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Zhang H, Yang Y, Cao Y, Guan J. Effects of chronic stress on cancer development and the therapeutic prospects of adrenergic signaling regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116609. [PMID: 38678960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term chronic stress is an important factor in the poor prognosis of cancer patients. Chronic stress reduces the tissue infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by continuously activating the adrenergic signaling, inhibits antitumor immune response and tumor cell apoptosis while also inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor angiogenesis, promoting tumor invasion and metastasis. This review first summarizes how adrenergic signaling activates intracellular signaling by binding different adrenergic receptor (AR) heterodimers. Then, we focused on reviewing adrenergic signaling to regulate multiple functions of immune cells, including cell differentiation, migration, and cytokine secretion. In addition, the article discusses the mechanisms by which adrenergic signaling exerts pro-tumorigenic effects by acting directly on the tumor itself. It also highlights the use of adrenergic receptor modulators in cancer therapy, with particular emphasis on their potential role in immunotherapy. Finally, the article reviews the beneficial effects of stress intervention measures on cancer treatment. We think that enhancing the body's antitumor response by adjusting adrenergic signaling can enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China; Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Yuwei Yang
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of OTIR, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Yan Cao
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of OTIR, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Jingzhi Guan
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China.
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2
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Kotewitsch M, Heimer M, Schmitz B, Mooren FC. Non-coding RNAs in exercise immunology: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:311-338. [PMID: 37925072 PMCID: PMC11116971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical exercise has been recognized as a potent modulator of immune function, with its effects including enhanced immune surveillance, reduced inflammation, and improved overall health. While strong evidence exists that physical exercise affects the specific expression and activity of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) also involved in immune system regulation, heterogeneity in individual study designs and analyzed exercise protocols exists, and a condensed list of functional, exercise-dependent ncRNAs with known targets in the immune system is missing from the literature. A systematic review and qualitative analysis was used to identify and categorize ncRNAs participating in immune modulation by physical exercise. Two combined approaches were used: (a) a systematic literature search for "ncRNA and exercise immunology", (b) and a database search for microRNAs (miRNAs) (miRTarBase and DIANA-Tarbase v8) aligned with known target genes in the immune system based on the Reactome database, combined with a systematic literature search for "ncRNA and exercise". Literature searches were based on PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus; and miRNA databases were filtered for targets validated by in vitro experimental data. Studies were eligible if they reported on exercise-based interventions in healthy humans. After duplicate removal, 95 studies were included reporting on 164 miRNAs, which were used for the qualitative synthesis. Six studies reporting on long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) or circular RNAs were also identified. Results were analyzed using ordering tables that included exercise modality (endurance/resistance exercise), acute or chronic interventions, as well as the consistency in reported change between studies. Evaluation criteria were defined as "validated" with 100% of ≥3 independent studies showing identical direction of regulation, "plausible" (≥80%), or "suggestive" (≥70%). For resistance exercise, upregulation of miR-206 was validated while downregulation of miR-133a appeared plausible. For endurance exercise, 15 miRNAs were categorized as validated, with 12 miRNAs being consistently elevated and 3 miRNAs being downregulated, most of them after acute exercise training. In conclusion, our approach provides evidence that miRNAs play a major role in exercise-induced effects on the innate and adaptive immune system by targeting different pathways affecting immune cell distribution, function, and trafficking as well as production of (anti-)inflammatory cytokines. miRNAs miR-15, miR-29c, miR-30a, miR-142/3, miR-181a, and miR-338 emerged as key players in mediating the immunomodulatory effects of exercise predominantly after acute bouts of endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kotewitsch
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten 58455, Germany; DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal 58256, Germany
| | - Melina Heimer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten 58455, Germany; DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal 58256, Germany
| | - Boris Schmitz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten 58455, Germany; DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal 58256, Germany.
