Beneficial effects of ginger on prevention of obesity through modulation of gut microbiota in mice

Cichorium glandulosum Ameliorates HFD-Induced Obesity in Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Bile Acids

Obesity is an ongoing global health problem, and Cichorium glandulosum (CG, chicory) is traditionally used as a hepatoprotective and lipid-lowering drug. However, there is still a lack of research on the role of CG in the treatment of obesity. In the present study, we found that CG significantly delayed weight gain and positively affected glucolipid metabolism disorders, serum metabolism levels, and the degree of liver and kidney oxidative stress in high-fat diet (HFD) mice. Further examination of the effects of CG on intestinal microenvironmental dysregulation and its metabolites in HFD mice revealed that the CG ethanol extract high-dose group (CGH) did not have a significant regulatory effect on short-chain fatty acids. Still, CGH significantly decreased the levels of 12α-OH/non-12α-OH bile acids and also found significant upregulation of proteobacteria and downregulation of cyanobacteria at the phylum level. CG may have ameliorated obesity and metabolic abnormalities in mice by repairing gut microbiota dysbiosis and modulating bile acid biosynthesis.

From ancient wisdom to modern science: Gut microbiota sheds light on property theory of traditional Chinese medicine

The property theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been practiced for thousands of years, playing a pivotal role in the clinical application of TCM. While advancements in energy metabolism, chemical composition analysis, machine learning, ion current modeling, and supercritical fluid technology have provided valuable insight into how aspects of TCM property theory may be measured, these studies only capture specific aspects of TCM property theory in isolation, overlooking the holistic perspective inherent in TCM. To systematically investigate the modern interpretation of the TCM property theory from multidimensional perspectives, we consulted the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) to compile a list of Chinese materia medica (CMM). Then, using the Latin names of each CMM and gut microbiota as keywords, we searched the PubMed database for relevant research on gut microbiota and CMM. The regulatory patterns of different herbs on gut microbiota were then summarized from the perspectives of the four natures, the five flavors and the meridian tropism. In terms of the four natures, we found that warm-natured medicines promoted the colonization of specific beneficial bacteria, while cold-natured medicines boosted populations of some beneficial bacteria while suppressing pathogenic bacteria. Analysis of the five flavors revealed that sweet-flavored and bitter-flavored CMMs positively influenced beneficial bacteria while inhibiting harmful bacteria. CMMs with different meridian tropism exhibited complex modulative patterns on gut microbiota, with Jueyin (Liver) and Taiyin (Lung) meridian CMMs generally exerting a stronger effect. The gut microbiota may be a biological indicator for characterizing the TCM property theory, which not only enhances our understanding of classic TCM theory but also contributes to its scientific advancement and application in healthcare. Please cite this article as: Yang YN, Zhan JG, Cao Y, Wu CM. From ancient wisdom to modern science: Gut microbiota sheds light on property theory of traditional Chinese medicine. J Integr Med. 2024; Epub ahead of print.

Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Herbal medicines are used by patients with IBD despite limited evidence. We present a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating treatment with herbal medicines in active ulcerative colitis (UC). A search query designed by a library informationist was used to identify potential articles for inclusion. Articles were screened and data were extracted by at least two investigators. Outcomes of interest included clinical response, clinical remission, endoscopic response, endoscopic remission, and safety. We identified 28 RCTs for 18 herbs. In pooled analyses, when compared with placebo, clinical response rates were significantly higher for Indigo naturalis (IN) (RR 3.70, 95% CI 1.97-6.95), but not for Curcuma longa (CL) (RR 1.60, 95% CI 0.99-2.58) or Andrographis paniculata (AP) (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.71-1.26). There was a significantly higher rate of clinical remission for CL (RR 2.58, 95% CI 1.18-5.63), but not for AP (RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.86-2.01). Higher rates of endoscopic response (RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.08-2.26) and remission (RR 19.37, 95% CI 2.71-138.42) were significant for CL. CL has evidence supporting its use as an adjuvant therapy in active UC. Research with larger scale and well-designed RCTs, manufacturing regulations, and education are needed.

Lead exposure exacerbates liver injury in high-fat diet-fed mice by disrupting the gut microbiota and related metabolites

Lead (Pb) is a widespread toxic endocrine disruptor that could cause liver damage and gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, the causal relationship and underlying mechanisms between the gut microbiota and Pb-induced liver injury are unclear. In this study, we investigated the metabolic toxicity caused by Pb exposure in normal chow (Chow) and high-fat diet (HFD) mice and confirmed the causal relationship by fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) and antibiotic cocktail experiments. The results showed that Pb exposure exacerbated HFD-induced hepatic lipid deposition, fibrosis, and inflammation, but it had no significant effect on Chow mice. Pb increased serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and induced intestinal inflammation and barrier damage by activating TLR4/NFκB/MLCK in HFD mice. Furthermore, Pb exposure disrupted the gut microbiota, reduced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations and the colonic SCFA receptors, G protein-coupled receptor (GPR) 41/43/109A, in HFD mice. Additionally, Pb significantly inhibited the hepatic GPR109A-mediated adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, resulting in hepatic lipid accumulation. FMT from Pb-exposed HFD mice exacerbated liver damage, disturbed lipid metabolic pathways, impaired intestinal barriers, and altered the gut microbiota and metabolites in recipient mice. However, mice exposed to HFD + Pb and HFD mice had similar levels of these biomarkers in microbiota depleted by antibiotics. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into gut microbiota dysbiosis as a potential novel mechanism for human health related to liver function impairment caused by Pb exposure.

The anti-cholestatic effects of Coptis chinensis Franch. alone and combined with Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Jussieu) T. G. Hartley: dual effects on fecal metabolism and microbial diversity

Introduction: Drug dosages and combinations are the main factors that affect the efficacy of pleiotropic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Coptis chinensis Franch. (CF) is a representative TCM with multiple effects and is often combined with Tetradium ruticarpum (A. Jussieu) T. G. Hartley (TR) to treat cholestasis. The present study assessed the influence of CF dose and its combination with TR on the efficacy of CF in cholestasis treatment, including their effects on fecal metabolism and fecal microorganisms. Methods: Rats with α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT, 50 mg/kg)-induced cholestasis were administered low (0.3 g/kg) and high (0.6 g/kg) doses of CF, as well as CF combined with TR at doses of 0.6 g/kg and 0.9 g/kg, respectively. The anti-cholestatic effects of these treatments were assessed by determining their anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and anti-oxidative stress properties. Additionally, fecal metabolomics and fecal microorganisms were analyzed. Results: Low dose CF had a more potent hypolipidemic effect than high dose CF, whereas high dose CF had more potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects. Combination with TR enhanced the hypolipidemic effect, but antagonized the anti-inflammatory effect, of CF. Analyses of fecal metabolomics and fecal microorganisms showed differences in the regulation of lipid- and amino acid metabolism-related pathways, including pathways of linoleic acid, tyrosine, and arachidonic acid metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis between different doses of CF as well as between different doses of CF in combination with TR. These differences may contribute to differences in the anti-cholestatic effects of these preparations. Conclusion: CF dose influences its anti-cholestatic efficacy. The combination with TR had synergistic or antagonistic effects on the properties of CF, perhaps by altering fecal metabolism and fecal microbial homeostasis.

Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by strengthening intestinal mucosal barrier

BACKGROUND

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has recently risen to the top spot among chronic liver diseases in the world. However, there are no recognized treatments for it. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizate (MgIG) has potential as a NAFLD/NASH therapy.

AIMS

To investigate the efficacy of MgIG in improving NAFLD/NASH and the possible pathways and mechanisms.

METHODS

C57bl/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and 1 % dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 12 weeks to establish the NAFLD/NASH model. MgIG was administered by gavage during the last 7 weeks. First, the therapeutic effects of MgIG on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, liver injury, and inflammation in the NAFLD/NASH mice were evaluated. Second, liver oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis were detected. Finally, the effect of MgIG on intestinal permeability and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in mice's intestinal contents were examined.

