1
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Esteves JV, Stanford KI. Exercise as a tool to mitigate metabolic disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 327:C587-C598. [PMID: 38981607 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00144.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, notably obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), have reached alarming proportions and constitute a significant global health challenge, emphasizing the urgent need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. In contrast, exercise training emerges as a potent intervention, exerting numerous positive effects on metabolic health through adaptations to the metabolic tissues. Here, we reviewed the major features of our current understanding with respect to the intricate interplay between metabolic diseases and key metabolic tissues, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver, describing some of the main underlying mechanisms driving pathogenesis, as well as the role of exercise to combat and treat obesity and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Victor Esteves
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
- Division of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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2
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Wischnewski S, Thäwel T, Ikenaga C, Kocharyan A, Lerma-Martin C, Zulji A, Rausch HW, Brenner D, Thomas L, Kutza M, Wick B, Trobisch T, Preusse C, Haeussler M, Leipe J, Ludolph A, Rosenbohm A, Hoke A, Platten M, Weishaupt JH, Sommer CJ, Stenzel W, Lloyd TE, Schirmer L. Cell type mapping of inflammatory muscle diseases highlights selective myofiber vulnerability in inclusion body myositis. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:969-983. [PMID: 38834884 PMCID: PMC11257986 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most prevalent inflammatory muscle disease in older adults with no effective therapy available. In contrast to other inflammatory myopathies such as subacute, immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), IBM follows a chronic disease course with both inflammatory and degenerative features of pathology. Moreover, causal factors and molecular drivers of IBM progression are largely unknown. Therefore, we paired single-nucleus RNA sequencing with spatial transcriptomics from patient muscle biopsies to map cell-type-specific drivers underlying IBM pathogenesis compared with IMNM muscles and noninflammatory skeletal muscle samples. In IBM muscles, we observed a selective loss of type 2 myonuclei paralleled by increased levels of cytotoxic T and conventional type 1 dendritic cells. IBM myofibers were characterized by either upregulation of cell stress markers featuring GADD45A and NORAD or protein degradation markers including RNF7 associated with p62 aggregates. GADD45A upregulation was preferentially seen in type 2A myofibers associated with severe tissue inflammation. We also noted IBM-specific upregulation of ACHE encoding acetylcholinesterase, which can be regulated by NORAD activity and result in functional denervation of myofibers. Our results provide promising insights into possible mechanisms of myofiber degeneration in IBM and suggest a selective type 2 fiber vulnerability linked to genomic stress and denervation pathways.
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Grants
- R01 AR076390 NIAMS NIH HHS
- U41 HG002371 NHGRI NIH HHS
- European Research Council (DecOmPress ERC StG 950584), German Research Foundation grant (SCHI 1330/2-1, SCHI 1330/4-1, SCHI 1330/6-1, GRK 2727, SPP 2395), Hertie Foundation (P1180016), National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RFA-2203-39300, PA-2002-36405)
- The Myositis Association (90097118)
- German Cancer Aid
- National Human Genome Research Institute (5U41HG002371)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01-AR076390), Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA630399), The Peter and Carmen Lucia Buck Foundation, The Peter Frampton Myositis Research Fund
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Wischnewski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Thäwel
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chiseko Ikenaga
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna Kocharyan
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Celia Lerma-Martin
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Amel Zulji
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Rausch
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Brenner
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Leonie Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Kutza
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brittney Wick
- Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Tim Trobisch
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Corinna Preusse
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jan Leipe
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Albert Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ahmet Hoke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen H Weishaupt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens J Sommer
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E Lloyd
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Hutchinson AL, Liddle DM, Monk JM, Ma DWL, Robinson LE. n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Modulate Macrophage-Myocyte Inflammatory Crosstalk and Improve Myocyte Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients 2024; 16:2086. [PMID: 38999834 PMCID: PMC11243049 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In obesity, circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and inflammatory cytokines interfere with skeletal muscle insulin signaling, leading to whole body insulin resistance. Further, obese skeletal muscle is characterized by macrophage infiltration and polarization to the inflammatory M1 phenotype, which is central to the development of local inflammation and insulin resistance. While skeletal muscle-infiltrated macrophage-myocyte crosstalk is exacerbated by SFA, the effects of other fatty acids, such as n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are less studied. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of long-chain n-3 and n-6 PUFAs on macrophage M1 polarization and subsequent effects on myocyte inflammation and metabolic function compared to SFA. Using an in vitro model recapitulating obese skeletal muscle cells, differentiated L6 myocytes were cultured for 24 h with RAW 264.7 macrophage-conditioned media (MCM), followed by insulin stimulation (100 nM, 20 min). MCM was generated by pre-treating macrophages for 24 h with 100 μM palmitic acid (16:0, PA-control), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6, AA), or docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA). Next, macrophage cultures were stimulated with a physiological dose (10 ng/mL) of lipopolysaccharide for an additional 12 h to mimic in vivo obese endotoxin levels. Compared to PA, both AA and DHA reduced mRNA expression and/or secreted protein levels of markers for M1 (TNFα, IL-6, iNOS; p < 0.05) and increased those for M2 (IL-10, TGF-β; p < 0.05) macrophage polarization. In turn, AA- and DHA-derived MCM reduced L6 myocyte-secreted cytokines (TNFα, IL-6; p < 0.05) and chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-1β; p < 0.05). Only AA-derived MCM increased L6-myocyte phosphorylation of Akt (p < 0.05), yet this was inconsistent with improved insulin signaling, as only DHA-derived MCM improved L6 myocyte glucose uptake (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFAs may be a useful strategy to modulate macrophage-myocyte inflammatory crosstalk and improve myocyte insulin sensitivity in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lindsay E. Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada (J.M.M.); (D.W.L.M.)
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Fan D, Zhang Y, Lu L, Yin F, Liu B. Uncovering the potential molecular mechanism of liraglutide to alleviate the effects of high glucose on myoblasts based on high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technique. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:159. [PMID: 38331723 PMCID: PMC10851481 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10076-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myoblasts play an important role in muscle growth and repair, but the high glucose environment severely affects their function. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential molecular mechanism of liraglutide in alleviating the effects of high glucose environments on myoblasts. METHODS MTT, western blot, and ELISA methods were used to investigate the role of liraglutide on C2C12 myoblasts induced by high glucose. The high-throughput transcriptome sequencing technique was used to sequence C2C12 myoblasts from different treated groups. The DESeq2 package was used to identify differentially expressed-mRNAs (DE-mRNAs). Then, functional annotations and alternative splicing (AS) were performed. The Cytoscape-CytoHubba plug-in was used to identify multicentric DE-mRNAs. RESULTS The MTT assay results showed that liraglutide can alleviate the decrease of myoblasts viability caused by high glucose. Western blot and ELISA tests showed that liraglutide can promote the expression of AMPKα and inhibit the expression of MAFbx, MuRF1 and 3-MH in myoblasts. A total of 15 multicentric DE-mRNAs were identified based on the Cytoscape-CytoHubba plug-in. Among them, Top2a had A3SS type AS. Functional annotation identifies multiple signaling pathways such as metabolic pathways, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cAMP signaling pathway and cell cycle. CONCLUSION Liraglutide can alleviate the decrease of cell viability and degradation of muscle protein caused by high glucose, and improves cell metabolism and mitochondrial activity. The molecular mechanism of liraglutide to alleviate the effect of high glucose on myoblasts is complex. This study provides a theoretical basis for the clinical effectiveness of liraglutide in the treatment of skeletal muscle lesions in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of QinHuangdao, 258 Wenhua Road, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao City, 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yunjie Zhang
- Department of Nursing, The First Hospital of QinHuangdao, Qinhuangdao City, 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lanyu Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of QinHuangdao, 258 Wenhua Road, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao City, 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fuzai Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of QinHuangdao, 258 Wenhua Road, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao City, 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bowei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of QinHuangdao, 258 Wenhua Road, Haigang District, Qinhuangdao City, 066000, Hebei Province, China.
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Milhem F, Komarnytsky S. Progression to Obesity: Variations in Patterns of Metabolic Fluxes, Fat Accumulation, and Gastrointestinal Responses. Metabolites 2023; 13:1016. [PMID: 37755296 PMCID: PMC10535155 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disorder that is remarkably heterogeneous. It presents itself in a variety of phenotypes that can be metabolically unhealthy or healthy, associate with no or multiple metabolic risk factors, gain extreme body weight (super-responders), as well as resist obesity despite the obesogenic environment (non-responders). Progression to obesity is ultimately linked to the overall net energy balance and activity of different metabolic fluxes. This is particularly evident from variations in fatty acids oxidation, metabolic fluxes through the pyruvate-phosphoenolpyruvate-oxaloacetate node, and extracellular accumulation of Krebs cycle metabolites, such as citrate. Patterns of fat accumulation with a focus on visceral and ectopic adipose tissue, microbiome composition, and the immune status of the gastrointestinal tract have emerged as the most promising targets that allow personalization of obesity and warrant further investigations into the critical issue of a wider and long-term weight control. Advances in understanding the biochemistry mechanisms underlying the heterogenous obesity phenotypes are critical to the development of targeted strategies to maintain healthy weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadia Milhem
- Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of Petra, 317 Airport Road, Amman 11196, Jordan
| | - Slavko Komarnytsky
- Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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6
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Lee MK, Ryu H, Van JY, Kim MJ, Jeong HH, Jung WK, Jun JY, Lee B. The Role of Macrophage Populations in Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity: Current Understanding and Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11467. [PMID: 37511225 PMCID: PMC10380189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a crucial factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other metabolic disorders. Skeletal muscle, the body's largest insulin-responsive tissue, plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of T2DM due to defects in insulin signaling. Recently, there has been growing evidence that macrophages, immune cells essential for tissue homeostasis and injury response, also contribute to the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the role of macrophages in skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Firstly, it provides an overview of the different macrophage populations present in skeletal muscle and their specific functions in the development of insulin resistance. Secondly, it examines the underlying mechanisms by which macrophages promote or alleviate insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and altered metabolism. Lastly, the review discusses potential therapeutic strategies targeting macrophages to improve skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-K.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Heeyeon Ryu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-K.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Ji Yun Van
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.V.)
| | - Myeong-Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-K.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Hyeon Hak Jeong
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.V.)
