The Impact of Trace Minerals on Bone Metabolism

Exploring the role of boron-containing compounds in biological systems: Potential applications and key challenges

BACKGROUND

Boron, a naturally abundant trace element, plays a crucial role in various biological processes and influences important physiological functions such as bone health, immune response, and cellular metabolism. Its applications span diverse scientific fields including anatomy, pharmacology, reproduction, medicine, and agriculture.

OBJECTIVES

This review examines the diverse functions of boron-compounds in biological systems and highlights their therapeutic potential, challenges associated with toxicity, and mechanisms underlying their biological interactions.

METHODS

In this paper, the literature on boron action was reviewed, paying special attention to studies that examined the effects of boron on health and its therapeutic applications in multiple areas.

RESULTS

Boron exhibits broad therapeutic potential by affecting several pathways. However, excessive consumption can cause toxicity and negatively impact health. Current research only partially elucidates the mechanisms of boron's biological effects, so further studies are needed.

CONCLUSION

Understanding boron's interactions in biological systems is critical to optimizing its application in healthcare and ensuring safety. Future research will improve our knowledge of boron's biological effects and promote innovative therapeutic applications.

B-doped nano-hydroxyapatite facilitates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts

PURPOSE

We aimed to explore the mechanism by which Boron-doped nano-hydroxyapatite (B-nHAp) facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts through controlled release of B.

METHODS

B-nHAp characterization was accomplished by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were subjected to flow cytometry, alizarin red S staining, and cell counting kit-8 assay for proliferation and differentiation determination. Western blotting for protein expression detection together with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for mRNA expression measurement were carried out on those related to hBMSC proliferation and differentiation. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to determine the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

RESULTS

B-nHAp particles had structured configuration and uniform size, and a typical nHAp crystal structure. The B content in B-nHAp was in line with expectation. hBMSCs displayed stemness. B-nHAp significantly facilitated the proliferation of hBMSCs, and significantly more mineralized nodules formed in the B-nHAp group. B-nHAp significantly upregulated the expressions of marker molecules related to hBMSC proliferation and differentiation. B-nHAp boosted the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

B-nHAp modulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway to significantly enhance the proliferative and differential abilities of osteoblasts, potentially as an efficient material for bone repair.

Effect of Replacing Inorganic Copper, Zinc, and Selenium with Chelated Minerals on Productive Performance, Nutrient Utilization, Tibia Morphology, and Intestinal Histology of Growing Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

This study evaluated the impact of replacing inorganic mineral sources of Cu, Zn, and Se with chelated organic minerals (OM) on performance, nutrient and mineral utilization rates, and intestinal morphometry in growing Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). A total of 150 nine-day-old quails were randomly assigned to receive one of the following diets over 4 weeks: CTRL (100% inorganic minerals), OM33 (replacement of 33% inorganic minerals), OM67 (replacement of 67% inorganic minerals), and OM100 (100% organic minerals). Quails fed the OM67 diet exhibited higher (P < 0.05) viability, daily weight gain, and live weight than the other groups, with no significant difference in feed intake or feed efficiency across treatments. The utilization rates of Cu and Fe were lower in the OM33 group. The CTRL group presented the lowest tibial weight (P < 0.05). Growing quails fed the OM67 diet contained the highest intestinal villi in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. In conclusion, the partial replacement (up to 67%) of inorganic mineral with OM in the diet of growing quails can enhance their productive performance and intestinal histological traits.

Composite or Modified Hydroxyapatite Microspheres as Drug Delivery Carrier for Bone and Tooth Tissue Engineering

Since hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an important constituent of bone and teeth, it has excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, good osteoconductive effects and the ability to induce bone formation as a material for bone or tooth repair and replacement. At present, widely used HAp microspheres have some characteristics, such as large specific surface area, light mass, good injection properties, good fluidity, and low aggregation ability, but they are difficult to really meet the biological and clinical needs due to their own mechanical property defects, such as low strength, brittleness, and poor plasticity. Based on the current research status of HAp microspheres, we summarize the research progress of various types of composite microspheres, including inorganic materials, natural polymer materials and synthetic polymer materials, and further analyze the advantages of HAp composite microspheres loaded with drug molecules, proteins and bioactive factors, so as to explore the development prospect of HAp composite microspheres as scaffolds for constructing sustained release systems. It provides a theoretical basis and research direction to prepare HAp composite micro-spheres with superior comprehensive properties so that they can be better applied in bone tissue regeneration and tooth regeneration engineering.

Novel insights into the role of metabolic disorder in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent condition that affects individuals worldwide and is one of the leading causes of disability. Nevertheless, the underlying pathological mechanisms of OA remain inadequately understood. Current treatments for OA include non-drug therapies, pharmacological interventions, and surgical procedures. These treatments are mainly focused on alleviating clinical manifestations and improving patients' quality of life, but are not effective in limiting the progression of OA. The detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of OA is extremely significant for the development of OA treatment. Metabolic syndrome has become a great challenge for medicine and public health, In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that the metabolic syndrome and its individual components play a crucial role in OA. Consequently, this review summarizes the mechanisms and research progress on how metabolic syndrome and its components affect OA. The aim is to gain a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of OA and explore effective treatment strategies.

Integrated transcriptomics and untargeted metabolomics reveal bone development and metabolism of newly weaned mice in response to dietary calcium and boron levels

Epidemiological and animal studies have indicated that calcium and boron are essential for bone development and metabolism. However, limited information is available regarding the effects of boron supplementation on bone development and metabolism in newly weaned infants with either calcium deficiency or calcium sufficiency. This study assessed the effects of dietary boron supplementation (0 and 3 mg kg-1) on bone development and metabolism, in a newly weaned mouse model, under both calcium deficiency and sufficiency feeding conditions. The results show that mice fed a calcium sufficient diet exhibited lower fat percentage and final body weight than those fed a calcium deficient diet. Boron supplementation reduced the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and up-regulated the mRNA levels of FABP3, PPAR-γ, and CaMK in the intestinal mucosa. Importantly, boron supplementation increased the tibial weight in mice on a calcium-sufficient diet and enhanced the tibial volume in those on a calcium-deficient diet. Metabolomic analysis highlighted calcium and boron's impact on metabolites like carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty acyls, steroids and steroid derivatives, benzene and substituted derivatives, organonitrogen compounds, organooxygen compounds, and phenols, and were related to lipid metabolism and the neural signaling pathway. Transcriptomic analysis corroborated the role of calcium and boron in modulating bone metabolism via the JAK-STAT, calcium signaling, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. Multi-omics analysis indicated a strong correlation between calcium signaling pathways, lipid metabolism signaling, and dietary calcium and boron contents. This research provides insights into these complex mechanisms, potentially paving the way for novel interventions against calcium and boron deficiencies and bone metabolism abnormalities in clinical settings.

Copper metabolism in osteoarthritis and its relation to oxidative stress and ferroptosis in chondrocytes

Ferroptosis, an iron-ion-dependent process of lipid peroxidation, damages the plasma membrane, leading to non-programmed cell death. Osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent chronic degenerative joint disease among middle-aged and older adults, is characterized by chondrocyte damage or loss. Emerging evidence indicates that chondrocyte ferroptosis plays a role in OA development. However, most research has concentrated on ferroptosis regulation involving typical iron ions, potentially neglecting the significance of elevated copper ions in both serum and joint fluid of patients with OA. This review aims to fill this gap by systematically examining the interplay between copper metabolism, oxidative stress, ferroptosis, and copper-associated cell death in OA. It will provide a comprehensive overview of copper ions' role in regulating ferroptosis and their dual role in OA. This approach seeks to offer new insights for further research, prevention, and treatment of OA.

Mechanisms of chondrocyte cell death in osteoarthritis: implications for disease progression and treatment

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by the degeneration, destruction, and excessive ossification of articular cartilage. The prevalence of OA is rising annually, concomitant with the aging global population and increasing rates of obesity. This condition imposes a substantial and escalating burden on individual health, healthcare systems, and broader social and economic frameworks. The etiology of OA is multifaceted and not fully understood. Current research suggests that the death of chondrocytes, encompassing mechanisms such as cellular apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and cuproptosis, contributes to both the initiation and progression of the disease. These cell death pathways not only diminish the population of chondrocytes but also exacerbate joint damage through the induction of inflammation and other deleterious processes. This paper delineates the morphological characteristics associated with various modes of cell death and summarizes current research results on the molecular mechanisms of different cell death patterns in OA. The objective is to review the advancements in understanding chondrocyte cell death in OA, thereby offering novel insights for potential clinical interventions.