RESULTS

MgIG administration attenuated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, improved serum biochemical and NAFLD/NASH mice, reduced liver oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis, improved intestinal permeability, and increased fecal SCFA levels in NAFLD/NASH mice.

CONCLUSION

MgIG protects against HFD-induced NAFLD/NASH through multiple pathways as well as mechanisms and holds promise as a potentially effective treatment for NAFLD/NASH.

Role of the intestinal microbiome and its therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disorder

The gut microbiome is a heterogeneous population of microbes comprising viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Such a microbiome is essential for sustaining host equilibrium, and its impact on human health can be altered by a variety of factors such as external variables, social behavior, age, nutrition, and genetics. Gut microbes' imbalances are related to a variety of chronic diseases including cancer, obesity, and digestive disorders. Globally, recent findings show that intestinal microbes have a significant role in the formation of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is still the primary cause of fatalities. Atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, and some inherited variables are all cardiovascular risk variables. However, studies found correlations between metabolism, intestinal flora, and dietary intake. Variations in the diversity of gut microbes and changes in their activity are thought to influence CVD etiology. Furthermore, the gut microbiota acts as an endocrine organ, producing bioactive metabolites such as TMA (trimethylamine)/TMAO (trimethylamine N-oxide), SCFA (short-chain fatty acids), and bile acids, which have a substantial impact on host wellness and disease by multiple mechanisms. The purpose of this overview is to compile current evidence highlighting the intricate links between gut microbiota, metabolites, and the development of CVD. It focuses on how intestinal dysbiosis promotes CVD risk factors such as heart failure, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. This review explores the normal physiology of intestinal microbes and potential techniques for targeting gut bacteria for CVD treatment using various microbial metabolites. It also examines the significance of gut bacteria in disease treatment, including supplements, prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotic therapies, and fecal transplantation, which is an innovative approach to the management of CVD. As a result, gut bacteria and metabolic pathways become increasingly attractive as potential targets for CVD intervention.

A Mechanistic Review on Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants and their Pharmacologically Active Molecules for Targeting Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) therapy with phytochemicals is an emerging field of study with therapeutic potential. Obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and abnormal lipid profiles are all components of metabolic syndrome, which is a major public health concern across the world. New research highlights the promise of phytochemicals found in foods, including fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices, as a sustainable and innovative method of treating this illness. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insulin-sensitizing qualities are just a few of the many positive impacts shown by bioactive substances. Collectively, they alleviate the hallmark symptoms of metabolic syndrome by modulating critical metabolic pathways, boosting insulin sensitivity, decreasing oxidative stress, and calming chronic low-grade inflammation. In addition, phytochemicals provide a multimodal strategy by targeting not only adipose tissue but also the liver, skeletal muscle, and vascular endothelium, all of which have a role in the pathogenesis of MetS. Increasing evidence suggests that these natural chemicals may be useful in controlling metabolic syndrome as a complementary treatment to standard medication or lifestyle changes. This review article emphasizes the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals, illuminating their varied modes of action and their ability to alleviate the interconnected causes of metabolic syndrome. Phytochemical-based interventions show promise as a novel and sustainable approach to combating the rising global burden of metabolic syndrome, with the ultimate goal of bettering public health and quality of life.

Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides regulate lipid metabolism disorders in HFD-fed mice via bile acids metabolism

Our recent study demonstrated that the dynamic changes of gut microbiota mediated by Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide (FVP) could effectively regulate the lipid metabolism in high fat diet-fed (HFD-fed) obese mice model. In this paper, further research was carried out by examining the bile acid (BAs) profiles, as well as the BAs metabolic pathways changes in obese mice. Furthermore, the regulatory effect of BAs on lipid metabolism was verified by 3 T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation model. The FVP administration resulted in lower BAs content in plasma of obese mice. From the qRT-PCR analysis, FVP could relieve cholestasis in obese mice through altering the BAs metabolic pathways, changing the related genes expressions in mice liver and ileum. The cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) were selected in cell experiment which all reduced the intracellular triglyceride content and increased the expression of AMPKα1 in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, CA and CDCA were found increased the expression of PPARα. In combination with our previous research, we further confirmed in this paper that the changes of BAs metabolism caused by FVP showed a positive effect on lipid metabolism, both in obese mice and 3 T3-L1 adipocytes.

Exploring global research status and trends in anti-obesity effects of traditional Chinese medicine through intestinal microbiota: a bibliometric study

Background

The intestinal microbiota (IM) has been found to contribute to metabolic disorders that lead to excessive fat accumulation, systemic and chronic low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance in the host. Current research highlights a pivotal interaction between IM and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in mitigating obesity-related diseases. Undeniably, IM stands as a central focus in TCM research aimed at preventing and treating obesity. Therefore, tracing the progress and trends in this field can offer valuable references and insights for future studies.

Methods

On June 17, 2023, we conducted a literature search on the topic of "IM and obesity in TCM" spanning the period from 2009 to 2023. We extracted the primary information of the publications, which includes complete records and reference citations, from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) within the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). To visualize and analyze the literature, we utilized CiteSpace and VOSviewer for bibliometric analysis.

Results

During the past fifteen years, a rapid increase in the number of publications has been observed. The cooperative networks demonstrate China, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Food & Function as the most active countries, organizations, and journals in this field, respectively. Liu Bin has contributed the most publications. A paper by Xu Jia, published in 2014, holds the highest Local Citation Score (LCS). Analyses of keyword co-occurrence and reference co-citation indicate that the research hotspots of IM and obesity in TCM are primarily focused on the metabolic benefits driven by endogenous functional metabolic molecules generated by TCM regulation of IM. Other focal points include the mechanism by which TCM regulates IM to restore the intestinal mucosal barrier This is a provisional file, not the final typeset article, and manages the gut-organ axis, the metabolic advantages of acupuncture's regulation of IM, and the process by which Chinese medicine small molecules transform IM.

Conclusion

This research offers a comprehensive understanding of the current status, hotspots, and trends in global TCM research. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive summary and exploration of the latest advancements in this field, thereby emphasizing the essence of TCM more effectively.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) flour modulates the intestinal microbiota in Wistar rats fed a high-fat and high-fructose diet

A diet rich in sugar and fat can promote metabolic disorders development, especially in the intestine. Chia flour (Salvia hispanica. L) is a source of dietary fiber, alpha-linolenic fatty acid (ALA), bioactive peptides, and phenolics, promoting health benefits. This study aimed to analyze chia flour's effect on gut microbiota modulation and intestinal health in adult male Wistar rats fed a high-fat and high-fructose (HFHF) diet. Male Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were fed the diets standard (AIN-93M) or HFHF (31% saturated fat and 20% fructose) in the first phase to induce metabolic disorders. In the second phase, the rats were fed AIN-93M, HFHF, or HFHF plus 14.7% chia flour (HFHF + CF) for 10 weeks. The consumption of chia flour increased the ALA (3.24 ± 0.24) intake and significantly improved immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels (1126.00 ± 145.90), goblet cells number (24.57 ± 2.76), crypt thickness (34.37 ± 5.86), crypt depth (215.30 ± 23.19), the longitudinal muscle layer (48.11 ± 5.04), cecum weight (4.39 ± 0.71), Shannon index (p < 0.05), and significantly increased the production of acetic (20.56 ± 4.10) and butyric acids (5.96 ± 1.50), Monoglobus sp., Lachnospiraceae sp., and Prevotellaceae sp. abundance. Furthermore, chia significantly reduced the cecal pH content (7.54 ± 1.17), body mass index (0.62 ± 0.03) and weight (411.00 ± 28.58), and Simpson index (p < 0.05). Therefore, chia intake improved intestinal health parameters and functionality in rats with metabolic disorders, which demonstrates to be an effective strategy for gut microbiota modulation.

