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Robers S, Reinehr M, Haibach L, Furrer E, Cincera A, Kronenberg PA, Eichenberger RM, Deplazes P, Deibel A, Müllhaupt B, Weber A. Histopathological assessment of the viability of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Histopathology 2024. [PMID: 39044671 DOI: 10.1111/his.15280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Infections by the larval stage of the tape worms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus s.l. are potentially fatal zoonoses affecting humans as dead-end hosts. Histopathological evaluation of hepatic echinococcosis is an integral part of patient management, including the distinction between alveolar (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE), which are associated with different disease courses and treatments. To improve histopathological assessment of Echinococcus lesions, we aimed to develop robust criteria to evaluate their viability and decay. METHODS AND RESULTS Histomorphological criteria for determining parasitic viability based on the morphology of parasite structures and different stages of their decay were defined based on a clinically and molecularly defined cohort comprising 138 specimens from 112 patients (59 AE and 53 CE); 618 AE lesions were assessed for histopathological viability comparing haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining with mAbEm18 and mAbEm2G11 immunostaining. Moreover, parasite viability was systematically mapped in cross-sections of five additional AE lesions. Protoscoleces in CE and AE displayed variable states of degeneration. Albendazole had no significant effect on the morphology of parasite structures. Viability assessment revealed high agreement between H&E and mAbEm18, but not mAbEm2G11 staining, suggesting mAbEm18 staining as reliable for parasite viability assessment. H&E and mAbEm18 staining displayed a central-peripheral gradient of parasite viability and decay across parasitic lesions, with decayed cystic lesions located more towards the lesion centre while the most viable cystic lesions were located more peripherally. CONCLUSIONS Histopathological criteria corroborated by mAbEm18 staining provide a simple and reliable tool to assess the viability of AE lesions, knowledge of which is a valuable decision-making tool for further treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Robers
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich (UZH) and University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Reinehr
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich (UZH) and University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lillemor Haibach
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Furrer
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annina Cincera
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Andreas Kronenberg
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medical Micro- and Molecular Biology, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Marc Eichenberger
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Medical Micro- and Molecular Biology, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Deibel
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University of Zurich (UZH) and University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
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Bold B, Schindler C, Narankhuu U, Shagj A, Bavuujav E, Sodov S, Nyamdorj T, Zinsstag J. The Diagnostic Challenge of Cystic Echinococcosis in Humans: First Assessment of Underreporting Rates in Mongolia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:163. [PMID: 39058205 PMCID: PMC11281321 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is significantly underreported in Mongolia due to geographical remoteness, a lack of early diagnostics, and poor clinical management. This study aimed to provide a more accurate estimate of CE in Mongolia by comparing data from surgical (reported) and diagnosed (unreported) cases and assessing the challenges faced by rural doctors in disease management and surveillance. We collected data on surgical cases hospitalized between 2006 and 2016 and newly diagnosed CE cases in 2016 from eight provinces. Using a quasi-Poisson regression model, we extrapolated the collected data to estimate the number of diagnosed cases for the entire country. Additionally, forty health professionals from all 21 provinces rated local clinical management for CE through a questionnaire. The results reveal that surgical cases (2.2 per year) represent only one-eighth of diagnosed cases (15.9 per year). The laboratory facilities, disease reporting, and cyst classification usage scored below 2. These results highlight the significant underreporting of CE in Mongolia and urge human and animal health experts, along with policymakers, to invest in combating CE, particularly in remote provincial areas. This study also emphasizes the need for standard clinical management involving cyst classification according to the WHO-IWGE and seamless integration of CE reporting and monitoring mechanisms, which can significantly contribute to the national and global burden estimation of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolor Bold
- National Center for Zoonotic Disease, Ulaanbaatar 18131, Mongolia; (U.N.); (A.S.); (T.N.)
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (C.S.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- School of Global Health, Chinese Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Christian Schindler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (C.S.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uranshagai Narankhuu
- National Center for Zoonotic Disease, Ulaanbaatar 18131, Mongolia; (U.N.); (A.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Agiimaa Shagj
- National Center for Zoonotic Disease, Ulaanbaatar 18131, Mongolia; (U.N.); (A.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Erdenebileg Bavuujav
- Mongolian Society of Diagnostic Ultrasound, Ulaanbaatar 210648, Mongolia; (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Sonin Sodov
- Mongolian Society of Diagnostic Ultrasound, Ulaanbaatar 210648, Mongolia; (E.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Tsogbadrakh Nyamdorj
- National Center for Zoonotic Disease, Ulaanbaatar 18131, Mongolia; (U.N.); (A.S.); (T.N.)
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (C.S.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
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Luo X, Jiang P, Ma J, Li Z, Zhou J, Wei X, A J, Chai J, Lv Y, Cheng P, Cao C, A X. Circulating free DNA as a diagnostic marker for echinococcosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1413532. [PMID: 39021627 PMCID: PMC11251952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1413532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Echinococcosis is a chronic zoonotic disease caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified encapsulated disease as one of 17 neglected diseases to be controlled or eliminated by 2050. There is no accurate, early, non-invasive molecular diagnostic method to detect echinococcosis. The feasibility of circulating free DNA as a diagnostic method for echinococcosis has yielded inconclusive results in a number of published studies. However, there has been no systematic evaluation to date assessing the overall performance of these assays. We report here the first meta-analysis assessing the diagnostic accuracy of cfDNA in plasma, serum, and urine for echinococcosis. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WeiPu databases up to 17 January 2024, for relevant studies. All analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3, Meta-DiSc 1.4, Stata 17.0, and R 4.3.1 software. The sensitivity, specificity, and other accuracy indicators of circulating free DNA for the diagnosis of echinococcosis were summarized. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to identify sources of heterogeneity. Results A total of 7 studies included 218 patients with echinococcosis and 214 controls (156 healthy controls, 32 other disease controls (non-hydatid patients), and 26 non-study-targeted echinococcosis controls were included). Summary estimates of the diagnostic accuracy of cfDNA in the diagnosis of echinococcosis were as follows: sensitivity (SEN) of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.45-0.56); specificity (SPE) of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.97-0.99); positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of 11.82 (95% CI: 6.74-20.74); negative likelihood ratio (NLR) of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.41-0.80); diagnostic ratio (DOR) of 36.63 (95% CI: 13.75-97.59); and area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96-1.00). Conclusion Existing evidence indicates that the combined specificity of circulating cfDNA for echinococcosis is high. However, the combined sensitivity performance is unsatisfactory due to significant inter-study heterogeneity. To strengthen the validity and accuracy of our findings, further large-scale prospective studies are required.Systematic review registrationThe systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO [CRD42023454158]. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Luo
- Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | | | | | - Zian Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Jianwu Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | | | - Jide A
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Jinping Chai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
| | - Yanke Lv
- Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | | | | | - Xiangren A
- Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining, China
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Sun T, Yang N, Li L, Zhang X, Liu H, Kusuman N, Chu J, Lü G, Aji T, Bi X, Lin R. sCD155 as a potential marker for diagnosing the vascular invasion in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107203. [PMID: 38604326 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) is a malignant zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis infection. Considering whether the lesion is accompanied by vascular invasion (VI) is crucial for treatment strategies. A cost-effective and convenient clinical diagnostic method is urgently needed to supplement current techniques. Consequently, we detected soluble CD155 (sCD155) as a potential biomarker for diagnosing VI in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE). METHODS Blood samples were from 42 AE patients and 49 healthy controls (HCs). Based on the computed tomography (CT) and contrast-enhanced CT, AE patients were further categorized into HAE with VI (VIAE; 27 cases) and HAE without VI (NVAE; 15 cases). The sCD155 concentration was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlations between sCD155 expression levels and clinicopathological features of AE patients were analyzed using SPSS and GraphPad Prism software. RESULTS The sCD155 concentrations in AE patients were significantly higher than in HCs. The serum sCD155 level significantly differed between the VIAE and NVAE groups. The univariate analysis showed that VI of AE was significantly correlated with the sCD155 level when the sCD155 was greater than 11 ng/mL. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the multivariable analysis showed that sCD155 had an independent effect on VI of HAE. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that sCD155 could differentially diagnose VI of HAE at the cut-off value of 11.08 ng/mL with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.75. The sensitivity and specificity were 74.07 % and 66.67 %, respectively; the positive and negative predictive values were 74.07 % and 60.00 %, respectively. CONCLUSION The sCD155 could be a VI biomarker for HAE. Elevated sCD155 levels are indicative of an increased likelihood of concomitant VI in HAE patients, necessitating a thorough evaluation of vascular impairment and the formulation of individualized management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Nuerbaiti Kusuman
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Jin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Guodong Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Hydatid Diseases, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, PR China.
| | - Xiaojuan Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China.
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China.