Iron status is associated with tibial structure and vitamin D metabolites in healthy young men

The influence of iron on collagen synthesis and vitamin D metabolism has implications for bone health. This cross-sectional observational study investigated associations between markers of iron status and tibial structure, vitamin D metabolites, and circulating biochemical markers of bone metabolism in young healthy men. A total of 343 male British Army recruits participated (age 22 ± 3 y, height 1.77 ± 0.06 m, body mass 75.5 ± 10.1 kg). Circulating biochemical markers of iron status, vitamin D metabolites, and bone metabolism, and tibial structure and density by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans (HRpQCT) were measured in participants during week 1 of basic military training. Associations between markers of iron status and HRpQCT outcomes, bone metabolism, and vitamin D metabolites were tested, controlling for age, height, lean body mass, and childhood exercise volume. Higher ferritin was associated with higher total, trabecular, and cortical volumetric bone mineral density, trabecular volume, cortical area and thickness, stiffness, and failure load (all p ≤ 0.037). Higher soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) was associated with lower trabecular number, and higher trabecular thickness and separation, cortical thickness, and cortical pore diameter (all p ≤ 0.033). Higher haemoglobin was associated with higher cortical thickness (p = 0.043). Higher ferritin was associated with lower βCTX, PINP, total 25(OH)D, and total 24,25(OH)2D, and higher 1,25(OH)2D:24,25(OH)2D ratio (all p ≤ 0.029). Higher sTfR was associated with higher PINP, total 25(OH)D, and total 24,25(OH)2D (all p ≤ 0.025). The greater density, size, and strength of the tibia, and lower circulating concentrations of markers of bone resorption and formation with better iron stores (higher ferritin) are likely as a result of the direct role of iron in collagen synthesis.

Association between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake and osteopenia or osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients: a retrospective cohort study

Aim

The study aimed to investigate the link between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake with osteopenia and osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients.

Methods

The data of hypertensive patients were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010, 2013-2014, and 2017-2018. Data of dietary iron, zinc, copper and selenium intakes were obtained according to 24-h diet recall interviews. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were determined based on the bone mineral density. Weighted liner regression and weighted logistic regression were employed to assess the association between iron, zinc, copper, and selenium intakes with osteopenia and osteoporosis. All results were presented as β, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

In total, 5,286 elderly hypertensive patients were included. Among them, 2,961 (56.02%) patients have osteopenia, and 566 (10.71%) have osteoporosis. After adjusting all covariates, dietary copper intake ≥the recommended daily allowance was positively correlated with bone mineral density on total femur (β = 0.086, 95% CI: 0.021-0.152) and femoral neck (β = 0.097, 95% CI: 0.016-0.178). Dietary zinc intake ≥the recommended daily allowance was also positively correlated with bone mineral density on total femur (β = 0.092, 95% CI: 0.030-0.153) and femoral neck (β = 0.122, 95% CI: 0.050-0.193). Dietary copper (O = 0.581, 95% CI: 0.394-0.858) and zinc (OR = 0.595, 95% CI: 0.429-0.827) intake ≥the recommended daily allowance levels were related to increased odds of osteoporosis in elderly with hypertension.

Conclusion

Higher dietary copper and zinc intake was associated with lower odds of osteoporosis in the elderly hypertensive patients. Higher dietary intake included copper and zinc may be beneficial for the bone health in the elderly hypertensive patients.

Impact of Vitamin D Status and Nutrition on the Occurrence of Long Bone Fractures Due to Falls in Elderly Subjects in the Vojvodina Region of Serbia

Bone fractures are a significant public health issue among elderly subjects. This study examines the impact of diet and vitamin D status on the risk of long bone fractures due to falls in elderly subjects in Vojvodina, Serbia. Conducted at the University Clinical Center of Vojvodina in autumn/winter 2022-2023, the study included 210 subjects >65 years: 105 (F: 80/M: 15) with long bone fractures due to falls and 105 (F: 80/M: 15) controls. Groups were similar regarding age and BMI. Dietary intakes (by two 24-h recalls) and serum vitamin D levels were analyzed. The fracture group had a significantly lower median daily vitamin D intake (1.4 μg/day vs. 5.8 μg/day), intake of calcium, energy, proteins, fats, fibers, dairy products, eggs, fish, edible fats/oils, and a higher intake of sweets (p < 0.001 for all). Serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower in the fracture group (40.0 nmol/L vs. 76.0 nmol/L, p < 0.001). Logistic regression identified serum vitamin D as the most important protective factor against fractures, and ROC curve analysis indicated that serum vitamin D levels > 50.5 nmol/L decreased fracture risk. Nutritional improvements (increased intake of vitamin D and protein sources such as fish, eggs, and dairy), increased sun exposure, and routine vitamin D supplementation during winter are advised.

Is Copper Still Safe for Us? What Do We Know and What Are the Latest Literature Statements?

Copper (Cu) is a precious metal and one of the three most abundant trace elements in the body (50-120 mg). It is involved in a large number of cellular mechanisms and pathways and is an essential cofactor in the function of cellular enzymes. Both its excess and deficiency may be harmful for many diseases. Even small changes in Cu concentration may be associated with significant toxicity. Consequently, it can be damaging to any organ or tissue in our body, beginning with harmful effects already at the molecular level and then affecting the degradation of individual tissues/organs and the slow development of many diseases, such as those of the immunological system, skeletal system, circulatory system, nervous system, digestive system, respiratory system, reproductive system, and skin. The main purpose of this article is to review the literature with regard to both the healthiness and toxicity of copper to the human body. A secondary objective is to show its widespread use and sources, including in food and common materials in contact with humans. Its biological half-life from diet is estimated to range from 13 to 33 days. The retention or bioavailability of copper from the diet is influenced by several factors, such as age, amount and form of copper in the diet, lifestyle, and genetic background. The upper limit of normal in serum in healthy adults is approximately 1.5 mg Cu/L, while the safe upper limit of average intake is set at 10-12 mg/day, the reference limit at 0.9 mg/day, and the minimum limit at 0.6-0.7 mg/day. Cu is essential, and in the optimal dose, it provides antioxidant defense, while its deficiency reduces the body's ability to cope with oxidative stress. The development of civilization and the constant, widespread use of Cu in all electrical devices will not be stopped, but the health of people directly related to its extraction, production, or distribution can be controlled, and the inhabitants of nearby towns can be protected. It is extremely difficult to assess the effects of copper on the human body because of its ubiquity and the increasing reports in the literature about its effects, including copper nanoparticles.

Drug-induced osteoporosis and mechanisms of bone tissue regeneration through trace elements

Osteoporosis is associated with an imbalance in bone formation, with certain drugs used in disease treatment being implicated in its development. Supplementation with trace elements may contribute to bone regeneration, offering an alternative approach by enhancing bone mineral density (BMD) and thereby thwarting the onset of osteoporosis. This review aims to assess the mechanisms through which trace elements such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) are linked to increased bone mass, thus mitigating the effects of pharmaceuticals. Our findings underscore that the use of drugs such as aromatase inhibitors (AIs), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), antiretrovirals, glucocorticoids, opioids, or anticonvulsants can result in decreased BMD, a primary contributor to osteoporosis. Research indicates that essential elements like Cu, Fe, Se, Mn, and Zn, through various mechanisms, can bolster BMD and forestall the onset of the disease, owing to their protective effects. Consequently, our study recommends a minimum daily intake of these essential minerals for patients undergoing treatment with the aforementioned drugs, as the diverse mechanisms governing the effects of trace elements Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn facilitate bone remodeling.