Age-associated changes in the growth development of abdominal fat and their correlations with cecal gut microbiota in broiler chickens

Excess abdominal fat is a common phenomenon in broiler chickens. Gut microbiota could regulate lipid metabolism through their effects on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. This study was conducted to investigate the potential relationship between abdominal fat development and cecal microorganism populations. Abdominal fat and cecum contents were collected at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 d of age. The results showed that abdominal fat weight increased with age. The abdominal fat percentage was higher between 7 and 21 d of age than at 3 d (P < 0.05), and it increased again at 28 to 42 d (P < 0.05). Morphological analysis showed that adipocyte diameter and cross-sectional area (CSA) increased significantly after 14 d of age (P < 0.05). Moreover, gut microbiota analysis indicated that the Chao1 and Shannon indices were higher between 14 and 28 d than at 3 d of age (P < 0.05). Furthermore, LEfse analysis revealed that Faecalibacterium, Anaerotruncus, Anaeroplasma, Subdoligranulum, and Clostridium emerged to become dominant at 14 d. A greater abundance of Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, Dehalobacterium, and Lactobacillus were determined at 28 d when compared with 14 d of age. Parabacteroides, Ochrobactrum, Lactobacillus, Blautia, Alistipes, Dehalobacterium, Odoribacter, and Suuterella were found to be predominant at 42 d. PICRUSt analysis revealed that amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and terpenoids and polyketides metabolism were elevated at 14 d; the immune and digestive systems were significantly developed at 28 d. In addition, cecum propionic acid and butyric acid contents gradually increased (P < 0.05), while the isobutyric acid contents gradually decreased with advancing age (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis among SCFAs, differential genera and abdominal fat suggested that Coprobacillus, Shigella, and Butyricicoccus had negative correlations with propionic acid, butyric acid, and abdominal fat weight, but positive correlations with isobutyric acid. Isobutyric acid was identified as being negatively associated with abdominal fat weight, while the reverse was found for propionic acid and butyric acid. In conclusion, abdominal fat development is correlated with the emergence of specific microbes and d 14 may be a pivotal age for establishing this relationship.

Caffeic acid supplementation ameliorates intestinal injury by modulating intestinal microbiota in LPS-challenged piglets

During weaning, piglets are susceptible to intestinal injuries caused by a range of infections, which result in serious economic losses for pig producers. Caffeic acid (CA) is a plant-derived phenolic acid that exhibits potential as a dietary supplement for enhancing intestinal health. There is, however, limited information available about the potential benefits of CA supplementation on intestinal injury and growth performance in piglets. A 28-day study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of CA supplementation in protecting against intestinal injury induced by intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in piglets. Twenty-four piglets (7.43 ± 0.79 kg body weight; Duroc × Landrace × Large White; barrows) were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group, the LPS group, the LPS + CA group, and the CA group. Piglets were administered with LPS or saline on d21 and d28 of the experiment. Supplementation with CA improved intestinal barrier function in LPS-challenged piglets by enhancing intestinal morphology and integrity, as well as increasing the expression of Claudin-1 and ZO-1. Meanwhile, CA supplementation improved the systemic and colonic inflammation responses, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by LPS. CA supplementation improved the alpha diversity and structure of the intestinal microbiota by increasing the abundance of beneficial microbiota. Additionally, it was found that it improves metabolic disorders of colonic bile acids (BAs) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in LPS-challenged piglets, including an increase in primary BAs and isovalerate. In conclusion, CA supplementation could enhance intestinal integrity and barrier function by modifying intestinal microbiota and its metabolites, which could lead to a reduction in inflammatory responses and oxidative stress and ultimately enhanced growth performance in piglets.

Therapeutic health effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale): updated narrative review exploring the mechanisms of action

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been investigated for its potentially therapeutic effect on a range of chronic conditions and symptoms in humans. However, a simplified and easily understandable examination of the mechanisms behind these effects is lacking and, in turn, hinders interpretation and translation to practice, and contributes to overall clinical heterogeneity confounding the results. Therefore, drawing on data from nonhuman trials, the objective for this narrative review was to comprehensively describe the current knowledge on the proposed mechanisms of action of ginger on conferring therapeutic health effects in humans. Mechanistic studies support the findings from human clinical trials that ginger may assist in improving symptoms and biomarkers of pain, metabolic chronic disease, and gastrointestinal conditions. Bioactive ginger compounds reduce inflammation, which contributes to pain; promote vasodilation, which lowers blood pressure; obstruct cholesterol production, which regulates blood lipid profile; translocate glucose transporter type 4 molecules to plasma membranes to assist in glycemic control; stimulate fatty acid breakdown to aid weight management; and inhibit serotonin, muscarinic, and histaminergic receptor activation to reduce nausea and vomiting. Additional human trials are required to confirm the antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antineoplastic, and liver- and kidney-protecting effects of ginger. Interpretation of the mechanisms of action will help clinicians and researchers better understand how and for whom ginger may render therapeutic effects and highlight priority areas for future research.

Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing Revealed the Prebiotic Potential of a Fruit Juice Drink with Fermentable Fibres in Healthy Humans

Fibre-based dietary interventions are at the forefront of gut microbiome modulation research, with a wealth of 16S rRNA information to demonstrate the prebiotic effects of isolated fibres. However, there is a distinct lack of data relating to the effect of a combination of soluble and insoluble fibres in a convenient-to-consume fruit juice food matrix on gut microbiota structure, diversity, and function. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of the MOJU Prebiotic Shot, an apple, lemon, ginger, and raspberry fruit juice drink blend containing chicory inulin, baobab, golden kiwi, and green banana powders, on gut microbiota structure and function. Healthy adults (n = 20) were included in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, receiving 60 mL MOJU Prebiotic Shot or placebo (without the fibre mix) for 3 weeks with a 3-week washout period between interventions. Shotgun metagenomics revealed significant between-group differences in alpha and beta diversity. In addition, the relative abundance of the phyla Actinobacteria and Desulfobacteria was significantly increased as a result of the prebiotic intervention. Nine species were observed to be differentially abundant (uncorrected p-value of <0.05) as a result of the prebiotic treatment. Of these, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and CAG-81 sp900066785 (Lachnospiraceae) were present at increased abundance relative to baseline. Additionally, KEGG analysis showed an increased abundance in pathways associated with arginine biosynthesis and phenylacetate degradation during the prebiotic treatment. Our results show the effects of the daily consumption of 60 mL MOJU Prebiotic Shot for 3 weeks and provide insight into the functional potential of B. adolescentis.

The interplay between microbial metabolites and macrophages in cardiovascular diseases: A comprehensive review

The gut microbiome has emerged as a crucial player in developing and progressing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent studies have highlighted the role of microbial metabolites in modulating immune cell function and their impact on CVD. Macrophages, which have a significant function in the pathogenesis of CVD, are very vulnerable to the effects of microbial metabolites. Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), have been linked to atherosclerosis and the regulation of immune functions. Butyrate has been demonstrated to reduce monocyte migration and inhibit monocyte attachment to injured endothelial cells, potentially contributing to the attenuation of the inflammatory response and the progression of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, TMAO, another compound generated by gut bacteria, has been linked to atherosclerosis due to its impact on lipid metabolism and the accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages. Indole-3-propionic acid, a tryptophan metabolite produced solely by microbes, has been found to promote the development of atherosclerosis by stimulating macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and raising the expression of ABCA1. This review comprehensively discusses how various microbiota-produced metabolites affect macrophage polarization, inflammation, and foam cell formation in CVD. We also highlight the mechanisms underlying these effects and the potential therapeutic applications of targeting microbial metabolites in treating CVD.

