1
|
Tian J, Miao M. How Does Altering the Volume-Load of Plyometric Exercises Affect the Inflammatory Response, Oxidative Stress, and Muscle Damage in Male Soccer Players? J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:97-106. [PMID: 38455429 PMCID: PMC10915621 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating plyometric exercises (PE) into soccer players' conditioning routines is vital for boosting their performance. Nevertheless, the effects of PE sessions with diverse volume loads on inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle damage are not yet clearly understood. This study aimed to examine the effects of altering the volume-loads of PE on indicators of oxidative muscle damage and inflammation. The study involved forty young male soccer players who were randomly assigned to three different volume-loads of PE (Low volume-load [100 jumps]: LVL, n = 10; Moderate volume-load [150 jumps]: MVL, n = 10; and High volume-load [200 jumps]: HVL, n = 10) and a control group (CON = 10). The levels of various biomarkers including delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), leukocytes, neutrophils, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at different time points. These measurements were taken at rest, immediately after completion of PE, and 24-, 48-, and 72-hours post-PE. The CK, LDH, DOMS, 8-OHdG, MDA, and PC levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) after the PE protocol, reaching their peak values between 24 to 48 hours post-PE for all the volume-loaded groups. The levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, and IL-6 also increased after the PE session but returned to resting values within 24 hours post-PE. On the other hand, CRP levels increased at 24 hours post-PE for all the treatment groups (p < 0.05). The changes observed in the indicators of muscle damage and inflammation in response to different volume-loads of PE was not significant. However, the HVL and MVL indicated significant differences compared to LVL in the 8-OHdG (at 48-hour) and MDA (at 72-hour). Athletes engaging in higher volume-loads demonstrated more pronounced responses in terms of biochemical variables (specifically, LVL < MVL < HVL); however, these changes were not statistically significant (except 8-OHdG and MDA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tian
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Miao Miao
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
de Sousa Fernandes MS, Gomes JM, Aidar FJ, Thuany M, Filgueira TO, de Souza RF, Badicu G, Yagin FH, Greco G, Cataldi S, Castoldi A, Alghannam AF, Souto FO. Impacts of different triathlon races on systemic cytokine profile and metabolic parameters in healthy individuals: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:147. [PMID: 37932804 PMCID: PMC10629137 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The present systematic review aimed to discuss the impacts of different triathlon protocols on the level of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as biomarkers related to the performance of healthy individuals. Four databases [PubMed (28 articles), Scopus (24 articles), Science Direct (200 articles), and SPORT Discus (1101 articles) were assessed. The eligibility criteria were applied, and the selected articles were used in the peer review, independently, as they were identified by March 2022. Of the 1359 articles found, 10 were included in this systematic review. Despite the difference in triathlon protocols, it was observed an increase in pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4 and IL-10, and chemokines, such as IL-8 and MCP-1. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory serum levels increase after triathlon. Overall, the studies also reported enhancement in the serum levels of cortisol, creatine kinase, C reactive protein, Endothelial Growth Factor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Myostatin, Lactate dehydrogenase, free fatty acids, and lactate dehydrogenase in triathlon athletes. This systematic review indicates that different triathlon race promotes an acute elevation of circulating cytokines and chemokines levels which return to standard levels after triathlon races. The findings of this systematic review demonstrate that the modulation of inflammatory parameters may be associated with an increase in metabolic indicators (CK, Cortisol, and LDH) after the end of different types of triathlon races.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neuropsiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Centro de Ciências da Médicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
- Instituto de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.
| | | | - Felipe J Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Mabliny Thuany
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tayrine Ordonio Filgueira
- Instituto de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | | | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, Braşov, 500068, Romania
| | - Fatma Hilal Yagin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, 44280, Turkey.
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Study of Bari, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Instituto de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Abdullah F Alghannam
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabrício Oliveira Souto
- Instituto de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sokoloski ML, Rigby BR, King GA, Biggerstaff KD, Irvine CJ, Bosak AM, Gordon RA, Zumbro EL, Clark CE, Varone NL, Crossland BW. Muscle Damage, Inflammation, and Muscular Performance following the Physical Ability Test in Professional Firefighters. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:144. [PMID: 37624124 PMCID: PMC10458274 DOI: 10.3390/sports11080144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper monitoring of fatigue and muscular damage may be used to decrease the high levels of cardiovascular disease, overuse musculoskeletal injuries, and workers compensation claims within the profession of firefighting. The purpose of this study was to examine muscle damage, muscular fatigue, and inflammation responses following a typical firefighting shift. Twenty-four professional firefighters completed two Physical Ability Tests to standardize the tasks typically performed in a day of work, and to elicit similar physiological responses. Participants were then monitored for 48 h. Prior to, and 48 h following the Physical Ability Tests, participants were evaluated for changes in strength, power, range-of-motion, as well as blood markers including myoglobin and c-reactive protein. Following the Physical Ability Tests, significant differences in myoglobin (p < 0.05), grip strength (p < 0.05), vertical jump (p < 0.05), and sit-and-reach (p < 0.05) were observed. No difference in c-reactive protein was observed (p > 0.05). After 24 hours following a shift, firefighters exhibited decreased strength, power, and range-of-motion. This may lead to decreases in performance and an increased risk of injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Sokoloski
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA; (M.L.S.); (G.A.K.); (K.D.B.); (R.A.G.); (C.E.C.); (N.L.V.); (B.W.C.)
| | - Brandon R. Rigby
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA; (M.L.S.); (G.A.K.); (K.D.B.); (R.A.G.); (C.E.C.); (N.L.V.); (B.W.C.)
| | - George A. King
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA; (M.L.S.); (G.A.K.); (K.D.B.); (R.A.G.); (C.E.C.); (N.L.V.); (B.W.C.)
| | - Kyle D. Biggerstaff
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA; (M.L.S.); (G.A.K.); (K.D.B.); (R.A.G.); (C.E.C.); (N.L.V.); (B.W.C.)
| | - Christopher J. Irvine
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Rocky Mountain College, Billings, MT 59102, USA;
| | - Andrew M. Bosak
- School of Health Sciences: Allied Health Professions, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 24515, USA;
| | - Ryan A. Gordon
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA; (M.L.S.); (G.A.K.); (K.D.B.); (R.A.G.); (C.E.C.); (N.L.V.); (B.W.C.)
| | - Emily L. Zumbro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35209, USA;
| | - Cayla E. Clark
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA; (M.L.S.); (G.A.K.); (K.D.B.); (R.A.G.); (C.E.C.); (N.L.V.); (B.W.C.)
| | - Nicole L. Varone
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA; (M.L.S.); (G.A.K.); (K.D.B.); (R.A.G.); (C.E.C.); (N.L.V.); (B.W.C.)
| | - Brett W. Crossland
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA; (M.L.S.); (G.A.K.); (K.D.B.); (R.A.G.); (C.E.C.); (N.L.V.); (B.W.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nie M, Liu Q, Jia R, Li Z, Li X, Meng X. Comparative transcriptome analysis of unfractionated peripheral blood leukocytes after exercise in human. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11140. [PMID: 37429969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has profound but variable effects on the immune system. However, only limited information exists about the changes of exercise-induced gene expression in whole immune cells. The aim of this study is to unravel the potential molecular changes of genes which are related to immunity after exercise. The raw expression data and corresponding clinical of GSE18966 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes between control group and treat groups were performed by in-house developed perl scripts. A total of 83 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (|log2 FC|> 1, FDR < 0.05) were identified between control and treat group 1 (0 h after exercise), 128 DEGs (|log2 FC|> 1, FDR < 0.05) between control and treat group 2 (4 h after exercise), and there was no significant difference between control and treat group 3 (20 h after exercise). Next, we identified 51 overlapping genes between treat group 1 (0 h after exercise) and treat group 2 (4 h after exercise) using Venn analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by Cytoscape 3.7.2, and nine hub genes (S100A12, FCGR3B, FPR1, VNN2, AQP9, MMP9, OSM, NCF4, HP) were identified. Finally, 9 hub genes were identified as the potential biomarkers of exercise using validation set (GSE83578) verification analysis. These hub genes might serve as potential molecular targets of monitoring exercise and training processes in the further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Nie
- School of Physical Education, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Qingling Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Ruoling Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China.
| | - Zhuoyi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoru Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Xiangtao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mendes S, Leal DV, Baker LA, Ferreira A, Smith AC, Viana JL. The Potential Modulatory Effects of Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Redox Status in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076017. [PMID: 37046990 PMCID: PMC10094245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global health burden with high mortality and health costs. CKD patients exhibit lower cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, strongly associated with morbidity/mortality, which is exacerbated when they reach the need for renal replacement therapies (RRT). Muscle wasting in CKD has been associated with an inflammatory/oxidative status affecting the resident cells' microenvironment, decreasing repair capacity and leading to atrophy. Exercise may help counteracting such effects; however, the molecular mechanisms remain uncertain. Thus, trying to pinpoint and understand these mechanisms is of particular interest. This review will start with a general background about myogenesis, followed by an overview of the impact of redox imbalance as a mechanism of muscle wasting in CKD, with focus on the modulatory effect of exercise on the skeletal muscle microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mendes
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Diogo V Leal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Luke A Baker
- Leicester Kidney Lifestyle Team, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Aníbal Ferreira
- Nova Medical School, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- NephroCare Portugal SA, 1750-233 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alice C Smith
- Leicester Kidney Lifestyle Team, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - João L Viana
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The effect of acute exercise on the cortisol awakening response. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1027-1039. [PMID: 36629945 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of acute exercise on the cortisol awakening response (CAR), characterized by the rapid increase in cortisol concentrations within the 30-45 min following sleep offset has yet to be fully elucidated. Thus, our study investigated the effects of late-evening acute exercise on the CAR the following morning. We hypothesized that exercise would have a significant effect on the CAR the following morning. Twelve participants (mean (SD): age = 23 (4) years; mass = 76.8 (8.7) kg; height = 175.6 (5.0) cm; [Formula: see text]O2max = 48.9 (7.5) ml.kg-1.min-1) reported to the laboratory in the evening (1800 h) on two occasions and were randomly assigned to either exercise for one hour (70-75% of maximal power output) or rest condition. Blood and saliva samples were assayed for cortisol. Mixed-effects models determined the effect of exercise on the cortisol response post-waking in both blood and saliva. Participants demonstrated an average exercise-induced increase in circulating cortisol of 477.3%, with actual mean (SD) heart rate relative to maximum of 87.04% (6.14%). Model results demonstrated a negative effect for exercise condition when modeling the serum and salivary cortisol responses to awakening via a quadratic growth model (serum, βCondition = - 42.26 [95% CI - 64.52 to - 20.01], p < 0.001; saliva, βCondition = - 11.55 [95% CI - 15.52 to - 7.57], p < 0.001). These results suggest that cortisol concentrations in saliva and blood are significantly lower the morning following a prior evening exercise session. Therefore, the CAR may serve as a useful biomarker to monitor responses to exercise training, although the underlying mechanism for these decreases in the CAR should be investigated further.
