); (E.M.-V.); (L.L.-N.)
| | - Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucía-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (N.C.-V.); (E.M.-V.); (L.L.-N.)
| | - Eugenia Martín-Vázquez
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucía-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (N.C.-V.); (E.M.-V.); (L.L.-N.)
| | - Livia López-Noriega
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucía-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (N.C.-V.); (E.M.-V.); (L.L.-N.)
| | - Benoit R. Gauthier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine-CABIMER, Junta de Andalucía-University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, 41092 Seville, Spain; (N.C.-V.); (E.M.-V.); (L.L.-N.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 028029 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Sun ZY, Yu TY, Jiang FX, Wang W. Functional maturation of immature β cells: A roadblock for stem cell therapy for type 1 diabetes. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:193-207. [PMID: 33815669 PMCID: PMC8006013 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by the specific destruction of pancreatic islet β cells and is characterized as the absolute insufficiency of insulin secretion. Current insulin replacement therapy supplies insulin in a non-physiological way and is associated with devastating complications. Experimental islet transplantation therapy has been proven to restore glucose homeostasis in people with severe T1DM. However, it is restricted by many factors such as severe shortage of donor sources, progressive loss of donor cells, high cost, etc. As pluripotent stem cells have the potential to give rise to all cells including islet β cells in the body, stem cell therapy for diabetes has attracted great attention in the academic community and the general public. Transplantation of islet β-like cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has the potential to be an excellent alternative to islet transplantation. In stem cell therapy, obtaining β cells with complete insulin secretion in vitro is crucial. However, after much research, it has been found that the β-like cells obtained by in vitro differentiation still have many defects, including lack of adult-type glucose stimulated insulin secretion, and multi-hormonal secretion, suggesting that in vitro culture does not allows for obtaining fully mature β-like cells for transplantation. A large number of studies have found that many transcription factors play important roles in the process of transforming immature to mature human islet β cells. Furthermore, PDX1, NKX6.1, SOX9, NGN3, PAX4, etc., are important in inducing hPSC differentiation in vitro. The absent or deficient expression of any of these key factors may lead to the islet development defect in vivo and the failure of stem cells to differentiate into genuine functional β-like cells in vitro. This article reviews β cell maturation in vivo and in vitro and the vital roles of key molecules in this process, in order to explore the current problems in stem cell therapy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yi Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ting-Yan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fang-Xu Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, Fujian Province, China.
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27
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Blanchet E, Pessemesse L, Feillet-Coudray C, Coudray C, Cabello C, Bertrand-Gaday C, Casas F. p43, a Truncated Form of Thyroid Hormone Receptor α, Regulates Maturation of Pancreatic β Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052489. [PMID: 33801253 PMCID: PMC7958131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
P43 is a truncated form of thyroid hormone receptor α localized in mitochondria, which stimulates mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. Previously, we showed that deletion of p43 led to reduction of pancreatic islet density and a loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in adult mice. The present study was designed to determine whether p43 was involved in the processes of β cell development and maturation. We used neonatal, juvenile, and adult p43-/- mice, and we analyzed the development of β cells in the pancreas. Here, we show that p43 deletion affected only slightly β cell proliferation during the postnatal period. However, we found a dramatic fall in p43-/- mice of MafA expression (V-Maf Avian Musculoaponeurotic Fibrosarcoma Oncogene Homolog A), a key transcription factor of beta-cell maturation. Analysis of the expression of antioxidant enzymes in pancreatic islet and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) (a specific marker of lipid peroxidation) staining revealed that oxidative stress occurred in mice lacking p43. Lastly, administration of antioxidants cocktail to p43-/- pregnant mice restored a normal islet density but failed to ensure an insulin secretion in response to glucose. Our findings demonstrated that p43 drives the maturation of β cells via its induction of transcription factor MafA during the critical postnatal window.