Assessment of Auricularia cornea var. Li. polysaccharides potential to improve hepatic, antioxidation and intestinal microecology in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease (NAFLD) is a reputed global health concern, affecting children and young adults. Accumulating evidence suggests that edible fungi polysaccharides have the potential to relieve NAFLD. Our previous study found that Auricularia cornea var. Li. polysaccharides (ACP) could improve immune by regulating gut microbiota. However, its NAFLD-alleviating potentials have been scarcely reported. This study analyzed the protective effects of Auricularia cornea var. Li. polysaccharides on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD and mechanistic actions. We first analyzed the histology and hepatic lipid profile of animals to evaluate this variant's ameliorating effects on NAFLD. Then, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of ACP were studied. Finally, we explored changes in the gut microbiome diversity for mechanistic insights from the gut-liver region. Results showed that supplementation with ACP substantially reduced homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body fat, liver index rates and weight gain (p < 0.05). This variant also improved HDL-C levels while decreasing triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels which were initially triggered by HFD. ACP mediation also decreased the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels considerably with H&E technique indicating that it can reduce liver lipid accumulation, thus lowering liver damages risks (p < 0.05). The antioxidant potentials of ACP were also demonstrated as it decreased the hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX). Proinflammatory markers like IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α concentrations were decreased by ACP supplementation, accompanied with increased IL-4 levels. Finally, ACP supplementation regulated the intestinal microbiota to near normal patterns. In all, ACP protects HFD-induced NAFLD by improving liver characteristics and regulating colonic flora composition, our findings assert that ACP can be a promising strategy in NAFLD therapy.

Plant-Derived Nutraceuticals Involved in Body Weight Control by Modulating Gene Expression

Obesity is the most prevalent health problem in the Western world, with pathological body weight gain associated with numerous co-morbidities that can be the main cause of death. There are several factors that can contribute to the development of obesity, such as diet, sedentary lifestyle, and genetic make-up. Genetic predispositions play an important role in obesity, but genetic variations alone cannot fully explain the explosion of obesity, which is why studies have turned to epigenetics. The latest scientific evidence suggests that both genetics and environmental factors contribute to the rise in obesity. Certain variables, such as diet and exercise, have the ability to alter gene expression without affecting the DNA sequence, a phenomenon known as epigenetics. Epigenetic changes are reversible, and reversibility makes these changes attractive targets for therapeutic interventions. While anti-obesity drugs have been proposed to this end in recent decades, their numerous side effects make them not very attractive. On the other hand, the use of nutraceuticals for weight loss is increasing, and studies have shown that some of these products, such as resveratrol, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, ginger, capsaicin, and caffeine, can alter gene expression, restoring the normal epigenetic profile and aiding weight loss.

Gut microbial modulation by culinary herbs and spices

Culinary herbs and spices have previously been recognised for their potential impact on health through antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. They may also be promotors of positive microbial modulation by stimulating beneficial gut bacteria during fermentation, increasing the production of short chain fatty acids and thereby exhibiting a prebiotic effect. In the present paper, current literature around herb and spice consumption, gut microbiota modulation and prospective health benefits were reviewed. Herb and spice consumption can positively modulate gut microbes and possibly play an important role in inflammation related afflictions such as obesity. Current literature indicates that few human studies have been conducted to confirm the impact of herb and spice consumption on gut microbiota in connection with prospective health outcomes and inconsistencies in conclusions therefore remain.

Ginger essential oil and citral ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by modulating trimethylamine-N-oxide and gut microbiota

Recently, the role of the gut microbiota in diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), has gained considerable research attention. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which is formed during ʟ-carnitine metabolism, promotes the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, causing thrombosis. Here, we elucidated the anti-atherosclerotic effect and mechanism of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil (GEO) and its bioactive compound citral in Gubra Amylin NASH (GAN) diet with ʟ-carnitine-induced atherosclerosis female ApoE^-/- mice. Treatment with GEO at both low and high doses and citral inhibited the formation of aortic atherosclerotic lesions, improved plasma lipid profile, reduced blood sugar, improved insulin resistance, decreased plasma TMAO levels, and inhibited plasma inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-1β. Additionally, GEO and citral treatment modulated gut microbiota diversity and composition by increasing the abundance of beneficial microbes and decreasing the abundance of CVD-related microbes. Overall, these results showed that GEO and citral may serve as potential dietary supplements for CVD prevention by improving gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ameliorates noise-induced cognitive deficits and systemic inflammation in rats by modulating the gut-brain axis

Background

Environmental noise exposure is linked to neuroinflammation and imbalance of the gut microbiota. Promoting gut microbiota homeostasis may be a key factor in relieving the deleterious non-auditory effects of noise. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) intervention on noise-induced cognitive deficits and systemic inflammation in rats.

Methods

Learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze, while 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to analyze the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content. Endothelial tight junction proteins and serum inflammatory mediators were assessed to explore the underlying pathological mechanisms.

Results

The results indicated that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG intervention ameliorated noise-induced memory deterioration, promoted the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria, improved dysregulation of SCFA-producing bacteria, and regulated SCFA levels. Mechanistically, noise exposure led to a decrease in tight junction proteins in the gut and hippocampus and an increase in serum inflammatory mediators, which were significantly alleviated by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG intervention.

Conclusion

Taken together, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG intervention reduced gut bacterial translocation, restored gut and blood-brain barrier functions, and improved gut bacterial balance in rats exposed to chronic noise, thereby protecting against cognitive deficits and systemic inflammation by modulating the gut-brain axis.

Polysaccharides from Fu brick tea ameliorate obesity by modulating gut microbiota and gut microbiota-related short chain fatty acid and amino acid metabolism

Fu brick tea (FBT) is a traditional tea manufactured by solid-state fermentation of tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). Although anti-obesity effects have been reported for FBT, the associated role of FBT polysaccharides (PSs) and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we found that FBTPSs inhibited obesity, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation; improved intestinal barrier function; and alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis in high-fat diet-fed rats. Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides, Parasutterella, Desulfovibrio, and Blautia were the core microbes regulated by FBTPSs. FBTPSs regulated the production of gut microbiota-related metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain amino acids, and aromatic amino acids throughout the development of obesity, and regulated the SCFA-GPR signaling pathway. FBTPS-treated fecal microbiota transplant ameliorated obesity, alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis, and improved gut microbiota-associated metabolites, suggesting that the anti-obesity effect of FBTPSs was gut microbiota-dependent. FBTPSs may serve as novel prebiotic agents for the treatment of obesity and dysbiosis of gut microbiota.

Behavioral phenotype, intestinal microbiome, and brain neuronal activity of male serotonin transporter knockout mice

The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) plays a critical role in the regulation of serotonin neurotransmission. Mice genetically deficient in 5-HTT expression have been used to study the physiological functions of 5-HTT in the brain and have been proposed as a potential animal model for neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Recent studies have provided evidence for a link between the gut-brain axis and mood disorders. However, the effects of 5-HTT deficiency on gut microbiota, brain function, and behavior remain to be fully characterized. Here we investigated the effects of 5-HTT deficiency on different types of behavior, the gut microbiome, and brain c-Fos expression as a marker of neuronal activation in response to the forced swim test for assessing depression-related behavior in male 5-HTT knockout mice. Behavioral analysis using a battery of 16 different tests showed that 5-HTT-/- mice exhibited markedly reduced locomotor activity, decreased pain sensitivity, reduced motor function, increased anxiety-like and depression-related behavior, altered social behavior in novel and familiar environments, normal working memory, enhanced spatial reference memory, and impaired fear memory compared to 5-HTT+/+ mice. 5-HTT+/- mice showed slightly reduced locomotor activity and impaired social behavior compared to 5-HTT+/+ mice. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons showed that 5-HTT-/- mice had altered gut microbiota abundances, such as a decrease in Allobaculum, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium sensu stricto, and Turicibacter, compared to 5-HTT+/+ mice. This study also showed that after exposure to the forced swim test, the number of c-Fos-positive cells was higher in the paraventricular thalamus and lateral hypothalamus and was lower in the prefrontal cortical regions, nucleus accumbens shell, dorsolateral septal nucleus, hippocampal regions, and ventromedial hypothalamus in 5-HTT-/- mice than in 5-HTT+/+ mice. These phenotypes of 5-HTT-/- mice partially recapitulate clinical observations in humans with major depressive disorder. The present findings indicate that 5-HTT-deficient mice serve as a good and valid animal model to study anxiety and depression with altered gut microbial composition and abnormal neuronal activity in the brain, highlighting the importance of 5-HTT in brain function and the mechanisms underlying the regulation of anxiety and depression.