Collapse
|
7
|
100 Long-Distance Triathlons in 100 Days: A Case Study on Ultraendurance, Biomarkers, and Physiological Outcomes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:444-453. [PMID: 36898387 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The physical demands of a single long-distance triathlon (LDT) are sufficient to cause robust physiological perturbations. In this unique case study, an ultraendurance athlete completed 100 LDTs in 100 days (100LDT). PURPOSE This study aims to describe and analyze this single athlete's performance, physiological biomarkers, and sleep parameters throughout the 100LDT. METHODS An ultraendurance athlete completed an LDT (2.4-mile swim, 112-mile bike ride, and 26.2-mile marathon) each day for 100 consecutive days. Physical work, physiological biomarkers, and sleep parameters were recorded each night using a wrist-worn photoplethysmographic sensor. Clinical exercise tests were performed before and after the 100LDT. Time-series analysis assessed changes in biomarkers and sleep parameters across the 100LDT, and cross-correlations considered the associations between exercise performance and physiological metrics at varying time lags. RESULTS The swim and cycling performances varied across the 100LDT, while the run was relatively stable. Resting heart rate, heart-rate variability, oxygen saturation, sleep score, light sleep, sleep efficiency, and sleep duration were all best characterized by cubic models. Additional post hoc subanalyses suggest that the first half of the 100LDT most influenced these dynamics. CONCLUSIONS The 100LDT resulted in nonlinear alterations to physiological metrics. This world record was a unique event but allows valuable insights into the limits of human endurance performance.
Collapse
|
8
|
Tidmas V, Brazier J, Bottoms L, Muniz D, Desai T, Hawkins J, Sridharan S, Farrington K. Ultra-Endurance Participation and Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16887. [PMID: 36554767 PMCID: PMC9779673 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly popular, ultra-endurance participation exposes athletes to extremely high levels of functional and structural damage. Ultra-endurance athletes commonly develop acute kidney injury (AKI) and other pathologies harmful to kidney health. There is strong evidence that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, common amongst ultra-athletes, is linked to increased risk and severity of AKI and potentially ischaemic renal injury, i.e., acute tubular necrosis. Ultra-endurance participation also increases the risk of exertional rhabdomyolysis, exercise-associated hyponatremia, and gastrointestinal symptoms, interlinked pathologies all with potential to increase the risk of AKI. Hydration and fuelling both also play a role with the development of multiple pathologies and ultimately AKI, highlighting the need for individualised nutritional and hydration plans to promote athlete health. Faster athletes, supplementing nitrates, and being female also increase the risk of developing AKI in this setting. Serum creatinine criteria do not provide the best indicator for AKI for ultra-athletes therefore further investigations are needed to assess the practicality and accuracy of new renal biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). The potential of recurring episodes of AKI provide need for further research to assess the longitudinal renal health impact of ultra-participation to provide appropriate advice to athletes, coaches, medical staff, and event organisers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tidmas
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Jon Brazier
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Lindsay Bottoms
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Daniel Muniz
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Terun Desai
- Department of Psychology, Sport, and Geography, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Janine Hawkins
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
| | - Sivakumar Sridharan
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
- Renal Unit, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts Trust, Stevenage SG1 4AB, UK
| | - Ken Farrington
- Centre for Health Services and Clinical Research, De Havilland Campus, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK
- Renal Unit, Lister Hospital, East and North Herts Trust, Stevenage SG1 4AB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim HJ, Lee HC. The Effect of 13 Weeks Long-Distance Bicycle Riding on Inflammatory Response Indicators Related to Joint Cartilage and Muscle Damage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16314. [PMID: 36498391 PMCID: PMC9738930 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the effects of 13 weeks of long-distance cycling on biomarkers of joint cartilage, muscle damage and inflammation. All subjects in this study were seven participants of the “One Korea New-Eurasia Peace Cycle Expedition”, in which they rode cycles from Berlin, Germany to Seoul, Korea for thirteen weeks. The total course of the expedition was divided into three sub-courses: course 1 (from Berlin to Moscow), course 2 (from Moscow to Ulaanbaatar) and course 3 (from Ulaanbaatar to Seoul). All the selected participants rode 87.4 km/day (course 1), 70.4 km/day (course 2) and 57.6 km/day (course 3) on average, respectively. We collected their blood samples before the expedition in Seoul (S1), after course 1 in Moscow (M), after course 2 in Ulaanbaatar (U) and after the expedition in Seoul (S2), to analyze biomarkers of joint cartilage damage (Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein; COMP), muscle damage (Creatine Phosphokinase; CPK, Lactate Dehydrogenase; LDH, Myoglobin), inflammation (Interleukin-6; IL-6, Interleukin-1β; IL-1β, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α; TNF-α, C-Reactive Protein; CRP) and stress hormone (Cortisol). According to this result, COMP (S1; 188.37 ± 46.68 ng/mL) showed a significant increase after the expedition course 1 (M; 246.69 ± 51.69 ng/mL, p = 0.012) and course 2 (U; 237.09 ± 62.57 ng/mL, p = 0.047), and recovered to the stable state after expedition course 3 (S2; 218.46 ± 34.78. p = 0.047). Biomarkers of muscle damage (CPK, LDH and Myoglobin) and inflammation (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and CRP) were not significantly changed in all courses, but CRP (S1; 1.07 ± 0.76 ng/mL) showed a tendency to decrease after the expedition course 1 (M; 0.3 ± 0.1 mg/mL, p = 0.044). Lastly, the Cortisol level significantly increased in all courses (per p < 0.05), but the Cortisol level after expedition course 3 (S2; 21.00 ± 3.65 mg/mL) was lower than that of after the expedition course 1 (M; 24.23 ± 2.47 mg/mL, p = 0.028). In summary, it seems that repetitive and continuous 50−90 km/day of cycling can increase joint cartilage damage risk and stress hormone temporarily. However, this result suggests that the appropriate intensity of cycling for thirteen weeks does not increase physical damage, and rather enhances the human body to adapt to exercise training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jun Kim
- Center for Sport Science in Chungnam, Asan-si 31580, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Cheol Lee
- Department of Health and Sport Science, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 05541, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of 6-Week Supplementation with GliSODin on Parameters of Muscle Damages, Metabolic, and Work Performance at International Level Rowers after Specific Maximal Effort. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101437. [PMID: 36290341 PMCID: PMC9598269 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementation with plant origin superoxide dismutase (SOD), GliSODin, on parameters of muscle damage, metabolic, and work performance at international level rowers. Twenty-eight rowers were included in a randomized, double-blind study. The study was conducted during a 6-week preparation period. At the beginning of the study and after 6 weeks of the supplementation period, all rowers were tested on a rowing ergometer. Blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein before and after every ergometer testing. Muscle damage markers creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), inflammation parameters interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Rowing performance was assessed by lactate level in capillary blood and power output on the rowing ergometer. After supplementation, experimental group had significantly lower CK (p = 0.049) and IL-6 (p = 0.035) before and IL-6 (p = 0.050) after exhausting exercise on ergometer. Relative change of power output at 4 mmol/L concentration of lactate in blood, considering the initial and final test, was significantly higher (p = 0.020) in the supplemented group. It was concluded that GliSODin could be considered a good supplement in preventing some deleterious effects of intensive physical activity, including inflammation and muscle damage, and consequently, to enable a better rowing performance of elite rowers.
