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Talbot JS, Perkins DR, Dawkins TG, Lord RN, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, McManus AM, Stembridge M, Pugh CJA. Flow-mediated dilation is modified by exercise training status during childhood and adolescence: preliminary evidence of the youth athlete's artery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 327:H331-H339. [PMID: 38847760 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00287.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Chronic exercise training is associated with an "athlete's artery" phenotype in young adults and an attenuated age-related decline in endothelium-dependent arterial function. Adolescence is associated with an influx of sex-specific hormones that may exert divergent effects on endothelial function, but whether training adaptations interact with biological maturation to produce a "youth athlete's artery" has not been explored. We investigated the influence of exercise-training status on endothelium-dependent arterial function during childhood and adolescence. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed in n = 102 exercise-trained (males, n = 25; females, n = 29) and untrained (males, n = 23; females, n = 25) youths, characterized as pre (males, n = 25; females, n = 26)- or post (males, n = 23; females, n = 28)-predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV). Baseline brachial artery diameter was larger in post- compared with pre-PHV youths (P ≤ 0.001), males compared with females (P ≤ 0.001), and trained compared with untrained youths (3.26 ± 0.51 vs. 3.11 ± 0.42 mm; P = 0.041). Brachial FMD was similar in pre- and post-PHV youths (P = 0.298), and males and females (P = 0.946). However, exercise-trained youths demonstrated higher FMD when compared with untrained counterparts (5.3 ± 3.3 vs. 3.0 ± 2.6%; P ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, brachial artery diameter (r2 = 0.142; P = 0.007 vs. r2 = 0.004; P = 0.652) and FMD (r2 = 0.138; P = 0.008 vs. r2 = 0.003; P = 0.706) were positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in post-, but not pre-PHV youths, respectively. Collectively, our data indicate that exercise training is associated with brachial artery remodeling and enhanced endothelial function during youth. However, arterial remodeling and endothelium-dependent function are only associated with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness during later stages of adolescence.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report preliminary evidence of the "youth athlete's artery," characterized by training-related arterial remodeling and elevated endothelium-dependent arterial function in children and adolescents. However, training-related adaptations in brachial artery diameter and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents, but not in children. Our findings indicate that endothelium-dependent arterial function is modifiable with chronic exercise training during childhood, but the association between FMD and elevated cardiorespiratory fitness is only apparent during later stages of adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S Talbot
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Cardiometabolic Health and Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dean R Perkins
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tony G Dawkins
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel N Lord
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Ali M McManus
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J A Pugh
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Takken T, Hulzebos EH. Practical Aspects of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:403-410. [PMID: 37827506 PMCID: PMC11150037 DOI: 10.1055/a-2191-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in pediatrics provides critical insights into potential physiological causes of unexplained exercise-related complaints or symptoms, as well as specific pathophysiological patterns based on physiological responses or abnormalities. Furthermore, CPET helps evaluate exercise performance in children with chronic (lung/heart) diseases. For instance, it can ascertain any adverse reaction to exercise and estimate the effects of specific treatment measures. It affords a global assessment of the pathophysiological patterns, responses and abnormalities to exercise that is inadequately reflected by resting lung function and/or cardiac function assessment. Clinical interpretation of the results of a CPET in pediatrics requires specific knowledge regarding pathophysiological responses and interpretative strategies that can be adapted to address concerns specific to the child's medical condition or disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Takken
- Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht - Locatie WKZ, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Erik H Hulzebos
- Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, UMC Utrecht - Locatie WKZ, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Galloway R, Owens S, Kim H, Bass M, Kang M, Loftin M. Comparison of different VO2max scaling models in male and female non-obese and obese adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:560-566. [PMID: 38411045 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this paper was to identify the most appropriate allometric scaling model for expressing aerobic fitness, determined by maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), that would allow comparisons across differing body types. METHODS VO2max and body composition data were collected from untrained non-obese and obese participants (N.=126). Allometric models were created using body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM), and leg FFM (LFFM) to determine the goodness-of-fit using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). RESULTS Allometric scaled exponents adjusted for BM, FFM and LFFM were 0.67, 0.68 and 0.55, respectively. VO2max scaled to BM was 22% higher in non-obese individuals. Scaled to LFFM, V VO2max was only 7.5% higher in non-obese individuals as compared to obese individuals. Data showed a positive correlation (r=0.28; P=0.009) between VO2max and BM for non-obese participants and a negative correlation (r=-0.39; P=0.014) for obese participants. AIC values showed the LFFM model as the best fit (AICc = 0 "substantial support) and the AIC differences for FFM and BM were both >10 "no support" for the model (12.1 and 28.2, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Interpretation of aerobic power and comparisons would be most appropriate when allometrically scaled to the metabolically active tissue (LFFM). Bias is introduced when scaling to BM and comparing individuals of various body compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley Galloway
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA -
| | - Scott Owens
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Heontae Kim
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Martha Bass
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Mark Loftin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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Larios G, Uribe S, Trincado C, Arancibia-Galilea F, Valderrama P, Espejo JP, Amezquita MV, Barja S. Myocardial function, mechanics and work by echocardiography in adolescents with severe obesity. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2024; 13:e0301. [PMID: 38706533 PMCID: PMC11068145 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Obesity and its metabolic complications can impact the heart's structure and function in childhood, although demonstrating this impact has been challenging. New echocardiographic parameters such as left atrial strain (LAε) and left ventricular strain (LVε), as well as myocardial work (MW), could reveal subclinical alterations in cardiac function. Objective The aim is to evaluate the feasibility of these parameters in adolescents with severe obesity and explore their associations with body fat, metabolic comorbidities, and physical capacity. Methods This is a cross-sectional study in adolescents with obesity who underwent echocardiography with analysis of LAε, LVε and MW using speckle tracking. Feasibility and association with anthropometry, body fat percentage, comorbidities and cardiopulmonary test were analyzed. Results Twenty adolescents were recruited, 13 (65%) were males, median age 14.2 (interquartile range: 12.9-14.9) years old. The median Z-score for BMI (zBMI) was +3.03 (2.87-3.14), 14 (70%) had severe obesity (zBMI ≥+3), 12 (60%) body fat ≥95th percentile, 9 (45%) high blood pressure (HBP) and 8 (40%) metabolic syndrome. The analysis of the echocardiographic parameters was feasible in 95% (LAε) and 100% (LVε and MW). LVε was lower in adolescents with vs. without metabolic syndrome: 17.8% (17.5-19.3%) vs. 19.3% (18.3-20.3%), P = 0.046; and with vs. without HBP 17.8% (17.5-18.6%) vs. 19.7% (18.4-20.3%), P = 0.02. Those with body fat ≥95th percentile had lower LAε and MW parameters, without association with cardiopulmonary test. Conclusion Echocardiographic evaluation of LAε, LVε and MW is feasible in adolescents with severe obesity. A higher proportion of body fat and the presence of comorbidities are associated with alterations in these new echocardiographic functional parameters suggesting myocardial impact of higher metabolic compromise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Larios
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Sergio Uribe
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University
| | - Claudia Trincado
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | | | - Paulo Valderrama
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Espejo
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - María Virginia Amezquita
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Salesa Barja
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Josefina Martinez Hospital, Santiago, Chile
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Galantine P, Bertin D, Duché P, Hays A. Effect of maturity status on force-velocity relationships in a ballistic lower limb test in high-level soccer players. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:803-813. [PMID: 38899755 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2366743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of maturity status on force-velocity relationships in a ballistic lower limb (BLL) test in high-level soccer adolescents and young adults. The population was 61 adolescents (13.0-17.9 years) and 23 young adults (18.0-26.2 years). Subjects completed the BLL test on a ballistic ergometer equipped with two force plates and a linear encoder. Following Samozino's method, maximal power output (Pmax), force (F0) and velocity (v0) were determined. An allometric model was applied to Pmax and F0 with body mass (BM) and fat-free mass (FFM). Significant effects of maturity status were found for absolute Pmax, F0, relative Pmax to BM and FFM, relative F0 to FFM and F0 allometrically scaled to BM and FFM (p = 0.02 to p < 0.001; η = 0.10 to η = 0.49). There was no significant effect for Pmax allometrically scaled to BM and FFM, F0 relative to BM and v0. Body dimensions explain group differences in Pmax whereas for F0, qualitative factors explain the differences between the groups. As maturity status and body dimensions influence Pmax, these factors should be considered when assessing explosive short efforts. This could help to better identify potential athletic talent and adapt training content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Galantine
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (ISM), Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France
- Laboratory of 'Jeunesse - Activité Physique et Sport - Santé', Toulon University, Toulon, France
| | - Denis Bertin
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement (ISM), Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France
- HIPE Human Laboratory, Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Laboratory of 'Jeunesse - Activité Physique et Sport - Santé', Toulon University, Toulon, France
| | - Arnaud Hays
- HIPE Human Laboratory, Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France