| | - Frank C Mooren
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten 58455, Germany; DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal 58256, Germany
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Collier-Bain HD, Emery A, Causer AJ, Brown FF, Oliver R, Dutton D, Crowe J, Augustine D, Graby J, Leach S, Eddy R, Rothschild-Rodriguez D, Gray JC, Cragg MS, Cleary KL, Moore S, Murray J, Turner JE, Campbell JP. A single bout of vigorous intensity exercise enhances the efficacy of rituximab against human chronic lymphocytic leukaemia B-cells ex vivo. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:468-479. [PMID: 38503395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is characterised by the clonal proliferation and accumulation of mature B-cells and is often treated with rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody immunotherapy. Rituximab often fails to induce stringent disease eradication, due in part to failure of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) which relies on natural killer (NK)-cells binding to rituximab-bound CD20 on B-cells. CLL cells are diffusely spread across lymphoid and other bodily tissues, and ADCC resistance in survival niches may be due to several factors including low NK-cell frequency and a suppressive stromal environment that promotes CLL cell survival. It is well established that exercise bouts induce a transient relocation of NK-cells and B-cells into peripheral blood, which could be harnessed to enhance the efficacy of rituximab in CLL by relocating both target and effector cells together with rituximab in blood. In this pilot study, n = 20 patients with treatment-naïve CLL completed a bout of cycling 15 % above anaerobic threshold for ∼ 30-minutes, with blood samples collected pre-, immediately post-, and 1-hour post-exercise. Flow cytometry revealed that exercise evoked a 254 % increase in effector (CD3-CD56+CD16+) NK-cells in blood, and a 67 % increase in CD5+CD19+CD20+ CLL cells in blood (all p < 0.005). NK-cells were isolated from blood samples pre-, and immediately post-exercise and incubated with primary isolated CLL cells with or without the presence of rituximab to determine specific lysis using a calcein-release assay. Rituximab-mediated cell lysis increased by 129 % following exercise (p < 0.001). Direct NK-cell lysis of CLL cells - independent of rituximab - was unchanged following exercise (p = 0.25). We conclude that exercise improved the efficacy of rituximab-mediated ADCC against autologous CLL cells ex vivo and propose that exercise should be explored as a means of enhancing clinical responses in patients receiving anti-CD20 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam J Causer
- Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Frankie F Brown
- Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom; School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Oliver
- Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom; Department for Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - David Dutton
- Department for Haematology, Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Crowe
- Department for Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Augustine
- Department of Cardiology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - John Graby
- Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Shoji Leach
- Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Eddy
- Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Juliet C Gray
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstie L Cleary
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Moore
- Department for Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - James Murray
- Department for Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - James E Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom; School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John P Campbell
- Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.
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4
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He A, Pu Y, Jia C, Wu M, He H, Xia Y. The Influence of Exercise on Cancer Risk, the Tumor Microenvironment and the Treatment of Cancer. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02031-2. [PMID: 38687441 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
There are several modifiable factors that can be targeted to prevent and manage the occurrence and progression of cancer, and maintaining adequate exercise is a crucial one. Regular physical exercise has been shown to be a beneficial strategy in preventing cancer, potentially amplifying the effectiveness of established cancer therapies, alleviating certain cancer-related symptoms, and possibly mitigating side effects resulting from treatment. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms by which exercise affects tumors, especially its impact on the tumor microenvironment (TME), remain uncertain. This review aims to present an overview of the beneficial effects of exercise in the context of cancer management, followed by a summary of the exercise parameters, especially exercise intensity, that need to be considered when prescribing exercise for cancer patients. Finally, we discuss the influence of exercise on the TME, including its effects on crucial immune cells (e.g., T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, B cells), intratumor angiogenesis, and cancer metabolism. This comprehensive review provides up-to-date scientific evidence on the effects of exercise training on cancer and offers guidance to clinicians for the development of safe and feasible exercise training programs for cancer patients in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yamin Pu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chengsen Jia
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mengling Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongchen He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yong Xia
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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5