Collapse
|
11
|
AUNE SUSANNEKRISTINE, BONNEVIE-SVENDSEN MARTIN, NYBORG CHRISTOFFER, TRØSEID MARIUS, SELJEFLOT INGEBJØRG, HISDAL JONNY, HELSETH RAGNHILD. Gut Leakage and Cardiac Biomarkers after Prolonged Strenuous Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1476-1482. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Burgos J, Viribay A, Calleja-González J, Fernández-Lázaro D, Olasagasti-Ibargoien J, Seco-Calvo J, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Long-Term Combined Effects of Citrulline and Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Extract Supplementation on Recovery Status in Trained Male Triathletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:75. [PMID: 35053073 PMCID: PMC8772988 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Citrulline (CIT) and nitrate-rich beetroot extract (BR) are widely studied ergogenic aids. Nevertheless, both supplements have been studied in short-term trials and separately. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the effects of combining CIT and BR supplementation on recovery status observed by distance covered in the Cooper test, exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and anabolic/catabolic hormone status have not been investigated to date. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to assess the effect of the long-term (9 weeks) mixture of 3 g/day of CIT plus 2.1 g/day of BR (300 mg/day of nitrates (NO3-)) supplementation on recovery by distance covered in the Cooper test, EIMD markers (urea, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, LDH and CK) and anabolic/catabolic hormones (testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C)) in male trained triathletes. Thirty-two triathletes were randomized into four different groups of eight triathletes in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: placebo group (PLG), CIT group (CITG; 3 g/day of CIT), BR group (BRG; 2.1 g/day of BR (300 mg/day of NO3-)) and CIT-BR group (CIT-BRG; 3 g/day of CIT plus 2.1 g/day of BR (300 mg/day of NO3-)). Distance covered in the Cooper test and blood samples were collected from all participants at baseline (T1) and after 9 weeks of supplementation (T2). There were no significant differences in the interaction between group and time in EIMD markers (urea, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, LDH and CK) (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed in the group-by-time interaction in distance covered in the Cooper test (p = 0.002; η2p = 0.418), cortisol (p = 0.044; η2p = 0.247) and T/C (p = 0.005; η2p = 0.359). Concretely, significant differences were observed in distance covered in the Cooper test percentage of change (p = 0.002; η2p = 0.418) between CIT-BRG and PLG and CITG, in cortisol percentage change (p = 0.049; η2p = 0.257) and in T/C percentage change (p = 0.018; η2p = 0.297) between CIT-BRG and PLG. In conclusion, the combination of 3 g/day of CIT plus 2.1 g/day of BR (300 mg/day of NO3-) supplementation for 9 weeks did not present any benefit for EIMD. However, CIT + BR improved recovery status by preventing an increase in cortisol and showing an increase in distance covered in the Cooper test and T/C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Burgos
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain;
- Burgos Nutrition, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Aitor Viribay
- Glut4Science, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 01004 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain;
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jurgi Olasagasti-Ibargoien
- Faculty of Education and Sports, University of Deusto, 20012 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
- Health, Physical Activity and Sports Science Laboratory (HealthPASS), Departament of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Leon, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Grossmann M, Wittert GA. Dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis due to Energy Deficit. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4861-e4871. [PMID: 34264314 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although gonadal axis dysregulation from energy deficit is well recognized in women, the effects of energy deficit on the male gonadal axis have received much less attention. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION To identify relevant articles, we conducted PubMed searches from inception to May 2021. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Case series and mechanistic studies demonstrate that energy deficit (both acutely over days or chronically over months) either from inadequate energy intake and/or excessive energy expenditure can lower serum testosterone concentration as a result of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis dysregulation in men. The extent to which this has clinical consequences that can be disentangled from the effects of nutritional insufficiency, concomitant endocrine dysregulation (eg, adrenal and thyroid axis), and coexisting comorbidities (eg, depression and substance abuse) is uncertain. HPT axis dysfunction is primarily the result of loss of GnRH pulsatility resulting from a failure of leptin to induce kisspeptin signaling. The roles of neuroendocrine consequences of depression, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, proinflammatory cytokines, Ghrelin, and genetic susceptibility remain unclear. In contrast to hypogonadism from organic pathology of the HPT axis, energy deficit-associated HPT dysregulation is functional, and generally reversible by restoring energy balance. CONCLUSIONS The clinical management of such men should aim to restore adequate nutrition and achieve and maintain a healthy body weight. Psychosocial comorbidities must be identified and addressed. There is no evidence that testosterone treatment is beneficial. Many knowledge gaps regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment remain and we highlight several areas that require future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary A Wittert
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Well-being, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clephane K, Wilson MC, Craig AN, Heiman JR, Lorenz TK. Inflammation predicts sexual arousability in healthy women. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 8. [PMID: 35669911 PMCID: PMC9165647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Though many women report sexual arousal difficulties, the mechanisms driving these difficulties are unclear. Sexual response relies on a host of psychophysiological processes that have bidirectional relationships with inflammation. Additionally, chronic inflammation may impair genital blood flow, which in turn may impact sexual arousal. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase marker of inflammation produced in response to cytokine signaling throughout the body, which makes it a useful marker of systemic inflammation. Aim The present study examined interactions between inflammation and women's sexual arousal. Methods CRP, self-reported frequency of partnered sexual activity, and subjective and vaginal arousal were assessed in 91 healthy, pre-menopausal women. Data were collected during a single laboratory session. Main outcome measures Subjective sexual arousal and vaginal pulse amplitude (a measure of vaginal arousal) were the main outcome measures. Results Change in subjective sexual arousal in response to a sexual film was unaffected by baseline CRP and sexual frequency. However, there were significant interactions between inflammation and sexual frequency in predicting vaginal arousal during the sexual film. Among women reporting more frequent sexual activity, higher CRP predicted lower magnitude arousal response and longer time to maximum vaginal arousal. Among women reporting less frequent sex, higher CRP predicted shorter time to maximum arousal and greater magnitude of arousal response. Controlling for cortisol strengthened the effects seen for time to maximum vaginal arousal but weakened those observed for percent change. Conclusions Among healthy young women, higher CRP may be associated with vaginal arousal, but not subjective sexual arousal. Specifically, our results suggest that higher baseline CRP is associated with lower genital sexual arousal for women who have sex frequently, which is consistent with clinical evidence that elevated inflammation can be detrimental to sexual function. Among healthy young women, higher CRP may be associated with vaginal sexual arousal, but not subjective sexual arousal. Frequency of sexual activity interacts with CRP levels to contribute to vaginal arousal in healthy women. Higher CRP predicted lower genital sexual arousal in women who engage in sexual activity more than once a week. However, higher CRP predicted greater genital sexual arousal in women who engage in sexual activity less than once a week.
Collapse
|
15
|
Nyborg C, Bonnevie-Svendsen M, Melsom HS, Melau J, Seljeflot I, Hisdal J. Reduced L-Arginine and L-Arginine-ADMA-Ratio, and Increased SDMA after Norseman Xtreme Triathlon. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9090120. [PMID: 34564325 PMCID: PMC8472968 DOI: 10.3390/sports9090120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial vasodilatory function is dependent on the NO synthesis from L-arginine by endothelial NO-synthetase (eNOS). eNOS can be inhibited by asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) by competitive inhibition on the binding site, and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) can reduce the L-arginine availability intracellularly through competing for transport over the cellular membrane. To study the NO synthesis after prolonged exercise, we assessed circulatory L-arginine, the L-arginine/ADMA ratio, and SDMA before, after, and on the day after the Norseman Xtreme triathlon, an Ironman distance triathlon. We found significantly reduced levels of L-arginine and the L-arginine/ADMA ratio and increased levels of SDMA after the race (all p < 0.05). L-arginine rose toward baseline levels the day after the race, but ADMA increased beyond baseline levels, and SDMA remained above baseline the day after the race. The reduced levels of L-arginine and the L-arginine/ADMA ratio, and increased SDMA, after the race indicate a state of reduced capability of NO production. Increased levels of ADMA and SDMA, and reduced L-arginine/ADMA ratio, as seen the day after the race, are known risk markers of atherosclerosis and warrant further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Nyborg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (M.B.-S.); (H.S.M.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-971-76-129
| | - Martin Bonnevie-Svendsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (M.B.-S.); (H.S.M.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helene Støle Melsom
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (M.B.-S.); (H.S.M.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Melau
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (M.B.-S.); (H.S.M.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Prehospital Care, Vestfold Hospital Trust, 3103 Toensberg, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (M.B.-S.); (H.S.M.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (M.B.-S.); (H.S.M.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nyborg C, Melsom HS, Bonnevie-Svendsen M, Melau J, Seljeflot I, Hisdal J. Transient Reduction of FMD-Response and L-Arginine Accompanied by Increased Levels of E-Selectin, VCAM, and ICAM after Prolonged Strenuous Exercise. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9060086. [PMID: 34204566 PMCID: PMC8234080 DOI: 10.3390/sports9060086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed endothelial function by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), levels of the NO-precursor L-arginine, and markers of endothelial inflammation before, at the finish line, and one week after the Norseman Xtreme triathlon. The race is an Ironman distance triathlon with a total elevation of 5200 m. Nine male participants were included. They completed the race in 14.5 (13.4–15.3) h. FMD was significantly reduced to 3.1 (2.1–5.0)% dilatation compared to 8.7 (8.2–9.3)% dilatation before the race (p < 0.05) and was normalized one week after the race. L-arginine showed significantly reduced levels at the finish line (p < 0.05) but was normalized one week after the race. Markers of endothelial inflammation E-Selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 all showed a pattern with increased values at the finish line compared to before the race (all p < 0.05), with normalization one week after the race. In conclusion, we found acutely reduced FMD with reduced L-arginine levels and increased E-Selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 immediately after the Norseman Xtreme triathlon. Our findings indicate a transient reduced endothelial function, measured by the FMD-response, after prolonged strenuous exercise that could be explained by reduced NO-precursor L-arginine levels and increased endothelial inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Nyborg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-971-76-129
| | - Helene Støle Melsom
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Bonnevie-Svendsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Melau