Reassociation of Skeletal Remains Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

A major challenge in forensic anthropology and bioarcheology is the development of fast and effective methods for sorting commingled remains. This study assesses how portable laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can be used to group skeletal remains based on their elemental profiles. LIBS spectra were acquired from the remains of 45 modern skeletons, with a total data set of 8388 profiles from 1284 bones. Spectral feature selection was conducted to reduce the spectral profiles to the peaks exhibiting the highest variation among individuals. Emission lines corresponding to 9 elements (Ca, P, C, K, Mg, Na, Al, Ba, and Sr) were found important for classification. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was concurrently used to classify each spectral profile. From the 45 individuals, each LIBS spectrum was successfully sorted to its corresponding skeleton with an average accuracy of 87%. These findings indicate that variation exists among the LIBS profiles of individuals' skeletal remains, highlighting the potential for portable LIBS technology to aid in the sorting of commingled remains.

Effects of selenium and iodine on Kashin-Beck disease: an updated review

Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endochondral osteogenesis disorder characterised by epiphysis damage and secondary deformable arthropathy induced by multiple external factors, among which selenium (Se) and iodine deficiency are important influencing factors. Iodine deficiency is usually accompanied by a low Se content in the soil in the KBD areas of China. Se can reverse oxidative damage to chondrocytes. In addition, Se is related to the bone conversion rate and bone mineral density. Low Se will hinder growth and change bone metabolism, resulting in a decrease in the bone conversion rate and bone mineral density. Thyroid hormone imbalance caused by thyroid dysfunction caused by iodine deficiency can damage bone homeostasis. Compared with Se deficiency alone, Se combined with iodine deficiency can reduce the activity of glutathione peroxidase more effectively, which increases the vulnerability of chondrocytes and other target cells to oxidative stress, resulting in chondrocyte death. Clinical studies have shown that supplementation with Se and iodine is helpful for the prevention and treatment of KBD.

Female rats consuming an iron and omega-3 fatty acid deficient diet preconception require combined iron and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the prevention of bone impairments in offspring

We previously showed in rats that pre- and postnatal deficiencies in iron and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids can impair bone development, with additive and potentially irreversible effects when combined. This study aimed to investigate, in female rats consuming a combined iron and n-3 fatty acid deficient (ID + n-3 FAD) diet preconception, whether supplementation with iron and docosahexaenoic/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA), alone and in combination, can prevent bone impairments in offspring. Using a 2 × 2 factorial design, female Wistar rats consuming an ID + n-3 FAD diet preconception were randomised to receive an: 1) iron supplemented (Fe + n-3 FAD), 2) DHA/EPA supplemented (ID + DHA/EPA), 3) Fe + DHA/EPA, or 4) ID + n-3 FAD diet from gestational day 10 throughout pregnancy and lactation. Post-weaning, offspring (n = 24/group; male:female = 1:1) remained on the respective experimental diets for three weeks until postnatal day 42-45. Offspring born to female rats consuming a control diet preconception and an Fe+DHA/EPA diet throughout pregnancy and lactation served as non-deficient reference group (Control+Fe+DHA/EPA). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bone strength using three-point bending tests. Only offspring in the Fe+DHA/EPA group had significantly higher spine and femur BMD, and higher femur stiffness than offspring in the ID + n-3 FAD group, and had similar spine BMD and femur stiffness as the Control + Fe + DHA/EPA group. Offspring in the Fe + DHA/EPA group further had significantly higher femur strength (ultimate load) than the other experimental groups, and a similar femur strength as the Control + Fe + DHA/EPA group. This study shows that only combined iron and DHA/EPA supplementation can prevent bone impairments in offspring of female rats consuming an iron and n-3 FA deficient diet preconception.

Influence of Various Strontium Formulations (Ranelate, Citrate, and Chloride) on Bone Mineral Density, Morphology, and Microarchitecture: A Comparative Study in an Ovariectomized Female Mouse Model of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis stands out as a prevalent skeletal ailment, prompting exploration into potential treatments, including dietary strontium ion supplements. This study assessed the efficacy of supplementation of three strontium forms-strontium citrate (SrC), strontium ranelate (SrR), and strontium chloride (SrCl)-for enhancing bone structure in 50 female SWISS mice, aged seven weeks. In total, 40 mice underwent ovariectomy, while 10 underwent sham ovariectomy. Ovariectomized (OVX) mice were randomly assigned to the following groups: OVX (no supplementation), OVX + SrR, OVX + SrC, and OVX + SrCl, at concentrations equivalent to the molar amount of strontium. After 16 weeks, micro-CT examined trabeculae and cortical bones, and whole-bone strontium content was determined. Results confirm strontium administration increased bone tissue mineral density (TMD) and Sr content, with SrC exhibiting the weakest effect. Femur morphometry showed limited Sr impact, especially in the OVX + SrC group. This research highlights strontium's potential in bone health, emphasizing variations in efficacy among its forms.

Stereolithography of ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration: Influence of hydroxyapatite/silica ratio on mechanical properties

In this paper, the results obtained in the development of ceramic resin feedstock for stereolithography are shown. Hydroxyapatite and silica are used as source of ceramic. Hydroxyapatite is extracted from bovine bone, which enhances bioactivity of ceramic scaffold. The influence of hydroxyapatite amount in polymer-based slurry on the viscosity and printability of feedstock is explored. Hydroxyapatite and silica containing scaffolds are successfully obtained by stereolithography. Influence of hydroxyapatite/silica ratio on the bioactivity, biodegradability and mechanical properties of the scaffolds is also studied. It was observed that higher concentrations of hydroxyapatite led to improved mechanical strength of the scuffolds but increased viscosity of the slurry, affecting printability. Cell viability assays and cell visualization experiments indicated that the scaffolds not cause significant cell toxicity.

Protective effect of Pterospermum rubiginosum bark extract on bone mineral density and bone remodelling in estrogen deficient ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic old age disorder characterised by low bone mass content (BMC) and mineral density (BMD) with micro-architectural deterioration of the extracellular matrix, further increasing bone fragility risk. Several traditional remedies, including plant extracts and herbal formulations, are used worldwide by local healers to improve the overall bone health and metabolism as an excellent osteoregenerative agent. Pteropsermum rubiginosum is an underexplored medicinal plant used by tribal peoples of Western Ghats, India, to treat bone fractures and associated inflammation. The proposed study evaluates the elemental profiling and phytochemical characterisation of P. rubiginosum methanolic bark extract (PRME), along with detailed In vitro and In vivo biological investigation in MG-63 cells and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. AAS and ICP-MS analysis showed the presence of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium and exceptional levels of strontium, chromium, and zinc in PRME. The NMR characterisation revealed the presence of vanillic acid, Ergost-4-ene-3-one and catechin. The molecular docking studies revealed the target pockets of isolated compounds and various marker proteins in the bone remodelling cycle. In vitro studies showed a significant hike in ALP and calcium content, along with upregulated mRNA expression of the ALP and COL1, which confirmed the osteoinductive activity of PRME in human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. The in vivo evaluation in ovariectomised (OVX) rats showed remarkable recovery in ALP, collagen and osteocalcin protein after 3 months of PRME treatment. DEXA scanning reports in OVX rats supported the above in vitro and in vivo results, significantly enhancing the BMD and BMC. The results suggest that PRME can induce osteogenic activity and enhance bone formation with an excellent osteoprotective effect against bone loss in OVX animals due to estrogen deficiency.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-03942-7.

Optimization of a tunable process for rapid production of calcium phosphate microparticles using a droplet-based microfluidic platform

Calcium phosphate (CaP) biomaterials are amongst the most widely used synthetic bone graft substitutes, owing to their chemical similarities to the mineral part of bone matrix and off-the-shelf availability. However, their ability to regenerate bone in critical-sized bone defects has remained inferior to the gold standard autologous bone. Hence, there is a need for methods that can be employed to efficiently produce CaPs with different properties, enabling the screening and consequent fine-tuning of the properties of CaPs towards effective bone regeneration. To this end, we propose the use of droplet microfluidics for rapid production of a variety of CaP microparticles. Particularly, this study aims to optimize the steps of a droplet microfluidic-based production process, including droplet generation, in-droplet CaP synthesis, purification and sintering, in order to obtain a library of CaP microparticles with fine-tuned properties. The results showed that size-controlled, monodisperse water-in-oil microdroplets containing calcium- and phosphate-rich solutions can be produced using a flow-focusing droplet-generator microfluidic chip. We optimized synthesis protocols based on in-droplet mineralization to obtain a range of CaP microparticles without and with inorganic additives. This was achieved by adjusting synthesis parameters, such as precursor concentration, pH value, and aging time, and applying heat treatment. In addition, our results indicated that the synthesis and fabrication parameters of CaPs in this method can alter the microstructure and the degradation behavior of CaPs. Overall, the results highlight the potential of the droplet microfluidic platform for engineering CaP microparticle biomaterials with fine-tuned properties.