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joo Yun Jun
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Bonggi Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (M.-K.L.); (H.R.)
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7
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Lempesis IG, Georgakopoulou VE. Physiopathological mechanisms related to inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Exp Med 2023; 13:7-16. [PMID: 37396883 PMCID: PMC10308320 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v13.i3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus pose global health problems that are ever-increasing. A chronic low-grade inflammatory status and the presence of various pro-inflammatory markers either in circulation or within dysfunctional metabolic tissues are well established. The presence of these factors can, to some extent, predict disease development and progression. A central role is played by the presence of dysfunctional adipose tissue, liver dysfunction, and skeletal muscle dysfunction, which collectively contribute to the increased circulatory levels of proinflammatory factors. Weight loss and classical metabolic interventions achieve a decrease in many of these factors’ circulating levels, implying that a better understanding of the processes or even the modulation of inflammation may alleviate these diseases. This review suggests that inflammation plays a significant role in the development and progression of these conditions and that measuring inflammatory markers may be useful for assessing disease risk and development of future treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis G Lempesis
- Department of Infectious Diseases-COVID-19 Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece
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8
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Abdelmoez AM, Dmytriyeva O, Zurke YX, Trauelsen M, Marica AA, Savikj M, Smith JAB, Monaco C, Schwartz TW, Krook A, Pillon NJ. Cell selectivity in succinate receptor SUCNR1/GPR91 signaling in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E289-E298. [PMID: 36812387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00009.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Succinate is released by skeletal muscle during exercise and activates SUCNR1/GPR91. Signaling of SUCNR1 is involved in metabolite-sensing paracrine communication in skeletal muscle during exercise. However, the specific cell types responding to succinate and the directionality of communication are unclear. We aim to characterize the expression of SUCNR1 in human skeletal muscle. De novo analysis of transcriptomic datasets demonstrated that SUCNR1 mRNA is expressed in immune, adipose, and liver tissues, but scarce in skeletal muscle. In human tissues, SUCNR1 mRNA was associated with macrophage markers. Single-cell RNA sequencing and fluorescent RNAscope demonstrated that in human skeletal muscle, SUCNR1 mRNA is not expressed in muscle fibers but coincided with macrophage populations. Human M2-polarized macrophages exhibit high levels of SUCNR1 mRNA and stimulation with selective agonists of SUCNR1 triggered Gq- and Gi-coupled signaling. Primary human skeletal muscle cells were unresponsive to SUCNR1 agonists. In conclusion, SUCNR1 is not expressed in muscle cells and its role in the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to exercise is most likely mediated via paracrine mechanisms involving M2-like macrophages within the muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Macrophages but not skeletal muscle cells respond to extracellular succinate via SUCNR1/GPR91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdelmoez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yasemin-Xiomara Zurke
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mette Trauelsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alesandra A Marica
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mladen Savikj
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathon A B Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles increase insulin secretion through transport of insulinotropic protein cargo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:709. [PMID: 36759608 PMCID: PMC9911726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (AdEVs) are membranous nanoparticles that convey communication from adipose tissue to other organs. Here, to delineate their role as messengers with glucoregulatory nature, we paired fluorescence AdEV-tracing and SILAC-labeling with (phospho)proteomics, and revealed that AdEVs transfer functional insulinotropic protein cargo into pancreatic β-cells. Upon transfer, AdEV proteins were subjects for phosphorylation, augmented insulinotropic GPCR/cAMP/PKA signaling by increasing total protein abundances and phosphosite dynamics, and ultimately enhanced 1st-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in murine islets. Notably, insulinotropic effects were restricted to AdEVs isolated from obese and insulin resistant, but not lean mice, which was consistent with differential protein loads and AdEV luminal morphologies. Likewise, in vivo pre-treatment with AdEVs from obese but not lean mice amplified insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in mice. This data suggests that secreted AdEVs can inform pancreatic β-cells about insulin resistance in adipose tissue in order to amplify GSIS in times of increased insulin demand.
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10
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Xu X, Talifu Z, Zhang CJ, Gao F, Ke H, Pan YZ, Gong H, Du HY, Yu Y, Jing YL, Du LJ, Li JJ, Yang DG. Mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury: A narrative review. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1099143. [PMID: 36937344 PMCID: PMC10020380 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1099143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury leads to loss of innervation of skeletal muscle, decreased motor function, and significantly reduced load on skeletal muscle, resulting in atrophy. Factors such as braking, hormone level fluctuation, inflammation, and oxidative stress damage accelerate skeletal muscle atrophy. The atrophy process can result in skeletal muscle cell apoptosis, protein degradation, fat deposition, and other pathophysiological changes. Skeletal muscle atrophy not only hinders the recovery of motor function but is also closely related to many systemic dysfunctions, affecting the prognosis of patients with spinal cord injury. Extensive research on the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy and intervention at the molecular level has shown that inflammation and oxidative stress injury are the main mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury and that multiple pathways are involved. These may become targets of future clinical intervention. However, most of the experimental studies are still at the basic research stage and still have some limitations in clinical application, and most of the clinical treatments are focused on rehabilitation training, so how to develop more efficient interventions in clinical treatment still needs to be further explored. Therefore, this review focuses mainly on the mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury and summarizes the cytokines and signaling pathways associated with skeletal muscle atrophy in recent studies, hoping to provide new therapeutic ideas for future clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Zuliyaer Talifu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Jia Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Han Ke
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Zhu Pan
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Han Gong
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Yong Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yu
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Li Jing
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Jie Du
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Jun Li
| | - De-Gang Yang
- School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Beijing, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, China
- De-Gang Yang
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11
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Essential Minerals and Metabolic Adaptation of Immune Cells. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010123. [PMID: 36615781 PMCID: PMC9824256 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern lifestyles deviated considerably from the ancestral routines towards major shifts in diets and increased sedentarism. The trace elements status of the human body is no longer adequately supported by micronutrient-inferior farmed meats and crop commodities produced by the existing agricultural food systems. This is particular evident in the increased obesogenic adipogenesis and low-grade inflammation that fails to resolve with time. The metabolically restrictive environment of the inflamed tissues drives activation and proliferation of transient and resident populations of immune cells in favor of pro-inflammatory phenotypes, as well as a part of the enhanced autoimmune response. As different stages of the immune activation and resolution depend on the availability of specific minerals to maintain the structural integrity of skin and mucus membranes, activation and migration of immune cells, activation of the complement system, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, this review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the contribution of select minerals in optimizing the responses of innate and adaptive immune outcomes. An abbreviated view on the absorption, transport, and delivery of minerals to the body tissues as related to metabolic adaptation is considered.
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12
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Clark K, Sharp S, Womack CJ, Kurti SP, Hargens TA. Increased sedentary time and decreased physical activity increases lipoprotein associated phospholipase A 2 in obese individuals. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1703-1710. [PMID: 35637082 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a protein produced by inflammatory cells in circulation and is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Physical activity (PA) is known to reduce inflammation and risk for CVD. However, Lp-PLA2 has yet to be examined in relation to PA and sedentary time. The purpose of this study was to determine if PA and sedentary time impacts Lp-PLA2 mass. A total of 25 subjects with an average BMI of 30.6 ± 5.7 were included in the data analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Data collected included anthropometric data, Lp-PLA2 mass, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), resting heart rate and blood pressure, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk, and assessment of PA using an accelerometer. Sedentary minutes per day was positively associated with Lp-PLA2 (r = 0.41, P < 0.05). Light intensity PA was negatively associated (r = -0.51. P = 0.01) with Lp-PLA2. When subjects were divided into 2-quantiles by Lp-PLA2, the group with the higher Lp-PLA2 mass accumulated more sedentary time per day (P < 0.001) and less light intensity PA per day (P = 0.001). OSA risk and Lp-PLA2 showed no relationship. Sedentary behavior was higher, and light intensity PA was lower in subjects with hiLp-PLA2 mass. No difference was seen in moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA or steps per day. CONCLUSIONS This suggests that, total PA habits, including time spent sedentary and lower intensity PA, impacts the levels of Lp-PLA2, an important inflammatory marker and marker of CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Clark
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, 261 Bluestone Dr MSC 2302, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
| | - Sydney Sharp
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, 261 Bluestone Dr MSC 2302, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
| | - Christopher J Womack
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, 261 Bluestone Dr MSC 2302, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
| | - Stephanie P Kurti
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, 261 Bluestone Dr MSC 2302, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
| | - Trent A Hargens
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, 261 Bluestone Dr. MSC 2302, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
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13
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Hyperglycemia Induces Inflammatory Response of Human Macrophages to CD163-Mediated Scavenging of Hemoglobin-Haptoglobin Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031385. [PMID: 35163309 PMCID: PMC8836198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes, can induce inflammatory programming of macrophages. The macrophage scavenger receptor CD163 internalizes and degrades hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) complexes built due to intravascular hemolysis. Clinical studies have demonstrated a correlation between impaired scavenging of Hb-Hp complexes via CD163 and diabetic vascular complications. Our aim was to identify whether hyperglycemia is able to amplify inflammation via Hb-Hp complex interactions with the immune system. M(IFNγ), M(IL-4), and control M0 macrophages were differentiated out of primary human monocytes in normo- (5 mM) and hyperglycemic (25 mM) conditions. CD163 gene expression was decreased 5.53 times in M(IFNγ) with a further decrease of 1.99 times in hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia suppressed CD163 surface expression in M(IFNγ) (1.43 times). Flow cytometry demonstrated no impairment of Hb-Hp uptake in hyperglycemia. However, hyperglycemia induced an inflammatory response of M(IFNγ) to Hb-Hp1-1 and Hb-Hp2-2 uptake with different dynamics. Hb-Hp1-1 uptake stimulated IL-6 release (3.03 times) after 6 h but suppressed secretion (5.78 times) after 24 h. Contrarily, Hb-Hp2-2 uptake did not affect IL-6 release after 6h but increased secretion after 24 h (3.06 times). Our data show that hyperglycemia induces an inflammatory response of innate immune cells to Hb-Hp1-1 and Hb-Hp2-2 uptake, converting the silent Hb-Hp complex clearance that prevents vascular damage into an inflammatory process, hereby increasing the susceptibility of diabetic patients to vascular complications.