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Douglas AJM, Talbot JS, Perkins D, Dawkins TG, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Ainslie PN, McManus A, Pugh CJA, Lord RN, Stembridge M. The influence of maturation and sex on intracranial blood velocities during exercise in children. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:451-459. [PMID: 38126090 PMCID: PMC11212810 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00478.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral blood velocity (CBv) increases in response to moderate exercise in humans, but the magnitude of change is smaller in children compared with postpubertal adolescents and adults. Whether sex differences exist in the anterior or posterior CBv response to exercise across pubertal development remains to be determined. We assessed middle cerebral artery (MCAv) and posterior cerebral artery (PCAv) blood velocity via transcranial Doppler in 38 prepubertal (18 males) and 48 postpubertal (23 males) with cerebrovascular and cardiorespiratory measures compared at baseline and ventilatory threshold. At baseline, MCAv was higher in both sexes pre- versus postpuberty. Females demonstrated a greater MCAv (P < 0.001) than their male counterparts (prepubertal females; 78 ± 11 cm·s-1 vs. prepubertal males; 72 ± 8 cm·s-1, and postpubertal females; 68 ± 10 cm·s-1 vs. postpubertal males; 62 ± 7 cm·s-1). During exercise, MCAv remained higher in postpubertal females versus males (81 ± 15 cm·s-1 vs. 73 ± 11 cm·s-1), but there were no differences in prepuberty. The relative increase in PCAv was greater in post- versus prepubertal females (51 ± 9 cm·s-1 vs. 45 ± 11 cm·s-1; P = 0.032) but was similar in males and females. Our findings suggest that biological sex alters anterior cerebral blood velocities at rest in both pre- and postpubertal youth, but the response to submaximal exercise is only influenced by sex postpuberty.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cerebral blood velocity (CBv) in the anterior circulation was higher in females compared with males irrespective of maturational stage, but not in the posterior circulation. In response to exercise, females demonstrated a greater CBv compared with males, especially post-peak height velocity (post-PHV) where the CBv response to exercise was more pronounced. Our findings suggest that both CBv at rest and in response to acute submaximal exercise are altered by biological sex in a maturity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J M Douglas
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jack S Talbot
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dean Perkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tony G Dawkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealandy, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealandy, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ali McManus
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher J A Pugh
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel N Lord
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Haapala EA, Lubans DR, Jaakkola T, Barker AR, Plaza-Florido A, Gracia-Marco L, Solis-Urra P, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Esteban-Cornejo I, Ortega FB. Which indices of cardiorespiratory fitness are more strongly associated with brain health in children with overweight/obesity? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14549. [PMID: 38093459 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the strength of associations between different indices of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and brain health outcomes in children with overweight/obesity. METHODS Participants were 100 children aged 8-11 years. CRF was assessed using treadmill exercise test (peak oxygen uptake [V̇O2peak ], treadmill time, and V̇O2 at ventilatory threshold) and 20-metre shuttle run test (20mSRT, laps, running speed, estimated V̇O2peak using the equations by Léger et al., Mahar et al., and Matsuzaka et al.). Intelligence, executive functions, and academic performance were assessed using validated methods. Total gray matter and hippocampal volumes were assessed using structural MRI. RESULTS V̇O2peak /body mass (β = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.01-0.35) and treadmill time (β = 0.18-0.21, 95% CI = 0.01-0.39) were positively associated with gray matter volume. 20mSRT laps were positively associated with executive functions (β = 0.255, 95% CI = 0.089-0.421) and academic performance (β = 0.199-0.255, 95% CI = 0.006-0.421), and the running speed was positively associated with executive functions (β = 0.203, 95% CI = 0.039-0.367). Estimated V̇O2peak/Léger et al. was positively associated with intelligence, executive functions, academic performance, and gray matter volume (β = 0.205-0.282, 95% CI = 0.013-0.500). Estimated V̇O2peak/Mahar et al. and V̇O2peak/Matsuzaka et al. (speed) were positively associated with executive functions (β = 0.204-0.256, 95% CI = 0.031-0.436). CONCLUSION Although V̇O2peak is considered the gold standard indicator of CRF in children, peak performance (laps or running speed) and estimated V̇O2peak/Léger et al. derived from 20mSRT had stronger and more consistent associations with brain health outcomes than other indices of CRF in children with overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David R Lubans
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, School of Education, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Active Living Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Timo Jaakkola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Abel Plaza-Florido
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricio Solis-Urra
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Nuclear Medicine Services, "Virgen de Las Nieves", University Hospital, Granada, Spain
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
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8
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Talbot JS, Perkins DR, Tallon CM, Dawkins TG, Douglas AJM, Beckerleg R, Crofts A, Wright ME, Davies S, Steventon JJ, Murphy K, Lord RN, Pugh CJA, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Ainslie PN, McManus AM, Stembridge M. Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity are modified by maturational stage and exercise training status during youth. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1500-1515. [PMID: 37742137 PMCID: PMC10988468 DOI: 10.1113/ep091279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Gonadal hormones modulate cerebrovascular function while insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) facilitates exercise-mediated cerebral angiogenesis; puberty is a critical period of neurodevelopment alongside elevated gonadal hormone and IGF-1 activity: but whether exercise training across puberty enhances cerebrovascular function is unkown. What is the main finding and its importance? Cerebral blood flow is elevated in endurance trained adolescent males when compared to untrained counterparts. However, cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia is faster in trained vs. untrained children, but not adolescents. Exercise-induced improvements in cerebrovascular function are attainable as early as the first decade of life. ABSTRACT Global cerebral blood flow (gCBF) and cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia (CV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ ) are modulated by gonadal hormone activity, while insulin-like growth factor 1 facilitates exercise-mediated cerebral angiogenesis in adults. Whether critical periods of heightened hormonal and neural development during puberty represent an opportunity to further enhance gCBF andCV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ is currently unknown. Therefore, we used duplex ultrasound to assess gCBF andCV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ in n = 128 adolescents characterised as endurance-exercise trained (males: n = 30, females: n = 36) or untrained (males: n = 29, females: n = 33). Participants were further categorised as pre- (males: n = 35, females: n = 33) or post- (males: n = 24, females: n = 36) peak height velocity (PHV) to determine pubertal or 'maturity' status. Three-factor ANOVA was used to identify main and interaction effects of maturity status, biological sex and training status on gCBF andCV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ . Data are reported as group means (SD). Pre-PHV youth demonstrated elevated gCBF and slowerCV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ mean response times than post-PHV counterparts (both: P ≤ 0.001). gCBF was only elevated in post-PHV trained males when compared to untrained counterparts (634 (43) vs. 578 (46) ml min-1 ; P = 0.007). However,CV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ mean response time was faster in pre- (72 (20) vs. 95 (29) s; P ≤ 0.001), but not post-PHV (P = 0.721) trained youth when compared to untrained counterparts. Cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with gCBF in post-PHV youth (r2 = 0.19; P ≤ 0.001) andCV R C O 2 ${\mathrm{CV}}{{\mathrm{R}}_{{\mathrm{C}}{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ mean response time in pre-PHV youth (r2 = 0.13; P = 0.014). Higher cardiorespiratory fitness during adolescence can elevate gCBF while exercise training during childhood primes the development of cerebrovascular function, highlighting the importance of exercise training during the early stages of life in shaping the cerebrovascular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S. Talbot
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing ResearchCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Dean R. Perkins
- Department of Sport ScienceUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Christine M. Tallon
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaCanada
| | - Tony G. Dawkins
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaCanada
| | - Andrew J. M. Douglas
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing ResearchCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Ryan Beckerleg
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Andrew Crofts
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Melissa E. Wright
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Saajan Davies
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Jessica J. Steventon
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and AstronomyCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Rachel N. Lord
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing ResearchCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Christopher J. A. Pugh
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing ResearchCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development CentreCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Sports Performance Research Institute New ZealandAUT UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development CentreCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Sports Performance Research Institute New ZealandAUT UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human PerformanceWaikato Institute of TechnologyWaikatoNew Zealand
| | - Philip N. Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaCanada
| | - Ali M. McManus
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaCanada
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health SciencesCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing ResearchCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
- Youth Physical Development CentreCardiff Metropolitan UniversityCardiffUK
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9
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Talbot JS, Perkins DR, Dawkins TG, Douglas AJM, Griffiths TD, Richards CT, Owen K, Lord RN, Pugh CJA, Oliver JL, Lloyd RS, Ainslie PN, McManus AM, Stembridge M. Neurovascular coupling and cerebrovascular hemodynamics are modified by exercise training status at different stages of maturation during youth. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H510-H521. [PMID: 37450291 PMCID: PMC10538977 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00302.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is mediated via nitric oxide signaling, which is independently influenced by sex hormones and exercise training. Whether exercise training differentially modifies NVC pre- versus postpuberty, where levels of circulating sex hormones will differ greatly within and between sexes, remains to be determined. Therefore, we investigated the influence of exercise training status on resting intracranial hemodynamics and NVC at different stages of maturation. Posterior and middle cerebral artery velocities (PCAv and MCAv) and pulsatility index (PCAPI and MCAPI) were assessed via transcranial Doppler ultrasound at rest and during visual NVC stimuli. N = 121 exercise-trained (males, n = 32; females, n = 32) and untrained (males, n = 28; females, n = 29) participants were characterized as pre (males, n = 33; females, n = 29)- or post (males, n = 27; females, n = 32)-peak height velocity (PHV). Exercise-trained youth demonstrated higher resting MCAv (P = 0.010). Maturity and training status did not affect the ΔPCAv and ΔMCAv during NVC. However, pre-PHV untrained males (19.4 ± 13.5 vs. 6.8 ± 6.0%; P ≤ 0.001) and females (19.3 ± 10.8 vs. 6.4 ± 7.1%; P ≤ 0.001) had a higher ΔPCAPI during NVC than post-PHV untrained counterparts, whereas the ΔPCAPI was similar in pre- and post-PHV trained youth. Pre-PHV untrained males (19.4 ± 13.5 vs. 7.9 ± 6.0%; P ≤ 0.001) and females (19.3 ± 10.8 vs. 11.1 ± 7.3%; P = 0.016) also had a larger ΔPCAPI than their pre-PHV trained counterparts during NVC, but the ΔPCAPI was similar in trained and untrained post-PHV youth. Collectively, our data indicate that exercise training elevates regional cerebral blood velocities during youth, but training-mediated adaptations in NVC are only attainable during early stages of adolescence. Therefore, childhood provides a unique opportunity for exercise-mediated adaptations in NVC.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report that the change in cerebral blood velocity during a neurovascular coupling task (NVC) is similar in pre- and postpubertal youth, regardless of exercise-training status. However, prepubertal untrained youth demonstrated a greater increase in cerebral blood pulsatility during the NVC task when compared with their trained counterparts. Our findings highlight that childhood represents a unique opportunity for exercise-mediated adaptations in cerebrovascular hemodynamics during NVC, which may confer long-term benefits in cerebrovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S Talbot