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Prehospital Care, Vestfold Hospital Trust, 3103 Toensberg, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (H.S.M.); (M.B.-S.); (J.M.); (I.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Smith KA, Pugh JN, Duca FA, Close GL, Ormsbee MJ. Gastrointestinal pathophysiology during endurance exercise: endocrine, microbiome, and nutritional influences. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2657-2674. [PMID: 34131799 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms are abundant among athletes engaging in endurance exercise, particularly when exercising in increased environmental temperatures, at higher intensities, or over extremely long distances. It is currently thought that prolonged ischemia, mechanical damage to the epithelial lining, and loss of epithelial barrier integrity are likely contributors of gastrointestinal (GI) distress during bouts of endurance exercise, but due to the many potential causes and sporadic nature of symptoms this phenomenon has proven difficult to study. In this review, we cover known factors that contribute to GI distress symptoms in athletes during exercise, while further attempting to identify novel avenues of future research to help elucidate mechanisms leading to symptomology. We explore the link between the intestinal microbiome, the integrity of the gut epithelia, and add detail on gut hormone and peptide secretion that could potentially contribute to GI distress symptoms in athletes. The influence of nutrition and dietary supplementation strategies are also detailed, where much research has opened up new ideas and potential mechanisms for understanding gut pathophysiology during exercise. The etiology of gastrointestinal symptoms during endurance exercise is multi-factorial with neuroendocrine, microbial, and nutritional factors likely contributing to specific, individualized symptoms. Recent work in previously unexplored areas of both microbiome and gut peptide secretion are pertinent areas for future work, and the numerous supplementation strategies explored to date have provided insight into physiological mechanisms that may be targetable to reduce the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jamie N Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UA, UK
| | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UA, UK
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA. .,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jamka M, Mądry E, Krzyżanowska-Jankowska P, Skrypnik D, Szulińska M, Mądry R, Lisowska A, Batyrova G, Duś-Żuchowska M, Gotz-Więckowska A, Bogdański P, Walkowiak J. The effect of endurance and endurance-strength training on body composition and cardiometabolic markers in abdominally obese women: a randomised trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12339. [PMID: 34117276 PMCID: PMC8196030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies comparing the effect of endurance and endurance-strength training on cardiometabolic markers provided inconsistent results. Therefore, the study aimed to compare the effect of endurance and endurance-strength training on body composition and cardiometabolic parameters in abdominally obese women. In this randomised trial, 101 subjects were included and divided into endurance (n = 52) and endurance-strength (n = 49) training. During the 12-week intervention, participants performed supervised one-hour training three times a week. Body composition, blood pressure (BP), markers of glucose and lipid homeostasis, and myoglobin levels were measured before and after the intervention. In total, 85 subjects completed the trial. Both interventions decreased fat mass and visceral adipose tissue and increased free fat mass, appendicular lean mass index and lean mass index. Neither endurance training nor endurance-strength training affected glucose and lipid metabolism. However, only endurance training significantly decreased paraoxonase and myoglobin levels. Both training programmes significantly decreased BP, with a more reduction of diastolic BP noted in the endurance group. In conclusion, both training programmes had a favourable effect on body composition but did not improve glucose and lipid homeostasis. Besides, endurance training decreased paraoxonase activity and myoglobin levels and was more effective in reducing BP.The study was registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) within the number: DRKS00019832 (retrospective registration), date of registration: 26/02/2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jamka
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Str. 27/33, 60-572, Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Mądry
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego Str. 6, 60-781, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patrycja Krzyżanowska-Jankowska
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Str. 27/33, 60-572, Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Skrypnik
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego Str. 82, 60-569, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Szulińska
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego Str. 82, 60-569, Poznań, Poland
| | - Radosław Mądry
- Department of Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego Str. 84, 60-569, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Lisowska
- Department of Clinical Auxology and Pediatric Nursing, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Str. 27/33, 60-572, Poznań, Poland
| | - Gulnara Batyrova
- Department of Laboratory and Visual Diagnostics, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Maresyev Str. 68, Aktobe, 030019, Kazakhstan
| | - Monika Duś-Żuchowska
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Str. 27/33, 60-572, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Gotz-Więckowska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego Str. 84, 60-569, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego Str. 82, 60-569, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Str. 27/33, 60-572, Poznań, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martínez-Navarro I, Collado E, Hernando C, Hernando B, Hernando C. Inflammation, muscle damage and postrace physical activity following a mountain ultramarathon. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1668-1674. [PMID: 33555667 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.11977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed at exploring whether muscle membrane disruption, as a surrogate for muscle damage, and inflammation recovery following a mountain ultramarathon (MUM) was related with race performance and postrace physical activity. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from thirty-four athletes (29 men and 5 women) before a 118-km MUM, immediately after and three- and seven-days postrace. Creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were compared between faster (FR) and slower (SR) runners. Physical activity performed during the week following the MUM was objectively analyzed using accelerometers and compared between FR and SR. RESULTS CK was significantly higher in FR at 3 days postrace (P<0.012, d=1.17) and LDH was significantly higher in FR at 3- and 7-days postrace (P=0.005, d=1.01; P<0.015, d=1.05 respectively), as compared to SR. No significant differences were identified in postrace physical activity levels between FR and SR. Significant relationships were found between race time and CK and LDH concentrations at 3 days postrace (r<inf>s</inf>=-0.41, P=0.017; r<inf>s</inf>=-0.52, P=0.002 respectively) and 7 days postrace (r<inf>s</inf>=-0.36, P=0.039; r<inf>s</inf>=-0.46. P=0.007 respectively). However, postrace physical activity was not associated with muscle damage and inflammation recovery, except for light intensity and CRP at 3 days postrace (r<inf>s</inf>=-0.40, P=0.025). CONCLUSIONS Race time appeared to have a higher influence on muscle damage recovery than the intensity of physical activities performed in the week after running a MUM. Inflammatory activity takes longer to normalize than muscle damage following a MUM, it is not related with race time and lightly related with postrace physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martínez-Navarro
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain - .,Unit of Sports Health -
| | | | - Carla Hernando
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Hernando
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain.,Sport Service, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Devrim-Lanpir A, Hill L, Knechtle B. Efficacy of Popular Diets Applied by Endurance Athletes on Sports Performance: Beneficial or Detrimental? A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020491. [PMID: 33540813 PMCID: PMC7912997 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance athletes need a regular and well-detailed nutrition program in order to fill their energy stores before training/racing, to provide nutritional support that will allow them to endure the harsh conditions during training/race, and to provide effective recovery after training/racing. Since exercise-related gastrointestinal symptoms can significantly affect performance, they also need to develop strategies to address these issues. All these factors force endurance athletes to constantly seek a better nutritional strategy. Therefore, several new dietary approaches have gained interest among endurance athletes in recent decades. This review provides a current perspective to five popular diet approaches: (a) vegetarian diets, (b) high-fat diets, (c) intermittent fasting diets, (d) gluten-free diet, and (e) low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diets. We reviewed scientific studies published from 1983 to January 2021 investigating the impact of these popular diets on the endurance performance and health aspects of endurance athletes. We also discuss all the beneficial and harmful aspects of these diets, and offer key suggestions for endurance athletes to consider when following these diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34862 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen, am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Žarak M, Perović A, Njire Bratičević M, Šupraha Goreta S, Dumić J. Adaptive response triggered by the repeated SCUBA diving is reflected in cardiovascular, muscular, and immune biomarkers. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14691. [PMID: 33463896 PMCID: PMC7814492 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that one recreational SCUBA (rSCUBA) diving session is sufficient to cause changes in plasma level of cardiovascular (CV) and muscular biomarkers. To explore whether repetitive rSCUBA diving triggers an adaptive response of the CV, muscular, and immune system, we measured the cardiac damage (NT-proBNP, hs-TnI, and CK-MB), muscle damage (myoglobin (Mb), galectin-3, CK, and LDH), vascular endothelial activation (ET-1 and VEGF), and inflammatory (leukocyte count (Lkc), CRP, and IL-6) biomarkers. A longitudinal intervention study included divers (N = 14) who conducted one dive per week over 5 weeks at the depth of 20-30 m for 30 min after a non-dive period of 5 months. The blood samples were collected before and after the first, third, and fifth dives and specific biomarkers were measured in plasma or serum by the standard laboratory methods. The concentrations of the majority of measured biomarkers increased after every single dive; the exception was ET-1 concentration that decreased. The cumulative effect of five dives has been reflected in diminishing changes in hs-TnI, Mb, galectin-3, ET-1, VEGF, and IL-6 levels, and more pronounced increases in NT-proBNP and hs-CRP levels. The median values of all measured biomarkers in all time points, except Mb, remained within the corresponding reference range. Repeatedly performed rSCUBA diving activates an adaptive response of the CV, muscular, and immune system that is reflected in changes in the specific biomarker concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Žarak
- Clinical Department of Laboratory DiagnosticsDubrava University HospitalZagrebCroatia
| | - Antonija Perović
- Department of Laboratory DiagnosticsDubrovnik General HospitalDubrovnikCroatia
| | | | - Sandra Šupraha Goreta
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Jerka Dumić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bachman NP, Terwoord JD, Richards JC, Braun B, Green CP, Luckasen GJ, Dinenno FA. Comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular structure and function and disease risk in middle-aged ultra-endurance athletes. Atherosclerosis 2020; 320:105-111. [PMID: 33334550 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies suggest that long-term endurance training may be damaging to the heart, thus increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, studies utilizing cardiac imaging are conflicting and lack measures of central and peripheral vascular structure and function, which are also independently predictive of CVD events. METHODS We performed a comprehensive assessment of cardiovascular structure and function in long-term (≥ 10 years) ultra-endurance athletes (ATH, 14 M/11 F, 50 ± 1 y) and physically active controls (CON, 9 M/9 F, 49 ± 2 y). RESULTS As expected, left ventricular mass and end-diastolic volume (echocardiography) were greater in ATH vs CON, whereas there was no difference in cardiac function at rest. Coronary artery calcium scores (computed tomography) were not statistically different between groups. There was no evidence of myocardial fibrosis (contrast magnetic resonance imaging) in any subject. Aortic stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) was lower in ATH vs CON (6.2 ± 0.2 vs 6.9 ± 0.2 m/s, p < 0.05), whereas carotid intima-media thickness (ultrasound) was not different between groups. Peripheral vascular endothelial function (flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery) and microvascular function (peak blood velocity) in response to 5 min of forearm ischemia were not different between groups. Furthermore, there was no difference in 10-year coronary heart disease risk (ATH; 2.3 ± 0.5 vs CON; 1.6 ± 0.2%, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that middle-aged ultra-endurance ATH do not have marked signs of widespread cardiovascular dysfunction or elevated CHD risk compared to CON meeting physical activity guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nate P Bachman
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 1582 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Janée D Terwoord
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 1582 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer C Richards
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 1582 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Barry Braun
- Human Performance Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 1582 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - C Patrick Green
- Medical Center of the Rockies Foundation, University of Colorado Health, 2500 Rocky Mountain Ave, Loveland, CO, 80538, USA
| | - Gary J Luckasen
- Medical Center of the Rockies Foundation, University of Colorado Health, 2500 Rocky Mountain Ave, Loveland, CO, 80538, USA
| | - Frank A Dinenno