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14
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Felicidade I, Bocchi M, Ramos MRZ, Carlos LDO, Wagner NRF, Campos ACL, Ribeiro LR, Mantovani MS, Watanabe MAE, Vitiello GAF. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) plasmatic levels and haplotype structures in obesity: a role for TGFβ1 in steatosis development. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6401-6411. [PMID: 34403036 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is considered a chronic inflammatory disease and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) might exert important roles in disease pathogenesis regulating adipocyte differentiation and immune-inflammatory environment. However, the role of this cytokine as a biomarker in obesity is poorly addressed. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of TGFB1 polymorphisms and TGFβ1 plasmatic levels in obesity METHODS AND RESULTS: TGFB1 promoter region polymorphisms (rs1800468, G-800A and rs1800469, C-509 T) were evaluated in 75 obese patients and 45 eutrophic patients through PCR-RFLP and plasmatic TGFβ1 was quantified through ELISA from 37 of the obese patients, and correlations with clinical and biochemical parameters were tested. Despite no association was found between TGFB1 polymorphisms and obesity susceptibility, several correlations with clinical data were noted. Among others, AC haplotype negatively correlated with plasmatic TGFβ1, while plasmatic TGFβ1 negatively correlated with C-reactive protein and positively correlated with liver abnormalities on ultrasound and, specifically, with steatosis presence and degree. Conversely, GT haplotype, which associates with higher TGFβ1 production, was also positively correlated with the same parameters of liver abnormalities. Further, plasmatic vitamin D negatively correlated with TGFβ1, while positively correlated with AC haplotype. CONCLUSION Overall, the results indicate that TGFβ1 might exert important roles in obesity pathophysiology and correlate with biochemical and clinical parameters both at systemic protein as well as at genetic level. Importantly, the consistent positive correlation at both levels with steatosis might suggest this cytokine as a biomarker for this hepatic abnormality in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Felicidade
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mayara Bocchi
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lúcia Regina Ribeiro
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Department of General Biology, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Angelica Ehara Watanabe
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Glauco Akelinghton Freire Vitiello
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil.
- Laboratory of DNA Polymorphisms and Immunology, Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, PR445, Km 380 Celso Garcia Cid highway, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
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15
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Abstract
The immune and endocrine systems collectively control homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system ensures that values of essential factors and nutrients such as glucose, electrolytes and vitamins are maintained within threshold values. The immune system resolves local disruptions in tissue homeostasis, caused by pathogens or malfunctioning cells. The immediate goals of these two systems do not always align. The immune system benefits from optimal access to nutrients for itself and restriction of nutrient availability to all other organs to limit pathogen replication. The endocrine system aims to ensure optimal nutrient access for all organs, limited only by the nutrients stores that the body has available. The actual state of homeostatic parameters such as blood glucose levels represents a careful balance based on regulatory signals from the immune and endocrine systems. This state is not static but continuously adjusted in response to changes in the current metabolic needs of the body, the amount of resources it has available and the level of threats it encounters. This balance is maintained by the ability of the immune and endocrine systems to interact and co-regulate systemic metabolism. In context of metabolic disease, this system is disrupted, which impairs functionality of both systems. The failure of the endocrine system to retain levels of nutrients such as glucose within threshold values impairs functionality of the immune system. In addition, metabolic stress of organs in context of obesity is perceived by the immune system as a disruption in local homeostasis, which it tries to resolve by the excretion of factors which further disrupt normal metabolic control. In this chapter, we will discuss how the immune and endocrine systems interact under homeostatic conditions and during infection with a focus on blood glucose regulation. In addition, we will discuss how this system fails in the context of metabolic disease.
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16
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Cheng J, Wang X, Gan S, Zhang Q, Meng G, Liu L, Wu H, Gu Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Górska MJ, Zhang T, Ye M, Ji T, Sun S, Wang X, Zhou M, Jia Q, Song K, Niu K. Association of Appendicular Skeletal Muscle to Trunk Fat Ratio with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults. Gerontology 2021; 68:192-199. [PMID: 34192697 DOI: 10.1159/000516076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mounting evidence has demonstrated that skeletal muscle and visceral adiposity play crucial roles in glucose metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) to trunk fat mass (TFM) ratio (ASMI/TFM) is a more specific and identifiable factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in older adults than conventional anthropometric measures. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1,370 older adults from the Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) cohort. ASMI and TFM were measured by using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer, and T2DM was defined with the criteria of the American Diabetes Association. Odds ratios (ORs) were evaluated using multivariable logistic analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of T2DM is 20.0% in this study. The multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% confidence interval) of T2DM for increasing categories of ASMI/TFM, BMI, and waist circumference (WC) were 1.00 (reference), 0.70 (0.49, 1.02), 0.61 (0.42, 0.89), and 0.45 (0.30, 0.67; p for trend <0.0001); 1.00 (reference), 1.15 (0.83, 1.60), and 1.37 (0.94, 2.01; p for trend = 0.10); and 1.00 (reference) and 1.78 (1.19, 2.74; p < 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Higher ASMI/TFM was associated with a lower prevalence of T2DM in this study of older adults. The T2DM predictive value of ASMI/TFM may be stronger than BMI and WC in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuena Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shinan Gan
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Meng
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yeqing Gu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shunming Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Magdalena J Górska
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingjing Zhang
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingxu Ye
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong Ji
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaomei Sun
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiyu Jia
- Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Song
- Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaijun Niu
- Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin, China
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17
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Abstract
As the principal tissue for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, skeletal muscle is a primary driver of whole-body glycemic control. Skeletal muscle also uniquely responds to muscle contraction or exercise with increased sensitivity to subsequent insulin stimulation. Insulin's dominating control of glucose metabolism is orchestrated by complex and highly regulated signaling cascades that elicit diverse and unique effects on skeletal muscle. We discuss the discoveries that have led to our current understanding of how insulin promotes glucose uptake in muscle. We also touch upon insulin access to muscle, and insulin signaling toward glycogen, lipid, and protein metabolism. We draw from human and rodent studies in vivo, isolated muscle preparations, and muscle cell cultures to home in on the molecular, biophysical, and structural elements mediating these responses. Finally, we offer some perspective on molecular defects that potentially underlie the failure of muscle to take up glucose efficiently during obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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18
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Lyngbaek MPP, Legaard GE, Bennetsen SL, Feineis CS, Rasmussen V, Moegelberg N, Brinkløv CF, Nielsen AB, Kofoed KS, Lauridsen CA, Ewertsen C, Poulsen HE, Christensen R, Van Hall G, Karstoft K, Solomon TPJ, Ellingsgaard H, Almdal TP, Pedersen BK, Ried-Larsen M. The effects of different doses of exercise on pancreatic β-cell function in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: study protocol for and rationale behind the "DOSE-EX" multi-arm parallel-group randomised clinical trial. Trials 2021; 22:244. [PMID: 33794975 PMCID: PMC8017660 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyle intervention, i.e. diet and physical activity, forms the basis for care of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The current physical activity recommendation for T2D is aerobic training for 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous intensity, supplemented with resistance training 2-3 days/week, with no more than two consecutive days without physical activity. The rationale for the recommendations is based on studies showing a reduction in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). This reduction is supposed to be caused by increased insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose tissue, whereas knowledge about effects on abnormalities in the liver and pancreas are scarce, with the majority of evidence stemming from in vitro and animal studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the volume of exercise training as an adjunct to dietary therapy in order to improve the pancreatic β-cell function in T2D patients less than 7 years from diagnosis. The objective of this protocol for the DOSE-EX trial is to describe the scientific rationale in detail and to provide explicit information about study procedures and planned analyses. METHODS/DESIGN In a parallel-group, 4-arm assessor-blinded randomised clinical trial, 80 patients with T2D will be randomly allocated (1:1:1:1, stratified by sex) to 16 weeks in either of the following groups: (1) no intervention (CON), (2) dietary intervention (DCON), (3) dietary intervention and supervised moderate volume exercise (MED), or (4) dietary intervention and supervised high volume exercise (HED). Enrolment was initiated December 15th, 2018, and will continue until N = 80 or December 1st, 2021. Primary outcome is pancreatic beta-cell function assessed as change in late-phase disposition index (DI) from baseline to follow-up assessed by hyperglycaemic clamp. Secondary outcomes include measures of cardiometabolic risk factors and the effect on subsequent complications related to T2D. The study was approved by The Scientific Ethical Committee at the Capital Region of Denmark (H-18038298). TRIAL REGISTRATION The Effects of Different Doses of Exercise on Pancreatic β-cell Function in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes (DOSE-EX), NCT03769883, registered 10 December 2018 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03769883 ). Any modification to the protocol, study design, and changes in written participant information will be approved by The Scientific Ethical Committee at the Capital Region of Denmark before effectuation. DISCUSSION The data from this study will add knowledge to which volume of exercise training in combination with a dietary intervention is needed to improve β-cell function in T2D. Secondarily, our results will elucidate mechanisms of physical activity mitigating the development of micro- and macrovascular complications correlated with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. P. Lyngbaek
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grit E. Legaard
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian L. Bennetsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla S. Feineis
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Villads Rasmussen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nana Moegelberg
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie F. Brinkløv
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette B. Nielsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja S. Kofoed
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten A. Lauridsen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bachelor’s Degree Programme in Radiography, Copenhagen University College, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Ewertsen
- Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik E. Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robin Christensen
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Research Unit of Rheumatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gerrit Van Hall
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Science, University of Copenhagen & Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Helga Ellingsgaard
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P. Almdal
- Department of Endocrinology PE, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K. Pedersen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Ried-Larsen
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Jorquera G, Russell J, Monsalves-Álvarez M, Cruz G, Valladares-Ide D, Basualto-Alarcón C, Barrientos G, Estrada M, Llanos P. NLRP3 Inflammasome: Potential Role in Obesity Related Low-Grade Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063254. [PMID: 33806797 PMCID: PMC8005007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among multiple mechanisms, low-grade inflammation is critical for the development of insulin resistance as a feature of type 2 diabetes. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family (NOD-like) pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been linked to the development of insulin resistance in various tissues; however, its role in the development of insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle has not been explored in depth. Currently, there is limited evidence that supports the pathological role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in glucose handling in the skeletal muscle of obese individuals. Here, we have centered our focus on insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, which is the main site of postprandial glucose disposal in humans. We discuss the current evidence showing that the NLRP3 inflammasome disturbs glucose homeostasis. We also review how NLRP3-associated interleukin and its gasdermin D-mediated efflux could affect insulin-dependent intracellular pathways. Finally, we address pharmacological NLRP3 inhibitors that may have a therapeutical use in obesity-related metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Jorquera
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (G.J.); (G.C.)