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28
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Bevacqua RJ, Lam JY, Peiris H, Whitener RL, Kim S, Gu X, Friedlander MSH, Kim SK. SIX2 and SIX3 coordinately regulate functional maturity and fate of human pancreatic β cells. Genes Dev 2021; 35:234-249. [PMID: 33446570 PMCID: PMC7849364 DOI: 10.1101/gad.342378.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The physiological functions of many vital tissues and organs continue to mature after birth, but the genetic mechanisms governing this postnatal maturation remain an unsolved mystery. Human pancreatic β cells produce and secrete insulin in response to physiological cues like glucose, and these hallmark functions improve in the years after birth. This coincides with expression of the transcription factors SIX2 and SIX3, whose functions in native human β cells remain unknown. Here, we show that shRNA-mediated SIX2 or SIX3 suppression in human pancreatic adult islets impairs insulin secretion. However, transcriptome studies revealed that SIX2 and SIX3 regulate distinct targets. Loss of SIX2 markedly impaired expression of genes governing β-cell insulin processing and output, glucose sensing, and electrophysiology, while SIX3 loss led to inappropriate expression of genes normally expressed in fetal β cells, adult α cells, and other non-β cells. Chromatin accessibility studies identified genes directly regulated by SIX2. Moreover, β cells from diabetic humans with impaired insulin secretion also had reduced SIX2 transcript levels. Revealing how SIX2 and SIX3 govern functional maturation and maintain developmental fate in native human β cells should advance β-cell replacement and other therapeutic strategies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina J Bevacqua
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Y Lam
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Heshan Peiris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Robert L Whitener
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Seokho Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mollie S H Friedlander
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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29
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Tahbaz M, Yoshihara E. Immune Protection of Stem Cell-Derived Islet Cell Therapy for Treating Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:716625. [PMID: 34447354 PMCID: PMC8382875 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.716625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin injection is currently the main therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) or late stage of severe type 2 diabetes (T2D). Human pancreatic islet transplantation confers a significant improvement in glycemic control and prevents life-threatening severe hypoglycemia in T1D patients. However, the shortage of cadaveric human islets limits their therapeutic potential. In addition, chronic immunosuppression, which is required to avoid rejection of transplanted islets, is associated with severe complications, such as an increased risk of malignancies and infections. Thus, there is a significant need for novel approaches to the large-scale generation of functional human islets protected from autoimmune rejection in order to ensure durable graft acceptance without immunosuppression. An important step in addressing this need is to strengthen our understanding of transplant immune tolerance mechanisms for both graft rejection and autoimmune rejection. Engineering of functional human pancreatic islets that can avoid attacks from host immune cells would provide an alternative safe resource for transplantation therapy. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer a potentially limitless supply of cells because of their self-renewal ability and pluripotency. Therefore, studying immune tolerance induction in hPSC-derived human pancreatic islets will directly contribute toward the goal of generating a functional cure for insulin-dependent diabetes. In this review, we will discuss the current progress in the immune protection of stem cell-derived islet cell therapy for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Tahbaz
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Eiji Yoshihara
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Eiji Yoshihara,
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Postnatal maturation of calcium signaling in islets of Langerhans from neonatal mice. Cell Calcium 2020; 94:102339. [PMID: 33422769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic islet cells develop mature physiological responses to glucose and other fuels postnatally. In this study, we used fluorescence imaging techniques to measure changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) to compare islets isolated from mice on postnatal days 0, 4, and 12 with islets from adult CD-1 mice. In addition, we used publicly available RNA-sequencing data to compare expression levels of key genes in β-cell physiology with [Ca2+]i data across these ages. We show that islets isolated from mice on postnatal day 0 displayed elevated [Ca2+]i in basal glucose (≤4 mM) but lower [Ca2+]i responses to stimulation by 12-20 mM glucose compared to adult. Neonatal islets displayed more adult-like [Ca2+]i in basal glucose by day 4 but continued to show lower [Ca2+]i responses to 16 and 20 mM glucose stimulation up to at least day 12. A right shift in glucose sensing (EC50) correlated with lower fragment-per-kilobase-of-transcript-per-million-reads-mapped (FPKM) of Slc2a2 (glut2) and Actn3 and increased FPKM for Galk1 and Nupr1. Differences in [Ca2+]i responses to additional stimuli were also observed. Calcium levels in the endoplasmic reticulum were elevated on day 0 but became adult-like by day 4, which corresponded with reduced expression in Atp2a2 (SERCA2) and novel K+-channel Ktd17, increased expression of Pml, Wfs1, Thada, and Herpud1, and basal [Ca2+]i maturing to adult levels. Ion-channel activity also matured rapidly, but RNA sequencing data mining did not yield strong leads. In conclusion, the maturation of islet [Ca2+]i signaling is complex and multifaceted; several possible gene targets were identified that may participate in this process.