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Shafiei R, Mohajerzadeh MS, Masomi HFA, Tavakoli M, Turki H, Firouzeh N. Discordance Therapeutic Protocol of Cystic Echinococcosis With WHO Guideline: A Descriptive Study Based on Liver Ultra-Sonographic Data in North Khorasan Province, Northeastern of Iran. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2024; 43:1279-1287. [PMID: 38497687 DOI: 10.1002/jum.16452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a helminth-associated zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus, poses a significant public health problem, particularly in pastoral-rearing regions. The lack of uniform guidelines led to variations in CE management. Based on ultrasound data, the World Health Organization Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE) classification system categorizes cysts into active, transitional, and inactive groups. This study assesses whether the therapeutic approach from liver human operation cases in North Khorasan province aligns with the WHO-IWGE reference based on ultrasound data. METHODS The research is based on ultrasound data from liver CE human operation cases collected between 2018 and 2022. This retrospective study investigates the therapeutic protocol for (CE) in North Khorasan Province, Iran, comparing it with the WHO-IWGE guidelines. We collect data from previously registered patients' medical information from our studied area's main CE surgical hospital. Moreover, as the first hospitalized survey in Iran, this study reveals insights into patient demographics, cyst stage prevalence, and treatment modalities. RESULTS Notably, more than half of the patients were treated for CE1 stage cysts, and CE4 cases, which generally do not require surgery, underwent open surgery. The results suggest a need for adherence to the "watch-and-wait" approach in specific cases. All patients underwent successful surgeries, but we do not have access to follow-up data from patients after discharge. CONCLUSIONS This descriptive study contributes to understanding the implementation of WHO guidelines in a regional context, shedding light on the challenges and variations in CE management. It seems, retraining courses for surgeons are required to update their knowledge of standard CE diagnostic and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shafiei
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mina Sadat Mohajerzadeh
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Tavakoli
- Department of Radiology and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Habibollah Turki
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Nima Firouzeh
- Vector-Borne Diseases Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
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Giannelli A, Schnyder M, Wright I, Charlier J. Control of companion animal parasites and impact on One Health. One Health 2024; 18:100679. [PMID: 39010968 PMCID: PMC11247265 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The last decades have witnessed an increase in the global population and movements of companion animals, contributing to changes in density and distribution of pet parasites. Control of companion animal parasites (CAPs) becomes increasingly relevant because of the intensifying human-animal bond. Parasites impact on the health of humans and their pets, but also of wildlife and the environment. We conducted a qualitative review on the current advancements, gaps and priorities for the monitoring and treatment of CAPs with a focus on securing public health. There is a need to raise awareness, coordinate global surveillance schemes and better quantify the impact of companion animal parasites on One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Schnyder
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Ian Wright
- ESCCAP UK & Ireland, PO Box 358, Malvern, Worcestershire WR14 9HQ, United Kingdom
- Mount Veterinary Practice, 1 Harris Street, Fleetwood FY7 6QX, United Kingdom
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Akyuz M, Kirman R, Guven E, Balkaya I, Avcioglu H. Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto and Echinococcus multilocularis in a Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) in Turkey: Further Evidence for Increased Risk of Alveolar Echinococcosis in Urban Areas. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:1319-1323. [PMID: 38662075 PMCID: PMC11182862 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify Echinococcus species by morphological and molecular means. METHODS A dead gray wolf (Canis lupus) was found near Erzurum province and brought to the parasitology laboratory. Sedimentation and counting technique (SCT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were conducted. RESULTS The SCT implications indicated that the wolf had a substantial worm burden (62,720 and 49,280 parasites) due to a co-infection of E. granulosus s.l. and E. multilocularis. Genus/species-specific PCR was used to analyze DNA extracted from adult worms and confirmed as E. granulosus s.s. and E. multilocularis, utilizing COI and 12S rRNA gene sequence analysis, respectively. CONCLUSION This report presents the first co-detection of E. granulosus s.s. and E. multilocularis in a gray wolf found in an urban area in a highly endemic area for human echinococcosis in northeastern Turkey. The results emphasize that AE is not only a problem of rural areas, but also occurs in urban areas, which may pose a threat to public health. Therefore, surveillance in urban areas is crucial. The need to develop new control strategies for domestic and wildlife in the study area is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffer Akyuz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Ridvan Kirman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Esin Guven
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Balkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Hamza Avcioglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
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Qi X, Song T, Li Z, Jiang T, Zhang Z, Wu C, Guo G, Dong J, Dawuti W, Dou J, Li J, Wen H, Zhang W. Ultrasonography screening of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in sheep flocks used for evaluating control progress in a remote mountain area of Hejing County, Xinjiang. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:207. [PMID: 38760783 PMCID: PMC11100068 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although ultrasonography (US) has been widely used in the diagnosis of human diseases to monitor the progress of cystic echinococcosis (CE) control, the screening method for hepatic CE in sheep flocks requires adjustment. In this study, we used a US scanner to screen sheep flocks and evaluated the efficacy of dosing dogs once a year with praziquantel for 7 years from 2014 to 2021. METHODS All sheep in the three flocks were screened using an ultrasound scanner in 2014 and compared with the prevalence of infection in 2021 in Bayinbuluke, Xinjiang, China. Sheep age was determined using incisor teeth. Cyst activity and calcification were determined using US images. The dogs were dewormed with praziquantel once a year to control echinococcosis in the community. RESULTS Three flocks had 968 sheep in 2014, with 13.22%, 22.62%, 18.7%, 27.27%, 11.88%, and 6.3% of sheep aged 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and ≥ 6 years old, respectively. US scanning revealed that the overall CE prevalence was 38.43% (372/968), with active cysts and calcified cysts present in 9.40% (91/968) and 29.02% (281/968) of the sheep, respectively. For the young sheep aged 1 and 2 years, the prevalence of active and calcified cysts was: 1.56% and 0.91%, and 10.94% and 18.72%, respectively. Approximately 15.15% and 16.52% of the 4- and 5-year-old sheep, respectively, harbored active cysts. There was no significant difference in the infection rates of sheep between 2014 and 2021 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS US is a practical tool for the field screening of CE in sheep flocks. One-third of the sheep population in the flocks was 1-2 years old, and these sheep played a very limited role in CE transmission, as most of the cysts were calcified. Old sheep, especially culled aged sheep, play a key role in the transmission of CE. Dosing dogs once a year did not affect echinococcosis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Animal Center, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 393 Xinyi Road, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 468 Alishan Road, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuanchuan Wu
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 North Shangde Road, Urumqi, 830039, Xinjiang, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 72 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wubulitalifu Dawuti
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jingrui Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No. 137 South Liyushan Road, Urumqi, 830054, Xinjiang, China.
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 North Shangde Road, Urumqi, 830039, Xinjiang, China.
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Sendekie B, Gebeyehu B, Mihret A, Kassa T, Kebede N. Epidemiological study on bovine cystic echinococcosis: Abattoir survey, cyst characterization and its economic impact at Mekaneyesuse municipality abattoir, Northwest Ethiopia. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2024; 25:e00355. [PMID: 38800636 PMCID: PMC11127200 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2024.e00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a major medical and veterinary concern in the world. It is one of the significant diseases in livestock farming communities managed under extensive grazing system like Ethiopia. Domestic intermediate hosts are an important reservoir for the disease spread. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the occurrence and economic losses associated with CE in cattle slaughtered at Mekaneyesuse Municipality abattoir, South Gondor zone of Amhara Region, North West Ethiopia. Ante-mortem inspection, postmortem examinations of organs, hydatid cyst characterization and financial loss estimations were conducted. The study was conducted on 384 cattle. The involvement of different organs was as follows: lungs (46.09%), liver (45.22%), heart (6.09%), and kidneys (2.6%). Out of the total of 115 cysts observed, small cysts constituted 57.39%, medium-sized were 34.78%, and large cysts accounted for 7.83%. Of these 115 cysts, 53.9% were fertile which included both viable (29%) and non-viable (71%) cysts. Furthermore, 46.1% cysts were non fertile, 62.3% were sterile and 37.7% were calcified. Based on the origin of animal, the prevalence of hydatid cysts was recorded to be 31.25%, 24%, 22.05% and 14.25% in Tachgayent, Semada, Andabet and Estie district, respectively. Higher cyst occurrence was observed in animals with poor body condition (51.56%) followed by medium (13.7%) and good body condition scores (8.25%). The total annual economic loss due to the direct condemnation of organs and indirect losses were estimated to be 851,252.68 ETB ($16,061.06). This study revealed that CE is economically important disease at Mekaneyesuse, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. A more comprehensive investigation is required on prevalence and genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. cysts is important also to identify and estimate the relative contribution of each species or genotype to the disease in this area. Moreover, efforts to enhance public awareness in the area should also be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belete Sendekie
- Amhara Livestock Resource Development, South Gondar Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Beyenech Gebeyehu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Mihret
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfu Kassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P.O.Box 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, P.O.Box 1176, Ethiopia
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10
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Bumann S, Kuenzli E, Lissandrin R, Brunetti E, Goblirsch S, Henning L, Tamarozzi F, Neumayr A. Cardiac cystic echinococcosis-A systematic review and analysis of the literature. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012183. [PMID: 38814859 PMCID: PMC11139302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, primarily affecting the liver and lungs. Although the heart is affected in only 0.02-2% of all CE cases, a considerable number of cases have been, and continue to be, published. However, due to the rare occurrence of cardiac CE and the resulting lack of clinical trials, knowledge about various aspects of the disease remains limited. To obtain a clearer picture of anatomical, clinical, diagnostic as well as therapeutic aspects of cardiac CE, we systematically reviewed the literature published between 1965 and 2022. The anatomical pattern of the affected cardiac structures follows the extension of the supplying capillary bed. The majority of patients (82.7%) are symptomatic and present with prolonged non-specific symptoms such as dyspnoea, chest pain and palpitations. Acute complications generally derive from cyst rupture, occur in 18.3% of cases and manifest as embolism, pericardial tamponade, or anaphylactic reaction in 83.2%, 17.8% and 10.9% of these cases, respectively. As for CE cysts localized in other organs, the diagnosis of cardiac CE is made by imaging. Serology plays a minor role due to its limited sensitivity. Unlike abdominal CE cysts, cardiac CE cysts are usually resected independent of their stage (active/inactive), because their presence impairs cardiac performance and carries the risk of long-term sequelae. More than 80% of patients are treated with a single surgical intervention. We found a disease-related case fatality rate of 11.1%. Since local recurrence was reported up to 108 months and secondary CE up to 72 months after surgery, patients should be followed up for a minimum of 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bumann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Esther Kuenzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raffaella Lissandrin
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS S. Matteo Hospital Foundation, WHO Collaborating Centre on Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Pavia, IRCCS S. Matteo Hospital Foundation, WHO Collaborating Centre on Clinical Management of Cystic Echinococcosis, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sam Goblirsch
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lars Henning
- Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, WHO Collaborating Centre on Strongyloidiasis and other Neglected Tropical Diseases, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Andreas Neumayr
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Tamarozzi F. Ultrasound diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: updates and implications for clinical management. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e34. [PMID: 38628145 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x2400021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is based on imaging. Detection of a focal lesion with morphological characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato metacestode is the starting point for the diagnostic workup. In organs explorable with ultrasound (US), this is the method of choice for both aetiological diagnosis of CE and staging of the CE cyst. Staging in terms of lesion morphology is also needed when serology is added to the diagnostic workflow when imaging alone is inconclusive. Finally, staging guides the clinical management of uncomplicated CE, especially in the liver. This commentary provides an overview of the most up-to-date evidence backing the above-mentioned role of US in the diagnosis and clinical management of CE. Finally, we outline future perspectives for the improvement of CE diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tamarozzi