| | - Javier Russell
- Escuela de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Facultad de Educación, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8900000, Chile;
| | - Matías Monsalves-Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (M.M.-Á.); (D.V.-I.)
| | - Gonzalo Cruz
- Centro de Neurobiología y Fisiopatología Integrativa (CENFI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile; (G.J.); (G.C.)
| | - Denisse Valladares-Ide
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile; (M.M.-Á.); (D.V.-I.)
| | - Carla Basualto-Alarcón
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique 5951537, Chile;
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Genaro Barrientos
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (G.B.); (M.E.)
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Manuel Estrada
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (G.B.); (M.E.)
| | - Paola Llanos
- Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Facultad de Odontología, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-229-781-727
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20
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Ruggiero AD, Davis A, Sherrill C, Westwood B, Hawkins GA, Palmer ND, Chou JW, Reeves T, Cox LA, Kavanagh K. Skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodeling with worsening glycemic control in nonhuman primates. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 320:R226-R235. [PMID: 33206559 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00240.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) development may be mediated by skeletal muscle (SkM) function, which is responsible for >80% of circulating glucose uptake. The goals of this study were to assess changes in global- and location-level gene expression, remodeling proteins, fibrosis, and vascularity of SkM with worsening glycemic control, through RNA sequencing, immunoblotting, and immunostaining. We evaluated SkM samples from health-diverse African green monkeys (Cholorcebus aethiops sabaeus) to investigate these relationships. We assessed SkM remodeling at the molecular level by evaluating unbiased transcriptomics in age-, sex-, weight-, and waist circumference-matched metabolically healthy, prediabetic (PreT2D) and T2D monkeys (n = 13). Our analysis applied novel location-specific gene differences and shows that extracellular facing and cell membrane-associated genes and proteins are highly upregulated in metabolic disease. We verified transcript patterns using immunohistochemical staining and protein analyses of matrix metalloproteinase 16 (MMP16), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), and VEGF. Extracellular matrix (ECM) functions to support intercellular communications, including the coupling of capillaries to muscle cells, which was worsened with increasing blood glucose. Multiple regression modeling from age- and health-diverse monkeys (n = 33) revealed that capillary density was negatively predicted by only fasting blood glucose. The loss of vascularity in SkM co-occurred with reduced expression of hypoxia-sensing genes, which is indicative of a disconnect between altered ECM and reduced endothelial cells, and known perfusion deficiencies present in PreT2D and T2D. This report supports that rising blood glucose values incite ECM remodeling and reduce SkM capillarization, and that targeting ECM would be a rational approach to improve health with metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistaire D Ruggiero
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ashley Davis
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Chrissy Sherrill
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Brian Westwood
- Department of Hypertension, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Gregory A Hawkins
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jeff W Chou
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Tony Reeves
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Laura A Cox
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.,College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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21
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Bitsi S. The chemokine CXCL16 can rescue the defects in insulin signaling and sensitivity caused by palmitate in C2C12 myotubes. Cytokine 2020; 133:155154. [PMID: 32535333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In obesity, macrophages infiltrate peripheral tissues and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines that impact local insulin sensitivity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the saturated fatty acid (FA) palmitate polarise macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype in vitro and indirectly cause insulin resistance (IR) in myotubes. In contrast, unsaturated FAs confer an anti-inflammatory phenotype and counteract the actions of palmitate. To explore paracrine mechanisms of interest, J774 macrophages were exposed to palmitate ± palmitoleate or control medium and the conditioned media generated were screened using a cytokine array. Of the 62 cytokines examined, 8 were significantly differentially expressed following FA treatments. Notably, CXCL16 secretion was downregulated by palmitate. In follow-up experiments using ELISAs, this downregulation was confirmed and reversed by simultaneous addition of palmitoleate or oleate, while LPS also diminished CXCL16 secretion. To dissect potential effects of CXCL16, C2C12 myotubes were treated with palmitate to induce IR, recombinant soluble CXCL16 (sCXCL16), combined treatment, or control medium. Palmitate caused the expected reduction of insulin-stimulated Akt activation and glycogen synthesis, whereas simultaneous treatment with sCXCL16 attenuated these effects. These data indicate a putative role for CXCL16 in preservation of Akt activation and insulin signaling in the context of chronic low-grade inflammation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Bitsi
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Department, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom.
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22
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Ryan AJ, Ciaraldi TP, Henry RR. Myokine Regulation of Insulin Secretion: Impact of Inflammation and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1608. [PMID: 32038288 PMCID: PMC6987462 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SkM) secretes protein factors (myokines) that can exert multiple actions. To study the control of myokine regulation of β-cell function, SkM biopsies were taken from non-diabetic (ND) and Type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects and satellite cells cultured to myotubes (MT). MT were also treated with lipopolysaccharide (infectious inflammation – II) or a combination of glucose (10 mM), insulin (120 pM), and palmitate (0.4 mM) (metabolic inflammation – MI) to model the inflammatory and metabolic conditions seen in vivo with T2D. Conditioned media (CM) was collected from MT after 24 h and used to treat INS-1 cells for 24 h. Cell viability, total insulin content, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and maximal (IBMX-stimulated) IS (ISmax) were monitored. Under baseline conditions, CM from ND and T2D MT had no effects on INS-1 cell viability, insulin content, GSIS, or ISmax. After exposure to II, CM from ND-MT augmented GSIS in INS-1 cells by 100 ± 25% over control (p < 0.05); T2D-CM had no effect. After exposure to MI, T2D-CM suppressed GSIS by 35 ± 5% (p < 0.05); ND-CM was without effect. Under either of these conditions cell viability, total insulin content and ISmax were unaffected. Effects of CM on GSIS were lost after CM was boiled. Both augmentation of GSIS by ND-CM from II-treated MT, and suppression by T2D-CM from MI-treated MT, were inhibited by wortmannin, Ro 31-8220, and SB203580. In summary: (1) ND-MT are able to augment GSIS when stressed, (2) T2D-MT responding to a diabetic-like environment secrete myokines that suppress GSIS, (3) Unknown protein factors exert effects specifically on GSIS, possibly through PI-3K, PKC, and/or p38 MAPK. In T2D, both insulin resistance and a suppression of adaptive increased insulin secretion are intrinsic properties of SkM that can contribute to the full T2D phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Ryan
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, LA Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Theodore P Ciaraldi
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, LA Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Robert R Henry
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, LA Jolla, CA, United States
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23
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Zatterale F, Longo M, Naderi J, Raciti GA, Desiderio A, Miele C, Beguinot F. Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1607. [PMID: 32063863 PMCID: PMC7000657 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major health burdens of the 21st century as it contributes to the growing prevalence of its related comorbidities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Growing evidence suggests a critical role for overnutrition in the development of low-grade inflammation. Specifically, chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is considered a crucial risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obese individuals. The triggers for adipose tissue inflammation are still poorly defined. However, obesity-induced adipose tissue expansion provides a plethora of intrinsic signals (e.g., adipocyte death, hypoxia, and mechanical stress) capable of initiating the inflammatory response. Immune dysregulation in adipose tissue of obese subjects results in a chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by increased infiltration and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Macrophages are the most abundant innate immune cells infiltrating and accumulating into adipose tissue of obese individuals; they constitute up to 40% of all adipose tissue cells in obesity. In obesity, adipose tissue macrophages are polarized into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and secrete many pro-inflammatory cytokines capable of impairing insulin signaling, therefore promoting the progression of insulin resistance. Besides macrophages, many other immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, B cells, and T cells) reside in adipose tissue during obesity, playing a key role in the development of adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. The association of obesity, adipose tissue inflammation, and metabolic diseases makes inflammatory pathways an appealing target for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic complications. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms responsible for the obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation and progression toward obesity-associated comorbidities and highlight the current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zatterale
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Longo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Jamal Naderi
- URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gregory Alexander Raciti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Desiderio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Miele
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,URT Genomic of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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24
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Mukund K, Subramaniam S. Skeletal muscle: A review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1462. [PMID: 31407867 PMCID: PMC6916202 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research in skeletal muscle physiology have provided multiscale insights into the structural and functional complexity of this important anatomical tissue, designed to accomplish the task of generating contraction, force and movement. Skeletal muscle can be viewed as a biomechanical device with various interacting components including the autonomic nerves for impulse transmission, vasculature for efficient oxygenation, and embedded regulatory and metabolic machinery for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The "omics" revolution has propelled a new era in muscle research, allowing us to discern minute details of molecular cross-talk required for effective coordination between the myriad interacting components for efficient muscle function. The objective of this review is to provide a systems-level, comprehensive mapping the molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle structure and function, in health and disease. We begin this review with a focus on molecular mechanisms underlying muscle tissue development (myogenesis), with an emphasis on satellite cells and muscle regeneration. We next review the molecular structure and mechanisms underlying the many structural components of the muscle: neuromuscular junction, sarcomere, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and vasculature surrounding muscle. We highlight aberrant molecular mechanisms and their possible clinical or pathophysiological relevance. We particularly emphasize the impact of environmental stressors (inflammation and oxidative stress) in contributing to muscle pathophysiology including atrophy, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Mukund