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Miao SN, Chai MQ, Liu XY, Wei CY, Zhang CC, Sun NN, Fei QZ, Peng LL, Qiu H. Exercise accelerates recruitment of CD8 + T cell to promotes anti-tumor immunity in lung cancer via epinephrine. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:474. [PMID: 38622609 PMCID: PMC11021002 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In recent years, there has been extensive research on the role of exercise as an adjunctive therapy for cancer. However, the potential mechanisms underlying the anti-tumor therapy of exercise in lung cancer remain to be fully elucidated. As such, our study aims to confirm whether exercise-induced elevation of epinephrine can accelerate CD8+ T cell recruitment through modulation of chemokines and thus ultimately inhibit tumor progression. METHOD C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously inoculated with Lewis lung cancer cells (LLCs) to establish a subcutaneous tumor model. The tumor mice were randomly divided into different groups to performed a moderate-intensity exercise program on a treadmill for 5 consecutive days a week, 45 min a day. The blood samples and tumor tissues were collected after exercise for IHC, RT-qPCR, ELISA and Western blot. In addition, another group of mice received daily epinephrine treatment for two weeks (0.05 mg/mL, 200 µL i.p.) (EPI, n = 8) to replicate the effects of exercise on tumors in vivo. Lewis lung cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of epinephrine (0, 5, 10, 20 µM) to detect the effect of epinephrine on chemokine levels via ELISA and RT-qPCR. RESULTS This study reveals that both pre- and post-cancer exercise effectively impede the tumor progression. Exercise led to an increase in EPI levels and the infiltration of CD8+ T cell into the lung tumor. Exercise-induced elevation of EPI is involved in the regulation of Ccl5 and Cxcl10 levels further leading to enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration and ultimately inhibiting tumor progression. CONCLUSION Exercise training enhance the anti-tumor immunity of lung cancer individuals. These findings will provide valuable insights for the future application of exercise therapy in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Nan Miao
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Meng-Qi Chai
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Liu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wei
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Cun-Cun Zhang
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Ning-Ning Sun
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Ze Fei
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Lin-Lin Peng
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Huan Qiu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
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6
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Baker FL, Smith KA, Mylabathula PL, Zúñiga TM, Diak DM, Batatinha H, Niemiro GM, Seckeler MD, Pedlar CR, O'Connor DP, Colombo J, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Exercise-induced β2-adrenergic receptor activation enhances the anti-leukemic activity of expanded γδ T-Cells via DNAM-1 upregulation and PVR/Nectin-2 recognition. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:742987. [PMID: 38592213 PMCID: PMC11090081 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exercise mobilizes cytotoxic lymphocytes to blood which may allow superior cell products to be manufactured for cancer therapy. Gamma-Delta (γδ) T-cells have shown promise for treating solid tumors, but there is a need to increase their potency against hematologic malignancies. Here, we show that human γδ T-cells mobilized to blood in response to just 20-minutes of graded exercise have surface phenotypes and transcriptomic profiles associated with cytotoxicity, adhesion, migration and cytokine signaling. Following 14-days ex vivo expansion with zoledronic acid and interleukin (IL)-2, exercise mobilized γδ T-cells had surface phenotypes and transcriptomic profiles associated with enhanced effector functions, and demonstrated superior cytotoxic activity against multiple hematologic tumors in vitro, and in vivo in leukemia bearing xenogeneic mice. Infusing humans with the β1+β2-agonist isoproterenol and administering β1 or β1+β2 antagonists prior to exercise revealed these effects to be β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) dependent. Antibody blocking of DNAM-1 on expanded γδ T-cells, as well as the DNAM-1 ligands PVR and Nectin-2 on leukemic targets, abolished the enhanced anti-leukemic effects of exercise. These findings provide a mechanistic link between exercise, β2-AR activation, and the manufacture of superior γδ T-cell products for adoptive cell therapy against hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest L. Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kyle A. Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Douglass M. Diak
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Grace M. Niemiro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Michael D. Seckeler
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Charles R. Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Performance Science, St. Mary's University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P. O'Connor
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jamie Colombo
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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7
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Fiuza-Luces C, Valenzuela PL, Gálvez BG, Ramírez M, López-Soto A, Simpson RJ, Lucia A. The effect of physical exercise on anticancer immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:282-293. [PMID: 37794239 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Regular physical activity is associated with lower cancer incidence and mortality, as well as with a lower rate of tumour recurrence. The epidemiological evidence is supported by preclinical studies in animal models showing that regular exercise delays the progression of cancer, including highly aggressive malignancies. Although the mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenic effects of exercise remain to be defined, an improvement in cancer immunosurveillance is likely important, with different immune cell subtypes stimulated by exercise to infiltrate tumours. There is also evidence that immune cells from blood collected after an exercise bout could be used as adoptive cell therapy for cancer. In this Perspective, we address the importance of muscular activity for maintaining a healthy immune system and discuss the effects of a single bout of exercise (that is, 'acute' exercise) and those of 'regular' exercise (that is, repeated bouts) on anticancer immunity, including tumour infiltrates. We also address the postulated mechanisms and the clinical implications of this emerging area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Systems Biology Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Gálvez
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group ('PaHerg'), Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre ('imas12'), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ramírez
- Oncohematology Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- La Princesa Institute of Heah, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro López-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Asturias, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain.
| | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Proschinger S, Schenk A, Metcalfe AJ, Zimmer P. HIIT Induces Stronger Shifts within the Peripheral T Cell Compartment Independent of Sex. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:211-221. [PMID: 38134917 DOI: 10.1055/a-2197-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute exercise induces changes within the T-cell compartment, especially in cytotoxic CD8+ memory subsets, depending on exercise intensity and duration. It is unclear whether exercise-induced changes in major T-cell subsets differ in response to acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and whether sex-specific effects exist. Twenty-four recreationally active runners (females: n=12, 27.8±4.1years, 54.4±4.6 ml*kg-1*min-1; males: n=12, 31.6±3.8years, 58.9±7.7 ml*kg-1*min-1) participated in this randomized controlled crossover study, and conducted an energy- and duration-matched HIIT and MICT session. Blood was sampled before (T1), immediately (T2) and 1 h after exercise (T3). Flow cytometry was used to identify T-cell populations. HIIT decreased the proportion of CD8+ T-cells more pronounced at T3 compared to MICT (p=0.007), induced a significantly stronger increase in the CD8+ effector memory (TEM) cell proportion at T2 (p=0.032), and decreased CD4+ central memory proportion more pronounced at T2 (p=0.029). A decrease below baseline CD8+ TEM proportion at T3 was observed only after HIIT (p<0.001). No interaction effects between sexes were revealed. Taken together, HIIT represents a more potent stimulus to induce shifts mainly within the cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell compartment, thereby giving implications to investigate the role of HIIT on the cell´s effector phenotype and function in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Proschinger
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alan J Metcalfe
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), TU Dortmund University, Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Dortmund, Germany
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9
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Zhu Y, Song G. Molecular origin and biological effects of exercise mimetics. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:73-85. [PMID: 38187084 PMCID: PMC10770624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of sports science and molecular biology technology, academia refers to molecules or microorganisms that mimic or enhance the beneficial effects of exercise on the body, called "exercise mimetics." This review aims to clarify the concept and development history of exercise mimetics, and to define the concept of exercise mimetics by summarizing its characteristics and functions. Candidate molecules and drug targets for exercise mimetics are summarized, and the relationship between exercise mimetics and exercise is explained, as well as the targeting system and function of exercise mimetics. The main targeting systems for exercise mimetics are the exercise system, circulatory system, endocrine system, endocrine system, and nervous system, while the immune system is potential targeting systems. Finally, future research directions for exercise mimetics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhu
- Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Gang Song
- Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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10
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CHO EUNHAN, STAMPLEY JAMES, WALL RACHEL, MATTHEWS RACHEL, ZUNICA ELIZABETH, BROWN JUSTINC, JOHANNSEN NEILM, IRVING BRIANA, SPIELMANN GUILLAUME. Acute Exercise Increases NK Cell Mitochondrial Respiration and Cytotoxicity against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells under Hypoxic Conditions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2132-2142. [PMID: 37436930 PMCID: PMC10662621 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive, highly metastatic malignancy with high recurrence rates. Hypoxia is a hallmark of the TNBC tumor microenvironment, which promotes tumor growth while impairing natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic functions. Although acute exercise improves NK cell function under normoxic conditions, the effect of exercise on NK cell cytotoxic functions under hypoxic conditions mimicking O 2 tensions observed in solid tumors is unknown. METHODS The cytotoxic functions of resting and postexercise NK cells isolated from thirteen young inactive healthy women were assessed against breast cancer cells expressing different levels of hormone receptors (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Mitochondrial respiration and H 2 O 2 efflux rates of the TNBC-activated NK cells were assessed via high-resolution respirometry. RESULTS Under hypoxia, postexercise NK cells exhibited greater killing of TNBC than resting NK cells. Further, postexercise NK cells were more likely to kill TNBC under hypoxia than normoxic conditions. In addition, mitochondrial respiration associated with oxidative (OXPHOS) capacity of TNBC-activated NK cells was greater in postexercise cells than resting cells under normoxia, but not under hypoxia. Finally, acute exercise was associated with reduced mitochondrial H 2 O 2 efflux by NK cells in both conditions. CONCLUSIONS Together, we present crucial interrelationships between hypoxia and exercise-induced changes in NK cell functions against TNBC cells. By modulating their mitochondrial bioenergetic functions, we postulate that acute exercise improves NK cell function under hypoxic conditions. Specifically, NK cell O 2 and H 2 O 2 flow (pmol·s -1 ·million NK cells -1 ) changes in response to 30-min cycling suggest that exercise primes NK cell tumor killing by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and, thus, rescuing their function when exposed to harsh hypoxic environments as observed in the microenvironment of breast solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- EUNHAN CHO