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dean R Perkins
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tony G Dawkins
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew J M Douglas
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D Griffiths
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cory T Richards
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Owen
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Windsor Clive Primary School, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel N Lord
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J A Pugh
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ali M McManus
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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10
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Kraav J, Tamme R, Remmel L, Mäestu E, Zagura M, Jürimäe J, Tillmann V. Arterial Structure in 18-Year-Old Males Is Dependent on Physical Activity at 12 Years and Cumulative Cardiorespiratory Fitness From Puberty to Late Adolescence. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2023; 35:144-154. [PMID: 36509088 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the long-term effect of body composition, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) from puberty on arterial health in late adolescent males. METHODS The cumulative burden of physical activity (measured with accelerometer), CRF (VO2peak0.82), and body composition (body mass index, fat mass, and fat percentage) from puberty to late adolescence (sum of 4 time points from 12 to 18 y) was assessed in 102 males. Additional analysis on the first (T1) and last (T4) time points was performed. Intima-media thickness (IMT), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index adjusted to heart rate of 75 beats per minute (bpm) as dependent variables were measured at T4 and analyzed in multivariable regression models adjusted for known risk factors including maturation, blood pressure, and smoking habits. RESULTS T1 and cumulative body composition measures were independently associated with IMT, while cumulative (β = -0.011, P = .036) and T4 (β = -0.0.031, P = .001) CRF revealed independent associations with IMT. Individuals with moderate to vigorous physical activity >60 minutes per day at T1 showed relationship (β = -1.091, P = .026) with IMT independently of late adolescent physical activity. No significant relationship was present for arterial function. CONCLUSION Arterial structure in adolescent males is associated with physical activity at 12 years while relationship with CRF can be seen in late adolescence and cumulatively from puberty to late adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juta Kraav
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Reeli Tamme
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Maksim Zagura
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu,Estonia
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11
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Galantine P, Sudlow A, Peyrot N, Vercruyssen F, Bélard C, Dalleau G, Duché P. Force-velocity profile in sprinting: sex effect. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:911-921. [PMID: 36595048 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to produce muscle power during sprint acceleration is a major determinant of physical performance. The comparison of the force-velocity (F-v: theoretical maximal force, F0; velocity, v0 and maximal power output, Pmax) profile between men and women has attracted little attention. Most studies of sex differences have failed to apply a scaling ratio when reporting data. The present study investigated the sex effect on the F-v profile using an allometric model applied with body mass (BM), fat-free mass (FFM), fat-free mass of the lower limb (FFMLL), cross-sectional area (CSA) and leg length (LL) to mechanical parameters. Thirty students (15 men, 15 women) participated. Raw velocity-time data for three maximal 35 m sprints were measured with a radar. Mechanical parameters of the F-v relationship were calculated from the modelling of the velocity-time curve. When F0 and Pmax were allometrically scaled with BM (p = 0.538; ES = 0.23) and FFM (p = 0.176; ES = 0.51), there were no significant differences between men and women. However, when the allometric model was applied to Pmax with FFMLL (p = 0.015; ES = 0.52), F0 with CSA (p = 0.016; ES = 0.93) and v0 with LL (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 1.98) differences between men and women persisted. FFM explained 83% of the sex differences in the F-v profile (p ≤ 0.001). After applying an allometric model, sex differences in the F-v profile are explained by other factors than body dimensions (i.e., physiological qualitative differences).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Galantine
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Anthony Sudlow
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, Université Le Mans, EA 4334, Le Mans, France
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Chrystal Bélard
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Georges Dalleau
- Laboratoire IRISSE-EA4075, Université de la Réunion, Le Tampon, La Réunion, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Impact de l'Activité Physique sur la Santé (IAPS-UR n°201723207F), Université de Toulon, Toulon, France.
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12
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Haapala EA, Kuronen E, Ihalainen JK, Lintu N, Leppänen MH, Tompuri T, Atalay M, Schwab U, Lakka TA. Cross-sectional associations between physical fitness and biomarkers of inflammation in children-The PANIC study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1000-1009. [PMID: 36779507 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic low-grade inflammation has been proposed as an underlying pathophysiological mechanism for cardiometabolic diseases. We investigated the associations of physical fitness with a systemic low-grade inflammatory state in a population sample of children. METHODS Altogether 391 children aged 6-9 years were examined. Cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal power output, Wmax ) was assessed by a maximal cycle ergometer test and neuromuscular fitness by hand grip strength, sit-up, standing long jump, 50-meter shuttle run, static balance, sit-and-reach, and box and block tests. Body fat percentage (BF%) and lean mass (LM) were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), leptin, leptin receptor, high molecular weight adiponectin (HMW-adiponectin), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA) were assessed from fasting blood samples. The modified inflammatory score (IS) was calculated using the population-specific z-scores and formula (z hs-CRP + z leptin + z IL-6 + z TNF-α + z GlycA)-z leptin receptor-z HMW-adiponectin. The data were analyzed using linear regression analyses. RESULTS Higher Wmax /kg of body mass (β = -0.416, 95% CI = -0.514 to -0.318), higher number of completed sit-ups (β = -0.147, 95% CI = -0.244 to -0.049), a longer distance jumped in the standing long jump test (β = -0.270, 95% CI = -0.371 to -0.169), and a shorter time in the 50-meter shuttle run test (β = 0.123, 95% CI = 0.022 to 0.223) were associated with lower IS. None of these associations remained statistically significant after adjustment for BF%. CONCLUSIONS Higher physical fitness is associated with a more favorable inflammatory biomarker profile in children. However, the associations were explained by BF%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Sports & Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emmi Kuronen
- Sports & Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Johanna K Ihalainen
- Sports & Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja H Leppänen
- Sports & Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Tompuri
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Alkan F, Ersoy B, Kızılay DO, Ozyurt BC, Coskun S. Evaluation of cardiac structure, exercise capacity and electrocardiography parameters in children with partial and complete growth hormone deficiency and their changes with short term growth hormone replacement therapy. Pituitary 2023; 26:115-123. [PMID: 36463549 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate cardiac structure, exercise capacity and electrocardiography (ECG) parameters of children with complete and partial growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) and the effect of 12 months GH treatment on these. METHODS M-mode echocardiography, ECG and exercise test expressed as metabolic equivalent (MET) were performed in children with GHD, aged 9-14 years, divided into those with a peak GH response < 7 µg/L (complete GHD; n = 30) and 7-10 µg/L (partial GHD; n = 17) after two GH stimulation tests, at baseline and 12 months after GH initiation. Forty-eight healthy peers underwent the same tests once. RESULTS Left ventricular mass (LVM) was significantly lower before treatment in both groups with GHD compared to healthy peers (p = 0.015 and p = 0.032) but LVM in the GHD groups was similar to controls after 12 months of treatment. The increase in LVM in the complete GHD group was significant (p = 0.044). LVM index was significantly reduced with treatment in children with partial GHD (p = 0.035). Max METs, VO2max and exercise duration were significantly increased in children with complete GHD after treatment (p = 0.022, p = 0.015 and p = 0.002, respectively). Significant changes in P wave and QTc dispersion on ECG between groups were within physiological limits. CONCLUSION This study showed that children with both partial and complete GHD had smaller cardiac structures and less exercise capacity compared to their healthy peers prior to GH treatment but this improved with 12 months of treatment. The cardiac trophic effect of GH, as well as the effect of increasing exercise capacity, is greater in those with complete GHD than in those with partial GHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatos Alkan
- School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Betul Ersoy
- School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Deniz Ozalp Kızılay
- School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Cengız Ozyurt
- School of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Senol Coskun
- School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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14
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Is cardiorespiratory fitness a moderator of the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and insulin resistance in schoolchildren? Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:213-220. [PMID: 35941230 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) decreases the association between insulin resistance and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in a population-based sample of Spanish schoolchildren. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study including 430 schoolchildren (51.4% girls), aged 8-12 years, from 10 schools in Cuenca (Spain). Blood samples were drawn to measure fasting insulin levels. Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was also assessed. Data on SSB consumption were gathered using the Children's Eating Habits Questionnaire, which was completed by parents. The CRF level was determined by the 20 m Shuttle Run test and a curvilinear allometric model. RESULTS Our conditional regression estimates showed that CRF moderated the association of SSB consumption on insulin levels or HOMA-IR. In children who had levels of CRF < 34.4 ml/kg/min ml/kg/min (for insulin levels) or < 33.6 ml/kg/min (for HOMA-IR), the association between SSB consumption and fasting insulin levels or HOMA-IR raised. Among children with CRF levels between 34.4 and 52.1 ml/kg/min (for insulin levels) or 33.6-55.4 ml/kg/min (for HOMA-IR), the association of SSB consumption on insulin level or HOMA-IR neither increased nor decreased. Among children with CRF levels > 52.1 ml/kg/min (for insulin levels) or > 55.4 ml/kg/min (for HOMA-IR), the association of SSB consumption on fasting insulin levels or HOMA-IR decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that certain levels of CRF moderate the association between SSB consumption and insulin resistance in a population-based sample of Spanish schoolchildren.