Lactobacillus gasseri LG-G12 Restores Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Health in Obesity Mice on Ceftriaxone Therapy

Gut microbiota imbalance is associated with the occurrence of metabolic diseases such as obesity. Thus, its modulation is a promising strategy to restore gut microbiota and improve intestinal health in the obese. This paper examines the role of probiotics, antimicrobials, and diet in modulating gut microbiota and improving intestinal health. Accordingly, obesity was induced in C57BL/6J mice, after which they were redistributed and fed with an obesogenic diet (intervention A) or standard AIN-93 diet (intervention B). Concomitantly, all the groups underwent a treatment phase with Lactobacillus gasseri LG-G12, ceftriaxone, or ceftriaxone followed by L. gasseri LG-G12. At the end of the experimental period, the following analysis was conducted: metataxonomic analysis, functional profiling of gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and caecal concentration of short-chain fatty acids. High-fat diet impaired bacterial diversity/richness, which was counteracted in association with L. gasseri LG-G12 and the AIN-93 diet. Additionally, SCFA-producing bacteria were negatively correlated with high intestinal permeability parameters, which was further confirmed via functional profile prediction of the gut microbiota. A novel perspective on anti-obesity probiotics is presented by these findings based on the improvement of intestinal health irrespective of undergoing antimicrobial therapy or not.

Role of interleukin-6-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: focus on the available therapeutic approaches and gut microbiome

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is considered a chronic inflammatory and multifactorial disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two types of chronic IBD. Although there is no accurate information about IBD pathophysiology, evidence suggests that various factors, including the gut microbiome, environment, genetics, lifestyle, and a dysregulated immune system, may increase susceptibility to IBD. Moreover, inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) are involved in the immunopathogenesis of IBDs. IL-6 contributes to T helper 17 (Th17) differentiation, mediating further destructive inflammatory responses in CD and UC. Moreover, Th1-mediated responses participate in IBD, and the antiapoptotic IL-6/IL-6 receptor (IL-6R)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signals are responsible for preserving Th1 cells in the site of inflammation. It has been revealed that fecal bacteria isolated from UC-active and UC-remission patients stimulate the hyperproduction of several cytokines, such as IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-12. Given the importance of the IL-6/IL-6R axis, various therapeutic options exist for controlling or treating IBD. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches such as modulating the gut microbiome could be beneficial due to the failure of the target therapies so far. This review article summarizes IBD immunopathogenesis focusing on the IL-6/IL-6R axis and discusses available therapeutic approaches based on the gut microbiome alteration and IL-6/IL-6R axis targeting and treatment failure.

Protective Effects of Hydroxyphenyl Propionic Acids on Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Gut microbiota imbalances lead to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is primarily accompanied by hepatic steatosis. Hydroxyphenyl propionic acids (HPP) have shown great potential in inhibiting lipid accumulation but their protective effects concerning NAFLD and intestinal microbiota have remained unclear. In this paper, we investigated the efficacies of 3-HPP and 4-HPP on hepatic steatosis and gut flora in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). We found that 3-HPP and 4-HPP administration decreased body weight and liver index, ameliorated dyslipidemia, and alleviated hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, 3-HPP and 4-HPP enhanced the multiformity of gut microbiota; improved the relative abundance of GCA-900066575, unidentified_Lachnospiraceae, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 at genus level; increased concentration of acetic acid, propionic acid and butanoic acid in faeces; and reduced systemic endotoxin levels in NAFLD mice. Moreover, 4-HPP upregulated the relative abundance of genera Rikenella and downregulated the relative abundance of Faecalibaculum. Furthermore, 3-HPP and 4-HPP regulated lipid metabolism and ameliorated gut dysbiosis in NAFLD mice and 4-HPP was more effective than 3-HPP.

The Positive Effect of 6-Gingerol on High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Prediabetic Mice: Potential Pathways and Underlying Mechanisms

The purposes of the present work are to assess how 6-gingerol (6G) positively influences serum glucose regulation in mice with prediabetes triggered by streptozotocin (STZ) plus a high-fat diet (HFD) and to clarify its underlying mechanisms. An analysis of prediabetic symptoms and biochemical characteristics found that 6G intervention was significantly associated with reduced fasting glucose levels, alleviated insulin resistance, better glucose tolerance, hepatic and pancreatic impairment, and dyslipidemia. For the recognition of the target gut microbiota and the pathways linked to 6G's hypoglycemic function, a combination of hepatic RNA and 16S rRNA sequencing was employed. Specifically, 6G significantly improved the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and elevated the relative abundances of Alistipes, Alloprevotella, and Ruminococcus_1. Furthermore, 6G supplementation inhibited gluconeogenesis and stimulated glycolysis by activating the PI3K/AKT axis, which also repressed the oxidative stress through Nrf2/Keap1-axis initiation. In addition, Spearman's correlation analyses reveal a complex interdependency set among the gut microbiota, metabolic variables, and signaling axes. Taken together, the hypoglycemic effect of 6G is partially mediated by altered gut microbiota, as well as by activated Nrf2/Keap1 and PI3K/AKT axes. Thus, 6G may be used as a candidate dietary supplement for relieving prediabetes.

Oral and fecal microbiota in patients with diarrheal irritable bowel syndrome

Background

This study aimed at investigating the characteristics and correlation between oral (tongue coating) and fecal microbiota in patients with diarrheal irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D).

Methods

Fifty-two IBS-D patients were chosen, with ten healthy volunteers serving as the normal control group. Tongue coating samples and fecal samples of subjects were sequenced for the 16S rRNA gene (V4-V5). Bioinformatics analysis was done on the test data to investigate oral and fecal microbiota composition characteristics in IBS-D patients.

Results

The microbial richness of tongue coating in IBS-D group was lower than that in the normal control group (P < 0.05). The beta diversity of tongue coating microbiota and fecal microbiota was significantly different in the IBS-D group compared to the normal control group (P < 0.05). Pseudomonadales (Pseudomonadaceae and Pseudomonas), Moraxellaceae, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, and Alloprevotella were considerably high in number the tongue coating samples of the IBS-D group in comparison to the normal control group. Similarly, the fecal samples from the IBS-D group were significantly enriched in Alphaproteobacteria, Pseudomonadales (Pseudomonadaceae and Pseudomonas), Acidaminococcaceae, Phascolarctobacterium, Alloprevotella, and Escherichia compared to the normal control group.

Conclusions

The oral and fecal microbiotas of IBS-D patients differ from those of the control group; hence studying IBS-D from the perspective of the oral-gut microbiome axis is an interesting research avenue.

Two-week repair alleviates hexavalent chromium-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatic metabolic and gut microbial changes: A dynamic inhalation exposure model in male mice

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] has been identified as a "Group I human carcinogen" with multisystem and multiorgan toxicity. A dynamic inhalation exposure model in male mice, coupled with the hepatic metabolome and gut microbiome, was used to explore hepatotoxicity, and hepatic metabolic and gut microbial changes under the exposure scenarios in the workspace and general environment. The present study set up an exposure group (EXP) that inhaled 150 μg Cr/m³ for 13 weeks, a control group (CONT) that inhaled purified air, as well as a two-week repair group (REXP) after 13 weeks of exposure and the corresponding control group (RCONT). Cr(VI) induced elevation of hepatic Cr accumulation, the ratio of ALT and AST, and folate in serum. Inflammatory infiltration in the liver and abnormal mitochondria in hepatocytes were also induced by Cr(VI). Glutathione, ascorbate, folic acid, pantetheine, 3'-dephospho-CoA and citraconic acid were the key metabolites affected by Cr(VI) that were associated with significant pathways such as pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathway, antifolate resistance, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and one carbon pool by folate. g_Allobaculum was identified as a sensitive biomarker of Cr(VI) exposure because g_Allobaculum decreased under Cr(VI) exposure but increased after repair. The gut microbiota might be involved in the compensation of hepatotoxicity by increasing short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, including g_Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, g_Blautia, and f_Muribaculaceae. After the two-week repair, the differential metabolites between the exposed and control groups were reduced from 73 to 29, and the KEGG enrichment pathways and differential microbiota also decreased. The mechanism for repair was associated with reversion of lipid peroxidation and energy metabolism, as well as activation of protective metabolic pathways, such as the AMPK signaling pathway, longevity regulating pathway, and oxidative phosphorylation. These findings might have theoretical and practical implications for better health risk assessment and management.