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Petrenko V, Stolovich-Rain M, Vandereycken B, Giovannoni L, Storch KF, Dor Y, Chera S, Dibner C. The core clock transcription factor BMAL1 drives circadian β-cell proliferation during compensatory regeneration of the endocrine pancreas. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1650-1665. [PMID: 33184223 PMCID: PMC7706703 DOI: 10.1101/gad.343137.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks in pancreatic islets participate in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here we examined the role of these timekeepers in β-cell regeneration after the massive ablation of β cells by doxycycline-induced expression of diphtheria toxin A (DTA) in Insulin-rtTA/TET-DTA mice. Since we crossed reporter genes expressing α- and β-cell-specific fluorescent proteins into these mice, we could follow the fate of α- and β cells separately. As expected, DTA induction resulted in an acute hyperglycemia, which was accompanied by dramatic changes in gene expression in residual β cells. In contrast, only temporal alterations of gene expression were observed in α cells. Interestingly, β cells entered S phase preferentially during the nocturnal activity phase, indicating that the diurnal rhythm also plays a role in the orchestration of β-cell regeneration. Indeed, in arrhythmic Bmal1-deficient mice, which lack circadian clocks, no compensatory β-cell proliferation was observed, and the β-cell ablation led to aggravated hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia, and fatal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Petrenko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Patient Education, Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miri Stolovich-Rain
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Bart Vandereycken
- Section of Mathematics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurianne Giovannoni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Patient Education, Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kai-Florian Storch
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Simona Chera
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Charna Dibner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Patient Education, Department of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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32
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Insulin/Glucose-Responsive Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Disease Modeling and Treatment of Diabetes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112465. [PMID: 33198288 PMCID: PMC7696367 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells and insulin resistance in peripheral organs, accounts for more than 90% of all diabetes. Despite current developments of new drugs and strategies to prevent/treat diabetes, there is no ideal therapy targeting all aspects of the disease. Restoration, however, of insulin-producing β-cells, as well as insulin-responsive cells, would be a logical strategy for the treatment of diabetes. In recent years, generation of transplantable cells derived from stem cells in vitro has emerged as an important research area. Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced, are alternative and feasible sources of insulin-secreting and glucose-responsive cells. This notwithstanding, consistent generation of robust glucose/insulin-responsive cells remains challenging. In this review, we describe basic concepts of the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells and subsequent differentiation of these into pancreatic β-like cells, myotubes, as well as adipocyte- and hepatocyte-like cells. Use of these for modeling of human disease is now feasible, while development of replacement therapies requires continued efforts.
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Gauthier BR, Sola‐García A, Cáliz‐Molina MÁ, Lorenzo PI, Cobo‐Vuilleumier N, Capilla‐González V, Martin‐Montalvo A. Thyroid hormones in diabetes, cancer, and aging. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13260. [PMID: 33048427 PMCID: PMC7681062 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid function is central in the control of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Studies in animal models and human research have determined that thyroid hormones modulate cellular processes relevant for aging and for the majority of age‐related diseases. While several studies have associated mild reductions on thyroid hormone function with exceptional longevity in animals and humans, alterations in thyroid hormones are serious medical conditions associated with unhealthy aging and premature death. Moreover, both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism have been associated with the development of certain types of diabetes and cancers, indicating a great complexity of the molecular mechanisms controlled by thyroid hormones. In this review, we describe the latest findings in thyroid hormone research in the field of aging, diabetes, and cancer, with a special focus on hepatocellular carcinomas. While aging studies indicate that the direct modulation of thyroid hormones is not a viable strategy to promote healthy aging or longevity and the development of thyromimetics is challenging due to inefficacy and potential toxicity, we argue that interventions based on the use of modulators of thyroid hormone function might provide therapeutic benefit in certain types of diabetes and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit R. Gauthier
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases‐CIBERDEM Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
| | - Alejandro Sola‐García
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
| | - María Ángeles Cáliz‐Molina
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
| | - Petra Isabel Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
| | - Nadia Cobo‐Vuilleumier
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
| | - Vivian Capilla‐González
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
| | - Alejandro Martin‐Montalvo
- Department of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine‐CABIMER Junta de Andalucía‐University of Pablo de Olavide‐University of Seville‐CSIC Seville Spain
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Takei S, Nagashima S, Takei A, Yamamuro D, Wakabayashi T, Murakami A, Isoda M, Yamazaki H, Ebihara C, Takahashi M, Ebihara K, Dezaki K, Takayanagi Y, Onaka T, Fujiwara K, Yashiro T, Ishibashi S. β-Cell-Specific Deletion of HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) Reductase Causes Overt Diabetes due to Reduction of β-Cell Mass and Impaired Insulin Secretion. Diabetes 2020; 69:2352-2363. [PMID: 32796082 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), statins, which are used to prevent cardiovascular diseases, are associated with a modest increase in the risk of new-onset diabetes. To investigate the role of HMGCR in the development of β-cells and glucose homeostasis, we deleted Hmgcr in a β-cell-specific manner by using the Cre-loxP technique. Mice lacking Hmgcr in β-cells (β-KO) exhibited hypoinsulinemic hyperglycemia as early as postnatal day 9 (P9) due to decreases in both β-cell mass and insulin secretion. Ki67-positive cells were reduced in β-KO mice at P9; thus, β-cell mass reduction was caused by proliferation disorder immediately after birth. The mRNA expression of neurogenin3 (Ngn3), which is transiently expressed in endocrine progenitors of the embryonic pancreas, was maintained despite a striking reduction in the expression of β-cell-associated genes, such as insulin, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1), and MAF BZIP transcription factor A (Mafa) in the islets from β-KO mice. Histological analyses revealed dysmorphic islets with markedly reduced numbers of β-cells, some of which were also positive for glucagon. In conclusion, HMGCR plays critical roles not only in insulin secretion but also in the development of β-cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Takei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nagashima
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akihito Takei
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamuro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Wakabayashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akiko Murakami
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masayo Isoda