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15
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Wadey CA, Barker AR, Stuart G, Tran DL, Laohachai K, Ayer J, Cordina R, Williams CA. Scaling Peak Oxygen Consumption for Body Size and Composition in People With a Fontan Circulation. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026181. [PMID: 36515232 PMCID: PMC9798799 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Peak oxygen consumption (peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$) is traditionally divided ("ratio-scaled") by body mass (BM) for clinical interpretation. Yet, it is unknown whether ratio-scaling to BM can produce a valid size-independent expression of peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ in people with a Fontan circulation. Furthermore, people with a Fontan circulation have deficits in lean mass, and it is unexplored whether using different measures of body composition may improve scaling validity. The objective was to assess the validity of different scaling denominators (BM, stature, body surface area, fat-free mass, lean mass, and appendicular lean mass using ratio and allometric scaling). Methods and Results Eighty-nine participants (age: 23.3±6.7 years; 53% female) with a Fontan circulation had their cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Ratio and allometric (log-linear regression) scaling was performed and Pearson correlations assessed scaling validity. Scaling denominators BM (r=-0.25, P=0.02), stature (r=0.46, P<0.001), and body surface area (0.23, P=0.03) were significantly correlated with their respective ratio-scaled expressions of peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$, but fat-free mass, lean mass, or appendicular lean mass were not (r≤0.11; R2=1%). Allometrically expressed peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ resulted in no significant correlation with any scaling denominator (r=≤0.23; R2=≤4%). Conclusions The traditional and accepted method of ratio-scaling to BM is invalid because it fails to create a size-independent expression of peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ in people with a Fontan circulation. However, ratio-scaling to measures of body composition (fat-free mass, lean mass, and appendicular lean mass) and allometric techniques can produce size-independent expressions of peak V̇O2$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_2 $$ in people with a Fontan circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A. Wadey
- Children’s Health & Exercise Research Centre (CHERC)Public Health and Sport Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Barker
- Children’s Health & Exercise Research Centre (CHERC)Public Health and Sport Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
| | - Graham Stuart
- Bristol Congenital Heart Centre, The Bristol Heart Institute, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation TrustBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Derek L. Tran
- Central Clinical School, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales,Department of CardiologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNew South Wales,Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales
| | - Karina Laohachai
- Central Clinical School, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales,Department of CardiologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNew South Wales,Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales
| | - Julian Ayer
- Central Clinical School, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales,Department of CardiologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNew South Wales,Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales
| | - Rachael Cordina
- Central Clinical School, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales,Department of CardiologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNew South Wales,Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South Wales
| | - Craig A. Williams
- Children’s Health & Exercise Research Centre (CHERC)Public Health and Sport Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of ExeterExeterUnited Kingdom
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Haapala EA, Tompuri T, Lintu N, Viitasalo A, Savonen K, Lakka TA, Laukkanen JA. Is low cardiorespiratory fitness a feature of metabolic syndrome in children and adults? J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:923-929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Cross-sectional associations of body size indicators and lifestyle behaviors with cardiorespiratory fitness among adolescents: an allometric approach. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00952-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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AGBAJE ANDREWO, BARKER ALANR, TUOMAINEN TOMIPEKKA. Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Fat Mass, and Cardiometabolic Health with Endothelial Function, Arterial Elasticity, and Stiffness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:141-152. [PMID: 34334718 PMCID: PMC8677603 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and adiponectin bidirectionally associate with arterial function and structure and if CRF mediates the relationship between cardiometabolic health and arterial outcomes in 9- to 11-yr-old children drawn from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort, United Kingdom. METHODS Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), distensibility coefficient (DC), and carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured by ultrasonography; CRF was measured during the submaximal ergometer test; total FM, trunk FM, and LM were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; plasma adiponectin was measured by enzyme assay; and cardiometabolic health was computed based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome. We tested bidirectionality by including CRF, FM, LM, and adiponectin as exposures and FMD, DC, and PWV as outcomes, alternatively. RESULTS Among 5566 participants (2816 (51%) girls; median age, 9.75 yr), CRF per body mass0.21 was directly related to DC (β (95% confidence interval) = 0.004 (<0.0001 to 0.008); P = 0.046), whereas CRF per LM0.54 was inversely associated with PWV (-0.034 (-0.063 to -0.003); 0.032) after adjusting for covariates. These associations remained in bidirectional analyses. Total FM, trunk FM, and LM were bidirectionally and positively associated with FMD and DC. Total FM and trunk FM but not LM had bidirectional and inverse associations with PWV. Adiponectin was not related to FMD, DC, or PWV. CRF partially mediated the associations of cardiometabolic health with FMD (1.5% mediation), DC (12.1% mediation), and PWV (3.5% mediation). CONCLUSIONS Associations of poor cardiometabolic health with adverse arterial structure and function in childhood may be mitigated by increasing CRF. Higher CRF was associated with better arterial structure whereas higher total FM and trunk FM were associated with better arterial function and structure. In the reverse analysis, healthy arterial structure and function were independently associated with increased total FM and trunk FM, suggesting an "arterial paradox."
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Affiliation(s)
- ANDREW O. AGBAJE
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FINLAND
| | - ALAN R. BARKER
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - TOMI-PEKKA TUOMAINEN
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FINLAND
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19
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Ybarra M, Danieles PK, Barnett TA, Mathieu MÈ, Van Hulst A, Drouin O, Kakinami L, Bigras JL, Henderson M. Promoting healthy lifestyle behaviours in youth: Findings from a novel intervention for children at risk of cardiovascular disease. Paediatr Child Health 2021; 26:478-485. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Obesity is the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in children. We developed a 2-year lifestyle intervention for youth at risk of CVD. We assessed changes in body mass index z-scores (zBMI) and key cardiometabolic risk factors, physical fitness, and capacity among those who completed the program.
Methods
The CIRCUIT program is a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention for children aged 4 to 18 years at risk of CVD, based on a personalized plan to improve cardiometabolic outcomes by increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behaviours. Both at baseline and 2-year follow-up, we measured zBMI, blood pressure z-scores (zBP), adiposity (%body and %trunk fat), fasting blood glucose and lipid profile, aerobic (VO2max) and anaerobic (5×5 m shuttle run test) fitness, and physical capacity indicators. Differences between baseline and follow-up were examined using paired t-tests (for age-sex standardized outcomes) and multivariable mixed effect models, adjusted for age and sex (for other outcomes).
Results
Among the 106 participants (53 males) who completed the 2-year program, mean age at baseline was 10.9 years (SD=3.2). After 2 years, zBMI and diastolic zBP decreased by 0.30SD (95% CI: −0.44; −0.16) and 0.43SD (95% CI: −0.65; −0.23), respectively. Participants improved %body and %trunk fat, lipid profile, aerobic and anaerobic fitness levels, and physical capacity (p<0.02). No changes in systolic zBP nor in fasting plasma glucose were observed.
Conclusion
Our findings showed improved zBMI, cardiometabolic outcomes, physical fitness, and capacity among children at risk of CVD, suggesting that CIRCUIT is a promising intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ybarra
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Prince Kevin Danieles
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tracie A Barnett
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Mathieu
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andraea Van Hulst
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Drouin
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lisa Kakinami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Bigras
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Henderson
- Research Center of Sainte Justine University Hospital, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Public Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Kjellenberg K, Ekblom Ö, Stålman C, Helgadóttir B, Nyberg G. Associations between Physical Activity Patterns, Screen Time and Cardiovascular Fitness Levels in Swedish Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8110998. [PMID: 34828712 PMCID: PMC8621410 DOI: 10.3390/children8110998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular fitness (CVF) has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents. CVF levels are determined by non-modifiable and modifiable factors; one modifiable factor is physical activity (PA). There is a lack of studies investigating the associations between PA patterns and CVF and how gender, parental education, BMI status and country of birth are associated with CVF. The aim of this study was to explore the cross-sectional associations between PA patterns and CVF in Swedish 13–14-year-old adolescents. CVF was estimated using the Ekblom-Bak submaximal test, data on PA patterns were collected using hip-worn accelerometers and a questionnaire. The mean CVF was 44.8 mL/kg/min in girls (n = 569) and 55.5 mL/kg/min in boys (n = 451) p < 0.01. The results showed a significant association between participation in organised sports (β = 3.32 CI: 2.14, 4.51, β = 4.38, CI: 2.80, 5.96), MVPA (β = 0.07, CI: 0.04, 0.11, β = 0.07, CI: 0.03, 0.11), a high proportion of SED (β = −0.47, CI: −0.70, −0.25, β = −0.41, CI: −0.64, −0.18) and CVF in girls and boys, respectively. More than five hours of screen time on weekdays was associated with lower CVF (β = −2.32 CI: −3.92, −0.71 in girls and boys β = −2.82, CI: −5.14, −0.50). While causal relations remain unknown, these findings could be relevant when designing future interventions with the aim to improve CVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kjellenberg
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (Ö.E.); (C.S.); (B.H.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Örjan Ekblom
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (Ö.E.); (C.S.); (B.H.); (G.N.)
| | - Cecilia Stålman
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (Ö.E.); (C.S.); (B.H.); (G.N.)
| | - Björg Helgadóttir
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (Ö.E.); (C.S.); (B.H.); (G.N.)
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gisela Nyberg
- Department of Physical Activity and Health, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), 114 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (Ö.E.); (C.S.); (B.H.); (G.N.)