Health Patterns across Adulthood: An Age-Based Investigation of the Nutritional Status, Homocysteine, and CoQ10 of Bank Staff

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate age-specific variations in the blood levels of micronutrients, homocysteine, and CoQ10, along with physical activity (PA) patterns, among 123 Austrian adult bankers in operational and frontline roles (mean age: 43 years; 50% female).

METHODS

Blood analysis was conducted to assess micronutrients and the serum concentrations of homocysteine and CoQ10. The micronutrient values in whole blood were compared to sex-specific reference ranges and categorized as below, within, or above them. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was utilized to assess PA patterns. Participants were classified as young adults (18-34 years), middle-aged adults (35-49 years), and older adults (50-64 years).

RESULTS

Significant age-based differences were found in participants' mean homocysteine levels (p = 0.039) and homocysteine categories (p = 0.034), indicating an increasing prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia with age. No significant difference between age categories was observed for sex, BMI, diet types, PA levels, sedentary behavior, and CoQ10 (p > 0.05). There was no significant age-based difference in the blood concentrations of most minerals and vitamins (p > 0.05), except for magnesium among females (p = 0.008) and copper among males (p = 0.042).

CONCLUSION

The findings offer initial evidence of the age-related differences in the health status of adult bankers, providing insights for customized approaches to occupational health that support the importance of metabolic health and overall well-being across adulthood.

All that glitters is not gold: X-ray fluorescence analysis of a fixed dental prosthesis from Colecção de Esqueletos Identificados Século XXI, Portugal (CEI/XXI)

Access to better health care anticipates that more medical devices can be found alongside skeletal remains. Those employed in oral rehabilitation, with available brands or batch/series, can prove useful in the identification process. A previous study in the Colecção de Esqueletos Identificados Século XXI described macroscopically the dental prostheses. An unusual case of a dental device with chromatic alterations demonstrated to require a more detailed analysis. The individual, a 53-year-old male, exhibited, at both arches, a fixed tooth-supported rehabilitation, with gold colouring classified initially as a gold-palladium alloy. Simultaneously, a green pigmentation deposit was observable in bone and prosthesis. This investigation aimed to verify the elemental composition of the dental prosthesis alloy. Elemental analysis was performed by X-ray fluorescence in two regions (labial surface of the prosthetic crown and the root surface of the lower right lateral incisor). Both the spectra and the qualitative results found higher levels of copper and aluminium, followed by nickel, iron, zinc, and manganese. No gold or palladium was detected. The most probable assumption is that a copper-aluminium alloy was used, as its elemental concentration corresponds to those measured in similar devices. Dental prostheses of copper-aluminium alloys have been made popular since the 1980s, particularly in the USA, Japan, and Eastern Europe. Apart from the biographical information, it was also known that the individual's place of birth was an Eastern European country, which highlighted the usefulness of this type of information when dealing with missing people cases.

Sex differences in iron status during military training: a prospective cohort study of longitudinal changes and associations with endurance performance and musculoskeletal outcomes

This study investigated sex differences in Fe status, and associations between Fe status and endurance and musculoskeletal outcomes, in military training. In total, 2277 British Army trainees (581 women) participated. Fe markers and endurance performance (2·4 km run) were measured at the start (week 1) and end (week 13) of training. Whole-body areal body mineral density (aBMD) and markers of bone metabolism were measured at week 1. Injuries during training were recorded. Training decreased Hb in men and women (mean change (-0·1 (95 % CI -0·2, -0·0) and -0·7 (95 % CI -0·9, -0·6) g/dl, both P < 0·001) but more so in women (P < 0·001). Ferritin decreased in men and women (-27 (95 % CI -28, -23) and -5 (95 % CI -8, -1) µg/l, both P ≤ 0·001) but more so in men (P < 0·001). Soluble transferrin receptor increased in men and women (2·9 (95 % CI 2·3, 3·6) and 3·8 (95 % CI 2·7, 4·9) nmol/l, both P < 0·001), with no difference between sexes (P = 0·872). Erythrocyte distribution width increased in men (0·3 (95 % CI 0·2, 0·4)%, P < 0·001) but not in women (0·1 (95 % CI -0·1, 0·2)%, P = 0·956). Mean corpuscular volume decreased in men (-1·5 (95 % CI -1·8, -1·1) fL, P < 0·001) but not in women (0·4 (95 % CI -0·4, 1·3) fL, P = 0·087). Lower ferritin was associated with slower 2·4 km run time (P = 0·018), sustaining a lower limb overuse injury (P = 0·048), lower aBMD (P = 0·021) and higher beta C-telopeptide cross-links of type 1 collagen and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (both P < 0·001) controlling for sex. Improving Fe stores before training may protect Hb in women and improve endurance and protect against injury.

Comparison of the differentiation of ovine fetal bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells towards osteocytes on chitosan/alginate/CuO-NPs and chitosan/alginate/FeO-NPs scaffolds

In the current study, the creation of a chitosan/alginate scaffold hydrogel with and without FeO-NPs or CuO-NPs was studied. From fetal ovine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were isolated and cultivated. Their differentiation into osteocyte and adipose cells was investigated. Also, on the scaffolds, cytotoxicity and apoptosis were studied. To investigate the differentiation, treatment groups include: (1) BM-MSCs were plated in DMEM culture medium with high glucose containing 10% FBS and antibiotics (negative control); (2) BM-MSCs were plated in osteogenic differentiation medium (positive control); (3) positive control group + FeO-NPs, (4) positive control group + CuO-NPs; (5) BM-MSCs were plated in osteogenic differentiation medium on chitosan/alginate scaffold; (6) BM-MSCs were plated in osteogenic differentiation medium on chitosan/alginate/FeO-NPs scaffold; and (7) BM-MSCs were plated in osteogenic differentiation medium on chitosan/alginate/CuO-NPs scaffold. Alkaline phosphatase enzyme concentrations, mineralization rate using a calcium kit, and mineralization measurement by alizarin staining quantification were evaluated after 21 days of culture. In addition, qRT-PCR was used to assess the expression of the ALP, ColA, and Runx2 genes. When compared to other treatment groups, the addition of CuO-NPs in the chitosan/alginate hydrogel significantly increased the expression of the ColA and Runx2 genes (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the chitosan/alginate hydrogel groups containing FeO-NPs and CuO-NPs in the expression of the ALP gene. It appears that the addition of nanoparticles, in particular CuO-NPs, has made the chitosan/alginate scaffold more effective in supporting osteocyte differentiation.

Zinc-based biomaterials for bone repair and regeneration: mechanism and applications

Zinc (Zn) is one of the most important trace elements in the human body and plays a key role in various physiological processes, especially in bone metabolism. Zn-containing materials have been reported to enhance bone repair through promoting cell proliferation, osteogenic activity, angiogenesis, and inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. Therefore, Zn-based biomaterials are potential substitutes for traditional bone grafts. In this review, the specific mechanisms of bone formation promotion by Zn-based biomaterials were discussed, and recent developments in their application in bone tissue engineering were summarized. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives of Zn-based biomaterials were concluded, revealing their attractive potential and development directions in the future.

Bone mineral density is associated with composite dietary antioxidant index among US adults: results from NHANES

This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) and individual dietary antioxidant intakes, including vitamins A, C, and E, zinc, selenium, and carotenoids, and bone mineral density (BMD) in the US population aged 20 years older. We found a positive correlation between CDAI and femoral BMD. Moreover, higher intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, and carotenoids were associated with higher femoral BMD.

INTRODUCTION

While individual dietary antioxidants have shown beneficial effects on bone metabolism, the diverse and potentially interacting nature of dietary components may limit the accuracy of evaluating their impact on bone health. Thus, this study aims to investigate the association between CDAI and BMD. Additionally, we explore the relationship between the intake of individual components of the CDAI and BMD.