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, 1582 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tang D, Hu J, Liu H, Li Z, Shi Q, Zhao G, Gao B, Lou J, Yao C, Xu F. Diagnosis and prognosis for exercise-induced muscle injuries: from conventional imaging to emerging point-of-care testing. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38847-38860. [PMID: 35518400 PMCID: PMC9057463 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07321k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of modern society, we have witnessed a significant increase of people who join in sport exercises, which also brings significantly increasing exercise-induced muscle injuries, resulting in reduction and even cessation of participation in sports and physical activities. Although severely injured muscles can hardly realize full functional restoration, skeletal muscles subjected to minor muscle injuries (e.g., tears, lacerations, and contusions) hold remarkable regeneration capacity to be healed without therapeutic interventions. However, delayed diagnosis or inappropriate prognosis will cause exacerbation of the injuries. Therefore, timely diagnosis and prognosis of muscle injuries is important to the recovery of injured muscles. Here, in this review, we discuss the definition and classification of exercise-induced muscle injuries, and then analyze their underlying mechanism. Subsequently, we provide detailed introductions to both conventional and emerging techniques for evaluation of exercise-induced muscle injuries with focus on emerging portable and wearable devices for point-of-care testing (POCT). Finally, we point out existing challenges and prospects in this field. We envision that an integrated system that combines physiological and biochemical analyses is anticipated to be realized in the future for assessing muscle injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deding Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
- Maanshan Teachers College Ma Anshan 243041 P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Jie Hu
- Suzhou DiYinAn Biotech Co., Ltd., Suzhou Innovation Center for Life Science and Technology Suzhou 215129 P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Zedong Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
- Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuhu 241000 P. R. China
| | - Guoxu Zhao
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University Xi'an 710021 P. R. China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University Xi'an 710038 P. R. China
| | - Jiatao Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030 P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Yao
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
S Lima S, Cavalcante Braz D, Costa Silva V, J C Farias T, Zacarias DA, da Silva JC, Costa CHN, Costa DL. Biomarkers of the early response to treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: A prospective cohort study. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12797. [PMID: 32984951 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early biomarkers of the response to treatment are lacking and may help to reduce mortality by the vector-borne disease visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate plasma cytokines and clinical laboratory data as biomarkers of the early response to specific treatment for VL in 36 patients. RESULTS The mean interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentration on the 7th day was 2.3% of the pre-treatment concentration, interleukin 10 (IL-10) was 8.0%, and interleukin 8 (IL-8) was 8.2%. On the 7th day, IL-10 was below half of the pre-treatment concentration in 100.0%, IL-8 in 95.5% and IL-6 in 90.9%. The spleen and liver sizes, haemoglobin, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) showed a slower recovery. Fever disappeared in 91% on the 7th day, 69.4% had a normal white cell count, and 77.8% had a normal platelet value by this time. CONCLUSIONS The plasma cytokines IL-6, IL-10 and IL-8 were demonstrated to be excellent markers of the early response to VL treatment and if tested before the 7th day, will likely prove to be better than fever measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone S Lima
- Maternal and Childhood Department, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Débora Cavalcante Braz
- Pharmacy Course, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.,Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Natan Portella Institute of Tropical Medicine, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Costa Silva
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Natan Portella Institute of Tropical Medicine, Teresina, Brazil.,Intelligence Center for Emerging and Neglected Tropical Diseases (CIATEN), Teresina, Brazil
| | - Teresinha J C Farias
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Natan Portella Institute of Tropical Medicine, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Danielle Alves Zacarias
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Natan Portella Institute of Tropical Medicine, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Natan Portella Institute of Tropical Medicine, Teresina, Brazil.,Intelligence Center for Emerging and Neglected Tropical Diseases (CIATEN), Teresina, Brazil.,Department of Community Medicine, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Dorcas Lamounier Costa
- Maternal and Childhood Department, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.,Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Natan Portella Institute of Tropical Medicine, Teresina, Brazil.,Intelligence Center for Emerging and Neglected Tropical Diseases (CIATEN), Teresina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dos Santos L, Andreatta MV, Curty VM, Marcarini WD, Ferreira LG, Barauna VG. Effects of Blood Flow Restriction on Leukocyte Profile and Muscle Damage. Front Physiol 2020; 11:572040. [PMID: 33162898 PMCID: PMC7581907 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.572040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle damage affects the blood leukocyte profile. Resistance exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (BFR) attenuates exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.,Academic Unity of Serra Talhada, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, Brazil
| | - Michely V Andreatta
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Victor M Curty
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Wena Dantas Marcarini
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Lucas G Ferreira
- Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Valerio G Barauna
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nyborg C, Melau J, Bonnevie-Svendsen M, Mathiasen M, Melsom HS, Storsve AB, Hisdal J. Biochemical markers after the Norseman Extreme Triathlon. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239158. [PMID: 32966338 PMCID: PMC7510962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exercise is known to cause changes in common biomarkers. Occasionally, competition athletes need medical assistance and hospitalisation during prolonged exercise events. To aid clinicians treating patients and medical teams in such events we have studied common biomarkers after at The Norseman Xtreme Triathlon (Norseman), an Ironman distance triathlon with an accumulated climb of 5200 m, and an Olympic triathlon for comparison. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and the day following the Norseman Xtreme Triatlon (n = 98) and Oslo Olympic Triathlon (n = 15). Increased levels of clinical significance were seen at the finish line of the Norseman in white blood cells count (WBC) (14.2 [13.5–14.9] 109/L, p < 0.001), creatinine kinase (CK) (2450 [1620–3950] U/L, p < 0.001) and NT-proBNP (576 [331–856] ng/L, p < 0.001). The following day there were clinically significant changes in CRP (39 [27–56] mg/L, p < 0.001) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) (142 [99–191] U/L, p < 0.001). In comparison, after the Olympic triathlon distance, there were statistically significant, but less clinically important, changes in WBC (7.8 [6.7–9.6] 109/L, p < 0.001), CK (303 [182–393] U/L, p < 0.001) and NT-proBNP (77 [49–88] ng/L, p < 0.01) immediately after the race, and in CRP (2 [1–3] mg/L, p < 0.001) and AST (31 [26–41] U/L, p < 0.01) the following day. Subclinical changes were also observed in Hemoglobin, Thrombocytes, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Creatinine, Alanine Aminotransferase and Thyroxine after the Norseman. In conclusion, there were significant changes in biomarkers used in a clinical setting after the Norseman. Of largest clinical importance were clinically significant increased WBC, CRP, AST, CK and NT-proBNP after the Norseman. This is important to be aware of when athletes engaging in prolonged exercise events receive medical assistance or are hospitalised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Nyborg
- Faculty of medicine, Department of Clinical medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Vascular Investigations, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Jørgen Melau
- Faculty of medicine, Department of Clinical medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Vascular Investigations, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway
- Prehospital Division, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Maria Mathiasen
- Department of Cardiology, Telemark Hospital Trust, Notodden, Norway
| | - Helene Støle Melsom
- Faculty of medicine, Department of Clinical medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Vascular Investigations, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway
| | | | - Jonny Hisdal
- Faculty of medicine, Department of Clinical medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Vascular Investigations, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Min HJ, Min SJ, Kang H, Kim KS. Differential Nasal Expression of Heat Shock Proteins 27 and 70 by Aerobic Exercise: A Preliminary Study. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:640-646. [PMID: 32210714 PMCID: PMC7085210 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.39631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Exercise modifies airway immune responses and susceptibility to infection. We investigated the effects of exercise on two HSPs (heat shock proteins), quantifying expression levels in nasal mucosa of both professional competitive athletes and non-athletes for comparison. Method: We used western blot technique to determine expression levels of HSPs in primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs). Nasal lavage (NAL) fluids were collected from 12 male professional volley ball players and 6 healthy males pre-submaximal exercise (running for 30 min at 70-80% of maximal heart rate) and post-submaximal exercise. Expression levels of HSP27, HSP70, Interleukin (IL)-8, and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in NAL fluids were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and difference of the level between pre-submaximal exercise and post-submaximal exercise was statistically analyzed. Antibacterial assay using Staphylococcus aureus was performed to assess the immunological role of HSPs in NAL fluids. Results:. In non-athlete controls, HSP27, HSP70, and IL-8 were unchanged after exercise. In the professional athletes, HSP70 expression was declined significantly (p<0.05), but HSP27 was not significantly changed. IL-8 and TNF-α did not show significant difference, either. By antibacterial assay, it was found that the number of active bacterial populations were influenced by the presence or absence of HSP27 and HSP70 in NAL fluids. Conclusion: HSP27 and HSP70 were present in NAL fluids of enrolled subjects, and the effect of exercise on the level HSPs was different between professional athletic competitors and non-athletes. As the number of active bacterial population was influenced by the presence or absence of nasal HSP27 and HSP70, we suggest that HSP27 and HSP70 may play immunological function in NAL fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Min
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung- Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Min
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung- Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung- Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung- Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ultra-endurance triathlon performance and markers of whole-body and gut-specific inflammation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:349-357. [PMID: 31828478 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the influence of the Ultraman Florida triathlon (3 days of non-continuous racing; stage 1: 10 km swim and 144.8 km cycle; stage 2: 275.4 km cycle; stage 3: 84.4 km run) on circulating plasma concentrations of whole-body (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6 (IL-6), and IL-10 and surrogate gut-specific inflammatory markers (IL-17 and IL-23), and determine whether these variables are associated with performance. METHODS Eighteen triathletes (N = 18; 15 men, 3 women; age: 37 ± 8 yrs) were evaluated at baseline and post-race for circulating concentrations of CRP, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-23. Blood samples were drawn two days prior to stage 1 (1600 h) and one day after stage 3 (1200 h). RESULTS Plasma CRP significantly increased from baseline (1985.8 ± 5962.3 ng/mL) to post-race (27,013.9 ± 12,888.8 ng/mL, p < 0.001, 13-fold increase). Both plasma IL-6 and IL-10 did not significantly change from baseline to post-race. Baseline and post-race concentrations of IL-17 and IL-23 were below detectable limits. Pearson's correlation between mean finish time and post-race IL-10 revealed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.54, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10 involved in the inflammatory response return to near-baseline concentrations rapidly even after ultra-endurance events of extreme duration. The absence of IL-17 and IL-23 may suggest positive gut adaptations from ultra-endurance training. A significant positive correlation between post-race IL-10 concentrations and mean finish time may indicate that a relationship between anti-inflammatory responses and performance exists.