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Haapala EA, Gao Y, Hartikainen J, Rantalainen T, Finni T. Associations of fitness, motor competence, and adiposity with the indicators of physical activity intensity during different physical activities in children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12521. [PMID: 34131258 PMCID: PMC8206084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the associations of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), ventilatory threshold (VT), muscle strength, motor competence (MC), and adiposity with the indicators of PA intensity during different physical activities used to create absolute PA intensity cut-offs among 35 children 7-11-years-of-age. V̇O2peak was defined as the highest V̇O2 achieved in the maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a cycle ergometer, self-paced running, or running on a treadmill at 8 km/h. VT was defined from the CPET data. Peak isometric knee extensor and flexor strength was assessed by a dynamometer, MC by the Körperkoordination test für Kinder tests, and body composition by the bioelectrical impedance analysis. PA intensity was assessed using V̇O2 as a % of V̇O2reserve or V̇O2 at VT, mean amplitude deviation (MAD) measured by accelerometry, metabolic equivalent of task (MET), and muscle activity measured by textile electromyography during walking or running on a treadmill at 4, 6, and 8 km/h, playing hopscotch, walking up and down the stairs, self-paced walking, and self-paced running. Children with lower V̇O2peak, V̇O2 at VT, and MC operated at higher intensity level during given physical task than their peers with higher fitness and MC when PA intensity was expressed using relative PA intensity using V̇O2 as a % of V̇O2reserve or V̇O2 at VT (p < 0.05). MAD and METs during different tasks were not able to discriminate PA intensity between children with varying levels of physical fitness or MC. Traditionally used absolute measures of PA intensity based on accelerometry or MET underestimated PA intensity in children with lower V̇O2peak, V̇O2 at VT, and MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ying Gao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jani Hartikainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to review traditional and new perspectives in the interpretation of the development of youth cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). METHODS We analyzed data from (i) the literature which for 80 yr has been traditionally based on interpretations of peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2) in ratio with body mass (BM) and (ii) recent multilevel allometric models founded on 994 (475 from girls) determinations of 10- to 16-yr-olds' peak V˙O2 with measures of age, maturity status, and morphological covariates (BM and fat-free mass), and from 10 to 13 yr, 110 peak V˙O2 determinations of maximum cardiovascular covariates (stroke volume, cardiac output, and arteriovenous oxygen difference). RESULTS The application of ratio scaling of physiological variables requires satisfying specific statistical assumptions that are seldom met. In direct conflict with the ratio-scaled data interpretation of CRF, multilevel allometric modeling shows that with BM controlled, peak V˙O2 increases with age but the effect is smaller in girls than boys. Maturity status exerts a positive effect on peak V˙O2, in addition to those of age and BM. Changes in maximum cardiovascular covariates contribute to explaining the development of CRF, but fat-free mass (as a surrogate for active muscle mass) is the most powerful single influence. With age, maturity status, morphological covariates, and maximum cardiovascular covariates controlled, there remains an unexplained ~4% to ~9% sex difference in peak V˙O2. CONCLUSIONS The traditional interpretation of peak V˙O2 in ratio with BM is fallacious and leads to spurious correlations with other health-related variables. Studies of the development of CRF require analyses of sex-specific, concurrent changes in age- and maturation-driven morphological and maximum cardiovascular covariates. Multilevel allometric modeling provides a rigorous, flexible, and sensitive method of data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Armstrong
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
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23
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Notley SR, Akerman AP, Meade RD, McGarr GW, Kenny GP. Exercise Thermoregulation in Prepubertal Children: A Brief Methodological Review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:2412-2422. [PMID: 32366798 PMCID: PMC7556246 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prepubertal children (6-12 yr) differ from adults in various morphological and physiological factors that may influence thermoregulatory function; however, experimental evidence of meaningful child-adult differences in heat strain during exercise-heat stress is sparse, despite numerous studies. Although we appreciate the challenges associated with performing such comparisons, part of that discrepancy may be due to the methods used. Nonetheless, a focused discussion of these methodological considerations and their implications for current understanding remains unavailable. This is an important knowledge gap given the threat to health posed by rising global temperatures and the ongoing focus on improving physical activity levels in children. The aims of this methodological review were, therefore, to (i) review the theoretical basis for child-adult differences in thermoregulatory function, (ii) describe previous comparisons of exercise thermoregulation between prepubertal children and adults, (iii) discuss two methodological issues associated with that research, which, in our view, make it difficult to present empirical evidence related to child-adult differences in thermoregulatory function and associated heat strain, (iv) provide potential solutions to these issues, and (v) propose pertinent areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Ashley P Akerman
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Robert D Meade
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Gregory W McGarr
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CANADA
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24
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Korhonen M, Väistö J, Veijalainen A, Leppänen M, Ekelund U, Laukkanen JA, Brage S, Lintu N, Haapala EA, Lakka TA. Longitudinal associations of physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness with arterial health in children - the PANIC study. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1980-1987. [PMID: 33829952 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1912450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the longitudinal associations of physical activity (PA), sedentary time (ST), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with arterial health among children. In our primary analyses, we investigated 245 children (girls 51.8%) aged 6-9 years participating in the baseline examinations who had data on arterial health at 2-year follow-up. We also utilized a subsample of 90 children who had a complete arterial health data at baseline and 2-year follow-up. ST (≤1.5 METs), light PA (>1.5-4 METs), moderate PA (>4-7 METs), vigorous PA (>7METs), and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA, >4 METs) were assessed by combined movement and heart rate monitoring and CRF by maximal exercise testing on a cycle ergometer at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Stiffness index (SI) as a measure of arterial stiffness and change in reflection index during exercise test (DRI) as a measure of arterial dilation capacity were assessed by pulse contour analysis. Two-year change in vigorous PA was associated with DRI in boys but not in girls (p=0.021 for interaction). In a subsample analyses, 2-year changes in MPA, VPA, and MVPA were inversely associated with 2-year change in SI. In conclusion, promoting PA at higher intensities may confer larger benefits on arterial health than reducing ST and increasing LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Korhonen
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juuso Väistö
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aapo Veijalainen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marja Leppänen
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Norwegian School of Sports Science, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jari A Laukkanen
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Medicine, Central Finland Health Care District Hospital District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niina Lintu
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo A Lakka
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
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25
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Haapala EA, Barker AR, Lakka TA. Response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:454. [PMID: 33416273 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Welde B, Morseth B, Handegård BH, Lagestad P. Effect of Sex, Body Mass Index and Physical Activity Level on Peak Oxygen Uptake Among 14-19 Years Old Adolescents. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:78. [PMID: 33345069 PMCID: PMC7739671 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to describe longitudinal trends in peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) among 14- to 19-year-old adolescents in Norway, and to examine effects of sex, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity (PA) level on VO2peak during adolescence. Of 124 invited students from two lower secondary schools in Norway, 116 eighth-grade students (61 boys and 55 girls; 14 years old at baseline) volunteered to participate. The study has a longitudinal design with 6 yearly repeated measures of body height and mass, VO2peak and PA level. VO2peak allometrically scaled to body mass raised to the power of 0.67 was measured using a walking or running incremental test on a treadmill, whereas PA level was self-reported. Among 696 possible observations, 555 (79.7%) were valid. Multiple linear regression and linear mixed model analyses were used to examine the associations between age, sex, BMI, PA level and VO2peak. VO2peak showed a non-linear pattern from age 14 to 19, with a distinct increase for boys peaking at age 17, while the results provide a flatter and more stable curve for girls. Sex, BMI and PA level together explained 43–71% of the variance in VO2peak at the different age levels. Sex and PA level contributed independently to explain a significant proportion of the variance in VO2peak at all measurement occasions, while BMI did not. Adjusted sex differences in VO2peak increased over time, from 26.5 ml·kg−0.67·min−1 at age 14 to 55.5 ml·kg−0.67·min−1 at age 19. The independent contribution from PA level to the variance in VO2peak increased from age 14 to 16 and then decreased. While PA level explained 32.5% of the total variance in VO2peak for 16-year-olds, this number was 14% in 19-year-olds. In conclusion, aerobic power showed a non-linear pattern during adolescence, peaking at age 17. Sex and PA level explained a large proportion of the variance in VO2peak, each of them being an independent contributor to VO2peak. Aerobic power is linked to improved health and seems to depend largely on sex and PA level in adolescents, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a sufficient PA level during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boye Welde
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bente Morseth
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Helge Handegård
- RKBU Nord, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pål Lagestad
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Teacher Education and Art, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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27
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Haapala EA, Gao Y, Lintu N, Väistö J, Vanhala A, Tompuri T, Lakka TA, Finni T. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness, motor competence, and adiposity in children. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eero A. Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Ying Gao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- Department of Sports Science College of Education Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Anssi Vanhala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- Department of Education Faculty of Educational Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Tuomo Tompuri