- Department Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, WHO Collaborating Centre on Strongyloidiasis and other Neglected Tropical Diseases, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
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12
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Zhu Y, Li M, Li Z, Song J, Zhao W. Study on the mechanism of miRNAs on liver injury in the condition of Protoscocephalus alveolarus transhepatic portal vein infection. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1236. [PMID: 38652009 PMCID: PMC11037255 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of miRNA in liver damage caused by Echinococcus multilocularis infection. METHODS Six female C57BL mice were randomly divided into two groups, the control group and the infection group. Mice in the control group were injected with 100 μL PBS through the hepatic portal vein, and mice in the infection group were infected with E. multilocularis via the hepatic portal vein to establish a mouse model of infection. Small RNA sequencing was performed for detecting the expression of miRNAs in the liver of mice infected with 2000 E. multilocularis after 3 months of infection, screen out miRNAs related to liver damage, and verify by RT-PCR. RESULTS Seventy-one differentially expressed miRNAs were found in the liver in comparison with control, and a total of 36 mouse miRNAs with |FC| >0.585 were screened out, respectively. In addition, Targetscan (V5.0) and miRanda (v3.3a) software were used to predict differential miRNAs target genes and functional enrichment of target genes. Functional annotation showed that "cytokine-cytokine interaction," "positive regulation of cytokine production," "inflammatory response," and "leukocyte activation" were enriched in the liver of E. multilocularis-infected mice. Moreover, the pathways "human cytomegalovirus infection," "cysteine and methionine metabolism," "Notch signaling pathway," and "ferroptosis" were involved in liver disease. Furthermore, four miRNAs (mmu-miR-30e-3p, mmu-miR-203-3p, mmu-miR-125b-5p, and mmu-miR-30c-2-3p) related to liver injury were screened and verified. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the expression profiling of miRNAs in the livers was changed after E. multilocularis infection, and improved our understanding of the transcriptomic landscape of hepatic echinococcosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic MedicineNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious DiseasesYinchuanChina
| | - Ming Li
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Zihua Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious DiseasesYinchuanChina
- Department of Cell Biology and GeneticsNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Jiahui Song
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious DiseasesYinchuanChina
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic MedicineNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious DiseasesYinchuanChina
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13
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Santoro A, Santolamazza F, Cacciò SM, La Rosa G, Antolová D, Auer H, Bagrade G, Bandelj P, Basso W, Beck R, Citterio CV, Davidson RK, Deksne G, Frey CF, Fuglei E, Glawischnig W, Gottstein B, Harna J, Huus Petersen H, Karamon J, Jansen F, Jarošová J, Jokelainen P, Lundström-Stadelmann B, Maksimov P, Miljević M, Miterpáková M, Moks E, Origgi F, Ozolina Z, Ryser MP, Romig T, Šarkūnas M, Scorrano N, Saarma U, Šnábel V, Sréter T, Umhang G, Vengušt G, Žele Vengušt D, Casulli A. Mitochondrial genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:233-245. [PMID: 38246405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a fatal zoonotic parasitic disease of the northern hemisphere. Red foxes are the main reservoir hosts and, likely, the main drivers of the geographic spread of the disease in Europe. Knowledge of genetic relationships among E. multilocularis isolates at a European scale is key to understanding the dispersal characteristics of E. multilocularis. Hence, the present study aimed to describe the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis isolates obtained from different host species in 19 European countries. Based on the analysis of complete nucleotide sequences of the cob, atp6, nad2, nad1 and cox1 mitochondrial genes (4,968 bp), 43 haplotypes were inferred. Four haplotypes represented 62.56 % of the examined isolates (142/227), and one of these four haplotypes was found in each country investigated, except Svalbard, Norway. While the haplotypes from Svalbard were markedly different from all the others, mainland Europe appeared to be dominated by two main clusters, represented by most western, central and eastern European countries, and the Baltic countries and northeastern Poland, respectively. Moreover, one Asian-like haplotype was identified in Latvia and northeastern Poland. To better elucidate the presence of Asian genetic variants of E. multilocularis in Europe, and to obtain a more comprehensive Europe-wide coverage, further studies, including samples from endemic regions not investigated in the present study, especially some eastern European countries, are needed. Further, the present work proposes historical causes that may have contributed to shaping the current genetic variability of E. multilocularis in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Santoro
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Santolamazza
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone M Cacciò
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Herbert Auer
- Medical Parasitology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Guna Bagrade
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava", Wildlife Management Research Group, Salaspils, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Petra Bandelj
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Relja Beck
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Laboratory for Parasitology, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carlo V Citterio
- Centro Specialistico Fauna Selvatica, SCT2-Belluno, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Via Cappellari 44/A, 32100 Belluno, Italy
| | | | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; Faculty of Biology, University of Lavia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Walter Glawischnig
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Innsbruck, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Technikerstraße 70, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Harna
- State Veterinary Institute Olomouc, Jakoubka ze Stribra 1, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Heidi Huus Petersen
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries of Denmark, Stationsparken 31-33 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jacek Karamon
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Famke Jansen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Department of Biomedical Sciences, 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Júlia Jarošová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Britta Lundström-Stadelmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald‑Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Milan Miljević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martina Miterpáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Epp Moks
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesco Origgi
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zanda Ozolina
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Marie-Pierre Ryser
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mindaugas Šarkūnas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nathalie Scorrano
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tamás Sréter
- National Reference Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gèrald Umhang
- Anses, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory Echinococcus spp, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Gorazd Vengušt
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Diana Žele Vengušt
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adriano Casulli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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14
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Romig T, Wassermann M. Echinococcus species in wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100913. [PMID: 38405672 PMCID: PMC10884515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Transmission of Echinococcus spp. in life cycles that involve mainly wildlife is well recognized for those species with small mammals as intermediate hosts (e. g. E. multilocularis), as well as for E. felidis and the 'northern' genotypes of E. canadensis (G8 and G10). In contrast, the remaining taxa of E. granulosus sensu lato are best known for their domestic life cycles, and the numerous wild mammal species (mainly ungulates) that have been recorded with cystic echinococcosis in the past were mainly considered a result of spill-over from the dog-livestock transmission system. This view was challenged with the advent of molecular characterization, allowing discrimination of the metacestodes, although the contribution of wild mammals to various Echinococcus life cycles has remained uncertain for scarcity of wildlife studies. Numerous records of cysts in wild ungulates date back to the 20th century, but cannot with certainty be allocated to the Echinococcus species and genotypes that are recognized today. This means that our current knowledge is largely restricted to studies of the past two decades that kept adding gradually to our concepts of transmission in various geographic regions. In particular, new insights were gathered in the past years on E. granulosus s.l. in wildlife of sub-Saharan Africa, but also on transmission patterns of E. multilocularis in previously neglected regions, e. g. North America. Here, an update is provided on the current state of knowledge on wild mammals as hosts for all Echinococcus species, listing >150 species of wild hosts with references, as well as estimates on their epidemiological impact and our current gaps of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Reddy H, Malali S, Dhondge RH, Kumar S, Acharya S. Hydatidosis: A Rare Case of Multi-organ Involvement. Cureus 2024; 16:e57562. [PMID: 38706998 PMCID: PMC11069619 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is the tapeworm that causes hydatidosis. The liver is the most frequently impacted region, although it can also affect the spleen, lung, and peritoneum. Dogs are the definite hosts, whereas humans are the unintentional accidental hosts. The peritoneum is an unusual site for hydatid cysts. We report the case of a 42-year-old male who had abdominal distension. A CT scan revealed hydatid cysts in the liver, spleen, and peritoneum. The patient was managed conservatively with albendazole and advised for surgical intervention and removal of daughter cysts. This case highlights the uncommon presentation of hydatid disease involving multiple intra-abdominal organs concurrently. The successful management of such cases necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing accurate diagnosis, timely intervention, and comprehensive treatment strategies. Furthermore, this case emphasizes the importance of clinical suspicion in endemic regions to optimize patient outcomes and enhance quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshitha Reddy
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, IND
| | - Suprit Malali
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, IND
| | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, IND
| | - Sourya Acharya
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, IND
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16
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Celik F, Selcuk MA, Kilinc SG, Kesik HK, Ahmed H, Wang Y, Simsek S, Cao J. Molecular discrimination of G1 and G3 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto obtained from human, cattle, and sheep using the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 marker. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107124. [PMID: 38262573 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a common zoonotic disease caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. This study determined the genotype and haplotype differences using the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene in hydatid cyst samples. Human (n = 12), cattle (n = 28), and sheep (n = 31) hydatid cyst isolates were included. Seventy-one genomic DNA samples were successfully extracted, and a 759 bp mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene fragment was amplified by PCR. Following the sequence analysis, E. granulosus sensu stricto isolates were identified as G1 (n = 61) and G3 (n = 10). A total of 23 haplotypes were obtained from the 71 E. granulosus s.s. G1 and G3 samples. The main haplotype was Hap01 (60.56 %), which consisted of the G1 genotype. The second largest haplotype was Hap04, which consisted entirely of the G3 genotype. Hap14 acted as a bridge between the G1 and G3 genotypes. This study identifies G1 as the dominant genotype in humans and farm animals in Turkey. High haplotype and nucleotide diversity in genotypes were observed. Additionally, this is the first report on the phylogeography and gene flow models of the E. granulosus s.s. population in Turkey using the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene, the best marker distinguishing between G1 and G3 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Ahmed Selcuk
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ying Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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17
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Moudgil AD, Nehra AK, Moudgil P. Understanding the role of pigs in the transmission of zoonotic Echinococcus ortleppi in Haryana, India. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:172. [PMID: 38536510 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The etiological agents of zoonotic cystic echinococcosis comprise the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) species complex. The present study was aimed at investigating the zoonotic genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. circulating in the pig population of Haryana, India. Out of 253 slaughtered pigs screened, 5 showed the presence of hydatid cysts. The amplification of the partial mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) gene for the molecular confirmation and phylogenetics of the retrieved metacestodes (n = 2) revealed the presence of E. ortleppi. The sequences generated herein exhibited 99.80% homology to the GenBank archived E. ortleppi sequences. Cladistics targeting genetic diversity and haplotype network analysis involved 37 E. granulosus s.l. GenBank archived sequences from India corresponding to different hosts (large and small ruminants and humans) along with the sequences (n = 2) generated in the present study. Overall, 14 haplotypes with high haplotype (0.780 ± 0.059) and low nucleotide (0.033 ± 0.010) diversities were recorded for the overall data set, which evinced a population expansion. The median-joining haplotype network revealed a stellate shape of E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) sequences, which was indicative of rapid population expansion. High genetic differentiation (FST = 0.840 - 0.983) and low gene flow (Nm = 0.003 - 0.047) were recorded between the pig intermediate hosts infected with E. ortleppi and other hosts infected with E. granulosus s.s. The findings are of paramount significance for the formulation of effective control strategies considering the public health and economic impact of cystic echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman D Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Anil K Nehra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Pallavi Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