Collapse
|
29
|
Chmura P, Podgórski T, Konefał M, Rokita A, Chmura J, Andrzejewski M. Endocrine Responses to Various 1 × 1 Small-Sided Games in Youth Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16244974. [PMID: 31817816 PMCID: PMC6950523 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine relationships between repeated 1 × 1 small-sided games (SSGs) (variable duration, constant work-to-rest ratio) and the concentration of steroid hormones and characteristic fatigue markers in youth soccer players. Eighteen young male soccer players were assigned at random to two experimental groups: E1—undertaking a six 30 s one-on-one SSGs with a 2 min rest period; and E2—playing six 45 s SSGs with a 3 min rest interval. Capillary blood was collected from the players at rest, after the last game, and 15 and 30 min after the exercise protocol. The variables assessed included serum cortisol (C), free testosterone (FT) and total testosterone (TT). An effect was observed between the measurement times (TT (F = 15.26, p ≤ 0.0001), FT (F = 6.86, p = 0.0006)). In terms of cortisol (C) levels, no interactions or effect between the studied groups were revealed, but an interaction was found (F = 4.01, p = 0.0126) and the effect appeared between the measurement times (F = 11.16, p ≤ 0.0001). The study results show that in all likelihood, longer rest intervals in repeated 30 s 1 × 1 SSGs can reduce catabolic reactions and hence the risk of overtraining in youth soccer players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland; (P.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-347-3464
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Games, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland; (P.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wu CC, Huang TH. The effects of a 226-km ironman triathlon race on bone turnover in amateur male triathletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1709-1715. [PMID: 31694363 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an Ironman-distance triathlon on bone metabolism. METHODS Nine recreational male triathletes (39.7±8.2 years old) were voluntarily recruited before a 226-km Ironman triathlon race. Baseline blood samples were collected >1 hour before race. Serial post-race blood sampling time points included immediately (0hr), 1 hour (1hr), 1 day (d), 3 d, and 5 d after the Ironman race. RESULTS Serum muscle damage markers, serum myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) revealed significant post-race peak values immediately, 1hr and 1d after the race, respectively. Except for the marginally higher serum CK and myoglobin at 5d (P=0.01~0.05), all post-race serum levels of muscle damage markers were significantly higher than baseline levels (P<0.01). Serum phosphorus values were significantly higher immediately (0hr) after the Ironman race. Serum osteocalcin, an index specific to bone formation, showed a significant decrease at time points 0hr and 1hr, but a significant increase 1 day after (P<0.01) and a marginal increase 3 and 5 days after (P=0.01~0.05) the race. No difference was shown in type I collagen C-telopeptide (CTX-1), a bone resorption marker. Pearson's correlation between serum osteocalcin and CTX-1 was done at each time point, and significant correlation was shown on the 5th d after the race (r=0.591, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS An Ironman-distance contest induces a bone-formative-favoring turnover during the post-race period for amateur male triathletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ching Wu
- Office of Physical Education, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsang-Hai Huang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan -
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Anti-Inflammatory State in Arabian Horses Introduced to the Endurance Training. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090616. [PMID: 31462005 PMCID: PMC6769738 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an anti-inflammatory state during physical training has been postulated in both human and equine athletes, but it is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether endurance training changes pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles within a 20-week training season in young inexperienced endurance horses. Nine Arabian horses were examined in this prospective 20-week follow-up study. Blood samples were analysed 5 times monthly, at rest and after training sessions. Routine haematological examinations were performed. Cytokine patterns including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10 mRNA expression using Real Time-PCR, and serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, INFγ, TNF-α, and IL-10 by ELISA test were determined. During endurance training, the most significant decrease in post-exercise cytokine type 1 levels (TNFα and IL-β) occurred within 20 weeks, beginning from the 3rd month of training. IL-6 serum level decreased after the 4th month. The results suggest that endurance training can induce advanced overall anti-inflammatory response as an adaptation to increasing workload.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wong HK, Hoermann R, Grossmann M. Reversible male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to energy deficit. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:3-9. [PMID: 30903626 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Calorie restriction and overtraining are increasingly seen in young men who suffer from increasing societal pressure to attain a perceived ideal male body image. The resulting energy deficit can lead to multiple endocrine consequences, including suppression of the male gonadal axis. DESIGN We reviewed the literature, including two unpublished cases. RESULTS We identified 23 cases, aged median (range) 20 years (16-33), with a body mass index of 15.9 kg/m2 (12.5-20.5). Total testosterone was 3.0 nmol/L (0.6-21.3), and luteinizing hormone (LH) 1.2 mIU/L (<0.2-7.5), with 91% of cases demonstrating hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Associated findings included evidence of growth hormone resistance (increased growth hormone in 57% and low insulin-like growth factor-1 in 71%), hypercortisolaemia (50%) and a nonthyroidal illness picture (67%). In cases with longitudinal measurements following weight regain, serum testosterone (n = 14) increased from median [interquartile range] 3.2 nmol/L [1.9-5.1] to 14.3 nmol/L [9.3-21.2] (P < 0.001), and LH (n = 8) from 1.2 IU/L [0.8-1.8] to 3.5 IU/L [3.3-4.3] (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can occur in the context of energy deprivation in young otherwise healthy men and may be underrecognized. The evidence suggests that gonadal axis suppression and associated hormonal abnormalities represent an adaptive response to increased physiological stress and total body energy deficit. The pathophysiology likely involves hypothalamic suppression due to dysregulation of leptin, ghrelin and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The gonadal axis suppression is functional, because it can be reversible with weight gain. Treatment should focus on reversing the existing energy deficit to achieve a healthy body weight, including psychiatric input where required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry K Wong
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rubio-Arias JÁ, Ávila-Gandía V, López-Román FJ, Soto-Méndez F, Alcaraz PE, Ramos-Campo DJ. Muscle damage and inflammation biomarkers after two ultra-endurance mountain races of different distances: 54 km vs 111 km. Physiol Behav 2019; 205:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
34
|
Silva RPM, Barros CLM, Mendes TT, Garcia ES, Valenti VE, de Abreu LC, Garner DM, Salmen Espindola F, Penha-Silva N. The influence of a hot environment on physiological stress responses in exercise until exhaustion. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209510. [PMID: 30726225 PMCID: PMC6364866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaustive exercise in a hot environment can impair performance. Higher epinephrine plasma levels occur during exercise in heat, indicating greater sympathetic activity. This study examined the influence of exercise in the heat on stress levels. Nine young healthy men performed a maximal progressive test on a cycle ergometer at two different environmental conditions: hot (40°C) and normal (22°C), both between 40% and 50% relative humidity. Venous blood and saliva samples were collected pre-test and post-test. Before exercise there were no significant changes in salivary biomarkers (salivary IgA: p = 0.12; α-amylase: p = 0.66; cortisol: p = 0.95; nitric oxide: p = 0.13; total proteins: p = 0.07) or blood lactate (p = 0.14) between the two thermal environments. Following exercise, there were significant increases in all variables (salivary IgA 22°C: p = 0.04, 40°C: p = 0.0002; α-amylase 22°C: p = 0.0002, 40°C: p = 0.0002; cortisol 22°C: p = 0.02, 40°C: p = 0.0002; nitric oxide 22°C: p = 0.0005, 40°C: p = 0.0003, total proteins 22°C: p<0.0001, 40°C: p<0.0001 and; blood lactate 22°C: p<0.0001, 40°C: p<0.0001) both at 22°C and 40°C. There was no significant adjustment regarding IgA levels between the two thermal environments (p = 0.74), however the levels of α-amylase (p = 0.02), cortisol (p<0.0001), nitric oxide (p = 0.02) and total proteins (p = 0.01) in saliva were higher in the hotter conditions. Blood lactate was lower under the hot environment (p = 0.01). In conclusion, enduring hot temperature intensified stressful responses elicited by exercise. This study advocates that hot temperature deteriorates exercise performance under exhaustive stress and effort conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romeu P. M. Silva
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, School of Medicine of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiano L. M. Barros
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, School of Medicine of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
- Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Thiago T. Mendes
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, School of Medicine of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
- Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Emerson S. Garcia
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, School of Medicine of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
- Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - Vitor E. Valenti
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Therapy, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Abreu
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, School of Medicine of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - David M. Garner
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, School of Medicine of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
- Cardiorespiratory Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, School of Medicine of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilson Penha-Silva
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, School of Medicine of ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Evidence of the Exercise-Hypogonadal Male Condition at the 2011 Kona Ironman World Championships. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:170-175. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
36
|
Tota Ł, Piotrowska A, Pałka T, Morawska M, Mikuľáková W, Mucha D, Żmuda-Pałka M, Pilch W. Muscle and intestinal damage in triathletes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210651. [PMID: 30657773 PMCID: PMC6338373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the paper was to assess indicators of muscle and intestinal damage in triathletes. The study involved 15 triathletes whose objective for the season was to start in the XTERRA POLAND 2017 event (1,500-m swimming, 36-km cycling, and 10-km mountain running). Before the 14-week preparatory period, the competitors’ body composition was measured, aerobic capacity was tested (graded treadmill test) and blood samples were collected to determine markers showing the level of muscle and intestinal damage. Subsequent tests for body composition were carried out before and after the competition. Blood samples for biochemical indicators were collected the day before the competition, after the completed race, and 24 and 48 hours later. A significant decrease in body mass was observed after completing the race (–3.1±1.5%). The mean maximal oxygen uptake level among the studied athletes equalled 4.9±0.4 L·min–1, 58.8±4.5 mL·kg–1·min–1. The significant increase in concentrations of cortisol, c-reactive protein and myoglobin after the competition, significantly correlated with the significant increase in zonulin concentration (post 1h: r = 0.88, p = 0.007, r = 0,79, p = 0.001, r = 0.78, p = 0.001, and post 12h: r = 0.75, p = 0.01, r = 0.71, p = 0.011, r = 0.83, p = 0.02). No significant changes in the concentration of tumour necrosis factor alpha among the examined competitors were noted at following stages of the study. The results of our research showed that in order to monitor overload in the training of triathletes, useful markers reflecting the degree of muscle and intestinal damage include cortisol, testosterone, testosterone to cortisol ratio, c-reactive protein, myoglobin and zonulin. Changes in muscle cell damage markers strongly correlated with changes in zonulin concentration at particular stages of the study. Thus, one can expect that the concentrations of markers depicting the level of muscle cell damage after an intense and long-lasting effort will significantly influence the level of the intestinal barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Tota
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Cosmetology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Morawska
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Mikuľáková
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Care, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia
| | - Dariusz Mucha
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Żmuda-Pałka
- Department of Humanities, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wanda Pilch
- Department of Cosmetology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Knechtle B, Jastrzebski Z, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT. Pacing During and Physiological Response After a 12-Hour Ultra-Marathon in a 95-Year-Old Male Runner. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1875. [PMID: 30687109 PMCID: PMC6338046 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, outstanding performances of elderly people up to 100 years have been reported. In this case study, pacing during and recovery after a 12-h ultra-marathon were described for a 95-year old runner. The athlete achieved a total distance of 52.987 km. Pacing followed a parabolic pattern (U-shaped), where the speed decreased till the middle of the race and then increased. However, no end spurt was observed. A large main effect of lap quartile on speed was observed, where the second quartile was slower than the first quartile and forth. The smallest variability was shown in the first quartile and the largest in the second quartile. During recovery, erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit increased whereas thrombocytes and leucocytes decreased. CRP, GOT, GPT, y-GT, CK, and LDH were increased post-race and decreased to reference range during recovery. Also, creatinine and urea decreased during recovery. Creatinine clearance increased during recovery. Sodium increased during recovery and remained constantly within the reference range. During recovery body fat and visceral fat mass decreased, whereas body water and lean body mass increased. In summary, a 95-year-old man was able to run during 12 h using a U-shaped pacing and achieving a total distance of nearly 53 km. Increased selected hematological and biochemical parameters returned to pre-race values within a recovery phase of 5 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zbigniew Jastrzebski