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics & Systems BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and NanoengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
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25
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Phillips CL, Grayson BE. The immune remodel: Weight loss-mediated inflammatory changes to obesity. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:109-121. [PMID: 31955604 PMCID: PMC7016415 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219900185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an escalating world problem that contributes to the complexity and cost of treatment of metabolic disorders. Obesity is the result of increased storage of energy in the form of adipose tissue, reducing the quality of daily life, and interfering with longevity. Obesity is also a chronic, low-grade inflammatory disorder. The inflammatory processes affect many organ systems with expanded numbers of immune cells and increased cytokine production. Long-term weight loss is difficult to achieve and maintain. Lifestyle modifications, pharmacologic treatments, and surgical methods are increasingly utilized to ameliorate excess body weight and the comorbidities of obesity, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and cancers. Weight loss is also touted to reduce inflammation. Here we review the current literature on human obesity-related systemic and local changes to the immune system and circulating inflammatory mediators. Further, we consider the impact of weight loss to reduce the burden of inflammation, bearing in mind the different methods of weight loss—behavioral change vs. surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Phillips
- Program in Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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26
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27
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Rudrapatna S, Bhatt M, Wang KW, Bierbrier R, Wang PW, Banfield L, Elsheikh W, Sims ED, Peterson D, Thabane L, Tarnopolsky MA, Steinberg GR, Samaan MC. Obesity and muscle-macrophage crosstalk in humans and mice: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1572-1596. [PMID: 31410961 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with the production of inflammatory cytokines that are implicated in insulin resistance (IR), and if not addressed, can lead to type 2 diabetes (T2D). The role of the immune system in skeletal muscle (SM) inflammation and insulin sensitivity is not yet well characterized. As SM IR is an important determinant of glycaemia, it is critical that the muscle-immune phenotype is mapped to help design interventions to target T2D. This systematic review synthesized the evidence for SM macrophage content and phenotype in humans and murine models of obesity, and the association of muscle macrophage content and phenotype with IR. Results were synthesized narratively, as we were unable to conduct a meta-analysis. We included 28 studies (n=10 human, n=18 murine), and all studies detected macrophage markers in SM. Macrophage content was positively associated with IR. In humans and mice, there was variability in muscle macrophage content and phenotype in obesity. Overall certainty in the evidence was low due to heterogeneity in detection methods and incompleteness of data reporting. Macrophages are detected in human and murine SM in obesity and a positive association between macrophage content and IR is noted; however, the standardization of markers, detection methods, and reporting of study details is warranted to accurately characterize macrophages and improve the potential for creating specific and targeted immune-based therapies in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikesh Rudrapatna
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meha Bhatt
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kuan-Wen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Bierbrier
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Banfield
- Health Science Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wagdi Elsheikh
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Danielle Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devin Peterson
- Division of Orthopedics, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Biostatistics Init, St Joseph's Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - M Constantine Samaan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Aerobic Plus Resistance Exercise in Obese Older Adults Improves Muscle Protein Synthesis and Preserves Myocellular Quality Despite Weight Loss. Cell Metab 2019; 30:261-273.e6. [PMID: 31279675 PMCID: PMC6685749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic resistance and impaired myocellular quality contribute to age-related sarcopenia, which exacerbates with obesity. Diet-induced muscle mass loss is attenuated by resistance or aerobic plus resistance exercise compared to aerobic exercise in obese elderly. We assessed chronic effects of weight loss plus different exercise modalities on muscle protein synthesis response to feeding and myocellular quality. Obese older adults were randomized to a weight-management program plus aerobic, resistance, or combined aerobic and resistance exercise or to control. Participants underwent vastus lateralis biopsies at baseline and 6 months. Muscle protein synthesis rate increased more in resistance and combined than in control. Autophagy mediators' expression decreased more in combined than in aerobic, which experienced a higher increase in inflammation and mitochondrial regulators' expression. In obese elderly, combined aerobic and resistance exercise is superior to either mode independently for improving muscle protein synthesis and myocellular quality, thereby maintaining muscle mass during weight-loss therapy.
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29
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Reidy PT, Yonemura NM, Madsen JH, McKenzie AI, Mahmassani ZS, Rondina MT, Lin YK, Kaput K, Drummond MJ. An accumulation of muscle macrophages is accompanied by altered insulin sensitivity after reduced activity and recovery. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13251. [PMID: 30632274 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms underlying physical inactivity-induced insulin resistance are not well understood. In addition to a role in muscle repair, immune cell populations such as macrophages may regulate insulin sensitivity. AIM The aim of this study was to examine if the dynamic changes in insulin sensitivity during and after recovery from reduced physical activity corresponded to changes in skeletal muscle macrophages. METHODS In this prospective clinical study, we collected muscle biopsies from healthy older adults (70 ± 2 years, n = 12) before and during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp and this occurred before (PRE) and after 2-week reduced physical activity (RA), and following 2-week of recovery (REC). Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp), skeletal muscle mRNA expression of inflammatory markers, and immunofluorescent quantification of skeletal muscle macrophages, myofibre-specific satellite cell and capillary content were assessed. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity was decreased following reduced activity and rebounded following recovery above PRE levels. We observed an increase (P < 0.01) in muscle macrophages (CD68+ CD206+ : 190 [55, 324]; CD11b+ CD206+ : 117 [28, 205]% change from PRE) and CD68 (2.4 [1.4, 3.4]-fold) and CCL2 (1.9 [1.3, 2.5]-fold) mRNA following RA concurrent with increased (P < 0.03) satellite cells (55 [6, 104]%) in slow-twitch myofibres. Moreover, the distance of satellite cells to the nearest capillary was increased 7.7 (1.7, 13.7) µm in fast-twitch myofibres at RA (P = 0.007). Changes in macrophages were positively associated with increased insulin sensitivity following RA (R > 0.57, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggested that a dynamic response of skeletal muscle macrophages following acute changes in physical activity in healthy older adults is related to insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Reidy
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Nikol M. Yonemura
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | | | - Alec I. McKenzie
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Ziad S. Mahmassani
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Matthew T. Rondina
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Yu Kuei Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Katie Kaput
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
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30
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Rivers SL, Klip A, Giacca A. NOD1: An Interface Between Innate Immunity and Insulin Resistance. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1021-1030. [PMID: 30807635 PMCID: PMC6477778 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is driven, in part, by activation of the innate immune system. We have discussed the evidence linking nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)1, an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, to the onset and progression of obesity-induced insulin resistance. On a molecular level, crosstalk between downstream NOD1 effectors and the insulin receptor pathway inhibits insulin signaling, potentially through reduced insulin receptor substrate action. In vivo studies have demonstrated that NOD1 activation induces peripheral, hepatic, and whole-body insulin resistance. Also, NOD1-deficient models are protected from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance. Moreover, hematopoietic NOD1 deficiency prevented HFD-induced changes in proinflammatory macrophage polarization status, thus protecting against the development of metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance. Serum from HFD-fed mice activated NOD1 signaling ex vivo; however, the molecular identity of the activating factors remains unclear. Many have proposed that an HFD changes the gut permeability, resulting in increased translocation of bacterial fragments and increased circulating NOD1 ligands. In contrast, others have suggested that NOD1 ligands are endogenous and potentially lipid-derived metabolites produced during states of nutrient overload. Nevertheless, that NOD1 contributes to the development of insulin resistance, and that NOD1-based therapy might provide benefit, is an exciting advancement in metabolic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney L Rivers
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adria Giacca
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence: Adria Giacca, MD, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle, No. 3336, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. E-mail:
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31
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Chan KL, Cathomas F, Russo SJ. Central and Peripheral Inflammation Link Metabolic Syndrome and Major Depressive Disorder. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:123-133. [PMID: 30724127 PMCID: PMC6586832 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00047.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome and major depression are two of the most common and debilitating disorders worldwide, occurring with significant rates of comorbidity. Recent studies have uncovered that each of these conditions is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation. This is characterized by increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, altered leukocyte population frequencies in blood, accumulation of immune cells in tissues including the brain, and activation of these immune cells. Cytokines that become elevated during obesity can contribute to the progression of metabolic syndrome by directly causing insulin resistance. During chronic stress, there is evidence that these cytokines promote depression-like behavior by disrupting neurotransmitter synthesis and signal transduction. Animal models of obesity and depression have revealed a bi-directional relationship whereby high-fat feeding and chronic stress synergize and exacerbate metabolic dysregulation and behavioral abnormalities. Although far from conclusive, emerging evidence suggests that inflammation in the central and peripheral immune system may link metabolic syndrome to major depressive disorder. In this review, we will synthesize available data supporting this view and identify critical areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny L Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Affective Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York