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18
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Kheninef A, Celik F, Aissaoui L, Simsek S. Molecular characterization and haplotypes of hydatid cyst isolates collected from humans and ruminants in Setif Province (northeast of Algeria) based on mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (mt-CO1) gene sequences. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:159. [PMID: 38466451 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans, caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus. The disease has significant health and economic impacts worldwide, particularly in endemic areas. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hydatid cysts in ruminants (cattle and sheep) (n = 2060) from the Setif Province of Algeria using microscopy. The results showed that hydatid cysts were detected in 9.6% (198/2060) of ruminants, with a higher prevalence in cattle (16.8%; 56/333) compared to sheep (8.2%; 142/1727). Molecular techniques were used to analyze a subset of animals consisting of 30 sheep and 4 cattle. Specifically, a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mt-CO1) gene was sequenced and compared to sequences from seven humans from the same region. The results indicated that all isolates were identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto. Haplotype analysis identified 19 E. granulosus s.s. haplotypes arranged like a star, with the dominant haplotype (Hap04) at the center. Hap04 has been assigned a total of 17 positives, including positives from sheep, cattle, and two humans. This study is noteworthy for being the first to use a molecular approach to human and ruminant echinococcosis in Setif, a significant breeding region in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Kheninef
- Research Laboratory of Improvement and Development of Animal and Plant Production, Department of Biology and Animal Physiology, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Lynda Aissaoui
- Research Laboratory of Improvement and Development of Animal and Plant Production, Department of Biology and Animal Physiology, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
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19
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Shmueli M, Van Buren J, Sagi O, Grupel D, Sheves A, Assi Z, Ben-Shimol S. Performance of Echinococcosis Serology is Associated with Disease Endemicity, Hydatid Cyst Location, Eosinophilia, Imaging Finding, and Treatment. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:233-241. [PMID: 37981634 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to assess echinococcosis serology performance for diagnosing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in children living in CE-endemic vs. non-endemic populations, and in different clinical settings. METHODS A retrospective cohort study, assessing children with ELISA test for echinococcosis, 2005-2021. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) were calculated comparing CE-endemic vs. non-endemic populations, cases with/without eosinophilia, and cases with/without CE-suggestive imaging findings. Additionally, we examined the association between serology titers/levels (values) and clinical characteristics. RESULTS Of 273 cases, 66 (24%) were confirmed as CE. Overall, 97% of CE were in Bedouin children, and the pre-test probability was 28% vs. 9% (p < 0.001) in CE-endemic vs. non-endemic population, respectively. Sensitivity was higher in hepatic than extra-hepatic CE (74% vs. 47%). Overall specificity was 86%. PPVs were higher in CE-endemic population compared to non-endemic (66% vs. 22%), while NPVs were higher in non-endemic population (100% vs. 87%). Eosinophilia was associated with lower specificity (73% vs. 94%) and PPV (47% vs. 78%). Typical imaging was associated with higher specificity (94% vs. 82%) and PPV (91% vs. 11%), while NPVs were lower in typical imaging cases (77% vs. 98%). Higher titer levels (above median) were associated with typical imaging (76% vs. 49%), higher PPV (79% vs. 43%), albendazole treatment (100% vs. 56%), surgery (60% vs. 19%), and new imaging finding (75% vs. 0%). CONCLUSIONS Echinococcosis serology performance was impacted by disease endemicity, and by various clinical characteristics. These findings may assist physicians in the interpretation of echinococcosis serology results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Shmueli
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Jacob Van Buren
- Medical School for International Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Orli Sagi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The Parasitology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Grupel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Internal Medicine B, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Asaf Sheves
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Zaki Assi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Internal Medicine B, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shalom Ben-Shimol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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20
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Borhani M, Mohammadi MA, Entezami M, Baneshi MR, Nasibi S, Prada JM, Fasihi Harandi M. Reinfection of farm dogs following praziquantel treatment in an endemic region of cystic echinococcosis in southeastern Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011939. [PMID: 38536863 PMCID: PMC11020379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) as a prevalent tapeworm infection of human and herbivorous animals worldwide, is caused by accidental ingestion of Echinococcus granulosus eggs excreted from infected dogs. CE is endemic in the Middle East and North Africa, and is considered as an important parasitic zoonosis in Iran. It is transmitted between dogs as the primary definitive host and different livestock species as the intermediate hosts. One of the most important measures for CE control is dog deworming with praziquantel. Due to the frequent reinfection of dogs, intensive deworming campaigns are critical for breaking CE transmission. Dog reinfection rate could be used as an indicator of the intensity of local CE transmission in endemic areas. However, our knowledge on the extent of reinfection in the endemic regions is poor. The purpose of the present study was to determine E. granulosus reinfection rate after praziquantel administration in a population of owned dogs in Kerman, Iran. A cohort of 150 owned dogs was recruited, with stool samples collected before praziquantel administration as a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg. The re-samplings of the owned dogs were performed at 2, 5 and 12 months following initial praziquantel administration. Stool samples were examined microscopically using Willis flotation method. Genomic DNA was extracted, and E. granulosus sensu lato-specific primers were used to PCR-amplify a 133-bp fragment of a repeat unit of the parasite genome. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method to calculate cumulative survival rates, which is used here to capture reinfection dynamics, and monthly incidence of infection, capturing also the spatial distribution of disease risk. Results of survival analysis showed 8, 12 and 17% total reinfection rates in 2, 5 and 12 months following initial praziquantel administration, respectively, indicating that 92, 88 and 83% of the dogs had no detectable infection in that same time periods. The monthly incidence of reinfection in total owned dog population was estimated at 1.5% (95% CI 1.0-2.1). The results showed that the prevalence of echinococcosis in owned dogs, using copro-PCR assay was 42.6%. However, using conventional microscopy, 8% of fecal samples were positive for taeniid eggs. Our results suggest that regular treatment of the dog population with praziquantel every 60 days is ideal, however the frequency of dog dosing faces major logistics and cost challenges, threatening the sustainability of control programs. Understanding the nature and extent of dog reinfection in the endemic areas is essential for successful implementation of control programs and understanding patterns of CE transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Borhani
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahbod Entezami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Reza Baneshi
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine, Herston, Australia
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Nasibi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Joaquin M. Prada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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21
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Toews E, Musiani M, Smith A, Checkley S, Visscher D, Massolo A. Risk factors for Echinococcus multilocularis intestinal infections in owned domestic dogs in a North American metropolis (Calgary, Alberta). Sci Rep 2024; 14:5066. [PMID: 38429417 PMCID: PMC10907371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human alveolar echinococcosis is increasingly documented in Alberta, Canada. Its causative agent, Echinococcus multilocularis (Em), can be transmitted to humans by infected dogs. We assessed the prevalence and associated risk factors for Em infections in domestic dogs in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. In this cross-sectional study that coupled collection and assessment of dog feces with a survey on potential risk factors, 13 of 696 (Bayesian true prevalence, 2.4%; 95% CrI: 1.3-4.0%) individual dogs' feces collected during August and September 2012 were qPCR positive for Em. Sequencing two of these cases indicated that both were from the same Em European strain responsible for human infections in Alberta. Likelihood of intestinal Em was 5.6-times higher in hounds than other breeds, 4.6-times higher in dogs leashed at dog parks than those allowed off-leash, 3.1-times higher in dogs often kept in the backyard during spring and summer months than those rarely in the yard, and 3.3-times higher in dogs living in neighbourhoods bordering Bowmont park than those in other areas of Calgary. This situation warrants surveillance of dog infections as a preventative measure to reduce infections in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Toews
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Musiani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anya Smith
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Darcy Visscher
- Department of Biology, The King's University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Volta 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
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22
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Simoncini A, Massolo A. Multiscale ecological drivers of Echinococcus multilocularis spatial distribution in wild hosts: A systematic review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2024; 34:e00216. [PMID: 38152424 PMCID: PMC10749871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological factors that drive the spatial patterns of parasites transmission is essential to predict their distribution under global change and to direct proactive surveillance efforts. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature to assess the main ecological drivers responsible for the spatial distribution and transmission of the zoonotic cestode Echinococcus multilocularis, the aetiological agent of alveolar echinococcosis, focusing on wild hosts. The 23 retrieved studies suggested that the dispersal of definitive hosts, climatic and biotic factors (distribution of intermediate hosts, composition of host communities) shape continental-scale distribution patterns of E. multilocularis, whereas the relative importance of climate and land cover in driving E. multilocularis distribution at a smaller (country/regional) scale varies with the geographic area considered. At a local scale, two additional factors contribute to determine the distribution of micro-foci of transmission: the trophic relationships between carnivores definitive hosts and small mammals intermediate hosts, and the defecation and marking behaviour of definitive hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Simoncini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56121, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Franche-Comté, Besançon 25030, France
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23
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Benmarce M, Haif A, Elissondo MC, Bouaziz S, Bentahar A, Laatamna A. Comparison of the Scolicidal Activity of Two Leaves Extracts of Myrtus communis from Algeria Against Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato Protoscoleces. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:839-853. [PMID: 38436864 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE During cystic echinococcosis surgery, the use of scolicidal agents such as hypertonic saline (20%) aims to reduce the risk of infection recurrence, but most of the used agents are associated with undesirable side effects. Therefore, the use of natural scolicidal agents such as medicinal plant extracts could reduce these medical issues. The present study aimed to compare in vitro the scolicidal activity between two extracts of the medicinal plant Myrtus communis from Algeria against Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato protoscoleces. METHODS The ethanolic and aqueous extraction of plant leaves was performed. Phytochemical analysis by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH were evaluated for both extracts. Finally, the in vitro scolicidal activity was tested by different concentrations. The viability was evaluated by the eosin exclusion test. RESULTS The phytochemical analysis revealed 28 components for the ethanolic extract and 44 components for the aqueous extract. The major components were 2'-hydroxy-5'-methoxyacetophenone and 4-amino-2-methylphenol, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 45.9 ± 0.085 mg of gallic acid equivalent per g of extract (GAE/g E) and 16.5 ± 0.004 mg of quercetin equivalent per g (QE/g E) for the ethanolic extract, and 36.5 ± 0.016 mg GAE/g E and 18.2 ± 0.023 mg QE/g E for the aqueous extract, respectively. Furthermore, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M. communis gave a value of IC50 = 0.009 ± 0.0004 mg/ml and IC50 = 0.012 ± 0.0003 mg/ml for the antioxidant activity, respectively. The in vitro scolicidal activity with concentrations of 50, 75, 100, and 150 mg/ml was tested for 5, 10, 15, and 30 min, and 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min for ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. The mortality rate of protoscoleces at concentrations of 100 and 150 mg/ml was 98.8 and 100%, respectively, after 5 min of exposure to the ethanolic extract, while this rate was 100% at the same concentrations only after 60 min of exposure to the aqueous extract. CONCLUSIONS The ethanolic extract showed a stronger scolicidal activity against E. granulosus s.l protoscoleces than the aqueous extract. In the future, other investigations are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of action and the possible toxicity on human cells. Moreover, experimental animal studies are required to investigate the efficacy of different extracts of this plant and its components as natural anti-parasitic alternatives for the treatment of human cystic echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Benmarce
- Laboratory of Applied Pediatric Surgery, CHU of Setif, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif 1, Setif, Algeria.
- Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif 1, Setif, Algeria.