METHODS

The CDAI is a novel index evaluating total dietary antioxidant intake, considering vitamins A, C, and E, zinc, selenium, and carotenoids. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from participants aged ≥ 20 in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2010, 2013-2014, and 2017-2018). We utilized multivariate linear regression models to examine the relationship between CDAI, individual dietary antioxidants, including vitamins A, C, and E, zinc, selenium, carotenoids, and femoral BMD.

RESULTS

The final analysis included 10,584 participants with a mean age of 50.73 ± 16.65 years. After multivariate adjustment, the second to fourth quartiles of CDAI (- 2.00-0.04, 0.04-2.54, and 2.54-70.78) exhibited higher femoral BMD compared to the first quartile of CADI (- 7.34 to - 2.00). Multiple regression analysis revealed that higher intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, and carotenoids were associated with higher femoral BMD.

CONCLUSIONS

CDAI serves as a comprehensive tool for evaluating the overall antioxidant capacity of antioxidants in diets. Additionally, our study shows a positive correlation between CDAI and BMD, which indicates that the combined intake of dietary antioxidants may help reduce the risk of osteoporosis in adults.

The Role of Zinc in Bone Tissue Health and Regeneration-a Review

Zinc is a micronutrient of key importance for human health. An increasing number of studies indicate that zinc plays a significant role in bone tissue's normal development and maintaining homeostasis. Zinc is not only a component of bone tissue but is also involved in the synthesis of the collagen matrix, mineralization, and bone turnover. It has been demonstrated that zinc can stimulate runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and promote the differentiation of osteoblasts. On the other hand, zinc has been found to inhibit osteoclast-like cell formation and to decrease bone resorption by stimulating osteoclasts' apoptosis. Moreover, zinc regulates the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway, thereby facilitating bone remodeling. To date, not all mechanisms of Zn activity on bone tissue are well understood and documented. The review aimed to present the current state of research on the role of zinc in bone tissue, its beneficial properties, and its effects on bone regeneration. Since calcium phosphates as bone substitute materials are increasingly enriched in zinc ions, the paper included an overview of research on the potential role of such materials in bone filling and regeneration.

The Association of Physical Activity Level with Micronutrient and Health Status of Austrian Bank Employees

BACKGROUND

Favorable health benefits of an active lifestyle have been clearly documented within the context of occupational health. However, a knowledge gap exists regarding the monitoring and comparison of micronutrient status across varying levels of physical activity (PA). This study aimed to investigate the association of PA level with micronutrient status and the associated health biomarkers among a cohort of Austrian bank employees.

METHODS

Using a cross-sectional design, this study involved the participation of bank employees (n = 123; average age: 43 years; 49% males) from the federal state of Tyrol, located in the western part of Austria. To assess PA levels and sedentary behavior, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ; developed by the WHO) was administered. Accordingly, participants were categorized into three groups: low PA, moderate PA, and high PA. Participants' blood samples were obtained to measure blood levels of micronutrients, homocysteine, and CoQ10. The values of vitamins and minerals in whole-blood were compared to sex-specific reference ranges and grouped into three categories: below, within, or exceeding the reference range.

RESULTS

The prevalence of a high PA level was 61%, while 18% of participants had a low PA level. Overweight/obesity was significantly less prevalent among participants with high PA levels (22%) compared to those with moderate (50%) and low (50%) PA levels (p = 0.045). No significant differences between PA levels were found for sex, age, diet type, homocysteine, or CoQ10 markers (p > 0.05). There was no significant PA-based difference in blood concentrations of most vitamins and minerals (p > 0.05), except for vitamin D (p = 0.001) among females, as well as selenium (p = 0.040) and vitamin B12 (p = 0.048) among males.

CONCLUSION

The present findings offer initial insights into the link between PA behaviors, micronutrient status, and health, highlighting potential implications in occupational health and lifestyle, specifically in developing tailored approaches based on PA levels.

Associations between maternal and infant selenium status and child growth in a birth cohort from Dhaka, Bangladesh

Deficiency of essential trace element, Se, has been implicated in adverse birth outcomes and in child linear growth because of its important role in redox biology and associated antioxidant effects. We used data from a randomised controlled trial conducted among a cohort of pregnant and lactating women in Dhaka, Bangladesh to examine associations between Se biomarkers in whole blood (WBSe), serum and selenoprotein P (SEPP1) in maternal delivery and venous cord (VC) blood. Associations between Se biomarkers, birth weight and infant growth outcomes (age-adjusted length, weight, head circumference and weight-for-length z-scores) at birth, 1 and 2 years of age were examined using regression analyses. WB and serum Se were negatively associated with birth weight (adjusted β, 95 % CI, WBSe delivery: −26·6 (–44·3, −8·9); WBSe VC: −19·6 (–33·0, −6·1)); however, delivery SEPP1 levels (adjusted β: −37·5 (–73·0, −2·0)) and VC blood (adjusted β: 82·3 (30·0, 134·7)) showed inconsistent and opposite associations with birth weight. Positive associations for SEPP1 VC suggest preferential transfer from mother to fetus. We found small associations between infant growth and WBSe VC (length-for-age z-score β, 95 % CI, at birth: −0·05 (–0·1, −0·01)); 12 months (β: −0·05 (–0·08, −0·007)). Weight-for-age z-score also showed weak negative associations with delivery WBSe (at birth: −0·07 (–0·1, −0·02); 12 -months: −0·05 (–0·1, −0·005)) and in WBSe VC (at birth: −0·05 (–0·08, −0·02); 12 months: −0·05 (–0·09, −0·004)). Given the fine balance between essential nutritional and toxic properties of Se, it is possible that WB and serum Se may negatively impact growth outcomes, both in utero and postpartum.

Role and Regulation of Transcription Factors in Osteoclastogenesis

Bones serve mechanical and defensive functions, as well as regulating the balance of calcium ions and housing bone marrow.. The qualities of bones do not remain constant. Instead, they fluctuate throughout life, with functions increasing in some situations while deteriorating in others. The synchronization of osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is critical for maintaining bone mass and microstructure integrity in a steady state. This equilibrium, however, can be disrupted by a variety of bone pathologies. Excessive osteoclast differentiation can result in osteoporosis, Paget's disease, osteolytic bone metastases, and rheumatoid arthritis, all of which can adversely affect people's health. Osteoclast differentiation is regulated by transcription factors NFATc1, MITF, C/EBPα, PU.1, NF-κB, and c-Fos. The transcriptional activity of osteoclasts is largely influenced by developmental and environmental signals with the involvement of co-factors, RNAs, epigenetics, systemic factors, and the microenvironment. In this paper, we review these themes in regard to transcriptional regulation in osteoclastogenesis.

Micronutrient intake to protect against osteoporosis during and after critical illness

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Improved survival from critical illness has enhanced the focus on ways to augment functional outcomes following discharge from the Intensive Care Unit. An area that is gaining increased attention is the effect of critical illness on bone health and fragility fractures following the episode. This review discusses the micronutrients that may play a role in bone metabolism and the potential benefits of their supplementation to prevent osteoporosis. These include calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin K, and certain trace elements.

FINDINGS

Although there is sound physiological basis for the involvement of these micronutrients in bone health and fracture prevention, there are few clinically relevant publications in this area with calcium and vitamin D being the best studied to date.

SUMMARY

In the absence of high-quality evidence in critically ill populations, attention to measurement and supplementation of these micronutrients as per current guidelines outlining micronutrient requirements in enteral and parenteral nutrition might mitigate bone loss and its sequelae in the recovery phase from critical illness.