| | - Flurin Cathomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Affective Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York
| | - Scott J Russo
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Affective Neuroscience, and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York
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Hernandez-Carretero A, Weber N, LaBarge SA, Peterka V, Doan NYT, Schenk S, Osborn O. Cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 3 regulates glucose homeostasis in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E267-E278. [PMID: 29634311 PMCID: PMC6139493 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00435.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the major site of postprandial peripheral glucose uptake, but in obesity-induced insulin-resistant states insulin-stimulated glucose disposal is markedly impaired. Despite the importance of skeletal muscle in regulating glucose homeostasis, the specific transcriptional changes associated with insulin-sensitive vs. -resistant states in muscle remain to be fully elucidated. Herein, using an RNA-seq approach we identified 20 genes differentially expressed in an insulin-resistant state in skeletal muscle, including cysteine- and glycine-rich protein 3 ( Csrp3), which was highly expressed in insulin-sensitive conditions but significantly reduced in the insulin-resistant state. CSRP3 has diverse functional roles including transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal organization, but its role in glucose homeostasis has yet to be explored. Thus, we investigated the role of CSRP3 in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance in vivo. High-fat diet-fed CSRP3 knockout (KO) mice developed impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance as well as increased inflammation in skeletal muscle compared with wild-type (WT) mice. CSRP3-KO mice had significantly impaired insulin signaling, decreased GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane, and enhanced levels of phospho-PKCα in muscle, which all contributed to reduced insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in muscle in HFD-fed KO mice compared with WT mice. CSRP3 is a highly inducible protein and its expression is acutely increased after fasting. After 24h fasting, glucose tolerance was significantly improved in WT mice, but this effect was blunted in CSRP3-KO mice. In summary, we identify a novel role for Csrp3 expression in skeletal muscle in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Weber
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Samuel A LaBarge
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Veronika Peterka
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nhu Y Thi Doan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Jackisch L, Kumsaiyai W, Moore JD, Al-Daghri N, Kyrou I, Barber TM, Randeva H, Kumar S, Tripathi G, McTernan PG. Differential expression of Lp-PLA2 in obesity and type 2 diabetes and the influence of lipids. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1155-1166. [PMID: 29427237 PMCID: PMC6449000 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a circulatory macrophage-derived factor that increases with obesity and leads to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite this, its role in adipose tissue and the adipocyte is unknown. Therefore, the aims of this study were to clarify the expression of Lp-PLA2 in relation to different adipose tissue depots and type 2 diabetes, and ascertain whether markers of obesity and type 2 diabetes correlate with circulating Lp-PLA2. A final aim was to evaluate the effect of cholesterol on cellular Lp-PLA2 in an in vitro adipocyte model. METHODS Analysis of anthropometric and biochemical variables from a cohort of lean (age 44.4 ± 6.2 years; BMI 22.15 ± 1.8 kg/m2, n = 23), overweight (age 45.4 ± 12.3 years; BMI 26.99 ± 1.5 kg/m2, n = 24), obese (age 49.0 ± 9.1 years; BMI 33.74 ± 3.3 kg/m2, n = 32) and type 2 diabetic women (age 53.0 ± 6.13 years; BMI 35.08 ± 8.6 kg/m2, n = 35), as part of an ethically approved study. Gene and protein expression of PLA2 and its isoforms were assessed in adipose tissue samples, with serum analysis undertaken to assess circulating Lp-PLA2 and its association with cardiometabolic risk markers. A human adipocyte cell model, Chub-S7, was used to address the intracellular change in Lp-PLA2 in adipocytes. RESULTS Lp-PLA2 and calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) isoforms were altered by adiposity, as shown by microarray analysis (p < 0.05). Type 2 diabetes status was also observed to significantly alter gene and protein levels of Lp-PLA2 in abdominal subcutaneous (AbdSc) (p < 0.01), but not omental, adipose tissue. Furthermore, multivariate stepwise regression analysis of circulating Lp-PLA2 and metabolic markers revealed that the greatest predictor of Lp-PLA2 in non-diabetic individuals was LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.004). Additionally, in people with type 2 diabetes, oxidised LDL (oxLDL), triacylglycerols and HDL-cholesterol appeared important predictors, accounting for 59.7% of the variance (p < 0.001). Subsequent in vitro studies determined human adipocytes to be a source of Lp-PLA2, as confirmed by mRNA expression, protein levels and immunochemistry. Further in vitro experiments revealed that treatment with LDL-cholesterol or oxLDL resulted in significant upregulation of Lp-PLA2, while inhibition of Lp-PLA2 reduced oxLDL production by 19.8% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study suggests adipose tissue and adipocytes are active sources of Lp-PLA2, with differential regulation by fat depot and metabolic state. Moreover, levels of circulating Lp-PLA2 appear to be influenced by unfavourable lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes, which may occur in part through regulation of LDL-cholesterol and oxLDL metabolism in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jackisch
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Warunee Kumsaiyai
- Department of Medical Technology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jonathan D Moore
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Nasser Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas M Barber
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Human Metabolism Research Unit, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Harpal Randeva
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- College of Science and Technology, Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, NG1 8NS, UK.
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Lee YS, Wollam J, Olefsky JM. An Integrated View of Immunometabolism. Cell 2018; 172:22-40. [PMID: 29328913 PMCID: PMC8451723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide obesity epidemic has emerged as a major cause of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Chronic tissue inflammation is a well-recognized feature of obesity, and the field of immunometabolism has witnessed many advances in recent years. Here, we review the major features of our current understanding with respect to chronic obesity-related inflammation in metabolic tissues and focus on how these inflammatory changes affect insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, food intake, and glucose homeostasis. There is a growing appreciation of the varied and sometimes integrated crosstalk between cells within a tissue (intraorgan) and tissues within an organism (interorgan) that supports inflammation in the context of metabolic dysregulation. Understanding these pathways and modes of communication has implications for translational studies. We also briefly summarize the state of this field with respect to potential current and developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Joshua Wollam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Liu D, Morales FE, IglayReger HB, Treutelaar MK, Rothberg AE, Hubal MJ, Nadler EP, Robidoux J, Barakat H, Horowitz JF, Hoffman EP, Burant CF, Gordon PM. Expression of macrophage genes within skeletal muscle correlates inversely with adiposity and insulin resistance in humans. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:187-193. [PMID: 29035695 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Local inflammation in obese adipose tissue has been shown to contribute to insulin resistance; however, the role of macrophage infiltration within skeletal muscle is still debatable. This study aimed to evaluate the association of skeletal muscle macrophage gene expression with adiposity levels and insulin sensitivity in obese patients. Twenty-two nondiabetic obese patients and 23 healthy lean controls were included. Obese patients underwent a 3-month weight loss intervention. Macrophage gene expression in skeletal muscle (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and insulin sensitivity (homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) and oral glucose tolerance test) were compared between groups and their associations were analyzed. To validate skeletal muscle findings, we repeated the analyses with macrophage gene expression in adipose tissue. Expression levels of macrophage genes (CD68, CD11b, CD206, CD16, CD40, and CD163) were lower in skeletal muscle tissue of obese versus lean participants. Macrophage gene expression was also found to be inversely associated with adiposity, fasting insulin, and HOMA (r = -0.4 ∼ -0.6, p < 0.05), as well as positively associated with insulin sensitivity (r = 0.4 ∼ 0.8, p < 0.05). On the other hand, adipose tissue macrophage gene expression showed higher levels in obese versus lean participants, presenting a positive association with adiposity levels. Macrophage gene expression, in both skeletal and adipose tissue samples, was only minimally affected by the weight loss intervention. In contrast with the established positive relationship between adiposity and macrophage gene expression, an unexpected inverse correlation between these 2 variables was observed in skeletal muscle tissue. Additionally, muscle macrophage gene expression was inversely correlated with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Liu
- a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.,b School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Flor Elisa Morales
- c Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Heidi B IglayReger
- a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.,d Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Mary K Treutelaar
- d Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Amy E Rothberg
- d Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Monica J Hubal
- e Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Evan P Nadler
- e Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Jacques Robidoux
- f Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Hisham Barakat
- f Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Horowitz
- g School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eric P Hoffman
- e Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Charles F Burant
- d Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Paul M Gordon
- a Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.,c Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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Bhatt M, Rudrapatna S, Banfield L, Bierbrier R, Wang PW, Wang KW, Thabane L, Samaan MC. Evaluating the evidence for macrophage presence in skeletal muscle and its relation to insulin resistance in obese mice and humans: a systematic review protocol. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:374. [PMID: 28789665 PMCID: PMC5549391 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The current global rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes are staggering. In order to implement effective management strategies, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms of obesity-induced insulin resistance and diabetes. Macrophage infiltration and inflammation of the adipose tissue in obesity is a well-established paradigm, yet the role of macrophages in muscle inflammation, insulin resistance and diabetes is not adequately studied. In this systematic review, we will examine the evidence for the presence of macrophages in skeletal muscle of obese humans and mice, and will assess the association between muscle macrophages and insulin resistance. We will identify published studies that address muscle macrophage content and phenotype, and its association with insulin resistance. We will search MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for eligible studies. Grey literature will be searched in ProQuest. Quality assessment will be conducted using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation risk of bias Tool for animal studies. Results The findings of this systematic review will shed light on immune-metabolic crosstalk in obesity, and allow the consideration of targeted therapies to modulate muscle macrophages in the treatment and prevention of diabetes. The review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2686-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meha Bhatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Srikesh Rudrapatna
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Banfield
- Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel Bierbrier
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kuan-Wen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M Constantine Samaan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Medical Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Reidy PT, Lindsay CC, McKenzie AI, Fry CS, Supiano MA, Marcus RL, LaStayo PC, Drummond MJ. Aging-related effects of bed rest followed by eccentric exercise rehabilitation on skeletal muscle macrophages and insulin sensitivity. Exp Gerontol 2017; 107:37-49. [PMID: 28705613 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages are associated with insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle regeneration. Infiltrating macrophages in skeletal muscle during a period of physical inactivity and subsequent reloading/rehabilitation in older adults is unknown, but may provide insight into mechanisms related to the development of metabolic disease and changes in muscle cell size. The purpose of this study was to determine if skeletal muscle macrophage infiltration is modulated differently between young and older adults after bed rest and exercise rehabilitation and if these responses are related to muscle and insulin sensitivity changes. 14 young and 9 older adults underwent 5-days of bed rest followed by 8-weeks of lower limb eccentric exercise rehabilitation (REHAB). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance imaging and myofiber analysis were used to identify muscle morphology and CLIX-IR and CLIX-β were used to assess insulin sensitivity. Skeletal muscle macrophages, CD68 (pan), CD11b (M1), CD163 (M2), CD206 (M2), were characterized using immunohistochemistry and gene expression. Insulin sensitivity, independent of age, decreased ~38% following bed rest and was restored following REHAB. We found robust age-related differences in muscle atrophy during bed rest, yet older and younger adults equally hypertrophied during REHAB. Interestingly, there were age-related differences in macrophage content (CD68+CD11b+ and CD68+CD11b- cells) but both young and old similarly increased macrophages with REHAB. Satellite cell changes during rehab corresponded to macrophage content changes. Muscle tissue resident macrophages and gene expression, were not associated with changes in insulin sensitivity following bed rest and REHAB. These data suggest that muscle macrophages are modulated as a result of exercise rehabilitation following bed rest and may more associated with muscle regrowth/hypertrophy rather than insulin sensitivity in young or older adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01669590.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Catherine C Lindsay
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Mark A Supiano
- Division of Geriatrics, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4B120, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; VA Salt Lake City Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
| | - Robin L Marcus
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Paul C LaStayo
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA; Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S. 1850 E, RM 214, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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The Spleen: A Hub Connecting Nervous and Immune Systems in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061216. [PMID: 28590409 PMCID: PMC5486039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders have been identified as major health problems affecting a large portion of the world population. In addition, obesity and insulin resistance are principal risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Altered immune responses are common features of both hypertension and obesity and, moreover, the involvement of the nervous system in the modulation of immune system is gaining even more attention in both pathophysiological contexts. For these reasons, during the last decades, researches focused their efforts on the comprehension of the molecular mechanisms connecting immune system to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. On the other hand, it has been reported that in these pathological conditions, central neural pathways modulate the activity of the peripheral nervous system, which is strongly involved in onset and progression of the disease. It is interesting to notice that neural reflex can also participate in the modulation of immune functions. In this scenario, the spleen becomes the crucial hub allowing the interaction of different systems differently involved in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we summarize the major findings that dissect the role of the immune system in disorders related to metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunctions, and how this could also be influenced by neural reflexes.
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Väremo L, Henriksen TI, Scheele C, Broholm C, Pedersen M, Uhlén M, Pedersen BK, Nielsen J. Type 2 diabetes and obesity induce similar transcriptional reprogramming in human myocytes. Genome Med 2017; 9:47. [PMID: 28545587 PMCID: PMC5444103 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle is one of the primary tissues involved in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The close association between obesity and T2D makes it difficult to isolate specific effects attributed to the disease alone. Therefore, here we set out to identify and characterize intrinsic properties of myocytes, associated independently with T2D or obesity. METHODS We generated and analyzed RNA-seq data from primary differentiated myotubes from 24 human subjects, using a factorial design (healthy/T2D and non-obese/obese), to determine the influence of each specific factor on genome-wide transcription. This setup enabled us to identify intrinsic properties, originating from muscle precursor cells and retained in the corresponding myocytes. Bioinformatic and statistical methods, including differential expression analysis, gene-set analysis, and metabolic network analysis, were used to characterize the different myocytes. RESULTS We found that the transcriptional program associated with obesity alone was strikingly similar to that induced specifically by T2D. We identified a candidate epigenetic mechanism, H3K27me3 histone methylation, mediating these transcriptional signatures. T2D and obesity were independently associated with dysregulated myogenesis, down-regulated muscle function, and up-regulation of inflammation and extracellular matrix components. Metabolic network analysis identified that in T2D but not obesity a specific metabolite subnetwork involved in sphingolipid metabolism was transcriptionally regulated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identify inherent characteristics in myocytes, as a memory of the in vivo phenotype, without the influence from a diabetic or obese extracellular environment, highlighting their importance in the development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Väremo
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tora Ida Henriksen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christa Broholm
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Maria Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Department of Proteomics, School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
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Cucak H, Høj Thomsen L, Rosendahl A. IL-20 contributes to low grade inflammation and weight gain in the Psammomys obesus. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 45:53-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hattori A, Takemoto M, Tokuyama H, Koshizaka M, Yokote K. Sitagliptin but not alpha glucosidase inhibitor reduced the serum soluble CD163, a marker for activated macrophage, in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 126:138-143. [PMID: 28237860 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) is commonly used worldwide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to its hypoglycemic activity, DPP-4i might have anti-inflammatory effects. In this study we examined the effects of DPP-4i on the serum levels of soluble CD163 (sCD163), a marker for activated macrophages, in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We compared these anti-inflammatory effects with those of α glucosidase inhibitor (αGI). METHODS Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were stably maintained on ≤2mg/day glimepiride alone were recruited and randomly assigned to receive additional sitagliptin (n=37) or αGI (n=37). Levels of sCD163 were measured before the addition and after a 24-week treatment period. RESULTS Addition of sitagliptin significantly reduced the serum sCD163 (632 vs. 575ng/mL, p<0.05), while αGI did not display this effect (624 vs. 607ng/mL). The changes in levels of sCD163 were not related to changes in either HbA1c or body mass index (BMI). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that DPP-4i might exert anti-inflammatory effects in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which are independent of its effects on glycemia and BMI.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/drug effects
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/drug effects
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Female
- Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Japan
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Cell Surface/blood
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Sitagliptin Phosphate/therapeutic use
- Sulfonylurea Compounds/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hattori
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Hirotake Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Yu-karigaoka Tokuyama Clinic, Chiba 285-0850, Japan
| | - Masaya Koshizaka
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Chan KL, Boroumand P, Milanski M, Pillon NJ, Bilan PJ, Klip A. Deconstructing metabolic inflammation using cellular systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E339-E347. [PMID: 28196858 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00039.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, we have embarked in a systematic analysis of the effect of obesity or fatty acids on circulating monocytes, microvascular endothelial cells, macrophages, and skeletal muscle cells. With the use of cell culture strategies, we have deconstructed complex physiological systems and then reconstructed "partial equations" to better understand cell-to-cell communication. Through these approaches, we identified that in high saturated fat environments, cell-autonomous proinflammatory pathways are activated in monocytes and endothelial cells, promoting monocyte adhesion and transmigration. We think of this as a paradigm of the conditions promoting immune cell infiltration into tissues during obesity. In concert, it is possible that muscle and adipose tissue secrete immune cell chemoattractants, and indeed, our tissue culture reconstructions reveal that myotubes treated with the saturated fatty acid palmitate, but not the unsaturated fatty acid palmitoleate, release nucleotides that attract monocytes and other compounds that promote proinflammatory classically activated "(M1)-like" polarization in macrophages. In addition, palmitate directly triggers an M1-like macrophage phenotype, and secretions from these activated macrophages confer insulin resistance to target muscle cells. Together, these studies suggest that in pathophysiological conditions of excess fat, the muscle, endothelial and immune cells engage in a synergistic crosstalk that exacerbates tissue inflammation, leukocyte infiltration, polarization, and consequent insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny L Chan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Parastoo Boroumand
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas J Pillon
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario Canada
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44
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Wu H, Ballantyne CM. Skeletal muscle inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:43-54. [PMID: 28045398 DOI: 10.1172/jci88880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Under normal conditions, skeletal muscle is responsible for the majority of insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal; thus, dysregulation of skeletal muscle metabolism can strongly influence whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation occurs in skeletal muscle in obesity and is mainly manifested by increased immune cell infiltration and proinflammatory activation in intermyocellular and perimuscular adipose tissue. By secreting proinflammatory molecules, immune cells may induce myocyte inflammation, adversely regulate myocyte metabolism, and contribute to insulin resistance via paracrine effects. Increased influx of fatty acids and inflammatory molecules from other tissues, particularly visceral adipose tissue, can also induce muscle inflammation and negatively regulate myocyte metabolism, leading to insulin resistance.