| | - Assia Haif
- Laboratory of Applied Pediatric Surgery, CHU of Setif, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif 1, Setif, Algeria
- Service of Surgery of the Child and the Adolescent CHU of Setif, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif 1, Setif, Algeria
| | - M Celina Elissondo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - UNMdP, Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata - CONICET, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Samia Bouaziz
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, University of M'sila, M'sila, Algeria
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Assia Bentahar
- Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif 1, Setif, Algeria
- Laboratory of Phytotherapy Applied to Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif 1, Setif, Algeria
| | - AbdElkarim Laatamna
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP, 3117, Djelfa, Algeria
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24
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Nocerino M, Pepe P, Bosco A, Ciccone E, Maurelli MP, Boué F, Umhang G, Pellegrini J, Lahmar S, Said Y, Sotiraki S, Ligda P, Laatamna A, Saralli G, Paciello O, Alterisio MC, Rinaldi L. An innovative strategy for deworming dogs in Mediterranean areas highly endemic for cystic echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:86. [PMID: 38395867 PMCID: PMC10893745 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, is a zoonotic parasitic disease of economic and public health importance worldwide, especially in the Mediterranean area. Canids are the main definitive hosts of the adult cestode contaminating the environment with parasite eggs released with feces. In rural and peri-urban areas, the risk of transmission to livestock as well as humans is high because of the free-roaming behavior of owned/not owned dogs. Collecting data on animal movements and behavior using GPS dataloggers could be a milestone to contain the spread of this parasitosis. Thus, this study aims to develop a comprehensive control strategy, focused on deworming a dog population in a pilot area of southern Italy (Campania region) highly endemic for CE. METHODS Accordingly, five sheep farms, tested to be positive for CE, were selected. In each sheep farm, all shepherd dogs present were treated every 2 months with praziquantel. Furthermore, 15 GPS dataloggers were applied to sheep and dogs, and their movements were tracked for 1 month; the distances that they traveled and their respective home ranges were determined using minimum convex polygon (MCP) analysis with a convex hull geometry as output. RESULTS The results showed that the mean daily walking distances traveled by sheep and dogs did not significantly differ. Over 90% of the point locations collected by GPS fell within 1500 mt of the farm, and the longest distances were traveled between 10:00 and 17:00. In all the sheep farms monitored, the area traversed by the animals during their daily activities showed an extension of < 250 hectares. Based on the home range of the animals, the area with the highest risk of access from canids (minimum safe convex polygon) was estimated around the centroid of each farm, and a potential scheme for the delivery of praziquantel-laced baits for the treatment of not owned dogs gravitating around the grazing area was designed. CONCLUSIONS This study documents the usefulness of geospatial technology in supporting parasite control strategies to reduce disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Nocerino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
| | - Elena Ciccone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
| | - Franck Boué
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Justine Pellegrini
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Samia Lahmar
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Univ., Manouba, Tunisie
| | - Yousra Said
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Univ., Manouba, Tunisie
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Ligda
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - AbdElkarim Laatamna
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Giorgio Saralli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Alterisio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
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25
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Gu H, Hu Y, Guo S, Jin Y, Chen W, Huang C, Hu Z, Li F, Liu J. China's prevention and control experience of echinococcosis: A 19-year retrospective. J Helminthol 2024; 98:e16. [PMID: 38305033 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x24000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Echinococcosis poses a significant threat to public health. The Chinese government has implemented prevention and control measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. By analyzing data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the State Council of the People's Republic of China, we found that implementation of these measures has reduced the infection rate by nearly 50% between 2004 to 2022 (from 0.3975 to 0.1944 per 100,000 person-years). Nonetheless, some regions still bear a significant disease burden, and lack of detailed information limites further evaluation of the effects on both alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Our analysis supports the continuing implementation of these measures and suggests that enhanced wildlife management, case-based strategies, and surveillance systems will facilitate disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Y Hu
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - S Guo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Y Jin
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - W Chen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - C Huang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - Z Hu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - F Li
- Department of Biliary Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
| | - J Liu
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, PR China
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Jeeves SP, Kotwa JD, Stevens B, Shirose L, Cai HY, Peregrine AS, Mubareka S, Jardine CM. Additional diagnoses of Echinococcus multilocularis in eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) from southern Ontario - results from ongoing surveillance for E. multilocularis in intermediate hosts in Ontario, Canada. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 48:100982. [PMID: 38316509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis, a cestode with zoonotic potential, is now known to have a high prevalence in wild canid definitive hosts of southern Ontario. The distribution of E. multilocularis across this region in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (Canis latrans) is widespread yet heterogenous. In contrast, confirmed diagnoses of E. multilocularis in wild free-ranging intermediate hosts within Ontario are currently limited to a single eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). These findings prompted ongoing surveillance efforts in intermediate host species, primarily rodents. Our report describes the results of passive surveillance through wildlife carcass submissions to the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (CWHC) and targeted active sampling of small mammal species from 2018 to 2023; a second and third eastern chipmunk were found to be infected with E. multilocularis. However, these were the only occurrences from surveillance efforts which collectively totaled 510 rodents and other small mammals. Continued surveillance for E. multilocularis in intermediate hosts is of high importance in light of the recent emergence of this parasite in Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Jeeves
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | - Brian Stevens
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario-Nunavut, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Leonard Shirose
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario-Nunavut, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hugh Y Cai
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario-Nunavut, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Albani CM, Fuentes G, Ramírez CL, Pensel PE, Gatti F, Albanese A, Nutter D, Aguirre ME, Di Iorio YD, Elissondo MC. Anthelmintic Effect of Cannabidiol against Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:35. [PMID: 38393124 PMCID: PMC10892078 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is a global parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Cystic echinococcosis affects more than 1 million people worldwide, causing important economic costs in terms of management and livestock associated losses. Albendazole is the main drug used in treating human cystic echinococcosis. In spite of this, its low aqueous solubility, poor absorption, and consequently erratic bioavailability are the cause of its chemotherapeutic failures. Based on the described problem, new treatment alternatives urgently need to be developed. The aim of the present research was to study the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD), the second most abundant component of the Cannabis sativa plant, was demonstrated against E. granulosus sensu stricto. CBD (50 µg/mL) caused a decrease in protoscoleces viability of 80 % after 24 h of treatment which was consistent with the observed tegumental alterations. Detachment of the germinal layer was observed in 50 ± 10% of cysts treated with 50 µg/mL of CBD during 24 h. In the clinical efficacy study, all treatments reduced the weight of cysts recovered from mice compared with the control group. However, this reduction was only significant with ABZ suspension and the CBD + ABZ combination. As we could observe by the SEM study, the co-administration of CBD with ABZ suspension caused greater ultrastructural alteration of the germinal layer in comparison with that provoked with the monotherapy. Further in vivo research will be conducted by changing the dose and frequency of CBD and CBD + ABZ treatments and new available CBD delivery systems will also be assayed to improve bioavailability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara María Albani
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales–UNMdP, Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata—CONICET, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (G.F.); (P.E.P.); (F.G.); (A.A.)
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Giselle Fuentes
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales–UNMdP, Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata—CONICET, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (G.F.); (P.E.P.); (F.G.); (A.A.)
- Centro de Investigaciones en Abejas Sociales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Cristina Lujan Ramírez
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (C.L.R.); (M.E.A.); (Y.D.D.I.)
| | - Patricia Eugenia Pensel
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales–UNMdP, Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata—CONICET, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (G.F.); (P.E.P.); (F.G.); (A.A.)
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Florencia Gatti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales–UNMdP, Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata—CONICET, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (G.F.); (P.E.P.); (F.G.); (A.A.)
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Adriana Albanese
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales–UNMdP, Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata—CONICET, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (G.F.); (P.E.P.); (F.G.); (A.A.)
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Diego Nutter
- Asociación Civil CBG2000, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina;
| | - Matías Ezequiel Aguirre
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (C.L.R.); (M.E.A.); (Y.D.D.I.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Yésica Dolores Di Iorio
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (C.L.R.); (M.E.A.); (Y.D.D.I.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - María Celina Elissondo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM CONICET-UNMdP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales–UNMdP, Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata—CONICET, Centro de Asociación Simple CIC PBA, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (G.F.); (P.E.P.); (F.G.); (A.A.)
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
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Aregawi WG, Levecke B, Ashenafi H, Byaruhanga C, Kebede N, Mulinge E, Wassermann M, Romig T, Dorny P, Dermauw V. Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in the Greater Horn of Africa: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011894. [PMID: 38271288 PMCID: PMC10810510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease that is caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), the life cycle of which involves multiple hosts. We conducted a systematic review (SR) on E. granulosus s.l. in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA), to provide a picture of its recent epidemiology across all hosts. METHODS For this SR, conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, five electronic databases, as well experts in the region were consulted to retrieve records published between 2000 and 2022, reporting the presence of E. granulosus s.l. infections in any natural host in the GHA (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 247 records were retained, describing the presence of E. granulosus s.l. throughout the GHA, except for Djibouti. Only few population surveys on human CE were conducted in the area, with the prevalence ranging between 0.3 and 11.3%. In animals, the reported prevalence ranged up to 61.6% in camels, 88.4% in cattle; 65.2% in goats, 9.9% in pigs, 67.8% in sheep and 94.5% in dogs. In addition, E. granulosus s.l. was also reported in wildlife. A total of five species were reported in the different hosts, namely E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1, G3, GOmo), E. canadensis (G6/7), E. ortleppi (G5), E. felidis, and E. equinus (G4). CONCLUSIONS We confirm that E. granulosus s.l. is prevalent throughout the GHA. Nevertheless, despite our efforts to screen grey literature, an accurate assessment of the epidemiology in GHA remains challenging, due to the lack of combined host, in-depth risk factor and behavioural studies, as well as the wide diversity in subpopulations studied and diagnostic tools used. Interdisciplinary and transboundary partnerships would be essential for the design of effective control strategies, tuned to the GHA setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weldegebrial G. Aregawi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hagos Ashenafi
- Unit of Animal Health and Zoonotic Diseases Research, Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Unit of Animal Health and Zoonotic Diseases Research, Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Wassermann M, Addy F, Kokolova L, Okhlopkov I, Leibrock S, Oberle J, Oksanen A, Romig T. High genetic diversity of Echinococcus canadensis G10 in northeastern Asia: is it the region of origin? Parasitology 2024; 151:93-101. [PMID: 38018122 PMCID: PMC10941046 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus canadensis consists of 4 genotypes: G6, G7, G8 and G10. While the first 2 predominantly infect domestic animals, the latter are sylvatic in nature involving mainly wolves and cervids as hosts and can be found in the northern temperate to Arctic latitudes. This circumstance makes the acquisition of sample material difficult, and little information is known about their genetic structure. The majority of specimens analysed to date have been from the European region, comparatively few from northeast Asia and Alaska. In the current study, Echinococcus spp. from wolves and intermediate hosts from the Republic of Sakha in eastern Russia were examined. Echinococcus canadensis G10 was identified in 15 wolves and 4 cervid intermediate hosts. Complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) sequences were obtained from 42 worm and cyst specimens from Sakha and, for comparison, from an additional 13 G10 cysts from Finland. For comparative analyses of the genetic diversity of G10 of European and Asian origin, all available cox1 sequences from GenBank were included, increasing the number of sequences to 99. The diversity found in northeast Asia was by far higher than in Europe, suggesting that the geographic origin of E. canadensis (at least of G10) might be northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Wassermann
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Francis Addy
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Ludmila Kokolova
- Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Innokentiy Okhlopkov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Sarah Leibrock
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jenny Oberle
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit (FINPAR), Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Karamon J, Samorek-Pieróg M, Bilska-Zając E, Korpysa-Dzirba W, Sroka J, Bełcik A, Zdybel J, Cencek T. Echinococcus multilocularis genetic diversity based on isolates from pigs confirmed the characteristic haplotype distribution and the presence of the Asian-like haplotype in Central Europe. J Vet Res 2023; 67:567-574. [PMID: 38130462 PMCID: PMC10730556 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to determine the genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis in pigs in highly endemic areas in Poland, as well as to attempt to confirm the occurrence and geographical distribution of haplotypes characteristic for these areas, which were previously described on the basis of examination of adult tapeworms isolated from foxes. Material and Methods Twenty samples of E. multilocularis larval forms were obtained from pigs' livers in four provinces of Poland. Genetic analyses were conducted on sequences of two mitochondrial genes: cox1 and nad2. Results Seven haplotypes were found for the cox1 gene (OQ874673-OQ874679) and four haplotypes for nad2 (OQ884981-OQ884984). They corresponded to the haplotypes described earlier in foxes in Poland (some of them differing only in one nucleotide). The analysis showed the presence of the Asian-like haplotype in both the cox1 and nad2 genes. The remaining haplotypes were grouped in the European clade. The geographical distribution of haplotypes identified in the pig samples was noticed to bear a similarity to the distribution of haplotypes previously isolated from foxes in the same regions. Conclusion The characteristic geographical distribution of E. multilocularis haplotypes in Central Europe (including the presence of the Asian-like haplotype) previously described in the population of definitive hosts (foxes) has now been confirmed by the analysis of samples from non-specific intermediate hosts (pigs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Samorek-Pieróg
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Aneta Bełcik
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zdybel