- Department of Tourism and Recreation, Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Takayama F, Aoyagi A, Takahashi K, Nabekura Y. Relationship between oxygen cost and C-reactive protein response to marathon running in college recreational runners. Open Access J Sports Med 2018; 9:261-268. [PMID: 30568518 PMCID: PMC6267712 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s183274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Individual variations in response of C-reactive protein (CRP) to acute strenuous exercise are less well known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between running economy and systemic inflammation following a marathon. Materials and methods Sixteen college recreational runners participated in this study. To measure maximal oxygen uptake and running economy, the treadmill running test was performed 1-2 weeks before the marathon race. Running economy was defined as oxygen cost (mL/kg/km) at submaximal running. CRP and muscle damage markers (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) were measured before and 1, 2, and 3 days after the race. Results All subjects completed the race in 4 hours 7 minutes 43 seconds±44 minute 29 seconds [mean±SD]. The marathon running significantly increased CRP and muscle damage markers. The levels of inflammation and muscle damage peaked after 1 day and remained high throughout the 3-day recovery period compared to that before the race. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the change in CRP level was significantly positively correlated with oxygen cost (r=0.619, P=0.011) but not maximal oxygen uptake. There was no significant relationship in responses between muscle damage markers and CRP. Conclusion These findings suggest that running economy is related to postmarathon race CRP response. Further study to clarify the cause of the relationship and clinical significance of transient increase in CRP is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Takayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan, .,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan,
| | - Atsushi Aoyagi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keigo Takahashi
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, .,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Nabekura
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kim BR, Kim JH. Effect of Different Resistance Intensities on Changes of Inflammatory and Muscle Damage Markers in Man. THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.15758/ajk.2018.20.4.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
40
|
de Oliveira DCX, Frisselli A, de Souza EG, Stanganelli LCR, Deminice R. Venous versus capillary sampling for total creatine kinase assay: Effects of a simulated football match. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204238. [PMID: 30235295 PMCID: PMC6147722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Capillary rather than venipuncture may be a simpler and less invasive blood collection protocol that would increase the number of potential sampling tests. However, if capillary sampling can be used as an alternative to venipuncture to determine changes in plasma, total creatine kinase (CK) activity in response to a football training session is poorly known. Objective This study aims to determine whether capillary blood sampling would provide representative measures of total CK activity compared to venipuncture in response to a football training session-induced elevated CK plasma levels. Methods Twenty-two players from an under-19 football team performed a simulated football match with 11 players on each team for 90 minutes total duration (two halves of 45 minutes with 15 minutes rest between). Venous and ear lobe capillary blood samples were collected before and after (24h and 48h) the training session. Athletes retested for three consecutive days after exercise during the recovery week. Results The simulated match significantly increased (P< 0.05) total CK activity as determined in both venous (1.7-fold) and capillary (1.9-fold) blood sampling. Total CK activity determined using capillary samples demonstrated significant correlation (r = 0.85; P < 0.01) and an elevated concordance Lin index (pc = 0.80) when compared to venous sampling total CK. The Bland–Altman plot showed capillary sampling CK overestimated venous CK levels by 130 U/L (61%), with moderated variance and low bias. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that capillary sampling for total CK activity assay may be considered a reliable alternative to venipuncture to determine changes in plasma total CK activity in response to a football training session.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donizete C. X. de Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ariobaldo Frisselli
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edirley G. de Souza
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cláudio R. Stanganelli
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael Deminice
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Detection of Functional Overreaching in Endurance Athletes Using Proteomics. Proteomes 2018; 6:proteomes6030033. [PMID: 30200480 PMCID: PMC6161275 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes6030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
No reliable biomarkers exist to identify athletes in various training states including functional overreaching (FOR), non-functional overreaching (NFOR), and overtraining syndrome (OTS). Participants (N = 10, age 38.3 ± 3.4 years) served as their own controls and in random, counterbalanced order either ran/cycled 2.5 h (70.0 ± 3.7% VO2max) three days in a row (FOR) or sat in the lab (rest) (separated by three weeks; 7:00–9:30 am, overnight fasted state). Participants provided fingerprick samples for dried blood spot samples (DBS) pre- and post-exercise/rest, and then during two recovery days. DBS proteins were measured with nanoLC-MS in data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode, and 593 proteins were identified and quantified. Proteins were considered for the FOR cluster if they were elevated during one of the two recovery days but not more than one of the exercise days (compared to rest). The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to identify proteins linked to FOR. A total of 13 proteins was linked to FOR and most were associated with the acute phase response and innate immune system activation. This study used a system-wide proteomics approach to define a targeted panel of blood proteins related to FOR that could form the basis of future NFOR- and OTS-based studies.
Collapse
|
42
|
Whole-body cryotherapy (-110 °C) following high-intensity intermittent exercise does not alter hormonal, inflammatory or muscle damage biomarkers in trained males. Cytokine 2018; 113:277-284. [PMID: 30031682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the acute effects of a single session of Whole-body Cryotherapy (WBC) following severe intermittent running exercise on biomarkers of inflammation, muscle damage and stress. METHODS Endurance-trained males (n = 11) were tested twice using a within-participant, balanced cross-over design that consisted of 5 × 5 min of high-intensity running (HIR) followed by either 3 min of WBC at -110 °C or a passive control condition (CON). Before the HIR and after 60 min of recovery a ramp-test was completed. At seven time points up to 24 hrs post exercise venous blood samples were analyzed for serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), c-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), myoglobin, cortisol, and testosterone. RESULTS HIR induced significant increases in all biomarkers except sICAM-1 in both recovery conditions, respectively. Compared to the CON condition WBC did not attenuate exercise- induced changes in IL-6, IL-10, sICAM-1, myoglobin, cortisol, testosterone or their ratio. Increased levels of cortisol following exercise were negatively correlated with subsequent running performance in both conditions (WBC: r = -0.61, p = 0.04; CON: r = -0.64, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the postulated physiological mechanisms by which WBC is proposed to improve recovery, i.e. reductions in inflammation and muscle damage, may not be accurate.
Collapse
|
43
|
Venhorst A, Micklewright DP, Noakes TD. The Psychophysiological Regulation of Pacing Behaviour and Performance Fatigability During Long-Distance Running with Locomotor Muscle Fatigue and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Highly Trained Runners. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2018; 4:29. [PMID: 29987522 PMCID: PMC6037655 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locomotor muscle fatigue (LMMF) and exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) are common conditions experienced during long-distance running due to the pooled effect of mechanical and metabolic strain on the locomotor muscles. However, little is known about the instant effects of combined LMMF and EIMD on pacing behaviour and performance during the decisive final stages of 'real-world' long-distance running events. METHODS Twenty-two highly trained runners (11 females) completed two maximal self-paced 20-km treadmill time trials in a counterbalanced crossover design: (A) in a tapered condition and (B) with LMMF and EIMD. Indicators of muscle damage, muscle metabolic strain, and endocrinological stress were assessed to investigate the physiological effects, and a three-dimensional framework of perceived fatigability was applied to investigate the perceptual effects of running with LMMF and EIMD on performance fatigability. RESULTS LMMF and EIMD caused restrictions in work capacity and medium increases in blood leucocyte and neutrophil count, interleukin-6, and cortisol concentrations, collectively constituting a physiological milieu likely not conducive to high performance. LMMF and EIMD further caused large increases in perceived physical strain and large decreases in valence as well as large increases and decreases in action crisis and flow state, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Under the constraint of amplified physical duress, findings are suggestive of heuristic and rational antecedents in the goal disengagement process. Dynamic changes in physiological and perceptual effects of LMMF and EIMD are hypothesised to underpin the observed alterations in pacing behaviour and performance fatigability during long-distance running. The applied three-dimensional framework provides a more comprehensive understanding of strain-perception-thinking-action coupling in centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Venhorst
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725 South Africa
| | - Dominic P. Micklewright
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ UK
| | - Timothy D. Noakes
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hagstrom AD, Shorter KA. Creatine kinase, neuromuscular fatigue, and the contact codes of football: A systematic review and meta-analysis of pre- and post-match differences. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1234-1244. [PMID: 29870313 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1480661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Physiological or performance tests are routinely utilised to assess athletes' recovery. At present, the ideal tool to assess recovery remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to examine the change in creatine kinase (CK) and neuromuscular function as measured via a countermovement jump (CMJ) following a match in the contact codes of football. A comprehensive search of databases was undertaken with RevMan (V 5.3) used for statistical analysis. Our results demonstrated that CK pre- versus post-match (standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.50 to 1.31, p < .0001), CK pre- versus 24 h post-match (SMD = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.88, p < .00001), and CK pre- versus 48 h post-match all increased significantly (SMD = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.50 to 1.31, p < .0001), while CMJ peak power (PP) pre- versus post-match (SMD = -0.59, 95% CI = -1.12 to -0.06, p = .03), and pre- versus 24 h post-match (SMD = -0.80, 95% CI = -1.31 to -0.28, p = .002) decreased significantly. There was a significant relationship between the change in CK and the change in CMJ PP from immediately pre to immediately post (r = -0.924, p = .025), and between CMJ immediately following a match and 24 h CK change (r = -0.983, p = .017). In conclusion, CK levels increase and performance in the CMJ decreases following a match of a contact code of football. The identification of this relationship may allow coaching staff to implement a standalone measure of recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Hagstrom
- a School of Science and Technology , University of New England , Armidale , Australia
| | - Kathleen A Shorter
- a School of Science and Technology , University of New England , Armidale , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Terink R, Bongers CCWG, Witkamp RF, Mensink M, Eijsvogels TM, Klein Gunnewiek JMT, Hopman MTE. Changes in cytokine levels after prolonged and repeated moderate intensity exercise in middle-aged men and women. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Terink
- Division of Human Nutrition; Wageningen University & Research (WUR); Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - C. C. W. G. Bongers
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - R. F. Witkamp
- Division of Human Nutrition; Wageningen University & Research (WUR); Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - M. Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition; Wageningen University & Research (WUR); Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - T. M. Eijsvogels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - J. M. T. Klein Gunnewiek
- Clinical Chemistry and Haematology Laboratory; Gelderse Vallei Hospital (ZGV); Ede The Netherlands
| | - M. T. E. Hopman
- Division of Human Nutrition; Wageningen University & Research (WUR); Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences; Radboud University Nijmegen; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Stearns RL, Nolan JK, Huggins RA, Maresh CM, Munõz CX, Pagnotta KD, Volk BM, Casa DJ. Influence of cold-water immersion on recovery of elite triathletes following the ironman world championship. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:846-851. [PMID: 29685828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cold water immersion (CWI) has been widely used for enhancing athlete recovery though its use following an Ironman triathlon has never been examined. The purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of CWI immediately following an Ironman triathlon on markers of muscle damage, inflammation and muscle soreness. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Thirty three (22 male, 11 female), triathletes participating in the Ironman World Championships volunteered to participate (mean±SD: age=40±11years; height=174.5±9.1cm; body mass=70±11.8kg; percent body fat=11.4±4.1%, finish time=11:03.00±01:25.08). Post race, participants were randomly assigned to a 10-min bout of 10°C CWI or no-intervention control group. Data collection occurred pre-intervention (PRE), post-intervention (POST), 16h (16POST) and 40h (40POST) following the race. Linear mixed model ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections were performed to examine group by time differences for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), hydration indices, myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), cortisol, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6 and percent body mass loss (%BML). Pearson's bivariate correlations were used for comparisons with finishing time. Alpha level was set a priori at 0.05. RESULTS No significant group by time interactions occurred. Significant differences occurred for POST BML (-1.7±0.9kg) vs. 16POST, and 40POST BML (0.9±1.4, -0.1±1.2kg, respectively; p<0.001). Compared to PRE, myoglobin, CRP and CK remained significantly elevated at 40POST. Cortisol returned to PRE values by 16POST and IL-6 returned to PRE values by 40POST. CONCLUSION A single bout of CWI did not provide any physiological benefit during recovery from a triathlon within 40h post race. Effect of CWI beyond this time is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Stearns
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, United States.