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hisataka Yamazaki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ebihara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Katsuya Dezaki
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuki Takayanagi
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Onaka
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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Wang Y, Sun J, Lin Z, Zhang W, Wang S, Wang W, Wang Q, Ning G. m 6A mRNA Methylation Controls Functional Maturation in Neonatal Murine β-Cells. Diabetes 2020; 69:1708-1722. [PMID: 32404350 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is essential during embryonic development of various organs. However, its role in embryonic and early postnatal islet development remains unknown. Mice in which RNA methyltransferase-like 3/14 (Mettl3/14) were deleted in Ngn3+ endocrine progenitors (Mettl3/14 nKO ) developed hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia at 2 weeks after birth. We found that Mettl3/14 specifically regulated both functional maturation and mass expansion of neonatal β-cells before weaning. Transcriptome and m6A methylome analyses provided m6A-dependent mechanisms in regulating cell identity, insulin secretion, and proliferation in neonatal β-cells. Importantly, we found that Mettl3/14 were dispensable for β-cell differentiation but directly regulated essential transcription factor MafA expression at least partially via modulating its mRNA stability. Failure to maintain this modification impacted the ability to fulfill β-cell functional maturity. In both diabetic db/db mice and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), decreased Mettl3/14 expression in β-cells was observed, suggesting its possible role in T2D. Our study unraveled the essential role of Mettl3/14 in neonatal β-cell development and functional maturation, both of which determined functional β-cell mass and glycemic control in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qidi Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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36
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Guay C, Jacovetti C, Bayazit MB, Brozzi F, Rodriguez-Trejo A, Wu K, Regazzi R. Roles of Noncoding RNAs in Islet Biology. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:893-932. [PMID: 32941685 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that most mammalian genome sequences are transcribed to ribonucleic acids (RNA) has revolutionized our understanding of the mechanisms governing key cellular processes and of the causes of human diseases, including diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic islet cells were found to contain thousands of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including micro-RNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-associated RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, tRNA-derived fragments, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs. While the involvement of miRNAs in islet function and in the etiology of diabetes is now well documented, there is emerging evidence indicating that other classes of ncRNAs are also participating in different aspects of islet physiology. The aim of this article will be to provide a comprehensive and updated view of the studies carried out in human samples and rodent models over the past 15 years on the role of ncRNAs in the control of α- and β-cell development and function and to highlight the recent discoveries in the field. We not only describe the role of ncRNAs in the control of insulin and glucagon secretion but also address the contribution of these regulatory molecules in the proliferation and survival of islet cells under physiological and pathological conditions. It is now well established that most cells release part of their ncRNAs inside small extracellular vesicles, allowing the delivery of genetic material to neighboring or distantly located target cells. The role of these secreted RNAs in cell-to-cell communication between β-cells and other metabolic tissues as well as their potential use as diabetes biomarkers will be discussed. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:893-932, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiane Guay
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Jacovetti
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Bilal Bayazit
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Flora Brozzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Rodriguez-Trejo
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kejing Wu
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romano Regazzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Helman A, Cangelosi AL, Davis JC, Pham Q, Rothman A, Faust AL, Straubhaar JR, Sabatini DM, Melton DA. A Nutrient-Sensing Transition at Birth Triggers Glucose-Responsive Insulin Secretion. Cell Metab 2020; 31:1004-1016.e5. [PMID: 32375022 PMCID: PMC7480404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A drastic transition at birth, from constant maternal nutrient supply in utero to intermittent postnatal feeding, requires changes in the metabolic system of the neonate. Despite their central role in metabolic homeostasis, little is known about how pancreatic β cells adjust to the new nutritional challenge. Here, we find that after birth β cell function shifts from amino acid- to glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in correlation with the change in the nutritional environment. This adaptation is mediated by a transition in nutrient sensitivity of the mTORC1 pathway, which leads to intermittent mTORC1 activity. Disrupting nutrient sensitivity of mTORC1 in mature β cells reverts insulin secretion to a functionally immature state. Finally, manipulating nutrient sensitivity of mTORC1 in stem cell-derived β cells in vitro strongly enhances their glucose-responsive insulin secretion. These results reveal a mechanism by which nutrients regulate β cell function, thereby enabling a metabolic adaptation for the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Helman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Andrew L Cangelosi
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Davis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Quan Pham
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Arielle Rothman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Aubrey L Faust
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Juerg R Straubhaar
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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38
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Kim S, Whitener RL, Peiris H, Gu X, Chang CA, Lam JY, Camunas-Soler J, Park I, Bevacqua RJ, Tellez K, Quake SR, Lakey JRT, Bottino R, Ross PJ, Kim SK. Molecular and genetic regulation of pig pancreatic islet cell development. Development 2020; 147:dev186213. [PMID: 32108026 PMCID: PMC7132804 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reliance on rodents for understanding pancreatic genetics, development and islet function could limit progress in developing interventions for human diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Similarities of pancreas morphology and function suggest that porcine and human pancreas developmental biology may have useful homologies. However, little is known about pig pancreas development. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated fetal and neonatal pig pancreas at multiple, crucial developmental stages using modern experimental approaches. Purification of islet β-, α- and δ-cells followed by transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) and immunohistology identified cell- and stage-specific regulation, and revealed that pig and human islet cells share characteristic features that are not observed in mice. Morphometric analysis also revealed endocrine cell allocation and architectural similarities between pig and human islets. Our analysis unveiled scores of signaling pathways linked to native islet β-cell functional maturation, including evidence of fetal α-cell GLP-1 production and signaling to β-cells. Thus, the findings and resources detailed here show how pig pancreatic islet studies complement other systems for understanding the developmental programs that generate functional islet cells, and that are relevant to human pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokho Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert L Whitener
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Heshan Peiris