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Schneider C, Kratzer W, Binzberger A, Schlingeloff P, Baumann S, Romig T, Schmidberger J. Echinococcus multilocularis and other zoonotic helminths in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from a southern German hotspot for human alveolar echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:425. [PMID: 37980538 PMCID: PMC10657614 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe the spatial distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis in its main definitive host, the red fox, and the distribution of human cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) within a highly endemic focus in southern Germany (13.7-19.9/100,000 in 1992-2018). Human cases were unequally distributed within the endemicity focus. The purpose of the study was to test whether this is reflected in the small-scale distribution of E. multilocularis in foxes. METHODS Three areas with contrasting numbers of human cases were selected within the counties of Ravensburg and Alb-Donau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. From 2018 to 2020, a total of 240 fox carcasses were obtained from traditional hunters in these areas. Carcasses were necropsied and examined for the presence of intestinal helminths. The statistical analysis was performed with SAS version 9.4, and the geo-mapping with QGIS version 3.16.0 Hannover. RESULTS The prevalence of E. multilocularis in foxes was 44/106 (41.5%) in area I (commune Leutkirch and environs), 30/59 (50.8%) in area II (commune Isny and environs), and 31/75 (41.3%) in area III (commune Ehingen and environs). From 1992 to 2018, a total of nine human cases of alveolar echinococcosis were recorded in area I, five cases were recorded in study area III, and no cases were recorded in area II. No statistically significant differences between the areas were observed (P > 0.05) for intestinal infections with E. multilocularis, and no apparent spatial correlation with the small-scale distribution of human cases was found. Concerning other zoonotic helminths, Toxocara spp. were equally common, with prevalence of 38.7%, 47.4% and 48.0%, respectively, while the frequency of Alaria alata varied among the study areas (0.0-9.4%), probably reflecting the specific habitat requirements for the establishment of its complex life cycle. CONCLUSIONS Echinococcus multilocularis is highly prevalent in foxes in all the studied areas. The varying number of human AE cases within these areas should therefore be caused by factors other than the intensity of parasite transmission in foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Schneider
- Department of Parasitology, Hohenheim University, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Andreas Binzberger
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrycja Schlingeloff
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Baumann
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Romig
- Department of Parasitology, Hohenheim University, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Schmidberger
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Ronzoni N, Galizzi N, Tamarozzi F. Cystic echinococcosis in the abdominal wall. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad094. [PMID: 37462529 PMCID: PMC10628767 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Ronzoni
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Nadia Galizzi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
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Hayashi N, Nakao R, Ohari Y, Irie T, Kouguchi H, Chatanga E, Mohamed WMA, Moustafa MAM, Kinoshita G, Okamoto M, Yagi K, Nonaka N. Mitogenomic exploration supports the historical hypothesis of anthropogenic diffusion of a zoonotic parasite Echinococcus multilocularis. iScience 2023; 26:107741. [PMID: 37731622 PMCID: PMC10507132 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal movement across regions owing to human activity can lead to the introduction of pathogens, resulting in disease epidemics with medical and socioeconomic significance. Here, we validated the hypothesis that human activity, such as the transportation of infected animals, has played a significant role in introducing the zoonotic parasite Echinococcus multilocularis into Hokkaido, Japan, by synthesizing and evaluating parasite genetic data in light of historical records. Our analysis indicates that a major genetic group in Hokkaido originated from St. Lawrence Island, USA, which is in accordance with the route suggested by historical descriptions. Moreover, we identified a minor genetic group closely related to parasites found in Sichuan, China. This fact implies that parasite invasion in Japan may result from complex and inadvertent animal translocations. These findings emphasize the anthropogenic impacts on zoonotic parasite spread and provide a crucial perspective for preventing future potential epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hayashi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yuma Ohari
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitic Diseases, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kouguchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, N 19 W 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
| | - Elisha Chatanga
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe P.O. Box 219, Malawi
| | - Wessam Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
| | - Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed Moustafa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Gohta Kinoshita
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Munehiro Okamoto
- Section of Molecular Biology, Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Kinpei Yagi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 18 W 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Müller S, Ghafoor S, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen C, Grimm F, Murray FR, Husmann L, Stanek N, Deplazes P, Schlag C, Kremer AE, Gubler C, Reiner CS, Semela D, Müllhaupt B, Deibel A. Management of biliary obstruction in patients with newly diagnosed alveolar echinococcosis: a Swiss retrospective cohort study. Swiss Med Wkly 2023; 153:40116. [PMID: 37956136 DOI: 10.57187/smw.2023.40116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Alveolar echinococcosis, an orphan zoonosis affecting the liver, is of increasing concern worldwide. Most symptomatic cases present at an advanced and inoperable stage, sometimes with biliary obstruction prompting biliary tract interventions. These are, however, associated with a high risk of infectious complications. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of conservative and interventional treatment approaches in patients with newly diagnosed alveolar echinococcosis and biliary obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS Alveolar echinococcosis patients treated at two referral centres in Switzerland, presenting with hyperbilirubinaemia (total bilirubin >1.5 Upper Limit of Normal) at diagnosis were included, unless another underlying aetiology, i.e. common bile duct stones or decompensated cirrhosis, was identified. Patients were divided into two groups, according to whether they initially received a biliary tract intervention. The primary endpoint was normalisation of bilirubin levels within a 6-month period. Secondary endpoints included, among others, the occurrence of early and late biliary complications, the need for biliary tract interventions during follow-up and overall duration of hospital stays for treatment initiation and for biliary complications. RESULTS 28 patients were included in this study, of whom 17 received benzimidazole therapy alone and 11 additionally received a biliary tract intervention. Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups. All but one patient in each group achieved the primary endpoint (p=0.747). Biliary tract intervention was associated with faster laboratory improvement (t1/2 1.3 vs 3.0 weeks), but also with more frequent early biliary complications (7/11 vs 1/17, p=0.002) and longer initial hospital stay (18 days vs 7 days, p=0.007). CONCLUSION Biliary obstruction in patients with newly diagnosed alveolar echinococcosis can be treated effectively with benzimidazole therapy alone. Biliary tract intervention, on the other hand, is associated with a high complication rate and should probably be reserved for patients with insufficient response to benzimidazole therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Müller
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Soleen Ghafoor
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Felix Grimm
- Institute of Parasitology, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fritz Ruprecht Murray
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatalogy, Stadtspital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars Husmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Stanek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schlag
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Gubler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatalogy, Stadtspital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cäcilia S Reiner
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Semela
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Deibel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Alho AM, Dias MC, Cardo M, Aguiar P, de Carvalho LM. The Evolution of Cystic Echinococcosis in Humans and Ruminants in Portugal-A One Health Approach. Vet Sci 2023; 10:584. [PMID: 37756107 PMCID: PMC10537248 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, is a significant parasitic zoonosis with public health implications, albeit often neglected. In Portugal, data on this zoonosis are scarce despite being a mandatory notifiable disease in both humans and animals. To assess the impact of cystic echinococcosis on both livestock and humans, we compiled data from slaughterhouse records of ruminants, human hospitalizations, and confirmed cases of human echinococcosis. Overall, a total of 298 cases of cystic echinococcosis were identified in ruminants slaughtered from national farms for human consumption in Portugal between 2008 and 2022, comprising 192 cases in ovines, 95 in bovines, and 11 in caprines. Echinococcosis led to 582 hospitalizations in Portuguese public hospitals, with an average hospital stay of 11 days (±15.66), and resulted in 13 deaths (2.23%) from 2008 to 2018. Each infected animal was associated with a 7% increase in the incidence rate of human hospitalization (p = 0.002, IRR = 1.070, 95% CI: 1.025-1.117). Additionally, for every 100,000 person-years observed between 2008 and 2018, the total number of hospitalizations was 0.528. Residence in the Alentejo region was associated with a 5.3-fold increase in the incidence rate of human hospitalizations and an 8-fold higher risk of death from echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Alho
- Northern Lisbon Public Health Unit Francisco George, 1549-010 Lisbon, Portugal;
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Center, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Canhão Dias
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cardo
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Aguiar
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Center, Comprehensive Health Research Center, CHRC, NOVA University Lisbon, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Luís Madeira de Carvalho
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Casulli A, Pane S, Randi F, Scaramozzino P, Carvelli A, Marras CE, Carai A, Santoro A, Santolamazza F, Tamarozzi F, Putignani L. Primary cerebral cystic echinococcosis in a child from Roman countryside: Source attribution and scoping review of cases from the literature. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011612. [PMID: 37669300 PMCID: PMC10503711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the species belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) complex. Parasitic cysts causing human CE are mainly localized in the liver and in the lungs. In a smaller number of cases, larvae may establish in any organ or tissue, including the central nervous system (CNS). Cerebral CE (CCE) is rare but poses serious clinical challenges. METHODS This study presents a case of CCE in a child living in the countryside near Rome (Italy), along with a comparative molecular analysis of the isolated cyst specimens from the patient and sheep of local farms. We also systematically searched the literature to summarize the most relevant epidemiological and clinical aspects of this uncommon localization. FINDINGS The comparative molecular analysis confirmed that the infection was caused by E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) (G3 genotype), and most likely acquired in the family farm. The literature search identified 2,238 cases of CCE. In 80.51% of cases, brain was the only localization and single CCE cysts were present in 84.07% of cases. Mean patients' age was 20 years and 70.46% were children. Cyst rupture was reported in 12.96% and recurrence of CCE after treatment in 9.61% of cases. Permanent disability was reported in 7.86% of cases, while death occurred in 6.21%. In case series reporting all CE localization, CCE represented 1.5% of all CE cases. In the few reports that identified at molecular level the CCE cyst, E. granulosus s.s. was found in 40% and E. canadensis in 60% of cases. CONCLUSIONS We report a rare case of CCE and evidenced the probable local origin of infection. The proportions of CE cases with uncommon localizations and with high impact on patients' lives have been globally neglected and should be included in the computation of the global burden of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Pane
- Unit of Microbiomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Randi
- Neurosurgery Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Scaramozzino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Epidemiology Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carvelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Epidemiology Unit, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Azzurra Santoro
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Santolamazza
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, WHO Collaborating centre on Strongyloidiasis and other Neglected Tropical Diseases, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unit of Microbiomics; Research Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Sugden S, Steckler DK, Sanderson D, Abercrombie B, Abercrombie D, Seguin MA, Ford K, St. Clair CC. Age-dependent relationships among diet, body condition, and Echinococcus multilocularis infection in urban coyotes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290755. [PMID: 37647321 PMCID: PMC10468061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban coyotes (Canis latrans) in North America increasingly exhibit a high prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis, a cestode of recent and rising public health concern that uses rodents as intermediate hosts and canids as definitive hosts. However, little is known about the factors that drive the high urban prevalence of this parasite. We hypothesized that the diet of urban coyotes may contribute to their higher E. multilocularis infection prevalence via either (a) greater exposure to the parasite from increased rodent consumption or (b) increased susceptibility to infection due to the negative health effects of consuming anthropogenic food. We tested these hypotheses by comparing the presence and intensity of E. multilocularis infection to physiological data (age, sex, body condition, and spleen mass), short-term diet (stomach contents), and long-term diet (δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes) in 112 coyote carcasses collected for reasons other than this study from Edmonton, Alberta and the surrounding area. Overall, the best predictor of infection status in this population was young age, where the likelihood of infection decreased with age in rural coyotes but not urban ones. Neither short- nor long-term measures of diet could predict infection across our entire sample, but we found support for our initial hypotheses in young, urban coyotes: both rodent and anthropogenic food consumption effectively predicted E. multilocularis infection in this population. The effects of these predictors were more variable in rural coyotes and older coyotes. We suggest that limiting coyote access to areas in which anthropogenic food and rodent habitat overlap (e.g., compost piles or garbage sites) may effectively reduce the risk of infection, deposition, and transmission of this emerging zoonotic parasite in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Sugden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Deanna K. Steckler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dana Sanderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bill Abercrombie
- Animal Damage Control, Bushman Inc., Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - M. Alexis Seguin
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine, United States of America
| | - Kyra Ford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Shahriarirad R, Shekouhi R, Erfani A, Rastegarian M, Eskandarisani M, Motamedi M, Sarkari B. Evaluation of the features of cystic echinococcosis with concurrent super-infection: a retrospective study in Southern Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:525. [PMID: 37563707 PMCID: PMC10413494 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Superinfection of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a life-threatening complication with significant morbidities, which can be prevented with early diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to examine the clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for superinfected CE, as there is currently limited information available on the differences between superinfected and non-infected CE in terms of clinical features, serological and radiologic findings. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on hospital records of patients who were diagnosed with hydatid cysts in a 15-year period (2004 to 2018) in two main university-affiliated referral centers in Fars province, southern Iran. Patients' information regarding the demographical and clinical features related to CE, age, sex, previous history of CE or recurrence, size and location of CE, and length of hospital stay were collected. Moreover, the characteristics of concurrent infections with hydatid cysts were recorded. RESULTS A total of 586 surgeries due to CE were performed on 501 patients, of which 67 (11.43%) had reoperations due to the recurrence of the disease. A total of 30 (5.99%) incidences of superinfection were observed. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of laboratory and imaging findings between CE patients with concurrent infections and other CE patients (p-value > 0.05). Among the patients with super-infection, four had fungal infections of the lungs. Aspergillus fumigatus was the causative pathogen in all four patients that were diagnosed with fungal superinfection. All patients underwent surgical excision with favorable long-term outcomes. CONCLUSION Our study revealed a 5.99% incident rate of CE superinfection. Regarding the concurrent fungal infections in hydatid cysts, the patient's symptoms and laboratory and imaging findings are inconclusive and histopathological evaluation seems to be the most reliable option. Surgical resection is the gold-standard treatment option with favorable outcomes and potentially can be curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shahriarirad
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Shekouhi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Colorectal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Erfani
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Marjan Motamedi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran.