- Institute of Biomedicine School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine Kuopio Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
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28
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Skog H, Lintu N, Haapala HL, Haapala EA. Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, adiposity, and arterial stiffness with cognition in youth. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14586. [PMID: 32951313 PMCID: PMC7507089 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, adiposity, and arterial stiffness with cognition in 16‐ to 19‐year‐old adolescents. Methods Fifty four adolescents (35 girls; 19 boys) participated in the study. Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and peak power output (Wmax) were measured by the maximal ramp test on a cycle ergometer and ventilatory threshold (VT) was determined with ventilation equivalents. Lean mass (LM) and body fat percentage (BF%) were measured using a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWVao) and augmentation index (AIx%) were measured by a non‐invasive oscillometric device. Working memory, short term memory, visual learning and memory, paired‐associate learning, attention, reaction time, and executive function were assessed by CogState tests. Results V̇O2peak/LM (β = 0.36 p = .011) and Wmax/LM (β = 0.30 p = .020) were positively associated with working memory. Wmax/LM was also positively associated with visual learning (β = 0.37, p = .009). V̇O2 at VT/LM was positively associated with working memory (β = 0.30 p = .016), visual learning (β = 0.31 p = .026), and associated learning (β = −0.27 p = .040). V̇O2 at VT as % of V̇O2peak, BF%, PWVao, and AIx% were not associated with cognition. Conclusion Cardiorespiratory fitness was related to better cognitive function, while BF% and arterial stiffness were not associated with cognition in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannamari Skog
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Henna L Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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29
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Menezes-Junior FJD, Jesus ÍCD, Mota J, Lopes MDFA, Corazza PRP, Tadiotto MC, Tozo TAA, Purim KSM, Ronque ERV, Leite N. Validation of equations to estimate the peak oxygen uptake in adolescents from 20 metres shuttle run test. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2588-2596. [PMID: 32715946 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1794255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop new prediction models from directly determined peak of oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in adolescents using 20-metre shuttle run test (20 m-SR) and to compare the new models with previously published equations. This study included 148 adolescents (43% girls), aged 13.37 ± 1.84 years old. Adolescents were randomly assigned to validation (n = 91) and cross-validation (n = 57) groups. VO2peak was measured using a gas analyser in both maximal exercise tests in the laboratory as well as by 20 m-SR. The multiple linear regression method was applied to develop the models using BMI, BMI-z score and body fat percentage (%FM). The proposed models presented better predictive performance (R2 = 75.6% to 78.9%) and a lower absolute percentage error (%error = 10.51 to 11.78%) than the previously published equations (R2 = 38.8% to 69.1%; %error = 13.13% to 21.54%). The Model with BMI-z was the best fit equation in girls, and the model with BMI-z and %FM in boys. Therefore, it is recommended that the equations developed in the present study be used in future research and projects in the school environment to estimate VO2peak in adolescents by the 20 m-SR test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge Mota
- Department of Centro de Investigação em Actividade Fìsica, Saúde e Lazer (CIAFEL), University of Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Tatiana Aparecida Affornali Tozo
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Brazil.,Institute of Education, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | - Neiva Leite
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba, Brazil
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Haapala EA, Wiklund P, Lintu N, Tompuri T, Väistö J, Finni T, Tarkka IM, Kemppainen T, Barker AR, Ekelund U, Brage S, Lakka TA. Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Insulin Resistance in Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1144-1152. [PMID: 31764464 PMCID: PMC7358077 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have investigated the independent and joint associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body fat percentage (BF%) with insulin resistance in children. We investigated the independent and combined associations of CRF and BF% with fasting glycemia and insulin resistance and their interactions with physical activity (PA) and sedentary time among 452 children age 6 to 8 yr. METHODS We assessed CRF with a maximal cycle ergometer exercise test and used allometrically scaled maximal power output (Wmax) for lean body mass (LM) and body mass (BM) as measures of CRF. The BF% and LM were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, fasting glycemia by fasting plasma glucose, and insulin resistance by fasting serum insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). The PA energy expenditure, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and sedentary time were assessed by combined movement and heart rate sensor. RESULTS Wmax/LM was not associated with glucose (β = 0.065, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.031 to 0.161), insulin (β = -0.079, 95% CI = -0.172 to 0.015), or HOMA-IR (β = -0.065, 95% CI = -0.161 to 0.030). Wmax/BM was inversely associated with insulin (β = -0.289, 95% CI = -0.377 to -0.200) and HOMA-IR (β = -0.269, 95% CI = -0.359 to -0.180). The BF% was directly associated with insulin (β = 0.409, 95% CI = 0.325 to 0.494) and HOMA-IR (β = 0.390, 95% CI = 0.304 to 0.475). Higher Wmax/BM, but not Wmax/LM, was associated with lower insulin and HOMA-IR in children with higher BF%. Children with higher BF% and who had lower levels of MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS Children with higher BF% together with less MVPA or higher levels of sedentary time had the highest insulin and HOMA-IR. Cardiorespiratory fitness appropriately controlled for body size and composition using LM was not related to insulin resistance among children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niina Lintu
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FINLAND
| | | | - Juuso Väistö
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FINLAND
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Ina M Tarkka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Titta Kemppainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FINLAND
| | - Alan R Barker
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Norwegian School of Sports Science, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UNITED KINGDOM
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Haapala EA, Lee E, Laukkanen JA. Associations of cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and BMI with arterial health in middle-aged men and women. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14438. [PMID: 32441423 PMCID: PMC7243195 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), physical activity (PA) with regard to aerobic and resistance training, and body mass index (BMI) with pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx) in middle-aged adults with at least one cardiovascular risk factor. A total of 84 (46 men and 38 women) participated in the study. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using a maximal graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer and was defined as maximal power output (Wmax ) normalized for body weight-0.35 . Participation in aerobic and resistance training was assessed by a detailed questionnaire and BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/[height (m2 )]. Pulse wave velocity and AIx were measured using an applanation tonometry before (pre), immediately after (post), and after 10 min (post10) of maximal exercise test. Cardiorespiratory fitness, PA, or BMI was not associated with PWV or AIx. Pulse wave velocity decreased significantly from pre to post10 among those in the highest third of CRF (mean difference=-0.793 m/s, 95% CI = -1.494 to -0.091, p = .023) and in normal weight participants (p = .084 for time*group interaction mean difference=-0.781 m/s, 95% CI = -1.496 to -0.066, p = .029), but not among those in the other thirds of CRF or overweight or obese participants. Participants who had regular resistance training had continuously higher AIx from pre to post10 than those who had no regular resistance training (mean difference = -1.98, 95% CI = -4.02 to 0.069, p = .058). In conclusion, exercise may decrease PWV and AIx. Our results suggest that positive arterial responses to exercise could be slightly improved in fit and normal weight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A. Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Physiology, Institute of BiomedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Earric Lee
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Jari A. Laukkanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Department of Internal MedicineCentral Finland Healthcare DistrictJyväskyläFinland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
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Giuriato M, Nevill A, Kawczynski A, Lovecchio N. Body size and shape characteristics for Cooper's 12 minutes run test in 11-13 years old Caucasian children: an allometric approach. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:417-421. [DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Welsman J, Armstrong N. The 20 m shuttle run is not a valid test of cardiorespiratory fitness in boys aged 11-14 years. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5:e000627. [PMID: 31921438 PMCID: PMC6937111 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The 20 m shuttle run test (20mSRT) is used to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) through the prediction of peak oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 ), but its validity as a measure of CRF during childhood and adolescence is questionable. This study examined the validity of the 20mSRT to predict peak V ˙ O 2 . Methods Peak V ˙ O 2 was measured during treadmill running. Log-linear regression was used to correct peak V ˙ O 2 for body mass and sum of skinfolds plus age. Boys completed the 20mSRT under standardised conditions. Maximum speed (km/h) was used with age to predict peak V ˙ O 2 using the equation developed by Léger et al. Validity was examined from linear regression methods and limits of agreement (LoA). Relationships between 20mSRT performance and allometrically adjusted peak V ˙ O 2 , and predicted per cent fat were examined. Results The sample comprised 76 boys aged 11-14 years. Predicted and measured mass-related peak V ˙ O 2 (mL/kg/min) shared common variance of 32%. LoA revealed that measured peak V ˙ O 2 ranged from 15% below to 25% above predicted peak V ˙ O 2 . There were no significant relationships (p>0.05) between predicted peak V ˙ O 2 and measured peak V ˙ O 2 adjusted for mass, age and skinfold thicknesses. Adjusted for body mass and age, peak V ˙ O 2 was not significantly related (p>0.05) to 20mSRT final speed but a weak, statistically significant (r=0.24, p<0.05) relationship was found with peak V ˙ O 2 adjusted for mass and fatness. Predicted per cent fat was negatively correlated with 20mSRT speed (r=-0.61, p<0.001). Conclusions The 20mSRT reflects fatness rather than CRF and has poor validity grounded in its flawed estimation and interpretation of peak V ˙ O 2 in mL/kg/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Welsman
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Neil Armstrong
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
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34