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charles A Chang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Y Lam
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joan Camunas-Soler
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Insung Park
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Romina J Bevacqua
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Krissie Tellez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA
| | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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39
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Moullé VS, Parnet P. Effects of Nutrient Intake during Pregnancy and Lactation on the Endocrine Pancreas of the Offspring. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112708. [PMID: 31717308 PMCID: PMC6893668 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas has an essential role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis by secreting insulin, the only hormone with a blood glucose lowering effect in mammals. Several circulating molecules are able to positively or negatively influence insulin secretion. Among them, nutrients such as fatty acids or amino acids can directly act on specific receptors present on pancreatic beta cells. Dietary intake, especially excessive nutrient intake, is known to modify energy balance in adults, resulting in pancreatic dysfunction. However, gestation and lactation are critical periods for fetal development and pup growth and specific dietary nutrients are required for optimal growth. Feeding alterations during these periods will impact offspring development and increase the risk of developing metabolic disorders in adulthood, leading to metabolic programming. This review will focus on the influence of nutrient intake during gestation and lactation periods on pancreas development and function in offspring, highlighting the molecular mechanism of imprinting on this organ.
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40
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Zhu Y, Tonne JM, Liu Q, Schreiber CA, Zhou Z, Rakshit K, Matveyenko AV, Terzic A, Wigle D, Kudva YC, Ikeda Y. Targeted Derivation of Organotypic Glucose- and GLP-1-Responsive β Cells Prior to Transplantation into Diabetic Recipients. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:307-321. [PMID: 31378674 PMCID: PMC6700523 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of functional β cells from pluripotent sources would accelerate diagnostic and therapeutic applications for diabetes research and therapy. However, it has been challenging to generate competent β cells with dynamic insulin-secretory capacity to glucose and incretin stimulations. We introduced transcription factors, critical for β-cell development and function, in differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and assessed the impact on the functionality of derived β-cell (psBC) progeny. A perifusion system revealed stepwise transduction of the PDX1, NEUROG3, and MAFA triad (PNM) enabled in vitro generation of psBCs with glucose and GLP-1 responsiveness within 3 weeks. PNM transduction upregulated genes associated with glucose sensing, insulin secretion, and β-cell maturation. In recipient diabetic mice, PNM-transduced psBCs showed glucose-responsive insulin secretion as early as 1 week post transplantation. Thus, enhanced pre-emptive β-cell specification of PSCs by PNM drives generation of glucose- and incretin-responsive psBCs in vitro, offering a competent tissue-primed biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jason M Tonne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Claire A Schreiber
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Central South University, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dennis Wigle
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yogish C Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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41
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Jaafar R, Tran S, Shah AN, Sun G, Valdearcos M, Marchetti P, Masini M, Swisa A, Giacometti S, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Matveyenko A, Hebrok M, Dor Y, Rutter GA, Koliwad SK, Bhushan A. mTORC1 to AMPK switching underlies β-cell metabolic plasticity during maturation and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4124-4137. [PMID: 31265435 PMCID: PMC6763225 DOI: 10.1172/jci127021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells (β-cells) differentiate during fetal life, but only postnatally acquire the capacity for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). How this happens is not clear. In exploring what molecular mechanisms drive the maturation of β-cell function, we found that the control of cellular signaling in β-cells fundamentally switched from the nutrient sensor target of rapamycin (mTORC1) to the energy sensor 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and that this was critical for functional maturation. Moreover, AMPK was activated by the dietary transition taking place during weaning, and this in turn inhibited mTORC1 activity to drive the adult β-cell phenotype. While forcing constitutive mTORC1 signaling in adult β-cells relegated them to a functionally immature phenotype with characteristic transcriptional and metabolic profiles, engineering the switch from mTORC1 to AMPK signaling was sufficient to promote β-cell mitochondrial biogenesis, a shift to oxidative metabolism, and functional maturation. We also found that type 2 diabetes, a condition marked by both mitochondrial degeneration and dysregulated GSIS, was associated with a remarkable reversion of the normal AMPK-dependent adult β-cell signature to a more neonatal one characterized by mTORC1 activation. Manipulating the way in which cellular nutrient signaling pathways regulate β-cell metabolism may thus offer new targets to improve β-cell function in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Jaafar
- The Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stella Tran
- The Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ajit N. Shah
- The Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gao Sun
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matilde Masini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Avital Swisa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Guy A. Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anil Bhushan
- The Diabetes Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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42
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Sarkar S, Munshi C, Chatterjee S, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S. Vector-free in vivo trans-determination of adult hepatic stem cells to insulin-producing cells. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5501-5509. [PMID: 31102150 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in the number of functional β-cells is the central pathological event in diabetes. Liver and ventral pancreas differentiates simultaneously in the same general domain of cells within embryonic endoderm. In addition, the precursor cell population being bi-potential may be targeted for either pancreas or liver development. Hepatic stem cells were redirected in vivo to functional insulin producing cells in a acetylaminofluorene-partial hepatectomy (AAF/PH) adult male rat model with/without GLP-1 treatment. In routine H&E histology and immunohistochemistry, stem cells resembled β cells in GLP-1 injected rats. Immunoblots revealed involvement of adenylate cyclase, TLR4 and PDX1 in insulin synthesis. Expression of genes (GLP-1R, MAFA, PDX1, INS1 and INS2) augmented in the GLP-1 treated regenerated liver. Results strongly indicated the key role of GLP-1 in the induction of insulin secretion in trans-determined reprogrammed cell in vivo. The present method being vector free poses no risk of vector spillover in the host and holds promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvasree Sarkar
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Chayan Munshi
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.,School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Sarmishtha Chatterjee
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.,, Kolkata, India
| | - Sandip Mukherjee
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Shelley Bhattacharya
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, 731235, India.