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Toaleb NI, Aboelsoued D, Abdel Megeed KN, Hekal SHA. A Novel Designed Sandwich ELISA for the Detection of Echinococcus granulosus Antigen in Camels for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:400. [PMID: 37624338 PMCID: PMC10459475 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus spp. are important cosmopolitan zoonotic parasitic tapeworms that cause a disease called hydatidosis or cystic echinococcosis (CE), which has remarkable economic losses. The objective of our study was to develop a specific IgG polyclonal antigen-based ELISA (Sandwich ELISA; capture ELISA) method for the detection of circulating Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) antigens in camels infected with hydatid cysts before slaughtering and its application in serodiagnosis of CE in animals to assess the positive rate of hydatidosis in camels slaughtered in Giza governorate abattoirs in Egypt. In this study, molecular identification of Echinococcus sp. isolate was performed based on the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NAD1) gene, revealing the isolate (GenBank: OQ443068.1), which is identical to the G6 E. granulosus sensu lato genotype. The positive rate of hydatid cysts was determined in slaughtered camels' organs (n = 587). The results revealed that hydatid cysts were found in 46.5% (273/587) of the examined camels. Pulmonary echinococcosis was significantly more prevalent in the slaughtered camels (60%, 164/273) than hepatic echinococcosis (39.9%, 109/273), (p = 0.001, Chi Square = 11.081). Cyst fertility rates were higher in hepatic (90.8%, 99/109) than in pulmonary cysts (83.5%, 137/164) and the most viable protoscoleces were recorded from fertile the hepatic cysts (67.85 ± 12.78). In this study, hydatid cyst germinal layer antigen (GlAg) was isolated and used for the immunization of rabbits to raise IgG polyclonal antibodies (anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG). These IgG polyclonal antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography using a protein A column, then labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Electrophoretic analysis of IgG polyclonal antibodies and crude GlAg was performed in 10% polyacrylamide gels. The SDS-PAGE revealed four bands at molecular weights of 77 kDa, 65 kDa, 55 kDa, and 25 kDa. The Sandwich ELISA was performed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity and cross-reactivity of the prepared IgG polyclonal antibodies. The circulating hydatid antigen was found in 270 out of the 273 samples with hydatidosis, with a sensitivity of 98.9% (270/273), a specificity of 94.9% (296/312) and a diagnostic efficacy of 96.8%. Regarding the cross reactivity, anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG showed a low cross-reactivity with Fasciola gigantica infected camel sera (3/8), and Myiasis (Cephalopina titillator larvae; 3/20). No cross-reactivity was recorded with uninfected camel sera (negative sera for E. granulosus), and no cross-reactivity was found with antigens of Eimeria spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium sp., and Hyalomma dromedarii (ticks' infestation). Then, Sandwich ELISA was conducted again to detect E. granulosus antigen in all the collected camel sera, which resulted in a 48.7% (286/587) positive rate of CE compared to 46.5% (273/587) using a postmortem inspection (PM diagnosis) (p = 0.5, Chi Square = 0.302). In conclusion, the Sandwich ELISA technique introduced in this study appears to be a sufficiently sensitive diagnostic assay for the detection of camels' echinococcosis using anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG. In addition, it might offer a significant medical and veterinary importance in helping the early detection of hydatidosis, as well as its early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I. Toaleb
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.I.T.); (K.N.A.M.)
| | - Dina Aboelsoued
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.I.T.); (K.N.A.M.)
| | - Kadria N. Abdel Megeed
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.I.T.); (K.N.A.M.)
| | - Sahar Hussein Abdalla Hekal
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
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Aschenborn O, Aschenborn J, Beytell P, Wachter B, Melzheimer J, Dumendiak S, Rüffler B, Mackenstedt U, Kern P, Romig T, Wassermann M. High species diversity of Echinococcus spp. in wild mammals of Namibia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:134-142. [PMID: 37206437 PMCID: PMC10189350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An opportunistic survey for Echinococcus spp. in wild mammals was conducted in seven distinct study areas throughout Namibia, representing all major ecosystems, between 2012 and 2021. In total, 184 individually attributable faeces and 40 intestines were collected from eight species of carnivores, and 300 carcasses or organs of thirteen species of ungulates were examined for Echinococcus cysts. Nested PCR and sequencing of the mitochondrial nad1 gene led to the identification of five species of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex. Echinococcus canadensis G6/7 was found throughout Namibia at low frequency in lions, cheetahs, African wild dogs, black-backed jackals and oryx antelopes. Echinococcus equinus was present only in northern Namibia, locally at high frequency in lions, black-backed jackals and plains zebras. Echinococcus felidis was found only in one small area in the north-east of Namibia, but with high frequency in lions and warthogs. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto was identified only in two African wild dogs in the north-east of Namibia, and Echinococcus ortleppi occurred in central and southern Namibia in black-backed jackals and oryx antelopes. The development of fertile cysts indicated active intermediate host roles of oryx antelopes for E. canadensis and E. ortleppi, of warthogs for E. felidis, and of plains zebras for E. equinus. Our data support earlier hypotheses of exclusive or predominant wildlife life-cycles for E. felidis involving lions and warthogs, and - in Namibia - for E. equinus involving lions and/or black-backed jackals and plains zebras. Our data further support an interlink of wild and domestic transmission for E. ortleppi. A possible involvement of livestock and domestic dogs in transmission of E. canadensis G6/7 and E. granulosus s.s., the two parasite species with highest zoonotic potential, is uncertain for Namibia and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortwin Aschenborn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Aschenborn
- University of Zurich, Institute of Parasitology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Piet Beytell
- Directorate of Scientific Service, Ministry of Environment Forestry and Tourism, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Melzheimer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Dumendiak
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bianka Rüffler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ute Mackenstedt
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center of Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Kern
- University Hospital Ulm, Department of Medicine III, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center of Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center of Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, Stuttgart, Germany
- Corresponding author. University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Unit Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Colpani A, Achilova O, D’Alessandro GL, Budke C, Mariconti M, Muratov T, Vola A, Mamedov A, Giordani MT, Suvonkulov U, Brunetti E, Manciulli T. Ultrasound-Based Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in the Samarkand Region of Uzbekistan: Results from a Field Survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:153-158. [PMID: 37277104 PMCID: PMC10324010 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Uzbekistan is endemic for CE, but estimates of disease burden are lacking. We present findings from a cross-sectional, ultrasound-based survey evaluating the prevalence of human CE in the Samarkand region, Uzbekistan. The survey was conducted between September and October 2019 in the Payariq district, Samarkand. Study villages were selected based on sheep breeding and reported human CE. Residents aged 5-90 years were invited to receive a free abdominal ultrasound examination. The WHO Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis classification was used for cyst staging. Information regarding CE diagnosis and treatment was collected. Of 2,057 screened subjects, 498 (24.2%) were male. Twelve (0.58%) had detectable abdominal CE cysts. In total, five active/transitional (N = 1 CE1, N = 1 CE2, N = 3 CE3b) and 10 inactive cysts (N = 8 CE4, N = 2 CE5) were identified. Two participants had cystic lesions with no pathognomonic features of CE and were given a 1-month course of albendazole for diagnostic purposes. Twenty-three additional individuals reported previous surgery for CE in the liver (65.2%), lungs (21.6%), spleen (4.4%), liver and lungs (4.4%), and brain (4.4%). Our findings confirm the presence of CE in the Samarkand region, Uzbekistan. Additional studies are needed to assess the burden of human CE in the country. All patients with a history of CE reported surgery, even though most cysts found during the current study were inactive. Therefore, it appears there is a lack of awareness by the local medical community of the currently accepted stage-specific management of CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Colpani
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Olesya Achilova
- Isaev Institute for Medical Parasitology, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Gian Luca D’Alessandro
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Mara Mariconti
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Timur Muratov
- Isaev Institute for Medical Parasitology, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Ambra Vola
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arzu Mamedov
- Isaev Institute for Medical Parasitology, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | | | | | - Enrico Brunetti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Manciulli
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Gonçalves Baptista L, Laurimäe T, Muchaamba G, Cathomas L, Barros Olende AL, Mata dos Santos I, Lobo de Pina Â, Deplazes P. First isolation of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotype 7 in the archipelago of Cape Verde. Parasitology 2023; 150:734-743. [PMID: 37194602 PMCID: PMC10410394 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202300046x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There are no scientific data available on the occurrence of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) cluster in definitive hosts (domestic dogs), intermediate hosts (domestic livestock) nor humans in Cape Verde. In this pilot study, environmental dog fecal samples (n = 369) were collected around food markets, official slaughterhouses, as well as home and small business slaughter spots in 8 of the 9 inhabited islands from the Cape Verde archipelago, between June 2021 and March 2022. Additionally, during the same period, 40 cysts and tissue lesions were opportunistically collected from 5 islands, from locally slaughtered cattle (n = 7), goats (n = 2), sheep (n = 1) and pigs (n = 26). Genetic characterization by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the 12S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of E. granulosus s.l. in fecal and tissue material. In total, 17 cyst samples from Santiago (n = 9), Sal (n = 7) and São Vicente (n = 1) and 8 G6/G7-positive dog fecal samples from Santiago (n = 4) and Sal (n = 4) were identified as E. granulosus s.l. G7 by sequence analysis (nad2, nad5 and nad1 genes). This study discloses the transmission of E. granulosus s.l. G7, in pig, cattle and dog in Cape Verde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gonçalves Baptista
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Bons Amigos Association, Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Teivi Laurimäe
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gillian Muchaamba
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Cathomas
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Lina Barros Olende
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Iolanda Mata dos Santos
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Ângela Lobo de Pina
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Aschenborn O, Aschenborn J, Kern P, Mackenstedt U, Romig T, Wassermann M. When wildlife comes to town: interaction of sylvatic and domestic host animals in transmission of Echinococcus spp. in Namibia. Helminthologia 2023; 60:117-124. [PMID: 37745225 PMCID: PMC10516471 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted in the isolated desert town of Oranjemund in the far south of Namibia. It is an extremely arid region where no livestock husbandry is practiced and only animals adapted to the desert can be found. However, in and around the city, artificial irrigation maintains lush green patches of grass that attract wild animals, in particular oryx antelopes (Oryx gazella). In 2015 four oryx antelopes were euthanised due to poor conditions and a post-mortem examination was conducted. Two were found positive for cystic echinococcosis and 16 cysts were collected for molecular analyses. In addition, faecal samples from black-backed jackals (n=5) and domestic dogs (n=9), which were regularly observed to feed on oryx carcasses, were collected and taeniid eggs isolated. Parasite species identification of the cysts and eggs was done by amplifying and sequencing the mitochondrial nad1 gene. Both oryx antelopes were found infected with E. ortleppi and one co-infected with E. canadensis G6/7. Both Echinococcus species were able to develop fertile cysts in oryx, making oryx antelopes competent hosts for these parasites. Therefore, the analysis of faecal samples was of high interest and although the numbers were quite small, taeniid eggs were found in three out of five faecal samples of jackals and in all nine dog samples. However, species determination was only successful with two jackal and one dog sample. All three were positive for E. canadensis G6/7. The absence of E. ortleppi may be due to the low number of faecal samples examined. In our small study, we discovered a rather unique lifecycle of Echinococcus spp. between jackals and domestic dogs as definitive hosts and oryx antelopes as intermediate hosts. Here, the presence of E. canadensis G6/7 is of particular concern, as it is the second most important causative agent of CE in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Aschenborn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Windhoek, Namibia
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599Stuttgart, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315Berlin, Germany
- Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism, Directorate of Scientific Services, Private Bag13306, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - J. Aschenborn