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Armstrong N, Welsman J. Multilevel allometric modelling of maximal stroke volume and peak oxygen uptake in 11-13-year-olds. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2629-2639. [PMID: 31624950 PMCID: PMC6858397 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate (1) whether maximal stroke volume (SVmax) occurs at submaximal exercise intensities, (2) sex differences in SVmax once fat-free mass (FFM) has been controlled for, and, (3) the contribution of concurrent changes in FFM and SVmax to the sex-specific development of peak oxygen uptake [Formula: see text]. METHODS The peak [Formula: see text] s of 61 (34 boys) 11-12-year-olds were determined and their SV determined during treadmill running at 2.28 and 2.50 m s-1 using carbon dioxide rebreathing. The SVmax and peak [Formula: see text] of 51 (32 boys) students who volunteered to be tested treadmill running at 2.50 m s-1 on three annual occasions were investigated using multilevel allometric modelling. The models were founded on 111 (71 from boys) determinations of SVmax, FFM, and peak [Formula: see text]. RESULTS Progressive increases in treadmill running speed resulted in significant (p < 0.01) increases in [Formula: see text], but SV levelled-off with nonsignificant (p > 0.05) changes within ~ 2-3%. In the multilevel models, SVmax increased proportionally to FFM0.72 and with FFM controlled for, there were no significant (p > 0.05) sex differences. Peak [Formula: see text] increased with FFM but after adjusting for FFM0.98, a significant (p < 0.05) sex difference in peak [Formula: see text] remained. Introducing SVmax to the multilevel model revealed a significant (p < 0.05), but small additional effect of SVmax on peak [Formula: see text]. CONCLUSIONS Fat-free mass explained sex differences in SVmax, but with FFM controlled for, there was still a ~ 5% sex difference in peak [Formula: see text]. SVmax made a modest additional contribution to explain the development of peak [Formula: see text] but there remained an unresolved sex difference of ~ 4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Armstrong
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, St Lukes Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU UK
| | - Jo Welsman
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, St Lukes Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU UK
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Winn CON, Mackintosh KA, Eddolls WTB, Stratton G, Wilson AM, Davies GA, McNarry MA. Asthma, body mass and aerobic fitness, the relationship in adolescents: The exercise for asthma with commando Joe's® (X4ACJ) trial. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:288-295. [PMID: 31774371 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1696729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although an association has been suggested between asthma, obesity, fitness and physical activity, the relationship between these parameters remains to be elucidated in adolescents. Six-hundred and sixteen adolescents were recruited (334 boys; 13.0 ± 1.1years; 1.57 ± 0.10m; 52.6 ± 12.9kg), of which 155 suffered from mild-to-moderate asthma (78 boys). Participants completed a 20-metre shuttle run test, lung function and 7-day objective physical activity measurements and completed asthma control and quality of life questionnaires. Furthermore, 69 adolescents (36 asthma; 21 boys) completed an incremental ramp cycle ergometer test. Although participants with asthma completed significantly fewer shuttle runs than their peers, peak V̇O2 did not differ between the groups. However, adolescents with asthma engaged in less physical activity (53.9 ± 23.5 vs 60.5 ± 23.6minutes) and had higher BMI (22.2 ± 4.8 vs 20.4 ± 3.7kg·m-2), than their peers. Whilst a significant relationship was found between quality of life and cardiorespiratory fitness according to peak V̇O2, only BMI was revealed as a significant predictor of asthma status. The current findings highlight the need to use accurate measures of cardiorespiratory fitness rather than indirect estimates to assess the influence of asthma during adolescence. Furthermore, the present study suggests that BMI and fitness may be key targets for future interventions seeking to improve asthma quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles O N Winn
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - William T B Eddolls
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Gareth Stratton
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Andrew M Wilson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England, UK
| | - Gwyneth A Davies
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Melitta A McNarry
- Applied Sports Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Armstrong N, Welsman J. Youth cardiorespiratory fitness: evidence, myths and misconceptions. Bull World Health Organ 2019; 97:777-782. [PMID: 31673193 PMCID: PMC6802701 DOI: 10.2471/blt.18.227546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigorously determined peak oxygen uptake is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth cardiorespiratory fitness. The assessment and interpretation of children’s and adolescents’ peak oxygen uptake and the relationship of the measure with other health-related variables are well documented. There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the prediction of peak oxygen uptake from field performance tests in young people. However, coupled with ratio-scaling of data and the raising of clinical red flags, these practices risk clouding our understanding of youth cardiorespiratory fitness and its relationship with current and future health. We believe these methods have the potential to mislead clinical practice and misguide recommendations for the promotion of youth cardiovascular health. We discuss relevant scientific evidence and interpretations that have emerged from predicting youth cardiorespiratory fitness from performance test scores. We argue that children deserve to have health care founded on evidence-based science and not on myths and misconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Armstrong
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, St Lukes Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, England
| | - Jo Welsman
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, St Lukes Campus, University of Exeter, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, England
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Welsman JR, Armstrong N. Interpreting Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young Clinical Populations-Folklore and Fallacy. JAMA Pediatr 2019; 173:713-714. [PMID: 31180463 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jo R Welsman
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Armstrong
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Commentary on the Article "Interpreting Aerobic Fitness in Youth: The Fallacy of Ratio Scaling"-Is Body Mass the Best Body Size Descriptor to Normalize Aerobic Fitness in the Pediatric Population? Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:386-387. [PMID: 31310999 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Armstrong N, Welsman J. Clarity and Confusion in the Development of Youth Aerobic Fitness. Front Physiol 2019; 10:979. [PMID: 31417432 PMCID: PMC6682696 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2) is internationally recognized as the criterion measure of youth aerobic fitness, but flawed laboratory assessments and fallacious interpretations of peak V˙O2 in ratio with body mass have confused our understanding of the development of aerobic fitness. Moreover, the recent emergence of specious predictions of peak V˙O2 from performance tests and the promotion of spurious “clinical red flags” and cardiometabolic cut-points have confused our understanding of the relationship between youth aerobic fitness and health. Recent longitudinal studies of 10–18-year-olds using multilevel allometric modeling have empirically demonstrated that peak V˙O2 increases in accord with sex-specific, concurrent changes in age- and maturity status-driven morphological covariates with the timing and tempo of changes specific to individuals. During both cycle ergometry and treadmill running age- and maturity status- driven changes in fat free mass have been revealed as the most powerful morphological influences on the development of youth aerobic fitness. To bring some clarity to current confusion, this paper argues that future studies must be founded on rigorous assessment and interpretation of peak V˙O2 and ensure that they address the development of youth aerobic fitness and its relationship with present and future health in relation to appropriate sex-specific morphological covariates governed by individual biological clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Armstrong
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Welsman
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Quantification of aerobic determinants of performance in post-pubertal adolescent middle-distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1865-1874. [PMID: 31209572 PMCID: PMC6647242 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of oxygen cost ([Formula: see text]aero) parameters to predict endurance performance has recently been criticized. Instead, it is suggested that aerobic energy cost ([Formula: see text]) provides greater validity; however, a comparison of these quantification methods has not previously been made. METHODS Fifty-six male (n = 34) and female (n = 22) competitive adolescent (17 ± 1 years) middle-distance runners participated in a sub-maximal and maximal incremental treadmill test. Running economy (RE) was measured at the speed corresponding to lactate turnpoint, and the three speeds prior. Maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2max), speed at [Formula: see text]O2max and fraction of [Formula: see text]O2max utilized across a range of intensities, and speeds from 0.8, 1.5 and 3 km races were also quantified. RE and fractional utilization were calculated in units of [Formula: see text]aero and [Formula: see text]aero. RESULTS Multiple linear regression models demonstrated no discernible difference in the predictive capability of RE, fractional utilization and [Formula: see text]O2max when expressed as [Formula: see text]aero or [Formula: see text]aero in both sexes. When plotted as a function of running speed, [Formula: see text]aero displayed a stepwise decrease (F = 11.59, p < 0.001) whereas [Formula: see text]aero exhibited a curvilinear response (F = 4.74, p = 0.015). Differences were also evident in the slopes plotted for %[Formula: see text]O2max and %[Formula: see text]aeromax against running speed (F = 5.38, p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Quantifying aerobic determinants of performance in units of [Formula: see text]aero provides no greater validity compared to [Formula: see text]aero-based measurement. Although both [Formula: see text]aero and [Formula: see text]aero are sensitive to changes in speed, [Formula: see text]aero provides the more valid reflection of the underlying metabolic cost of running. Physiologists should also be aware of the potential differences between expression of aerobic running intensity based upon %[Formula: see text]O2max compared to %[Formula: see text]aeromax.
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Abstract
Purpose: To investigate peak oxygen uptake ( V˙O2 ) in relation to sex, age, body mass, fat-free mass (FFM), maturity, and overweight status. Methods: Multiplicative, allometric models of 10- to 18-year-olds were founded on 1057 determinations of peak V˙O2 supported by anthropometry and estimates of maturity status. Results: Baseline models with body mass controlled for showed age to exert a positive effect on peak V˙O2 , with negative estimates for age2, sex, and a sex-by-age interaction. Sex-specific models showed maturity status to have a positive effect on peak V˙O2 in addition to the effects of age and body mass. Introducing skinfold thicknesses to provide, with body mass, a surrogate for FFM explained maturity effects and yielded a significantly (P < .05) better statistical fit in all models compared with those based on FFM estimated from youth-specific skinfold equations. With girls only, the introduction of overweight, defined by body mass index, resulted in a small but significant (P < .05) negative effect, with an age-by-overweight status interaction. Conclusions: FFM has a powerful influence on peak V˙O2 in both sexes. Interpretation of the development of youth aerobic fitness and its application to health should reflect the sex- and maturity-associated variation in FFM.