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43
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Dayer D, Tabandeh MR, Moghimipour E, Hashemi Tabar M, Ghadiri A, Allah Bakhshi E, Orazizadeh M, Ghafari MA. MafA Overexpression: A New Efficient Protocol for In Vitro Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Insulin-Producing Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:169-178. [PMID: 30825290 PMCID: PMC6397604 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective We proposed a novel differentiation method for the efficient differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem
cells (ADMSCs) into functional insulin-producing cells (IPCs) based on MafA overexpression.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, a eukaryotic expression vector containing MafA [MafA/pcDNA3.1(+)]
was constructed and purified. ADMSCs were differentiated into IPCs. ADMSCs were assigned in two groups including
control (C), and the MafA overexpressed (MafA+) groups. The ADMSCs were transfected by MafA/pcDNA 3.1(+) at day
10 of the differentiation. Differentiated cells were analyzed for the expression of multiple β cell specific genes (Nkx2.2,
Ngn3, Isl-1, Pdx1, MafA, Nkx6.1, and Insulin) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The insulin secretion
potency of the differentiated cells in response to glucose exposure was also determined using an enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and Dithizone (DTZ) staining. The IPCs from the control manipulated group,
and un-differentiated ADMSCs group were transplanted to streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. Rats were monitored for
blood glucose and insulin concentration.
Results The results revealed that ADMSCs were successfully differentiated into IPCs through the 14 day differentiation
protocol. The expression of β-cell specific genes in MafA+ IPCs was higher than in control cells. Glucose-induced
insulin secretion after the exposure of IPCs to glucose was higher in MafA+ group than the control group. The STZ-
diabetic rats showed an ability to secrete insulin and apparent hyperglycemic condition adjustment after transplantation
of the control IPCs. The mean insulin concentration of diabetic rats that were transplanted by manipulated IPCs was
significantly higher than ADMSCs-transplanted rats; however, no effect was observed in the concentration of blood
glucose.
Conclusion The overexpression of MafA can be used as a novel promising approach for the efficient production of
IPCs from ADMSCs in vitro. However, the future therapeutic use of the MafA+ IPCs in diabetic animals needs further
investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Dayer
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.Electronic Address:
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.,Stem Cells and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Eskandar Moghimipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Hashemi Tabar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - AtaA Ghadiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Allah Bakhshi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Orazizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Ghafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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44
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Zhong F, Jiang Y. Endogenous Pancreatic β Cell Regeneration: A Potential Strategy for the Recovery of β Cell Deficiency in Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:101. [PMID: 30842756 PMCID: PMC6391341 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous pancreatic β cell regeneration is a potential strategy for β cell expansion or neogenesis to treat diabetes. Regeneration can occur through stimulation of existing β cell replication or conversion of other pancreatic cells into β cells. Recently, various strategies and approaches for stimulation of endogenous β cell regeneration have been evaluated, but they were not suitable for clinical application. In this paper, we comprehensively review these strategies, and further discuss various factors involved in regulation of β cell regeneration under physiological or pathological conditions, such as mediators, transcription factors, signaling pathways, and potential pharmaceutical drugs. Furthermore, we discuss possible reasons for the failure of regenerative medicines in clinical trials, and possible strategies for improving β cell regeneration. As β cell heterogeneity and plasticity determines their function and environmental adaptability, we focus on β cell subtype markers and discuss the importance of research evaluating the characteristics of new β cells. In addition, based on the autoimmunologic features of type 1 diabetes, NOD/Lt-SCID-IL2rg null (NSG) mice grafted with human immune cells and β cells are recommended for use in evaluation of antidiabetic regenerative medicines. This review will further understand current advances in endogenous β cell regeneration, and provide potential new strategies for the treatment of diabetes focused on cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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45
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Cyphert HA, Walker EM, Hang Y, Dhawan S, Haliyur R, Bonatakis L, Avrahami D, Brissova M, Kaestner KH, Bhushan A, Powers AC, Stein R. Examining How the MAFB Transcription Factor Affects Islet β-Cell Function Postnatally. Diabetes 2019; 68:337-348. [PMID: 30425060 PMCID: PMC6341297 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sustained expression of the MAFB transcription factor in human islet β-cells represents a distinct difference in mice. Moreover, mRNA expression of closely related and islet β-cell-enriched MAFA does not peak in humans until after 9 years of age. We show that the MAFA protein also is weakly produced within the juvenile human islet β-cell population and that MafB expression is postnatally restricted in mouse β-cells by de novo DNA methylation. To gain insight into how MAFB affects human β-cells, we developed a mouse model to ectopically express MafB in adult mouse β-cells using MafA transcriptional control sequences. Coexpression of MafB with MafA had no overt impact on mouse β-cells, suggesting that the human adult β-cell MAFA/MAFB heterodimer is functionally equivalent to the mouse MafA homodimer. However, MafB alone was unable to rescue the islet β-cell defects in a mouse mutant lacking MafA in β-cells. Of note, transgenic production of MafB in β-cells elevated tryptophan hydroxylase 1 mRNA production during pregnancy, which drives the serotonin biosynthesis critical for adaptive maternal β-cell responses. Together, these studies provide novel insight into the role of MAFB in human islet β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Cyphert