- University of Zurich, Institute of Parasitology, Winterthurerstr. 266a, 8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P. Kern
- University Hospital Ulm, Department of Medicine III, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081Ulm, Germany
| | - U. Mackenstedt
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599Stuttgart, Germany
| | - T. Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M. Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599Stuttgart, Germany
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Mahmoodpour H, Spotin A, Hatam GR, PourmahdiGhaemmaghami A, Sadjjadi SM. In vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Eucalyptus microtheca on protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto: A light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study. Exp Parasitol 2023:108553. [PMID: 37230322 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most widespread and important global helminth zoonoses. Treatment relies mainly on surgery and, or percutaneous interventions. However, spillage of live protoscoleces (PSCs) leading to recurrence is a problem during surgery. So, the application of protoscolicidal agents before surgery is required. This study aimed to investigate the activity and safety of hydroalcoholic extracts of E. microtheca against PSCs of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) both in vitro and also ex vivo, which is a simulation to Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, and Re-aspiration (PAIR) method. METHODS Considering the effects of heat on the protoscolicidal effecacy of Eucalyptus leaves, hydroalcoholic extraction was performed by both soxhlet extraction at 80 °C and percolation at room temperature. The protoscolicidal action of hydroalcoholic extracts was assessed by in vitro and ex vivo assessments. Infected sheep livers were collected from the slaughterhouse. Then, the genotype of hydatid cysts (HCs) was confirmed by sequencing and, isolates were limited to E. granulosus s.s. In the next step, ultrastructural changes of Eucalyptus-exposed PSCs were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, a cytotoxicity test was conducted by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the safety of E. microtheca. RESULTS The prepared extracts by soxhlet extraction and percolation were, successfully exerted strong protoscolicidal effects in both in vitro and ex vivo tests. The results of in vitro assessment indicated that hydroalcoholic extract of E. microtheca prepared by percolation at room temperature (EMP) and hydroalcoholic extract of E. microtheca prepared by soxhlet extraction at 80 °C (EMS) killed all PSCs (100%) at concentrations of 10 and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Also, EMP showed 99% protoscolicidal action after 20 min in an ex vivo setting compared to EMS. SEM micrographs confirmed potent protoscolicidal and destructive effects of E. microtheca against PSCs. The cytotoxicity of EMP was tested on the Hela cell line using MTT assay. The value of 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was calculated at 46.5 μg/mL after 24h. CONCLUSION Both hydroalcoholic extracts showed potent protoscolicidal activity and, especially EMP produced remarkable protoscolicidal effects compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mahmoodpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Gholam Reza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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SASAKI R, OKUMA I, ASARI Y. Response of wild rodents to red fox feces: implication for the echinococcus infection. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:565-570. [PMID: 36990791 PMCID: PMC10209468 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis causes zoonotic disease, alveolar echinococcosis. The life cycle of E. multilocularis is maintained by the predator-prey relationship between red foxes and rodents. Infection to red fox (Vulpes vulpes) of E. multilocularis is considered that rodents take eggs of E. multilocularis, then red fox forage the rodents. However, it has been not known how to take eggs by rodents. On infection process of E. multilocularis from red foxes to rodents, we predicted that rodents would forage or touch with feces of red fox to use undigested materials within the feces. We monitored rodent's response to fox feces and their distance to the feces by using camera trap from May to October 2020. Myodes spp. and Apodemus spp. touched fox feces, and touch rate of Apodemus spp. was significantly higher than that of Myodes spp. We found smelling and passing as contact behaviors to fox feces by Myodes spp., while Apodemus spp. showed behaviors which oral directly contacted feces. There was no significant difference on the shortest distance between Apodemus spp. and Myodes spp. The distance between 0 cm and 5 cm was mostly observed for both rodents. The results that Myodes spp. did not forage feces and their contact to feces was low frequency suggested that the infection from red foxes to Myodes spp., the main intermediate host, was to be other pathways. The approach to feces and the act near feces might increase the probability attached with eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina SASAKI
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Isao OKUMA
- Green and Flower Center, Zoukei Inc., Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yushin ASARI
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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46
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Cenni L, Simoncini A, Massetti L, Rizzoli A, Hauffe HC, Massolo A. Current and future distribution of a parasite with complex life cycle under global change scenarios: Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2436-2449. [PMID: 36815401 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Global change is expected to have complex effects on the distribution and transmission patterns of zoonotic parasites. Modelling habitat suitability for parasites with complex life cycles is essential to further our understanding of how disease systems respond to environmental changes, and to make spatial predictions of their future distributions. However, the limited availability of high quality occurrence data with high spatial resolution often constrains these investigations. Using 449 reliable occurrence records for Echinococcus multilocularis from across Europe published over the last 35 years, we modelled habitat suitability for this parasite, the aetiological agent of alveolar echinococcosis, in order to describe its environmental niche, predict its current and future distribution under three global change scenarios, and quantify the probability of occurrence for each European country. Using a machine learning approach, we developed large-scale (25 × 25 km) species distribution models based on seven sets of predictors, each set representing a distinct biological hypothesis supported by current knowledge of the autecology of the parasite. The best-supported hypothesis included climatic, orographic and land-use/land-cover variables such as the temperature of the coldest quarter, forest cover, urban cover and the precipitation seasonality. Future projections suggested the appearance of highly suitable areas for E. multilocularis towards northern latitudes and in the whole Alpine region under all scenarios, while decreases in habitat suitability were predicted for central Europe. Our spatially explicit predictions of habitat suitability shed light on the complex responses of parasites to ongoing global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cenni
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Applied Ecology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
- Conservation Genomics Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Simoncini
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciano Massetti
- Institute of Bioeconomy of the National Research Council, Firenze, Italy
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Applied Ecology Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Conservation Genomics Research Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Calgary, Canada
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Saarma U, Skirnisson K, Björnsdottir TS, Laurimäe T, Kinkar L. Cystic echinococcosis in Iceland: a brief history and genetic analysis of a 46-year-old Echinococcus isolate collected prior to the eradication of this zoonotic disease. Parasitology 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37161714 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is considered the most severe parasitic disease that ever affected the human population in Iceland. Before the start of eradication campaign in the 1860s, Iceland was a country with very high prevalence of human CE, with approximately every fifth person infected. Eradication of CE from Iceland by 1979 was a huge success story and served as a leading example for other countries on how to combat such a severe One Health problem. However, there is no genetic information on Echinococcus parasites before eradication. Here, we reveal the genetic identity for one of the last Echinococcus isolates in Iceland, obtained from a sheep 46 years ago (1977). We sequenced a large portion of the mitochondrial genome (8141 bp) and identified the isolate as Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotype G1. As G1 is known to be highly infective genotype to humans, it may partly explain why such a large proportion of human population in Iceland was infected at a time . The study demonstrates that decades-old samples hold significant potential to uncover genetic identities of parasites in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karl Skirnisson
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Teivi Laurimäe
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Kinkar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
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Kwiedor I, Kratzer W, Schlingeloff P, Schmidberger J. [Spread and Development of Alveolar Echinococcosis in Germany, 1992-2018]. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2023; 85:258-265. [PMID: 34872118 PMCID: PMC11248785 DOI: 10.1055/a-1670-7485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
GOAL OF THE STUDY Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a rare parasitosis caused by the pathogen Echinococcus multilocularis. There is an increase in the number of cases in many countries. The aim of the study was to investigate the current prevalence and the change in the geographical distribution pattern. METHODOLOGY Data were collected retrospectively for the period 1992-2018 using the registered cases in the national disease register for AE in Germany. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS statistical analysis system version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C., USA). RESULTS The study population of n=569 patients included n=322 (56,59%) women and n=247 (43,40%) men. The mean average age of patients with alveolar echinococcosis at first presentation was 53,90±17,54 years (median: 56,00 years). The Moran's I test statistic showed a positive spatial autocorrelation for the period 1992-2018 corresponding to a heterogeneous distribution of disease cases in Germany (I=0,4165; Z=10,9591, p=0,001). An increase in age- and sex-specific prevalence could be determined for the entire study period (1992-2018). The overall prevalence in the period 1992-2018 was 0,71 cases per 100,000 population. The determination of the prevalence for the period 1992-2018 resulted in 0,31 cases for men and 0,40 cases for women per 100,000 population. In the period 1992-1996, no AE cases had been registered in 11/16 (68,8%) federal states (Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein und Thüringen). The evaluation recently shows an increased occurrence of cases in the federal states of Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz and Nordrhein-Westfalen. CONCLUSIONS The analysis shows a rise in prevalence and an increasing number of cases outside the classic endemic areas of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Kwiedor
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm,
Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm,
Ulm, Deutschland
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49
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Inceboz T. Introductory Chapter: Changes in Eco-System Change Echinococci - “One Health Concept” against Echinococci. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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50
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Eren S, Aydın S, Kantarci M, Kızılgöz V, Levent A, Şenbil DC, Akhan O. Percutaneous management in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: A sum of single center experiences and a brief overview of the literature. World J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 15:398-407. [PMID: 37032805 PMCID: PMC10080597 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i3.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a serious zoonotic infection that affects humans. It may have a tumor-like appearance at times. Percutaneous treatment of HAE patients is extremely relaxing for them. HAE is a significant human zoonotic infection caused by the fox tapeworm Echinococcus Multilocularis larvae. It possesses the characteristics of an invasive tumor-like lesion due to its infiltrative growth pattern and protracted incubation period. The disease is endemic over central Europe, Asia, and North America.
AIM To characterize HAE patients who were treated percutaneously, their outcomes, and the major technical features of percutaneous treatment in HAE.
METHODS Patients who were treated with percutaneous cyst drainage and/or percutaneous biliary drainage were included in the study. Uncorrected abnormal coagulation values and solid or non-infected HAE with minor necrotic change were excluded.
RESULTS Thirty-two patients underwent percutaneous cyst drainage, two patients underwent percutaneous biliary drainage, and four patients underwent percutaneous biliary drainage alone. Interventional radiology is utilized to drain echinococcal necrosis and abscesses within/without the liver, as well as diseased and clogged bile ducts.
CONCLUSION Percutaneous drainage of cyst contents and/or biliary channels using a minimally invasive technique is a very beneficial. Percutaneous cyst drainage with albendazole therapy improves quality of life in patients who are unable to undergo surgery, even when the mass resolves with long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Eren
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25100, Turkey
| | - Sonay Aydın
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Mecit Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Volkan Kızılgöz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Akın Levent
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Düzgün Can Şenbil
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Okan Akhan
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06090, Turkey
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