Integrated analysis of effect of daisaikoto, a traditional Japanese medicine, on the metabolome and gut microbiome in a mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Dysregulation of lipid metabolism and diabetes are risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the gut-liver axis and intestinal microbiome are known to be highly associated with the pathogenesis of this disease. In Japan, the traditional medicine daisaikoto (DST) is prescribed for individuals affected by hepatic dysfunction. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of DST for treating NAFLD through modification of the liver and stool metabolome and microbiome by using STAM mice as a model of NAFLD. STAM mice were fed a high-fat diet with or without 3 % DST for 3 weeks. Plasma and liver of STAM, STAM with DST, and C57BL/6J ("Normal") mice were collected at 9 weeks, and stools at 4, 6, and 9 weeks of age. The liver pathology, metabolome and stool microbiome were analyzed. DST ameliorated the NAFLD activity score of STAM mice and decreased the levels of several liver lipid mediators such as arachidonic acid and its derivatives. In normal mice, nine kinds of family accounted for 94.1 % of microbiome composition; the total percentage of these family was significantly decreased in STAM mice (45.6 %), and DST administration improved this imbalance in microbiome composition (65.2 %). In stool samples, DST increased ursodeoxycholic acid content and altered several amino acids, which were correlated with changes in the gut microbiome and liver metabolites. In summary, DST ameliorates NAFLD by decreasing arachidonic acid metabolism in the liver; this amelioration seems to be associated with crosstalk among components of the liver, intestinal environment, and microbiome.

Cold-Brewed Jasmine Tea Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Gut Microbial Dysbiosis

Cold-brewed jasmine tea (CB-JT) is regarded to possess characteristic flavors and health benefits as a novel resource of functional tea beverages. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CB-JT-mediated protective effects on obesity, we evaluated the serum biochemistry, histological condition, glucose tolerance, gene expression profile and intestinal microbial diversity in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Our results demonstrate that cold-brewed jasmine tea can significantly attenuate HFD-induced body weight gain, abnormal serum lipid levels, fat deposition, hepatic injury, inflammatory processes as well as metabolic endotoxemia. CB-JT also modified the microbial community composition in HFD-fed mice and altered the balance to one closely resembled that of the control group. The differential abundance of core microbes in obese mice was reversed by CB-JT treatment, including an increment in the abundance of Blautia, Mucispirillum, and Bilophila as well as a decrease in the abundance of Alloprevotella. CB-JT was proved to regulate the mRNA expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes such as Leptin, Pgc1a Il6, and Il1b in the adipose tissue coupled with Cyp7a1, Lxra, Srebp1c, and Atgl in the liver. These findings indicate that cold-brewed jasmine tea might be served as a potential functional tea beverage to prevent obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Zingiber officinale Rosc. in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome Disorders-A Review of In Vivo Studies

Inflammation is a protective reaction of the innate immune system as a response to imbalances caused by a specific stimulus, a disease or a pathogen. A prolonged inflammatory condition may lead to the development of metabolic syndrome, which affects more than one-fourth of the world's population. This condition leads to the development of multi-organ disorders based on disrupted blood lipid and sugar levels, hypertension and oxidative stress. The review aims to present Zingiber officinale Rosc. as a plant that exhibits a variety of healing properties and restores the organism's equilibrium. Ginger (GI) rhizomes have been commonly used in traditional medicine to treat arthritis, stomach ache, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatism, nervous system syndromes, asthma, diabetes and nausea caused by pregnancy or chemotherapy. This review gathers together data from in vivo experiments related to the application of ginger for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, obesity, diabetes and other related disorders as a consequence of metabolic syndrome, including the confirmed molecular mechanisms of action.

Sodium Alginate Prevents Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Modulating the Gut-Liver Axis in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats

Previous studies have suggested that the sodium alginate (SA) is beneficial for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), while the potential mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study aimed to clarify the effects and potential mechanisms of SA in preventing NAFLD via the gut−liver axis. Thirty-two male Sprague−Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group (NC); high-fat diet group (HFD); HFD with 50 mg/kg/d sodium alginate group (LSA); HFD with 150 mg/kg/d sodium alginate group (HSA). After 16 weeks, the rats were scarified to collect blood and tissues. The results indicated that SA significantly reduced their body weight, hepatic steatosis, serum triglyceride (TG), alanine transaminase (ALT) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels and increased serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in comparison with HFD group (p < 0.05). The elevated mRNA and protein expression of genes related to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammatory signaling pathway in the liver of HFD-fed rats was notably suppressed by SA. In terms of the gut microbiota, the LSA group showed a significantly higher fecal abundance of Oscillospiraceae_UCG_005, Butyricicoccaceae_UCG_009 and Colidextribacter compared with the HFD group (p < 0.05). The rats in the HSA group had a higher abundance of unclassified_Lachnospiraceae, Colidextribacter and Oscillibacter compared with the HFD-associated gut community (p < 0.05). In addition, rats treated with SA showed a significant increase in fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels and a decline in serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels compared with the HFD group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the modulated bacteria and microbial metabolites were notably correlated with the amelioration of NAFLD-related indices and activation of the hepatic TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. In conclusion, SA prevented NAFLD and the potential mechanism was related to the modulation of the gut−liver axis.

A review of the preclinical and clinical studies on the role of the gut microbiome in aging and neurodegenerative diseases and its modulation

As the world population ages, the burden of age-related health problems grows, creating a greater demand for new novel interventions for healthy aging. Advancing aging is related to a loss of beneficial mutualistic microbes in the gut microbiota caused by extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as diet, sedentary lifestyle, sleep deprivation, circadian rhythms, and oxidative stress, which emerge as essential elements in controlling and prolonging life expectancy of healthy aging. This condition is known as gut dysbiosis, and it affects normal brain function via the brain-gut microbiota (BGM) axis, which is a bidirectional link between the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to the emergence of brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here, we reviewed the role of the gut microbiome in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as provided a comprehensive review of recent findings from preclinical and clinical studies to present an up-to-date overview of recent advances in developing strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiome by probiotic administration, dietary intervention, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and physical activity to address the aging process and prevent neurodegenerative diseases. The findings of this review will provide researchers in the fields of aging and the gut microbiome design innovative studies that leverage results from preclinical and clinical studies to better understand the nuances of aging, gut microbiome, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Evaluation of a Zingiber officinale and Bixa orellana Supplement on the Gut Microbiota of Male Athletes: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

The gut microbiota has emerged as a factor that influences exercise performance and recovery. The present study aimed to test the effect of a polyherbal supplement containing ginger and annatto called "ReWin(d)" on the gut microbiota of recreational athletes in a pilot, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty-four participants who practice physical activity at least three times weekly were randomly allocated to two groups, a ReWin(d) group or a maltodextrin (placebo) group. We evaluated the gut microbiota, the production of short-chain fatty acids, and the serum levels of interleukin-6 and lipopolysaccharide at baseline and after 4 weeks. Results showed that ReWin(d) supplementation slightly increased gut microbiota diversity. Pairwise analysis revealed an increase in the relative abundance of Lachnospira (β-coefficient = 0.013; p = 0.001), Subdoligranulum (β-coefficient = 0.016; p = 0.016), Roseburia (β-coefficient = 0.019; p = 0.001), and Butyricicoccus (β-coefficient = 0.005; p = 0.035) genera in the ReWin(d) group, and a decrease in Lachnoclostridium (β-coefficient = - 0.008; p = 0.009) and the Christensenellaceae R7 group (β-coefficient = - 0.010; p < 0.001). Moreover, the Christensenellaceae R-7 group correlated positively with serum interleukin-6 (ρ = 0.4122; p = 0.032), whereas the Lachnospira genus correlated negatively with interleukin-6 (ρ = - 0.399; p = 0.032). ReWin(d) supplementation had no effect on short-chain fatty acid production or on interleukin-6 or lipopolysaccharide levels.