Potential roles of gut microbiota in metal mixture and bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk association: an epidemiologic study in Wuhan

Few studies have focused on the effects of multiple metal mixtures on bone health and the underlying mechanisms related to alterations in the gut microbiota. This study aimed to examine the potential roles of gut microbiota alterations in metal mixtures and their association with osteoporosis traits. Adults aged ≥ 55 years were recruited from two community healthcare centers in Wuhan City during 2016-2019. The plasma concentrations of six metals (zinc, iron, selenium, lead, cadmium, and arsenic) were measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The k-means clustering method was employed to explore the exposure profiles of metal mixtures for all participants. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to profile the gut microbiota of participants. Combining these results with those of our previous study, we identified overlapping taxa and evaluated their potential roles. A total of 806 participants (516 females), with an average age of 67.36 years were included. The participants were grouped into three clusters using k-means clustering: Cluster 1 (n = 458), Cluster 2 (n = 199), and Cluster 3 (n = 149). The high-exposure group for iron, zinc, lead, and cadmium (Cluster 3) showed a negative association with lumbar spine 1-4 bone mineral density (BMD). A total of 201 individuals (121 females) underwent sequencing of the gut microbiota. Both alpha and beta diversities were statistically different among the three groups. Bacteroidaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Bacteroides, and Lachnospiraceae_incertae_sedis were identified as overlapping taxa associated with the metal mixtures and BMD. Interaction analysis revealed that Cluster 3 interacted with Bacteroidaceae/Bacteroides, resulting in a positive effect on LS1-4 BMD (β = 0.358 g/cm2, 95% CI: 0.047 to 0.669, P = 0.025). Our findings indicate associations between multiple metal mixtures and BMD as well as gut microbiota alterations. Exploring the interaction between metal mixtures and the gut microbiota provides new perspectives for the precise prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Influence of Isoflavones and Probiotics on Magnesium Status in Healthy Female Rats

Isoflavones and probiotics are promising nutrients for bone health, and magnesium (Mg) is essential for bone metabolism. This study aimed to determine the effects of daidzein, genistein and Lactobacillus acidophilus on the Mg status of healthy female rats. Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to six groups, with the control group receiving a standard diet (AIN 93M). The remaining groups were fed the same diet with added ingredients such as tempeh flour; soy flour; pure daidzein and genistein; L. acidophilus or a combination of daidzein, genistein, and L. acidophilus. Tissue samples were collected after the eight-week intervention, and Mg concentrations were analysed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Myeloid and erythroid cells were determined using the haematoxylin and eosin bone staining method. Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The threshold for significance was p < 0.05. Compared with the control group, adding tempeh to the diet of rats resulted in significant changes in Mg concentrations in various tissues, with a decrease in the kidneys and an increase in the fur. Although not statistically significant compared to the control group, the tempeh group showed increased Mg concentrations in the femur and spleen. The myeloid-to-erythroid cell ratio did not differ significantly among groups, but all intervention groups showed higher ratios than the control group. A strong negative correlation was observed between Mg concentrations in the kidneys and fur. Conversely, a positive correlation was identified between Mg concentrations in the pancreas and fur. Daily consumption of tempeh may improve Mg status in the organism. Intake of pure daidzein, genistein, or probiotic seems to have no effect on Mg concentrations in healthy rats.

The causal relationship between gut microbiota and bone mineral density: a Mendelian randomization study

Background

The gut microbiota has emerged as an intriguing and potentially influential factor in regulating bone health. However, the causal effect of the gut microbiota on bone mineral density (BMD) appears to differ throughout various life stages.

Methods

We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and BMD in five distinct age groups: 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60, and 60 years and older. The analysis employed three different methods, namely MR-Egger, weighted median, and Inverse-variance weighting, to ensure the robustness of our findings, a series of sensitivity analyses were also conducted, such as horizontal pleiotropy tests, heterogeneity tests, and leave-one-out sensitivity tests.

Results

In the age group of 0-15 years, Eubacterium_fissicatena_group and Eubacterium_hallii_group were identified as risk factors for BMD. During the 15-30 age group, Phascolarctobacterium, Roseburia, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_003 were found to be protective factors for BMD. In the 30-45 age group, Lachnospira genus demonstrated a protective effect on BMD, while Barnesiella and Lactococcus were identified as risk factors for BMD. Moving on to the 45-60 age group, Eubacterium_ventriosum_group, Lachnospiraceae_UCG_004, and Subdoligranulum were observed to be protective factors for BMD, while Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Fusicatenibacter, and Lactococcus were associated with an increased risk of BMD. In individuals aged 60 years and older, Fusicatenibacter and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_002 were also noted as risk factors for BMD. Conversely, Eubacterium_ruminantium_group, Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group, Alistipes, and Coprococcus_3 were found to be protective factors for BMD, whereas Barnesiella and Sellimonas were identified as risk factors for BMD.

Conclusion

A robust causal relationship between gut microbiota and bone mineral density (BMD) exists throughout all stages of life, with Firmicutes phylum being the primary group associated with BMD across age groups. Gut microbiota linked with BMD primarily belong to the Firmicutes phylum across age groups. The diversity of gut microbiota phyla associated with BMD depicts relatively stable patterns during the ages of 0-45 years. However, for individuals aged 45 years and above, there is an observed increase in the number of gut microbiota species linked with BMD, and by the age of 60 years, a trend toward an increase in the Bacteroidetes phylum categories is proposed.

The Influence of the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern on Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia

Diet is a modifiable factor in bone and muscle health. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is rich in nutrients and contains key bioactive components with probable protective effects on muscle and bone deterioration. Osteoporosis (OP) and sarcopenia are diseases that increase frailty and susceptibility to fracture, morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is necessary to combat them in the population. In this regard, MedDiet adherence has proven to be beneficial to bone mineral density (BMD), muscle mass, physical function, OP and sarcopenia. Hence, this diet is proposed as a therapeutic tool that could slow the onset of osteoporosis and sarcopenia. However, there is doubt about the interaction between the MedDiet, strength and fracture risk. Perhaps the amount of EVOO (extra virgin olive oil), fruits, vegetables and fish rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nutrients ingested has an influence, though the results remain controversial.

The Role of Trace Elements and Minerals in Osteoporosis: A Review of Epidemiological and Laboratory Findings

The objective of the present study was to review recent epidemiological and clinical data on the association between selected minerals and trace elements and osteoporosis, as well as to discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations. We have performed a search in the PubMed-Medline and Google Scholar databases using the MeSH terms "osteoporosis", "osteogenesis", "osteoblast", "osteoclast", and "osteocyte" in association with the names of particular trace elements and minerals through 21 March 2023. The data demonstrate that physiological and nutritional levels of trace elements and minerals promote osteogenic differentiation through the up-regulation of BMP-2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as well as other pathways. miRNA and epigenetic effects were also involved in the regulation of the osteogenic effects of trace minerals. The antiresorptive effect of trace elements and minerals was associated with the inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. At the same time, the effect of trace elements and minerals on bone health appeared to be dose-dependent with low doses promoting an osteogenic effect, whereas high doses exerted opposite effects which promoted bone resorption and impaired bone formation. Concomitant with the results of the laboratory studies, several clinical trials and epidemiological studies demonstrated that supplementation with Zn, Mg, F, and Sr may improve bone quality, thus inducing antiosteoporotic effects.

Surface Modification of Titanium Implants by Metal Ions and Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application

Implant surface modification can improve osseointegration and reduce peri-implant inflammation. Implant surfaces are modified with metals because of their excellent mechanical properties and significant functions. Metal surface modification is divided into metal ions and nanoparticle surface modification. These two methods function by adding a finishing metal to the surface of the implant, and both play a role in promoting osteogenic, angiogenic, and antibacterial properties. Based on this, the nanostructural surface changes confer stronger antibacterial and cellular affinity to the implant surface. The current paper reviews the forms, mechanisms, and applications of nanoparticles and metal ion modifications to provide a foundation for the surface modification of implants.