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Emily M Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Yan Hang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Rachana Haliyur
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Lauren Bonatakis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Dana Avrahami
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anil Bhushan
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Roland Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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46
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Nair GG, Liu JS, Russ HA, Tran S, Saxton MS, Chen R, Juang C, Li ML, Nguyen VQ, Giacometti S, Puri S, Xing Y, Wang Y, Szot GL, Oberholzer J, Bhushan A, Hebrok M. Recapitulating endocrine cell clustering in culture promotes maturation of human stem-cell-derived β cells. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:263-274. [PMID: 30710150 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the differentiation of insulin-producing cells from human embryonic stem cells, the generation of mature functional β cells in vitro has remained elusive. To accomplish this goal, we have developed cell culture conditions to closely mimic events occurring during pancreatic islet organogenesis and β cell maturation. In particular, we have focused on recapitulating endocrine cell clustering by isolating and reaggregating immature β-like cells to form islet-sized enriched β-clusters (eBCs). eBCs display physiological properties analogous to primary human β cells, including robust dynamic insulin secretion, increased calcium signalling in response to secretagogues, and improved mitochondrial energization. Notably, endocrine cell clustering induces metabolic maturation by driving mitochondrial oxidative respiration, a process central to stimulus-secretion coupling in mature β cells. eBCs display glucose-stimulated insulin secretion as early as three days after transplantation in mice. In summary, replicating aspects of endocrine cell clustering permits the generation of stem-cell-derived β cells that resemble their endogenous counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika G Nair
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Liu
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stella Tran
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Saxton
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard Chen
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charity Juang
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mei-Lan Li
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vinh Q Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Simone Giacometti
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sapna Puri
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuan Xing
- Department of Surgery/Division of Transplantation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Surgery/Division of Transplantation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gregory L Szot
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Department of Surgery/Division of Transplantation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anil Bhushan
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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47
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Zhao J, Zong W, Zhao Y, Gou D, Liang S, Shen J, Wu Y, Zheng X, Wu R, Wang X, Niu F, Wang A, Zhang Y, Xiong JW, Chen L, Liu Y. In vivo imaging of β-cell function reveals glucose-mediated heterogeneity of β-cell functional development. eLife 2019; 8:41540. [PMID: 30694176 PMCID: PMC6395064 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How pancreatic β-cells acquire function in vivo is a long-standing mystery due to the lack of technology to visualize β-cell function in living animals. Here, we applied a high-resolution two-photon light-sheet microscope for the first in vivo imaging of Ca2+activity of every β-cell in Tg (ins:Rcamp1.07) zebrafish. We reveal that the heterogeneity of β-cell functional development in vivo occurred as two waves propagating from the islet mantle to the core, coordinated by islet vascularization. Increasing amounts of glucose induced functional acquisition and enhancement of β-cells via activating calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling. Conserved in mammalians, calcineurin/NFAT prompted high-glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of neonatal mouse islets cultured in vitro. However, the reduction in low-glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was dependent on optimal glucose but independent of calcineurin/NFAT. Thus, combination of optimal glucose and calcineurin activation represents a previously unexplored strategy for promoting functional maturation of stem cell-derived β-like cells in vitro. When the amount of sugar in our body rises, specialised cells known as β-cells respond by releasing insulin, a hormone that acts on various organs to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range. These cells cluster in small ‘islets’ inside our pancreas. If the number of working β-cells declines, diseases such as diabetes may appear and it becomes difficult to regulate the amount of sugar in our bodies. Understanding how β-cells normally develop and mature in the embryo could help us learn how to make new ones in the laboratory. In particular, researchers are interested in studying how different body signals, such as blood sugar levels, turn immature β-cells into fully productive cells. However, in mammals, the pancreas and its islets are buried deep inside the embryo and they cannot be observed easily. Here, Zhao et al. circumvented this problem by doing experiments on zebrafish embryos, which are transparent, grow outside their mother’s body, and have pancreatic islets that are similar to the ones found in mammals. A three-dimensional microscopy technique was used to watch