Bifidobacterium longum 070103 Fermented Milk Improve Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders by Regulating Gut Microbiota in Mice

Background: Fermented milk is beneficial for metabolic disorders, while the underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. This study explored the benefits and underlying mechanisms of Bifidobacterium longum 070103 fermented milk (BLFM) in thirteen-week high-fat and high-sugar (HFHS) fed mice using omics techniques. Methods and results: BLFM with activated glucokinase (GK) was screened by a double-enzyme coupling method. After supplementing BLFM with 10 mL/kg BW per day, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and leptin were significantly reduced compared with the HFHS group. Among them, the final body weight (BW), epididymal fat, perirenal fat, and brown fat in BLFM group had better change trends than Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG fermented milk (LGGFM) group. The amplicon and metabolomic data analysis identified Bifibacterium as a key gut microbiota at regulating glycolipid metabolism. BLFM reverses HFHS-induced reduction in bifidobacteria abundance. Further studies showed that BLFM significantly reduces the content of 3-indoxyl sulofphate associated with intestinal barrier damage. In addition, mice treated with BLFM improved BW, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. Conclusion: BLFM consumption attenuates obesity and related symptoms in HFHS-fed mice probably via the modulation of gut microbes and metabolites.

Polyphenol-Rich Ginger (Zingiber officinale) for Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Other Clinical Entities Associated with Altered Iron Metabolism

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is rich in natural polyphenols and may potentially complement oral iron therapy in treating and preventing iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). This narrative review explores the benefits of ginger for IDA and other clinical entities associated with altered iron metabolism. Through in vivo, in vitro, and limited human studies, ginger supplementation was shown to enhance iron absorption and thus increase oral iron therapy's efficacy. It also reduces oxidative stress and inflammation and thus protects against excess free iron. Ginger's bioactive polyphenols are prebiotics to the gut microbiota, promoting gut health and reducing the unwanted side effects of iron tablets. Moreover, ginger polyphenols can enhance the effectiveness of erythropoiesis. In the case of iron overload due to comorbidities from chronic inflammatory disorders, ginger can potentially reverse the adverse impacts and restore iron balance. Ginger can also be used to synthesise nanoparticles sustainably to develop newer and more effective oral iron products and functional ingredients for IDA treatment and prevention. Further research is still needed to explore the applications of ginger polyphenols in iron balance and anaemic conditions. Specifically, long-term, well-designed, controlled trials are required to validate the effectiveness of ginger as an adjuvant treatment for IDA.

Insoluble and Soluble Dietary Fibers from Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Modify Gut Microbiota to Alleviate High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced TYPE 2 Diabetes in Rats

This study aims to examine the anti-diabetic properties of insoluble and soluble dietary fibers from kiwifruit (KIDF and KSDF) in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) resulting from a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ). Both KIDF and KSDF treatments for four weeks remarkably decreased body weight and increased satiety. In addition, the blood glucose level and circulatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content were decreased, while the insulin resistance, inflammatory status, and lipid profiles improved. These anti-diabetic effects might be related to the regulation of gut microbiota and increased SCFA content. The key microbial communities of KIDF and KSDF were different. Furthermore, the KIDF treatment increased the level of total SCFAs and isobutyric acid, while KSDF increased the levels of total SCFAs and butyric acid. The association between critical species and SCFA and between SCFA and biochemical parameters indicated that the mechanisms of KIDF and KSDF on T2DM might be different.

Penthorum chinense Pursh. extract attenuates non-alcholic fatty liver disease by regulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Penthorum chinense Pursh. (PCP) is commonly used as a Miao ethnomedicine and health food for liver protection in China. Gansukeli (WS3-B-2526-97) is made from the extract of PCP (PCPE) for the treatment of viral hepatitis. In recent years, PCPE has been reported in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), however its potential mechanism is not fully elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the ameliorating effect of PCPE on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice and demonstrate whether its protective effect is gut microbiota dependent and associated with bile acid (BA) metabolism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The alleviating effect of PCPE on NAFLD was conducted on male C57BL/6J mice fed an HFD for 16 weeks, and this effect associated with gut microbiota dependent was demonstrated by pseudo-germfree mice treated with antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The composition of the gut microbiota in the cecum contents was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the levels of BAs in liver and fecal samples were determined by UPLC/MS-MS.

RESULTS

The results showed that administration of PCPE for 8 weeks could potently ameliorate HFD-induced NAFLD and alleviate dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Moreover, PCPE treatment alleviated gut dysbiosis, especially reducing the relative abundance of bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-producing bacteria. Furthermore, PCPE significantly increased the levels of taurine-conjugated BAs in feces, such as tauro-β-muricholic acid (T-βMCA), tauroursodesoxycholic acid (TUDCA), and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), and increased hepatic chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). The protein and mRNA expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) were decreased in intestine, increased taurine-conjugated BAs inhibited the intestinal signaling pathway, which was associated with increased genes expression of enzymes in the alternative BA synthesis pathway that reduced the levels of cholesterol. The increased CDCA produced via the alternative BA synthesis pathway promoted hepatic FXR activation and BA excretion.

CONCLUSION

Our study is the first time to demonstrate that PCPE could ameliorate NAFLD in HFD-induced mice by regulating the gut microbiota and BA metabolism, and from a novel perspective, to clarify the mechanism of PCPE in NAFLD.

Beneficial effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum honey paste on obesity via counteracting oxidative stress and inflammation: An exploration of functional food developed from two independent foods rich in saponins and phenolics

The development of functional foods that possess a combination of biological functions and good sensory properties is an emerging topic in the field of food and function. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (G. pentaphyllum) is widely considered to exert anti-obesity effect owing to its abundant saponins and other bioactive components, but bitter and unacceptable taste limit its utilization. While honey, a natural sweetener, not only has the pleasure sense but is also usually used as the carrier of functional food due to its phenolic oligosaccharide, etc. In the present study, we proposed the preparation method of a G. pentaphyllum honey paste (GH) and its beneficial effects on obese mice. The results showed that GH contented 0.055 mg/g Gypenoside XLIX, 0.01 mg/g Gypenoside A, and 11 kinds of phenolics. It could down-regulate 23.3% of liver TC level, increase serum ALT activity, improve liver tissue damage and epididymal adipocyte hypertrophy than obese mice. Besides, GH regulated enzyme activities such as SOD and GSH to enhance oxidative stress defense and exerted anti-inflammatory activity via IL-6 (52.4%), TNF-α (38.7%), IFN-γ (32%) and NF-κB (28%) genes down-regulation, which also reshaped the gut microbiota structure, exerting anti-obesity effects. More importantly, GH promoted obese mice appetite with orexin-A compared to G. pentaphyllum alone. This study provided a new perspective on the development of G. pentaphyllum functional foods with both good organoleptic performance and obesity therapy.