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - JAMES STAMPLEY
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - RACHEL WALL
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - RACHEL MATTHEWS
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | | | - NEIL M. JOHANNSEN
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - BRIAN A. IRVING
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - GUILLAUME SPIELMANN
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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11
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Collier-Bain HD, Brown FF, Causer AJ, Emery A, Oliver R, Moore S, Murray J, Turner JE, Campbell JP. Harnessing the immunomodulatory effects of exercise to enhance the efficacy of monoclonal antibody therapies against B-cell haematological cancers: a narrative review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1244090. [PMID: 37681023 PMCID: PMC10482436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1244090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are standard care for many B-cell haematological cancers. The modes of action for these mAbs include: induction of cancer cell lysis by activating Fcγ-receptors on innate immune cells; opsonising target cells for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or phagocytosis, and/or triggering the classical complement pathway; the simultaneous binding of cancer cells with T-cells to create an immune synapse and activate perforin-mediated T-cell cytotoxicity against cancer cells; blockade of immune checkpoints to facilitate T-cell cytotoxicity against immunogenic cancer cell clones; and direct delivery of cytotoxic agents via internalisation of mAbs by target cells. While treatment regimens comprising mAb therapy can lead to durable anti-cancer responses, disease relapse is common due to failure of mAb therapy to eradicate minimal residual disease. Factors that limit mAb efficacy include: suboptimal effector cell frequencies, overt immune exhaustion and/or immune anergy, and survival of diffusely spread tumour cells in different stromal niches. In this review, we discuss how immunomodulatory changes arising from exposure to structured bouts of acute exercise might improve mAb treatment efficacy by augmenting (i) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, (ii) antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, (iii) complement-dependent cytotoxicity, (iv) T-cell cytotoxicity, and (v) direct delivery of cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frankie F. Brown
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Causer
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Annabelle Emery
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Oliver
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Moore
- Department of Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James Murray
- Department of Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James E. Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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12
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Farooq MA, Ajmal I, Hui X, Chen Y, Ren Y, Jiang W. β2-Adrenergic Receptor Mediated Inhibition of T Cell Function and Its Implications for CAR-T Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12837. [PMID: 37629018 PMCID: PMC10454818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment of most tumors is complex, comprising numerous aspects of immunosuppression. Several studies have indicated that the adrenergic system is vital for controlling immunological responses. In the context of the tumor microenvironment, nor-adrenaline (NA) is poured in by innervating nerves and tumor tissues itself. The receptors for nor-adrenaline are present on the surfaces of cancer and immune cells and are often involved in the activation of pro-tumoral signaling pathways. Beta2-adrenergic receptors (β2-ARs) are an emerging class of receptors that are capable of modulating the functioning of immune cells. β2-AR is reported to activate regulatory immune cells and inhibit effector immune cells. Blocking β2-AR increases activation, proliferation, and cytokine release of T lymphocytes. Moreover, β2-AR deficiency during metabolic reprogramming of T cells increases mitochondrial membrane potential and biogenesis. In the view of the available research data, the immunosuppressive role of β2-AR in T cells presents it as a targetable checkpoint in CAR-T cell therapies. In this review, we have abridged the contemporary knowledge about adrenergic-stress-mediated β2-AR activation on T lymphocytes inside tumor milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wenzheng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (M.A.F.); (I.A.)