individual β-cells activity over long periods, which revealed that the cells start being able to produce insulin at different times. The β-cells around the edge of each islet were the first to have access to blood sugar signals: they gained their hormone-producing role earlier than the cells in the core of an islet, which only sensed the information later on. Zhao et al. then exposed the zebrafish embryos to different amounts of sugar. This showed that there is an optimal concentration of sugar which helps β-cells develop by kick-starting a cascade of events inside the cell. Further experiments confirmed that the same pathway and optimal sugar concentration exist for mammalian islets grown in the laboratory. These findings may help researchers find better ways of making new β-cells to treat diabetic patients. In the future, using the three-dimensional imaging technique in zebrafish embryos may lead to more discoveries on how the pancreas matures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weijian Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,China Department of Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongzhou Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Runlong Wu
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuzeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Wei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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48
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Bartolome A, Zhu C, Sussel L, Pajvani UB. Notch signaling dynamically regulates adult β cell proliferation and maturity. J Clin Invest 2018; 129:268-280. [PMID: 30375986 DOI: 10.1172/jci98098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling regulates differentiation of the pancreatic endocrine lineage during embryogenesis, but the role of Notch in mature β cells is unclear. We found that islets derived from lean mice show modest β cell Notch activity, which increases in obesity and in response to high glucose. This response appeared maladaptive, as mice with β cell-specific-deficient Notch transcriptional activity showed improved glucose tolerance when subjected to high-fat diet feeding. Conversely, mice with β cell-specific Notch gain of function (β-NICD) had a progressive loss of β cell maturity, due to proteasomal degradation of MafA, leading to impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose intolerance with aging or obesity. Surprisingly, Notch-active β cells had increased proliferative capacity, leading to increased but dysfunctional β cell mass. These studies demonstrate a dynamic role for Notch in developed β cells for simultaneously regulating β cell function and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bartolome
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Changyu Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lori Sussel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Gallego FQ, Sinzato YK, Miranda CA, Iessi IL, Dallaqua B, Volpato GT, Scarano WR, SanMartín S, Damasceno DC. Pancreatic islet response to diabetes during pregnancy in rats. Life Sci 2018; 214:1-10. [PMID: 30366036 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to assess the mechanisms underlying pancreatic islet adaptation in diabetic mothers and their pups. Additionally, the influence of pancreatic adaptations on maternal reproductive performance was also investigated. MAIN METHODS Wistar rats were injected with streptozotocin for diabetes induction. At adulthood (3 months), all animals underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for glucose assessment as an inclusion criterion. Following, the animals were mated. At day 18 of pregnancy, the mothers were killed for blood collect ion to determine fasting insulin and glucagon concentrations. The pancreas was removed and processed for the immunohistochemical analysis of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, Ki-67 and PDX-1, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The pregnant uterus was also collected for the evaluation of embryofetal loss. KEY FINDINGS The diabetic rats showed increased glucose, serum glucagon and insulin concentrations, and embryofetal loss rates. They also showed a reduction in pancreatic islets area and percentage of cells stained for insulin, increased the percentage of non-β cells (alpha e delta cells) stained for Ki-67, glucagon, and somatostatin. Moreover, the cells stained for somatostatin were spread across the islets and showed stronger staining for MDA and weaker staining for GSH-Px. SIGNIFICANCE Diabetes leads to adaptive responses from the endocrine pancreas in pregnancy that especially involves non-β cells, modifying the mantle-core structure. Nonetheless, these adaptations are not enough for glucose homeostasis and affect the maternal environment, which in turn impairs fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciane Quintanilha Gallego
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology Post Graduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Yuri Karen Sinzato
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology Post Graduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Carolina Abreu Miranda
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology Post Graduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Isabela Lovizutto Iessi
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology Post Graduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Bruna Dallaqua
- DeVry Ruy Barbosa School (DeVry Brazil Group), Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Tadeu Volpato
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
| | - Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano
- Department of Morphology, Botucatu Bioscience Institute, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | | | - Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Gynecology, Obstetrics and Mastology Post Graduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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50
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Matsuda H. Zebrafish as a model for studying functional pancreatic β cells development and regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:393-399. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Matsuda
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Japan
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