Effects of ginger extract and its major component 6-gingerol on anti-tumor property through mitochondrial biogenesis in CD8+ T cells

Ginger extract (GE) and its major component 6-gingerol (6G) have been reported to exert anti-tumor effects in various cancers. The underlying mechanism, however, has not been well demonstrated. Here, we have focused on the relationship between promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis in tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells induced by GE and 6G and their cytotoxic effect. The results showed that GE induced 56% inhibition of tumor growth in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) xenograft mouse model and 6G induced 33% (25 mg/kg) and 37% (50 mg/kg) inhibition. GE increased mitochondrial mass of CD8+ T cells in tumor and draining lymph nodes (DLNs) significantly, while 6G had no significant effect. GE and 6G both had no significant influence on histopathological changes of liver and kidney in mice. In the co-culture system of CTLL-2 cells and LLC cells, GE enhanced the cytotoxicity of CTLL-2 cells against LLC cells by 14% and 19% at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg/ml, respectively. 6G did not promote cytotoxicity of CTLL-2 cells. GE increased mitochondrial mass at 5 and 10 mg/ml and mtDNA copy number and ATP production at 2.5, 5, 10 mg/ml in CTLL-2 cells. 6G promoted mtDNA copy number at 50, 100, 150 µM and mitochondrial mass and ATP production at 25, 50, 100, 150 µM in CTLL-2 cells. These results suggest that promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis and function in tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells may play an essential role in GE-induced inhibition of tumor growth. The current results perfect the mechanism of anti-tumor effect of ginger, which is beneficial for further application in cancer management. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Ginger, as a worldwide food seasoning and herbal medicine in traditional Chinese medicine, has been reported to possess anti-tumor efficacy. To our knowledge, it is the first time to focus on ginger's ability of promoting mitochondrial biogenesis in tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells to explore the mechanism of its anti-tumor effect. Our observations demonstrate that ginger inhibits tumor growth via promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function of T cells. The present study links food to anti-tumor immunity and provides impetus to investigate and design dietary supplements for cancer management.

Characterization of intestinal microbiota in normal weight and overweight Border Collie and Labrador Retriever dogs

Obesity in dogs is an emerging issue that affects canine health and well-being. Its development is ascribed to several factors, including genetic predisposition and dietary management, and recent evidence suggests that intestinal microbiota may be involved as well. Previous works have shown obesity to be linked to significant changes in gut microbiota composition in humans and mice, but only limited information is available on the role played by canine gut microbiota. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate whether composition of canine faecal microbiota may be influenced by overweight condition and breed. All the enrolled companion dogs were young adults, intact, healthy, and fed commercial extruded pet food; none had received antibiotics, probiotics or immunosuppressant drugs in the previous six months. Labrador Retriever (LR) and Border Collie (BC) were chosen as reference breeds and Body Condition Score (BCS) on a 9-point scale as reference method for evaluating body fat. The faecal microbial communities of 15 lean (BCS 4-5/9; 7 LRs and 8 BCs) and 14 overweight (BCS > 5/9; 8 LRs and 6 BCs) family dogs were analysed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Moreover, for each dog, the daily intake of energy (kcal/d) and dietary macronutrients (g/d) were calculated according to an accurate feeding history collection. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes resulted the predominant phyla (51.5 ± 10.0% and 33.4 ± 8.5%, respectively) in all dogs. Bioinformatic and statistical analysis revealed that no bacterial taxon differed significantly based on body condition, except for genus Allisonella (p < 0.05); BC gut microbiota was richer (p < 0.05) in bacteria belonging to phyla Actinobacteria (family Coriobacteriaceae in particular) and Firmicutes (Allobaculum and Roseburia genera). No remarkable differences were recorded either for diversity indices (i.e., alpha diversity, p > 0.10) or for divergence within the sample set (i.e., beta diversity, p > 0.05). PERMANOVA tests performed on single factors demonstrated the tendency of dietary protein to influence the recruited dogs' microbiota beta-diversity at amplicon sequence variant level (p = 0.08). In conclusion, the faecal microbiota of dogs involved in this exploratory study showed no major variations based on body condition. However, our findings suggested that certain bacterial taxa previously acknowledged in obesity-related studies may be detected in dissimilar amounts depending on canine breed.

Nutritional benefits of ginger for patients with non-communicable diseases

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a famous dietary spice rich in bioactive components like gingerols, and it has been used for a long time as food and medicine. Indeed, clinical studies have confirmed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ginger. Thus, ginger seems to be an excellent complementary nutritional strategy for non-communicable diseases (NCD) such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. This narrative review aims to discuss the possible effects of ginger on the mitigation of common complications such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and gut dysbiosis in NCD.

Protective Effects of Dietary Resveratrol against Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation Mediated through the Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet Mice

Resveratrol (RSV), a natural polyphenol, has been shown to exert activity against obesity and related chronic inflammation. However, due to the poor bioavailability of RSV, the mechanisms of RSV against inflammation in obesity models remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the gut bacteria and the anti-inflammation effects of RSV in HFD-fed mice. We found that RSV supplementation reduced fat accumulation and improved systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice. Meanwhile, RSV attenuated HFD-induced changes in the gut microbiota’s structure, which were associated with inflammatory parameters. A fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment proved that the anti-inflammation effects of RSV largely rely on the gut microbiota. Moreover, the microbiota-genera-changing trend in the FMT experiment was similar to that in the oral RSV-feeding experiment. Thus, these results demonstrate that modulation of the gut bacteria induced by RSV treatment has a therapeutic effect on chronic low-grade inflammation in HFD-fed mice.

Ginger for Healthy Ageing: A Systematic Review on Current Evidence of Its Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Properties

The world's population is ageing at an accelerated pace. Ageing is a natural, physiological but highly complex and multifactorial process that all species in the Tree of Life experience over time. Physical and mental disabilities, and age-related diseases, would increase along with the increasing life expectancy. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a plant that belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, native to Southeast Asia. For hundreds of years, ginger has been consumed in various ways by the natives of Asian countries, both as culinary and medicinal herb for the treatment of many diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that ginger can promote healthy ageing, reduce morbidity, and prolong healthy lifespan. Ginger, a well-known natural product, has been demonstrated to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties, as well as an outstanding antiviral activity due to a high concentration of antiviral compounds. In this review, the current evidence on the potential role of ginger and its active compounds in the prevention of ageing is discussed.

Stereoselective Biocatalyzed Reductions of Ginger Active Components Recovered from Industrial Wastes

Ginger is among the most widespread and widely consumed traditional medicinal plants around the world. Its beneficial effects, which comprise e. g. anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities as well as gastrointestinal regulatory effects, are generally attributed to a family of non-volatile compounds characterized by an arylalkyl long-chained alcohol, diol, or ketone moiety. In this work, ginger active components have been successfully recovered from industrial waste biomass of fermented ginger. Moreover, their recovery has been combined with the first systematic study of the stereoselective reduction of gingerol-like compounds by isolated alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), obtaining the enantioenriched sec-alcohol derivatives via a sustainable biocatalytic path in up to >99 % conversions and >99 % enantiomeric/diastereomeric excesses.

(20R)-Panaxadiol as a Natural Active Component with Anti-Obesity Effects on ob/ob Mice via Modulating the Gut Microbiota

Obesity is an important cause of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver and atherosclerosis. The use of ingredients extracted from traditional Chinese medicine for weight loss is now receiving more and more attention. Ginseng has been recorded since ancient times for the treatment of diabetes. The (20R)-Panaxadiol (PD) belongs to the ginseng diol type compounds, which are moderately bioavailable and may remain in the intestinal tract for a longer period of time. This study investigated the potential positive effect of PD in ob/ob mice and evaluated its effect against obesity. The ob/ob mice were administered PD for ten weeks. Our study showed that PD could improve obesity, glucose tolerance disorder, as well as gut dysbiosis. Panaxadiol decreased ob/ob mice’s Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B). Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the fecal microbiota suggested that PD changed the composition of the gut microbiota in ob/ob mice and modulated specific bacteria such as lactobacillus, prevotellace and so on. Moreover, PD improved the intestinal wall integrity. In conclusion, our results suggest that (20R)-Panaxadiol, as an active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb ginseng, may improve obesity to some extent via improving gut microbiota