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13
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Torres G, Constantinou D, Gradidge P, Patel D, Patricios J. Exercise is the Most Important Medicine for COVID-19. Curr Sports Med Rep 2023; 22:284-289. [PMID: 37549214 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT COVID-19 infection and long COVID affect multiple organ systems, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, digestive, neuroendocrine, musculoskeletal systems, and sensory organs. Exerkines, released during exercise, have a potent crosstalk effect between multiple body systems. This review describes the evidence of how exerkines can mitigate the effects of COVID-19 in each organ system that the virus affects. The evidence presented in the review suggests that exercise should be considered a first-line strategy in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection and long COVID disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Torres
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Demitri Constantinou
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Philippe Gradidge
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Deepak Patel
- Division of Sports & Exercise Medicine, Department of Family Medicine & Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jon Patricios
- Wits Sport and Health (WiSH), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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14
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Thapa S, Cao X. Nervous regulation: beta-2-adrenergic signaling in immune homeostasis, cancer immunotherapy, and autoimmune diseases. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:2549-2556. [PMID: 37060364 PMCID: PMC10693916 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Beta-2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) mediates neural signaling from the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to the immune system to modulate immunogenic and immunosuppressive responses for maintaining immune homeostasis. β2-AR regulates various cellular activities on the innate and adaptive immune cells through differential signaling to modulate activation, proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production. This signaling pathway has been found to be critical for regulating anti-tumor immune responses and autoimmune responses. Recently, β2-AR has also been implicated in the mobilization of immune cells in peripheral blood and ex-vivo expansion of cytotoxic T cells from donor blood that has clinical implications for improving cancer immunotherapy. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the established and emerging roles of β2-AR signaling in immune homeostasis, cancer immunotherapy, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarina Thapa
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Stampley JE, Cho E, Wang H, Theall B, Johannsen NM, Spielmann G, Irving BA. Impact of maximal exercise on immune cell mobilization and bioenergetics. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15753. [PMID: 37312242 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute aerobic exercise increases the number and proportions of circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) and can alter PBMC mitochondrial bioenergetics. In this study, we aimed to examine the impact of a maximal exercise bout on immune cell metabolism in collegiate swimmers. Eleven (7 M/4F) collegiate swimmers completed a maximal exercise test to measure anaerobic power and capacity. Pre- and postexercise PBMCs were isolated to measure the immune cell phenotypes and mitochondrial bioenergetics using flow cytometry and high-resolution respirometry. The maximal exercise bout increased circulating levels of PBMCs, particularly in central memory (KLRG1+/CD57-) and senescent (KLRG1+/CD57+) CD8+ T cells, whether measured as a % of PMBCs or as absolute concentrations (all p < 0.05). At the cellularlevel, the routine oxygen flow (IO2 [pmol·s-1 ·106 PBMCs-1 ]) increased following maximal exercise (p = 0.042); however, there were no effects of exercise on the IO2 measured under the LEAK, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), or electron transfer (ET) capacities. There were exercise-induced increases in the tissue-level oxygen flow (IO2-tissue [pmol·s-1 ·mL blood-1 ]) for all respiratory states (all p < 0.01), except for the LEAK state, after accounting for the mobilization of PBMCs. Future subtype-specific studies are needed to characterize further maximal exercise's true impact on immune cell bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Stampley
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Eunhan Cho
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Haoyan Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Bailey Theall
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Neil M Johannsen
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brian A Irving
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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16
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Koivula T, Lempiäinen S, Rinne P, Rannikko JH, Hollmén M, Sundberg CJ, Rundqvist H, Minn H, Heinonen I. The effect of acute exercise on circulating immune cells in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6561. [PMID: 37085562 PMCID: PMC10121717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of exercise in cancer prevention and control is increasingly recognized, and based on preclinical studies, it is hypothesized that mobilization of leukocytes plays an important role in the anti-tumor effect. Thus, we examined how 10-min acute exercise modulates immune cells in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Blood samples were taken at rest, immediately after exercise and 30 min after exercise and phenotypic characterization of major leukocyte subsets was done using 9-color flow cytometry. Total leukocyte count increased by 29%, CD8+ T cell count by 34%, CD19+ B cell count by 18%, CD56+CD16+ NK cell count by 130%, and CD14+CD16+ monocyte count by 51% immediately after acute exercise. Mobilization of CD45+, CD8+, CD19+, and CD56+CD16+ cells correlated positively with exercising systolic blood pressure, heart rate percentage of age predicted maximal heart rate, rate pressure product, and mean arterial pressure. Our findings indicate that a single bout of acute exercise of only 10 min can cause leukocytosis in breast cancer patients. Mobilization of leukocytes appear to be directly related to the intensity of exercise. It is possible that the positive effect of exercise on oncologic outcome might be partly due to immune cell mobilization as documented in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Koivula