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Abstract
Inflammation is an essential component of the normal mammalian host tissue response and plays an important role during cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases. Given the important role of inflammation on the host tissue response after injury, understanding this process represents essential aspects of biomedical research, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Macrophages are central players during the inflammatory response with an extensive role during wound healing. These cells exhibit a spectrum of activation states that span from pro-inflammatory to pro-healing phenotypes. The phenotype of the macrophages can have profound influences on the progression of disease or injury. As such, understanding and subsequent modulation of macrophage phenotype represents an exciting target area for regenerative medicine therapies. In this chapter, we describe the role of macrophages in specific cases of injury and disease. After myocardial infarction, a biphasic response of pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages are involved in the remodeling process. In volumetric muscle loss, there is an intricate communication between inflammatory cells and progenitor cells affecting repair processes. Osteoarthritis is characterized by increased levels of pro-inflammatory macrophages over an extended period of time with significant impact on the progression of the disease. By harnessing the complex role of macrophages, enhanced therapeutic treatments can be developed that enhance the normal healing response as well as help the survival of therapeutic cells delivered to the site of injury.
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Kim T, Holleman CL, Ptacek T, Morrow CD, Habegger KM. Duodenal endoluminal barrier sleeve alters gut microbiota of ZDF rats. Parasite Immunol 2016; 39. [PMID: 27924082 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The combination of energy dense diets and reduced energy expenditure in modern society has escalated the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. Among these disease states, type-2 diabetics (T2D) are disproportionately associated with obesity, suggesting a shared etiology. In conjunction with defects in hormonal and inflammatory states, obesity and T2D are also characterized by dysbiosis. METHODS We have recently described the beneficial effects of duodenal nutrient exclusion, as induced by the duodenal endoluminal sleeve (DES); including body weight loss, prevented fat mass accumulation, and improved glucose tolerance in the ZDF rat, a rodent model of obesity and type-2 diabetes (T2D). To assess the relative role of DES on hindgut microbiota in the context of these metabolic changes, we analyzed cecal samples from rats implanted with a duodenal endoluminal sleeve (DES), or a sham control of this procedure. A group of pair-fed (pf) sham controls was also included to account for changes induced by reduced body weight and food intake. RESULTS Analysis of hindgut microbiota following DES in the ZDF rat elucidated discrete changes in several microbial populations including a reduction in Paraprevotella family members of the Clostridiales order along with an increase in Akkermansia muciniphila and species of the Allobaculum and Bifidobacterium genera. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these observations suggest that like Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and Metformin, regulation of gut microbiota may be a contributing factor to the therapeutic effects of DES.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kim
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C L Holleman
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - T Ptacek
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C D Morrow
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine-Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Meshkani R, Vakili S. Tissue resident macrophages: Key players in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 462:77-89. [PMID: 27570063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing that chronic inflammation is an important pathogenic mediator of the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is now generally accepted that tissue-resident macrophages play a major role in regulation of tissue inflammation. T2D-associated inflammation is characterized by an increased abundance of macrophages in different tissues along with production of inflammatory cytokines. The complexity of macrophage phenotypes has been reported from different human tissues. Macrophages exhibit a phenotypic range that is intermediate between two extremes, M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory). Cytokines and chemokines produced by macrophages generate local and systemic inflammation and this condition leads to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in liver, adipose and skeletal muscle tissues. Data from human and animal studies also suggest that macrophages contribute to T2D complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular diseases through cell-cell interactions and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and proteases to induce inflammatory cell recruitment, cell apoptosis, angiogenesis, and matrix protein remodeling. In this review we focus on the functions of macrophages and the importance of these cells in the pathogenesis of T2D. In addition, the contribution of macrophages to diabetes complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Meshkani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Sanaz Vakili
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Altered Myokine Secretion Is an Intrinsic Property of Skeletal Muscle in Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158209. [PMID: 27453994 PMCID: PMC4959771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle secretes factors, termed myokines. We employed differentiated human skeletal muscle cells (hSMC) cultured from Type 2 diabetic (T2D) and non-diabetic (ND) subjects to investigate the impact of T2D on myokine secretion. Following 24 hours of culture concentrations of selected myokines were determined to range over 4 orders of magnitude. T2D hSMC released increased amounts of IL6, IL8, IL15, TNFa, Growth Related Oncogene (GRO)a, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and follistatin compared to ND myotubes. T2D and ND hSMC secreted similar levels of IL1ß and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Treatment with the inflammatory agents lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or palmitate augmented the secretion of many myokines including: GROa, IL6, IL8, IL15, and TNFa, but did not consistently alter the protein content and/or phosphorylation of IkBa, p44/42 MAPK, p38 MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and NF-kB, nor lead to consistent changes in basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake or free fatty acid oxidation. Conversely, treatment with pioglitazone or oleate resulted in modest reductions in the secretion of several myokines. Our results demonstrate that altered secretion of a number of myokines is an intrinsic property of skeletal muscle in T2D, suggesting a putative role of myokines in the response of skeletal muscle to T2D.
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Yarar-Fisher C, Bickel CS, Kelly NA, Stec MJ, Windham ST, McLain AB, Oster RA, Bamman MM. Heightened TWEAK-NF-κB signaling and inflammation-associated fibrosis in paralyzed muscles of men with chronic spinal cord injury. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E754-61. [PMID: 26931128 PMCID: PMC4888537 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00240.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with long-standing spinal cord injury (SCI) often present with extreme muscle atrophy and impaired glucose metabolism at both the skeletal muscle and whole body level. Persistent inflammation and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the skeletal muscle are potential contributors to dysregulation of glucose metabolism and atrophy; however, to date no study has assessed the effects of long-standing SCI on their expression or intracellular signaling in the paralyzed muscle. In the present study, we assessed the expression of genes (TNFαR, TNFα, IL-6R, IL-6, TWEAK, TWEAK R, atrogin-1, and MuRF1) and abundance of intracellular signaling proteins (TWEAK, TWEAK R, NF-κB, and p-p65/p-50/105) that are known to mediate inflammation and atrophy in skeletal muscle. In addition, based on the effects of muscle inflammation on promotion of skeletal muscle fibrosis, we assessed the degree of fibrosis between myofibers and fascicles in both groups. For further insight into the distribution and variability of muscle fiber size, we also analyzed the frequency distribution of SCI fiber size. Resting vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsy samples were taken from 11 men with long-standing SCI (≈22 yr) and compared with VL samples from 11 able-bodied men of similar age. Our results demonstrated that chronic SCI muscle has heightened TNFαR and TWEAK R gene expression and NF-κB signaling (higher TWEAK R and phospho-NF-κB p65) and fibrosis, along with substantial myofiber size heterogeneity, compared with able-bodied individuals. Our data suggest that the TWEAK/TWEAK R/NF-κB signaling pathway may be an important mediator of chronic inflammation and fibrotic adaptation in SCI muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Yarar-Fisher
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - C Scott Bickel
- Physical Therapy, UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Neil A Kelly
- Departments of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Michael J Stec
- Departments of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Samuel T Windham
- Surgery, and UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Amie B McLain
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Robert A Oster
- Medicine/Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- Departments of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Medicine/Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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50
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Amouzou C, Breuker C, Fabre O, Bourret A, Lambert K, Birot O, Fédou C, Dupuy AM, Cristol JP, Sutra T, Molinari N, Maimoun L, Mariano-Goulart D, Galtier F, Avignon A, Stanke-Labesque F, Mercier J, Sultan A, Bisbal C. Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance and Absence of Inflammation Characterize Insulin-Resistant Grade I Obese Women. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154119. [PMID: 27111539 PMCID: PMC4844150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is associated with insulin-resistance (IR), the key feature of type 2 diabetes. Although chronic low-grade inflammation has been identified as a central effector of IR development, it has never been investigated simultaneously at systemic level and locally in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in obese humans characterized for their insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVES We compared metabolic parameters and inflammation at systemic and tissue levels in normal-weight and obese subjects with different insulin sensitivity to better understand the mechanisms involved in IR development. METHODS 30 post-menopausal women were classified as normal-weight insulin-sensitive (controls, CT) and obese (grade I) insulin-sensitive (OIS) or insulin-resistant (OIR) according to their body mass index and homeostasis model assessment of IR index. They underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, blood sampling, skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies, an activity questionnaire and a self-administrated dietary recall. We analyzed insulin sensitivity, inflammation and IR-related parameters at the systemic level. In tissues, insulin response was assessed by P-Akt/Akt expression and inflammation by macrophage infiltration as well as cytokines and IκBα expression. RESULTS Systemic levels of lipids, adipokines, inflammatory cytokines, and lipopolysaccharides were equivalent between OIS and OIR subjects. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, the number of anti-inflammatory macrophages was higher in OIR than in CT and OIS and was associated with higher IL-6 level. Insulin induced Akt phosphorylation to the same extent in CT, OIS and OIR. In skeletal muscle, we could not detect any inflammation even though IκBα expression was lower in OIR compared to CT. However, while P-Akt/Akt level increased following insulin stimulation in CT and OIS, it remained unchanged in OIR. CONCLUSION Our results show that systemic IR occurs without any change in systemic and tissues inflammation. We identified a muscle defect in insulin response as an early mechanism of IR development in grade I obese post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cacylde Amouzou
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Breuker
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Odile Fabre
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - Annick Bourret
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - Karen Lambert
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Birot
- Faculty of Health, York University, York, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Fédou
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Marie Dupuy
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Paul Cristol
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibault Sutra
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Molinari
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Maimoun
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Mariano-Goulart
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Galtier
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Avignon
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jacques Mercier
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ariane Sultan
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Bisbal
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
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