Evaluation of the concentration of selected elements in serum patients with intervertebral disc degeneration

Quantitative analysis of the trace element content of human intervertebral discs (IVDs) is essential because it can identify specific enzymes or metabolites that may be related to human intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). The goal of this study was to assess the concentrations of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) in serum samples obtained from patients with IVDD in comparison to healthy volunteers (a control group). The study group consisted of 113 Caucasian patients qualified by a specialist neurosurgeon for microdiscectomy. The control group consisted of 113 healthy volunteers who met the eligibility criteria for blood donors. The examined clinical material was the serum samples obtained from both groups.Based on the quantitative analysis of selected elements, there were statistically significantly (p 0.05) higher concentrations of Cu (1180 μg/L±800 μg/L vs. 1230 μg/L±750 μg/L), Zn (790 μg/L±300 μg/L vs. 850 μg/L±200 μg/L), and Mg (21730 μg/L±4360 μg/L vs. 23820 μg/L±4990 μg/L) in the serum of healthy volunteers compared to those in the study group. In addition, statistically significant changes were not detected in the concentrations of any elements among either sex in either the study or control group or in their body mass index (BMI) values (p > 0.05). In the serum samples from the study group, the strongest relationships were noted between the concentrations of Zn and Pb (r = 0.61), Zn and P (r = 0.69), Zn and Ca (r = 0.84), Zn and Cu (r = 0.83), Mg and Ca (r = 0.74), and Ca and P (r = 0.98).It has been indicated that, above all, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg depend on the advancement of radiological changes, according to the Pfirrmann scale. However, no influence on pain intensity was found, depending on the concentration of the assessed elements.The analysis indicates that the determination of serum Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg concentrations may have diagnostic significance in predicting the onset of lumbosacral IVDD. The predictive evaluation of changes in the concentrations of selected elements in patients with degenerative lumbar IVD lesions appears to be a promising, cost-effective strategy.

What We Are Missing: Using Machine Learning Models to Predict Vitamin C Deficiency in Patients with Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery

PURPOSE

Vitamin C (VC) is implicated in many physiological pathways. Vitamin C deficiency (VCD) can compromise the health of patients with metabolic and bariatric surgery (patients). As symptoms of VCD are elusive and data on VCD in patients is scarce, we aim to characterize patients with measured VC levels, investigate the association of VCD with other lab abnormalities, and create predictive models of VCD using machine learning (ML).

METHODS

A retrospective chart review of patients seen from 2017 to 2021 at a tertiary care center in Northeastern USA was conducted. A 1:4 case mix of patients with VC measured to a random sample of patients without VC measured was created for comparative purposes. ML models (BayesNet and random forest) were used to create predictive models and estimate the prevalence of VCD patients.

RESULTS

Of 5946 patients reviewed, 187 (3.1%) had VC measures, and 73 (39%) of these patients had VC<23 μmol/L(VCD. When comparing patients with VCD to patients without VCD, the ML algorithms identified a higher risk of VCD in patients deficient in vitamin B1, D, calcium, potassium, iron, and blood indices. ML models reached 70% accuracy. Applied to the testing sample, a "true" VCD prevalence of ~20% was predicted, among whom ~33% had scurvy levels (VC<11 μmol/L).

CONCLUSION

Our models suggest a much higher level of patients have VCD than is reflected in the literature. This indicates a high proportion of patients remain potentially undiagnosed for VCD and are thus at risk for postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Effect of Nano- and Microzinc Supplementation on the Mineral Composition of Bones of Rats with Induced Mammary Gland Cancer

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to determine changes in the mineral composition of the bones of rats with chemically induced mammary gland cancer and to attempt to establish whether a specific diet modification involving the inclusion of zinc ions in two forms-nano and micro-will affect the mineral composition of the bones.

METHODS

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the research. The animals were randomly assigned to three experimental groups. All animals were fed a standard diet (Labofeed H), and selected groups additionally received zinc nanoparticles or microparticles in the amount of 4.6 mg/mL. To induce mammary cancer, the animals were given 7,12-dimethyl-1,2-benz[a]anthracene. The content of Ag, As, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Tl, U, and V was determined using ICP-MS, while that of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, and Zn was determined using FAAS.

RESULTS

The use of a diet enriched with zinc nano- or microparticles significantly influenced the content of the elements tested. In the bones of rats fed a diet with zinc nanoparticles, changes were found in the content of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cd, U, V, and Tl, while in the case of the diet supplemented with zinc microparticles, there were differences in six elements-Ca, Mg, B, Cd, Ag, and Pb-compared to animals receiving an unsupplemented diet.

CONCLUSIONS

The content of elements in the bone tissue of rats in the experimental model indicates disturbances of mineral metabolism in the tissue at an early stage of mammary cancer.

Composite PLGA–Nanobioceramic Coating on Moxifloxacin-Loaded Akermanite 3D Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Silica-based ceramics doped with calcium and magnesium have been proposed as suitable materials for scaffold fabrication. Akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7) has attracted interest for bone regeneration due to its controllable biodegradation rate, improved mechanical properties, and high apatite-forming ability. Despite the profound advantages, ceramic scaffolds provide weak fracture resistance. The use of synthetic biopolymers such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as coating materials improves the mechanical performance of ceramic scaffolds and tailors their degradation rate. Moxifloxacin (MOX) is an antibiotic with antimicrobial activity against numerous aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In this study, silica-based nanoparticles (NPs) enriched with calcium and magnesium, as well as copper and strontium ions that induce angiogenesis and osteogenesis, respectively, were incorporated into the PLGA coating. The aim was to produce composite akermanite/PLGA/NPs/MOX-loaded scaffolds through the foam replica technique combined with the sol–gel method to improve the overall effectiveness towards bone regeneration. The structural and physicochemical characterizations were evaluated. Their mechanical properties, apatite forming ability, degradation, pharmacokinetics, and hemocompatibility were also investigated. The addition of NPs improved the compressive strength, hemocompatibility, and in vitro degradation of the composite scaffolds, resulting in them keeping a 3D porous structure and a more prolonged release profile of MOX that makes them promising for bone regeneration applications.

Investigating the relationship between self-perception of fracture risk and prior fracture: findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Self-perceived risk of fracture (SPR) is associated with fracture independent of FRAX calculated risk. To understand this better we considered whether lifestyle factors not included in the FRAX algorithm and psychosocial factors (social isolation, self-efficacy, or mental health status) explain the relationship between SPR and fracture.

METHODS

We studied 146 UK community-dwelling older adults from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. SPR ranked as 'lower', 'similar' and 'higher' relative to others of the same age, was assessed by questionnaire. Social isolation was assessed using the six-item Lubben Social Network Scale; self-efficacy was assessed using a shortened General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE); mental health status was assessed using the anxiety/depression item from the EuroQoL questionnaire. SPR in relation to previous self-reported fracture was examined using logistic regression.

RESULTS

Among participants of median age 83.4 (IQR 81.5-85.5) years, SPR was lower for 54.1% of participants, similar for 30.8%, and higher for 15.1%; 74.7% reported no previous fractures. Greater SPR was associated with increased odds of previous fractures when adjusting for sex and age only (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.03-2.87, per higher band of SPR). While further individual adjustment for social isolation (1.73, 1.04-2.89), self-efficacy (1.71, 1.02-2.85), or mental health (1.77, 1.06-2.97) did not attenuate the relationship, individual adjustment for diet quality and number of comorbidities did.

CONCLUSIONS

Adjustment for social isolation, self-efficacy or mental health status did not attenuate the relationship between SPR and fracture. By contrast, lifestyle factors not included in FRAX, such as diet quality, did attenuate relationships, suggesting a possible future area of investigation.

Bone regeneration in osteoporosis: opportunities and challenges

Osteoporosis is a bone disorder characterised by low bone mineral density, reduced bone strength, increased bone fragility, and impaired mineralisation of bones causing an increased risk of bone fracture. Several therapies are available for treating osteoporosis which include bisphosphonates, anti-resorptive agents, oestrogen modulators, etc. These therapies primarily focus on decreasing bone resorption and do not assist in bone regeneration or offering permanent curative solutions. Additionally, these therapies are associated with severe adverse events like thromboembolism, increased risk of stroke, and hypocalcaemia. To overcome these limitations, bone regenerative pathways and approaches are now considered to manage osteoporosis. The bone regenerative pathways involved in bone regeneration include wingless-related integration site/β-catenin signalling pathway, notch signalling pathway, calcium signalling, etc. The various regenerative approaches which possess potential to heal and replace the bone defect site include scaffolds, cements, cell therapy, and other alternative medicines. The review focuses on describing the challenges and opportunities in bone regeneration for osteoporosis.

Iron, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Mercury, and Bone Tissue

The paper presents the current understanding on the effects of five metals on bone tissue, namely iron, zinc, copper, cadmium, and mercury. Iron, zinc, and copper contribute significantly to human and animal metabolism when present in sufficient amounts, but their excess or shortage increases the risk of developing bone disorders. In contrast, cadmium and mercury serve no physiological purpose and their long-term accumulation damages the osteoarticular system. We discuss the methods of action and interactions between the discussed elements as well as the concentrations of each element in distinct bone structures.