| | - Julie K Nolan
- College of Health Professions, Sacred Heart University, United States
| | - Robert A Huggins
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, United States
| | - Carl M Maresh
- Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, United States
| | - Colleen X Munõz
- Department of Health Sciences and Nursing, University of Hartford, United States
| | - Kelly D Pagnotta
- College of Science, Health and Liberal Arts, Jefferson (Philadelphia University+Thomas Jefferson University), United States
| | | | - Douglas J Casa
- Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Marcos-Serrano M, Olcina G, Crespo C, Brooks D, Timon R. Urinary Steroid Profile in Ironman Triathletes. J Hum Kinet 2018; 61:109-117. [PMID: 29599864 PMCID: PMC5873341 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine variations in the urinary steroid profile of triathletes following an Ironman event. A total of 10 male participants (age = 36.0 ± 1.27 years; body height = 179.29 ± 10.77 cm; body mass = 74.50 ± 1.04 kg) completed an Ironman Championship. Urine samples were collected before, immediately after, and 24 hours following the race. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to detect and quantify catabolic and anabolic hormones: Androsterone, Dehydroepiandrosteone (DHEA), Androstenedione and Testosterone (T), Betaestradiol, Estrone, Progesterone, Cortisol (C), Cortisone, Tetrahydrocortisol (THE) and Tetrahydrocortisone (THF). These were measured in their glucuroconjugated and free forms. Androsterone (3297.80 ± 756.83 vs. 2154.26 ± 1375.38), DHEA (47.80 ± 19.21 vs. 32.62 ± 15.96) and Beta-estradiol (59.36 ± 11.7 vs. 41.67 ± 10.59) levels decreased after the event. The significant decrease of DHEA (47.80 ± 19.21 vs. 32.11 ± 14.03) remained at 24 hours. Cortisol (200.38 ± 56.60 vs. 257.10 ± 74.00) and THE (238.65 ± 81.55 vs. 289.62 ± 77.13) increased after exercise and remained elevated 24 hours later (200.38 ± 56.60 vs. 252.48 ± 62.09; 238.65 ± 81.55 vs. 284.20 ± 66.66). The following anabolic/catabolic ratios fell after exercise: T/C (0.85 ± 0.54 vs. 0.54 ± 0.29), T/THE (0.66 ± 0.29 vs. 0.40 ± 0.08), T/THE+THF (0.38 ± 0.17 vs. 0.24 ± 0.06), DHEA/THE (0.22 ± 0.05 vs. 0.12 ± 0.05), DHEA/THF (0.34 ± 0.02 vs. 0.21 ± 0.01) and DHEA/THE+THF (0.12 ± 0.02 vs. 0.08 ± 0.03). The steroid profile showed that athletes were fatigued after finishing the competition and a catabolic state remained 24 hours later.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marcos-Serrano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Sports Science Faculty. University of Extremadura. Cáceres, Spain
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Sports Science Faculty. University of Extremadura. Cáceres, Spain
| | - Carmen Crespo
- Department of Physiology. Sports Science Faculty University of Extremadura. Cáceres, Spain
| | - Darrell Brooks
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences. University of Central Lancashire. Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Timon
- Department of Physical Education and Sport. Sports Science Faculty. University of Extremadura. Cáceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Olcina G, Timón R, Brazo-Sayavera J, Martínez-Guardado I, Marcos-Serrano M, Crespo C. Changes in physiological and performance variables in non-professional triathletes after taking part in an Olympic distance triathlon. Res Sports Med 2018; 26:323-331. [PMID: 29504836 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1447472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Given increasing popularity of triathlon, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effects upon the health of triathletes. To do so, with a sample of 23 male athletes (34.4 ± 7.9 years old), an assessment was carried out both before and after an Olympic distance triathlon, of the bodily composition, the jumping ability and the BORG and VAS scales, as well as a blood analysis of the following: Lactate (mmol/L), Hematrocrit (%), Glucose (mg/dL), Total proteins (mg/dL), Triglycerides (mg/dL), Bilirubin (mg/dL), GOT (IU/L), GPT (IU/L), LDH (IU/L), CPK (IU/L). The results showed an increase (p < 0.001) in the different markers of metabolic stress and muscular damage following the triathlon, but always within a normal range considered to be healthy, with the exception of CPK (IU/L) (PRE 149.33 ± 108.16 vs POST 290.10 ± 102.48). Therefore, it would seem that competing in an Olympic-distance triathlon does not pose health risks for trained subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Olcina
- a Research group on advances in sport training and physical conditioning, University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
| | - Rafael Timón
- a Research group on advances in sport training and physical conditioning, University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
| | - Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- a Research group on advances in sport training and physical conditioning, University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain.,b Departamento de Educación Física y Deportes , Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República , Rivera , Uruguay
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- a Research group on advances in sport training and physical conditioning, University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
| | - Marta Marcos-Serrano
- a Research group on advances in sport training and physical conditioning, University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
| | - Carmen Crespo
- a Research group on advances in sport training and physical conditioning, University of Extremadura , Cáceres , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tunc-Ata M, Turgut G, Mergen-Dalyanoglu M, Turgut S. Examination of levels pentraxin-3, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein in rat model acute and chronic exercise. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:279-283. [PMID: 28702438 PMCID: PMC5498083 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1734920.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Different types of exercise occurs damage at the cellular level in the muscles. Muscle damage caused by exercise is determined creatine kinase, myoglobin, and increase in levels of acute phase protein and interleukin in blood. The purpose of this study was investigated the levels of pentraxin-3 (PTX-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) following acute and chronic exercising in rats. Twenty-six Wistar Albino male rats were divided in to three groups. A treadmill exercise was performed 3 days/week, 10 min/day for 1 week in acute groups. In chronic group, exercise performed 7 days/week, 60 min/day for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, plasma PTX-3, IL-6, and CRP levels were measured. In current study, the PTX-3, IL-6, and CRP levels not observed statistically significant difference among control, acute, and chronic groups. The levels IL-6 and CRP were not significantly different between acute and chronic exercise groups (P>0.05). However, the level of PTX-3 was found to be higher in the chronic group compared to the acute group (P<0.05). The PTX-3 level increase on chronic exercise-induced muscle damage. Accorting to our results, we think that PTX-3 may have a protect role on muscle damage during chronic exercises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melek Tunc-Ata
- Department of Physiology, Health Science, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Gunfer Turgut
- Department of Physiology, Health Science, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | | | - Sebahat Turgut
- Department of Physiology, Health Science, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Danielsson T, Carlsson J, Schreyer H, Ahnesjö J, Ten Siethoff L, Ragnarsson T, Tugetam Å, Bergman P. Blood biomarkers in male and female participants after an Ironman-distance triathlon. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179324. [PMID: 28609447 PMCID: PMC5469473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While overall physical activity is clearly associated with a better short-term and long-term health, prolonged strenuous physical activity may result in a rise in acute levels of blood-biomarkers used in clinical practice for diagnosis of various conditions or diseases. In this study, we explored the acute effects of a full Ironman-distance triathlon on biomarkers related to heart-, liver-, kidney- and skeletal muscle damage immediately post-race and after one week’s rest. We also examined if sex, age, finishing time and body composition influenced the post-race values of the biomarkers. Methods A sample of 30 subjects was recruited (50% women) to the study. The subjects were evaluated for body composition and blood samples were taken at three occasions, before the race (T1), immediately after (T2) and one week after the race (T3). Linear regression models were fitted to analyse the independent contribution of sex and finishing time controlled for weight, body fat percentage and age, on the biomarkers at the termination of the race (T2). Linear mixed models were fitted to examine if the biomarkers differed between the sexes over time (T1-T3). Results Being male was a significant predictor of higher post-race (T2) levels of myoglobin, CK, and creatinine levels and body weight was negatively associated with myoglobin. In general, the models were unable to explain the variation of the dependent variables. In the linear mixed models, an interaction between time (T1-T3) and sex was seen for myoglobin and creatinine, in which women had a less pronounced response to the race. Conclusion Overall women appear to tolerate the effects of prolonged strenuous physical activity better than men as illustrated by their lower values of the biomarkers both post-race as well as during recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Danielsson
- Department of Sport Sciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jörg Carlsson
- Department of Biosciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Kalmar Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Jonas Ahnesjö
- Department of Sport Sciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Thony Ragnarsson
- Department of Sport Sciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Åsa Tugetam
- Department of Sport Sciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Pedagogics, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Patrick Bergman
- Department of Sport Sciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|