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Interpreting Aerobic Fitness in Youth: Alternatives to Ratio Scaling-A Response to Blais et al (2019). Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:256-257. [PMID: 30916617 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Reflecting on Field Performance Tests of Pediatric Aerobic Fitness: After 30 Years, It Really Is Time to Move on. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2019; 31:191-193. [PMID: 30943840 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2019-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Werneck AO, Conde J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Pereira A, Costa DC, Martinho D, Duarte JP, Valente-dos-Santos J, Fernandes RA, Batista MB, Ohara D, Cyrino ES, Ronque ERV. Allometric scaling of aerobic fitness outputs in school-aged pubertal girls. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:96. [PMID: 30961568 PMCID: PMC6452511 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the allometric exponents for concurrent size descriptors (stature, body mass and fat-free mass) and also to examine the contribution of chronological age and pubertal status combined with above mentioned size descriptors to explain inter-individual variability in the peak of oxygen uptake (VO2peak) among girls during circumpubertal years. METHODS The final sample included 51 girls (10.7-13.5 years). VO2peak was derived from an incremental progressive maximal protocol using a motorized treadmill. Anthropometry included body mass, stature and skinfolds. Measurements were performed by a single trained observer. Sexual maturation was assessed as self-reported stage of pubic hair (PH) development. Static allometric models were explored as an alternative to physiological output per unit of size descriptors. Allometry also considered chronological age and sexual maturation as dummy variable (PH2 vs. PH3 and PH3 vs. PH4). RESULTS Scaling coefficients for stature, body mass and fat-free mass were 1.463 (95%CI: 0.476 to 2.449), 0.516 (95%CI: 0.367 to 0.666) and 0.723 (95%CI: 0.494 to 0.951), respectively. The inclusion of sexual maturation increased explained variance for VO2peak (55% for PH2 vs. PH3 and 47% for PH3 vs. PH4). Body mass was identified as the most prominent body size descriptor in the PH2 vs. PH3 while fat-free mass was the most relevant predictor combined with PH3 vs. PH4. CONCLUSIONS Body mass and fat-free mass seemed to establish a non-linear relationship with VO2peak. Across puberty, inter-individual variability in VO2peak is explained by sexual maturation combined with whole body during early puberty and by sexual maturation and fat-free mass during late puberty. Additional studies need to confirm ontogenetic allometric models during years of maximal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- André O. Werneck
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise (GEPAFE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná Brazil
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná Brazil
- Scientific Research Group Related to Physical Activity (GICRAF), Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jorge Conde
- School of Health and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2019), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Universidade de Coimbra, Estadio Universitario, Pavilhao III, 3040-156 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur Pereira
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela C. Costa
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2019), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRF/BD/136193/2018), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Martinho
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2019), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/121441/2016), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João P. Duarte
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2019), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/101083/2014), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Valente-dos-Santos
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2019), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BPD/100470/2014), Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rômulo A. Fernandes
- Scientific Research Group Related to Physical Activity (GICRAF), Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise (LIVE), Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariana B. Batista
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise (GEPAFE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná Brazil
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Pantanal Campus, Corumbá, Brazil
| | - David Ohara
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná Brazil
| | - Edilson S. Cyrino
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná Brazil
| | - Enio R. V. Ronque
- Study and Research Group in Physical Activity and Exercise (GEPAFE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná Brazil
- Study and Research Group in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise (GEPEMENE), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná Brazil
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Blanchard J, Blais S, Chetaille P, Bisson M, Counil FP, Huard-Girard T, Berbari J, Boulay P, Dallaire F. New Reference Values for Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:1125-1133. [PMID: 29346167 PMCID: PMC6023574 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is an essential tool to assess cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in children. There is a paucity of adequate pediatric reference values that are independent of body size and pubertal stage. The purpose of this study is to provide Z score equations for several maximal and submaximal CRF parameters derived from a prospectively recruited sample of healthy children. METHODS In this cross-sectional multicenter study, we prospectively recruited 228 healthy children 12 to 17 yr old in local schools. We performed a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing progressive ramp protocol on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. Eighteen CRF parameters were analyzed. We tested several regression models to obtain prediction curves that minimized residual association with age, body size, and pubertal stage. Both the predicted mean and the predicted SD were modeled to account for heteroscedasticity. RESULTS We identified nonlinear association of CRF parameters with body size and significant heteroscedasticity. To normalize CRF parameters, the use of a single body size variable was not sufficient. We therefore used multivariable models with various combination of height, corrected body mass, and age. Final prediction models yielded adjusted CRF parameters that were independent of age, sex, body mass, height, body mass index, and Tanner stages. CONCLUSIONS We present Z score equations for several CRF parameters derived from a healthy pediatric population. These reference values provide updated predicted means and range of normality that are independent of sex and body size. Further testing is needed to assess if these reference values increase sensitivity and specificity to identify abnormal cardiorespiratory response in children with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, and Sherbrooke University Hospital Research Center, Sherbrooke, CANADA.,Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, CANADA
| | - Samuel Blais
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, and Sherbrooke University Hospital Research Center, Sherbrooke, CANADA
| | - Philippe Chetaille
- Department of Pediatrics, Mother-Child Sun Center, CHU of Quebec City, and Research Center of the Quebec City Hospital Center, Laval University, Quebec City, CANADA
| | - Michele Bisson
- Department of Pediatrics, Mother-Child Sun Center, CHU of Quebec City, and Research Center of the Quebec City Hospital Center, Laval University, Quebec City, CANADA
| | - François P Counil
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, and Sherbrooke University Hospital Research Center, Sherbrooke, CANADA
| | - Thelma Huard-Girard
- Department of Pediatrics, Mother-Child Sun Center, CHU of Quebec City, and Research Center of the Quebec City Hospital Center, Laval University, Quebec City, CANADA
| | - Jade Berbari
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, and Sherbrooke University Hospital Research Center, Sherbrooke, CANADA
| | - Pierre Boulay
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, CANADA
| | - Frederic Dallaire
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, and Sherbrooke University Hospital Research Center, Sherbrooke, CANADA
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Appropriate scaling approach for evaluating peak VO2 development in Southern Chinese 8 to 16 years old. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213674. [PMID: 30861055 PMCID: PMC6413916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate scaling approaches for evaluating the development of peak VO2 and improving the identification of low cardiopulmonary fitness in Southern Chinese children and adolescents. Methods Nine hundred and twenty Chinese children and adolescents (8 to 16 years) underwent graded cardiopulmonary exercise test on a treadmill until volitional exhaustion. Peak VO2 was corrected for the effects of body mass by ratio or allometric scaling. Z score equations for predicting peak VO2 were developed. Correlations between scaled peak VO2, z scores, body size and age were tested to examine the effectiveness of the approach. Results Eight hundred and fifty-two participants (48% male) were included in the analyses. Absolute peak VO2 significantly increased with age in both sexes (both P<0.05), while ratio-scaled peak VO2 increased only in males (P<0.05). Allometrically scaled peak VO2 increased from 11 years in both sexes, plateauing by 12 years in girls and continuing to rise until 15 years in boys. Allometically scaled peak VO2 was not correlated with body mass, but remained correlated with height and age in all but the older girls. Peak VO2 z score was not correlated with body mass, height or age. Conclusions Absolute and allometric scaled peak VO2 values are provided for Hong Kong Chinese children and adolescents by age and sex. Peak VO2 z scores improve the evaluation of cardiopulmonary fitness, allowing comparisons across ages and sex and will likely provide a better metric for tracking change over time in children and adolescents, regardless of body size and age.
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48
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Armstrong N, Welsman J. Development of peak oxygen uptake from 11-16 years determined using both treadmill and cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:801-812. [PMID: 30627827 PMCID: PMC6394694 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES To investigate the development of peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) assessed on both a treadmill and a cycle ergometer in relation with sex and concurrent changes in age, body mass, fat-free mass (FFM), and maturity status and to evaluate currently proposed 'clinical red flags' or health-related cut-points for peak [Formula: see text]. METHODS Multiplicative multilevel modelling, which enables the effects of variables to be partitioned concurrently within an allometric framework, was used to analyze the peak [Formula: see text]s of 138 (72 boys) students initially aged 11-14 years and tested on three annual occasions. Models were founded on 640 (340 from boys) determinations of peak [Formula: see text], supported by anthropometric measures and maturity status. RESULTS Mean peak [Formula: see text]s were 11-14% higher on a treadmill. The data did not meet the statistical assumptions underpinning ratio scaling of peak [Formula: see text] with body mass. With body mass appropriately controlled for boys' peak [Formula: see text]s were higher than girls' values and the difference increased with age. The development of peak [Formula: see text] was sex-specific, but within sex models were similar on both ergometers with FFM the dominant anthropometric factor. CONCLUSIONS Data should not be pooled for analysis but data from either ergometer can be used independently to interpret the development of peak [Formula: see text] in youth. On both ergometers and in both sexes, FFM is the most powerful morphological influence on the development of peak [Formula: see text]. 'Clinical red flags' or health-related cut-points proposed without consideration of exercise mode and founded on peak [Formula: see text] in ratio with body mass are fallacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Armstrong
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, St Lukes Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU UK
| | - Jo Welsman
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, St Lukes Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU UK
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Guth LM, Rogowski MP, Guilkey JP, Mahon AD. Carbohydrate consumption and variable-intensity exercise responses in boys and men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1019-1027. [PMID: 30739166 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on physiological and perceptual responses to steady-state exercise has been studied in children. However, little is known about these responses to variable-intensity exercise (VIE) and how these responses might differ from adults. This study examined the physiological and perceptual effects of CHO on VIE in boys and men. METHODS Eight boys (11.1 ± 0.9 years) and 11 men (23.8 ± 2.1 years) consumed CHO or a placebo (PL) beverage before and throughout VIE (three 12-min cycling bouts with intensity varying every 20-30 s between 25, 50, 75, and 125% peak work rate). Pulmonary gas exchange was assessed during the second 12-min bout. RPE was assessed twice per bout. RESULTS In CHO, blood glucose increased and then decreased more from pre-exercise to 12 min and was higher in this trial at the end of exercise in men versus boys. In boys, blood glucose in CHO was higher at 24 and 36 min of exercise than in PL. RER during the CHO trial was higher in both groups; the other physiological responses were unaffected by CHO. All RPE measures (whole body, legs and chest) increased over time, but were not different between groups or trials. CONCLUSION Blood glucose patterns during VIE were differentially affected by CHO in boys and men, but most physiological and perceptual responses to VIE were unaffected by CHO in either group. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of glucose regulation and effects on physical performance during this type of exercise in children is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Guth
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
| | - Michael P Rogowski
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
| | - Justin P Guilkey
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, 29528-6054, USA
| | - Anthony D Mahon
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA.
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50
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SANTOS DIANAA, MAGALHÃES JOÃOP, JÚDICE PEDROB, CORREIA INÊSR, MINDERICO CLÁUDIAS, EKELUND ULF, SARDINHA LUÍSB. Fitness Mediates Activity and Sedentary Patterns Associations with Adiposity in Youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:323-329. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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