Depletion of Zinc Causes Osteoblast Apoptosis with Elevation of Leptin Secretion and Phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3

Zinc (Zn) has been reported to mediate leptin secretion, and thus leptin can be an important candidate molecule linking Zn with bone formation. The present study investigated whether zinc deficiency induces leptin secretion by activating a JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and leads to osteoblastic apoptosis. MC3T3-E1 cells were incubated for 24 h in normal osteogenic differentiation medium (OSM) or OSM treated with either 1 μM (Low Zn) or 15 μM (High Zn) of ZnCl₂ containing 5 μM TPEN (Zn chelator). Our results demonstrated that low Zn stimulated extracellular leptin secretion and increased mRNA and protein expression of leptin in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. The OB-Rb (long isoform of leptin receptor) expressions were also elevated in osteoblasts under depletion of Zn. Leptin-signaling proteins, JAK2 and p-JAK2 in the cytosol of low Zn osteoblast conveyed leptin signaling, which ultimately induced higher p-STAT3 expression in the nucleus. Apoptotic effects of JAK2/STAT3 pathway were shown by increased caspase-3 in low Zn osteoblasts as well as apoptotic morphological features observed by TEM. Together, these data suggest that low Zn modulates leptin secretion by activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and induces apoptosis of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells.

Using Peromyscus leucopus as a biomonitor to determine the impact of heavy metal exposure on the kidney and bone mineral density: results from the Tar Creek Superfund Site

Background

Human population growth and industrialization contribute to increased pollution of wildlife habitats. Heavy metal exposure from industrial and environmental sources is still a threat to public health, increasing disease susceptibility. In this study, I investigated the effects of heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) on kidney and bone density.

Objective

This study aims to determine the concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in soil and compare them to the levels of the same metals in Peromyscus leucopus kidney tissue. Furthermore, the study seeks to investigate the impact of heavy metals on bone density and fragility using the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4) of P. leucopus.

Methods

Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in soil specimens collected from Tar Creek Superfund Site (TCSFS), Beaver Creek (BC), and two reference sites (Oologah Wildlife Management Area (OWMA) and Sequoyah National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR)). Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Micro-computed tomography (µCT) was used to assess the influence of heavy metals on bone fragility and density.

Results

On the one hand, soil samples revealed that Pb is the most common pollutant in the sediment at all of the investigated sites (the highest contaminated site with Pb was TCSFS). Pb levels in the soil of TCSFS, BC, OWMA, and SNWR were found to be 1,132 ± 278, 6.4 ± 1.1, and 2.3 ± 0.3 mg/kg in the soil of TCSFS, BC and OWMA and SNWR, respectively. This is consistent with the fact that Pb is one of the less mobile heavy metals, causing its compounds to persist in soils and sediments and being barely influenced by microbial decomposition. On the other hand, the kidney samples revealed greater Cd levels, even higher than those found in the soil samples from the OWMA and SNWR sites. Cd concentrations in the kidney specimens were found to be 4.62 ± 0.71, 0.53 ± 0.08, and 0.53 ± 0.06 µg/kg, respectively. In addition, micro-CT analysis of L4 from TCSFS showed significant Pearson's correlation coefficients between Cd concentrations and trabecular bone number (-0.67, P ≤ 0.05) and trabecular separation (0.72, P ≤ 0.05). The results showed no correlation between bone parameters and metal concentrations at reference sites. This study is one of the few that aims to employ bone architecture as an endpoint in the field of biomonitoring. Furthermore, this study confirmed some earlier research by demonstrating substantial levels of heavy metal contamination in soil samples, kidney samples, and P. leucopus L4 trabecular bone separations from TCSFS. Moreover, this is the first study to record information regarding bone microarchitecture parameters in P. leucopus in North America.

Development of a Protein-Rich By-Product by 23 Factorial Design: Characterization of Its Nutritional Value and Sensory Analysis

The aim of this study was the development of a cereal bar based on bee pollen (BP), honey (H), and flour by-products (peel passion fruit flour-PPFF), generating an innovative product. BP is a protein-rich ingredient and can be used in the composition of cereal bars. PPFF is a by-product rich in fibers. The formulations were developed using a 2³ factorial design with four replicates in the center point, studying the sensory analysis as a response variable. The texture and nutritional parameters were performed for the optimal formulation. BP showed ca. 15% of protein. The final formulation (10.35% BP, 6.8% PPFF, and 25% H) presented 22.2% moisture, 1.8% ash, 0.4% total fat, 3.0% fiber, 63.1% carbohydrates, and 74.0 Kcal/25 g. The sensory analysis presented valued around 7 (typical of a traditional bar). Regarding the possibility of purchasing the product, 51% of the panelists said they would probably buy the developed product. The formulated cereal bar had a similar composition as those already marketed. Moreover, it can be considered a source of fiber and is sensory acceptable. This approach opens up new opportunities for developing nutritional and functional foodstuff with improved sensorial aspects.

Brick tea consumption and its relationship with fluorosis in Tibetan areas

Brick tea-type fluorosis (BTF) due to a high intake of brick tea is possible in Tibetan populations, and dental fluorosis (DF) and skeletal fluorosis (SF) are its primary manifestations. To determine the prevalence of DF and SF and their relationships with brick tea intake in Tibetan populations, a literature review was conducted for studies published between 1994 and 2021. The available evidence revealed that brick tea may be produced from older stems and leaves of the tea plant and that the fluoride content of brick tea exceeds the national standard. The harsh environment of the plateau has led to limited food sources for the local Tibetan people who form the habit of drinking tea leaves as a satiation solution to digest greasy food and replenish vitamins, and regular consumption of brick tea leads to excessive exposure of Tibetan residents to fluoride. Studies in Tibet showed that the prevalence of DF in children was 14.06-75.93% in different districts, and the overall pooled prevalence of DF was 26.08%. The prevalence of SF in adults was 19.90-74.77% in different Tibetan districts, and the overall pooled prevalence of SF was 33.84%. The analysis of risk factors showed that the prevalence of BTF may be related to high-altitude and different working and living conditions, and BTF in children may be associated with fluoride intake during mothers' pregnancy and lactation. With the development of bioinformatics research, gene polymorphisms were suspected to be related to susceptibility to fluorosis in Tibetan populations. The study of BTF in Tibetan people needs to be further investigated and standardized, and additional studies evaluating the pathogenesis and preventive measures of BTF are warranted.

Association between bone trace elements and osteoporosis in older adults: a cross-sectional study

Objectives:

Metal micronutrients deficiency may be one of the risk factors for the development of osteoporosis. This study aimed to measure the trace element contents in human bone tissue to analyze the relationship between micronutrients and osteoporosis.

Design:

A cross-sectional survey was performed on data from 51 elderly patients with proximal femoral fracture.

Methods:

The concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, manganese, iron, copper, and zinc in bone tissue samples from 51 elderly patients with proximal femoral fracture were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX). Subjects were divided into osteoporosis and non-osteoporosis groups according to their bone mineral density (BMD) T-score values. The difference in metal elements concentrations in bone tissue between the two groups was compared, and the role of metal elements in osteoporosis was discussed.

Results:

There was no statistical difference in age, sex, body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, biochemical blood indices, and bone turnover markers between the two groups. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the difference in metal elements concentrations in bone tissue samples between the two groups. The results showed that manganese, copper, and zinc concentrations in the cancellous bone were significantly higher in the non-osteoporosis group than in the osteoporosis group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that high bone zinc concentration [odds ratio = 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.075–0.928, p = 0.038] was negatively correlated with osteoporosis.

Conclusion:

Manganese, copper, and zinc play an essential role in bone mineralization and metabolism. Among them, zinc may be most closely related to osteoporosis and play a key role in bone development and maintenance of bone mass. Therefore, we believe that the design of zinc-rich compounds or nutrients as a new complementary factor to increase the intake of zinc for the elderly could be able to prevent and intervene in the occurrence of osteoporosis in the early stage.