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Salla Lempiäinen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Rinne
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jenna H Rannikko
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maija Hollmén
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Rundqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heikki Minn
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Rydberg Laboratory of Applied Sciences, University of Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
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17
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Batatinha H, Diak DM, Niemiro GM, Baker FL, Smith KA, Zúñiga TM, Mylabathula PL, Seckeler MD, Lau B, LaVoy EC, Gustafson MP, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Human lymphocytes mobilized with exercise have an anti-tumor transcriptomic profile and exert enhanced graft-versus-leukemia effects in xenogeneic mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1067369. [PMID: 37077913 PMCID: PMC10109447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1067369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEvery bout of exercise mobilizes and redistributes large numbers of effector lymphocytes with a cytotoxic and tissue migration phenotype. The frequent redistribution of these cells is purported to increase immune surveillance and play a mechanistic role in reducing cancer risk and slowing tumor progression in physically active cancer survivors. Our aim was to provide the first detailed single cell transcriptomic analysis of exercise-mobilized lymphocytes and test their effectiveness as a donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) in xenogeneic mice engrafted with human leukemia.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from healthy volunteers at rest and at the end of an acute bout of cycling exercise. Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing was performed to identify phenotypic and transcriptomic differences between resting and exercise-mobilized cells using a targeted gene expression panel curated for human immunology. PBMCs were injected into the tail vein of xenogeneic NSG-IL-15 mice and subsequently challenged with a luciferase tagged chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line (K562). Tumor growth (bioluminescence) and xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) were monitored bi-weekly for 40-days.ResultsExercise preferentially mobilized NK-cell, CD8+ T-cell and monocyte subtypes with a differentiated and effector phenotype, without significantly mobilizing CD4+ regulatory T-cells. Mobilized effector lymphocytes, particularly effector-memory CD8+ T-cells and NK-cells, displayed differentially expressed genes and enriched gene sets associated with anti-tumor activity, including cytotoxicity, migration/chemotaxis, antigen binding, cytokine responsiveness and alloreactivity (e.g. graft-versus-host/leukemia). Mice receiving exercise-mobilized PBMCs had lower tumor burden and higher overall survival (4.14E+08 photons/s and 47%, respectively) at day 40 compared to mice receiving resting PBMCs (12.1E+08 photons/s and 22%, respectively) from the same donors (p<0.05). Human immune cell engraftment was similar for resting and exercise-mobilized DLI. However, when compared to non-tumor bearing mice, K562 increased the expansion of NK-cell and CD3+/CD4-/CD8- T-cells in mice receiving exercise-mobilized but not resting lymphocytes, 1-2 weeks after DLI. No differences in GvHD or GvHD-free survival was observed between groups either with or without K562 challenge.ConclusionExercise in humans mobilizes effector lymphocytes with an anti-tumor transcriptomic profile and their use as DLI extends survival and enhances the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect without exacerbating GvHD in human leukemia bearing xenogeneic mice. Exercise may serve as an effective and economical adjuvant to increase the GvL effects of allogeneic cell therapies without intensifying GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Douglass M. Diak
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Grace M. Niemiro
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Forrest L. Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kyle A. Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Preteesh L. Mylabathula
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael D. Seckeler
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Branden Lau
- University of Arizona Genetics Core, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael P. Gustafson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard J. Simpson,
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18
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Baker FL, Zúñiga TM, Smith KA, Batatinha H, Kulangara TS, Seckeler MD, Burgess SC, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Exercise mobilizes diverse antigen specific T-cells and elevates neutralizing antibodies in humans with natural immunity to SARS CoV-2. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100600. [PMID: 36743994 PMCID: PMC9886396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that physical activity protects against severe COVID-19 and improves clinical outcomes, but how exercise augments the SARS-CoV-2 viral immune response has yet to be elucidated. Here we determine the antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell and humoral immunity to exercise in non-vaccinated individuals with natural immunity to SARS CoV-2, using whole-blood SARS-CoV-2 peptide stimulation assays, IFN-γ ELISPOT assays, 8-color flow cytometry, deep T-cell receptor (TCR) β sequencing, and anti-RBD-1 neutralizing antibody serology. We found that acute exercise reliably mobilized (∼2.5-fold increase) highly functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells to the blood compartment in those with natural immunity to the virus. The mobilized cells reacted with spike protein (including alpha (α) and delta (δ)-variants), membrane, and nucleocapsid peptides in those previously infected but not in controls. Both groups reliably mobilized T-cells reacting with Epstein-Barr viral peptides. Exercise mobilized SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells maintained broad TCR-β diversity with no impact on CDR3 length or V and J family gene usage. Exercise predominantly mobilized MHC I restricted (i.e. CD8+) SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells that recognized ORF1ab, surface, ORF7b, nucleocapsid, and membrane proteins. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were transiently elevated ∼1.5-fold during exercise after infection. In conclusion, we provide novel data on a potential mechanism by which exercise could increase SARS-CoV-2 immunosurveillance via the mobilization and redistribution of antigen-specific CD8 T-cells and neutralizing antibodies. Further research is needed to define the tissue specific disease protective effects of exercise as SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, as well as the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest L. Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Corresponding author. School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, 1177 E. Fourth Street Shantz Building Room 308, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kyle A. Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Terese S. Kulangara
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael D. Seckeler
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Shane C. Burgess
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pathology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
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19
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Meyer-Lindemann U, Moggio A, Dutsch A, Kessler T, Sager HB. The Impact of Exercise on Immunity, Metabolism, and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3394. [PMID: 36834808 PMCID: PMC9967592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise represents an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy beneficially modifying the course of multiple diseases. The protective mechanisms of exercise are manifold; primarily, they are elicited by alterations in metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Exercise intensity and duration strongly influence the provoked response. This narrative review aims to provide comprehensive up-to-date insights into the beneficial effects of physical exercise by illustrating the impact of moderate and vigorous exercise on innate and adaptive immunity. Specifically, we describe qualitative and quantitative changes in different leukocyte subsets while distinguishing between acute and chronic exercise effects. Further, we elaborate on how exercise modifies the progression of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death worldwide, representing a prime example of a disease triggered by metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Here, we describe how exercise counteracts causal contributors and thereby improves outcomes. In addition, we identify gaps that still need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Meyer-Lindemann
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Aldo Moggio
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dutsch
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kessler
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrik B. Sager
- Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany
- DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
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20
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Koivula T, Lempiäinen S, Rinne P, Hollmén M, Sundberg CJ, Rundqvist H, Minn H, Heinonen I. Acute exercise mobilizes CD8 + cytotoxic T cells and NK cells in lymphoma patients. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1078512. [PMID: 36714311 PMCID: PMC9873989 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1078512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have shown that acute exercise can mobilize several leukocyte subpopulations in healthy individuals. Our aim was to investigate whether a 10-min acute exercise has an effect on immune cell proportions in lymphoma patients. Methods: This study included seven lymphoma patients referred to curative oncologic therapy. Three had Hodgkin and four non-Hodgkin lymphoma, one was female, and their mean age was 51. Patients underwent a 10-min acute exercise on a bicycle ergometer at moderate exercise intensity. Whole blood samples were taken at rest, immediately after exercise, and 30 min after exercise. Leukocyte subpopulation levels were determined using flow cytometry. Results: Proportions of total NK cells and CD56+CD16+ NK cells of total leukocytes increased immediately after exercise and decreased back to baseline at 30 min post-exercise. Proportion of CD8+ T cells of total T cells increased and proportion of CD4+ T cells of total T cells decreased immediately after exercise, and both returned to baseline at 30 min post-exercise. There was no change in the proportions of B cells, granulocytes, or monocytes. Exercising diastolic blood pressure correlated positively with changes in total NK cell and CD56+CD16+ NK cell proportions, and exercising mean arterial pressure correlated positively with change in CD56+CD16+ NK cell proportion. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that a single acute exercise bout of only 10 min can cause leukocytosis in lymphoma patients, particularly on cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, which are the most important immune cells fighting against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Koivula
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland,*Correspondence: Tiia Koivula,
| | - Salla Lempiäinen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Rinne
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maija Hollmén
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Carl Johan Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Rundqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heikki Minn
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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21
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Hunt RM, Elzayat MT, Markofski MM, Laughlin M, LaVoy EC. Characterization of transitional memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell mobilization during and after an acute bout of exercise. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1120454. [PMID: 37139298 PMCID: PMC10149718 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell subsets, including naïve (NA), central memory (CM), transitional memory (TM), effector memory (EM), and RA + effector memory (EMRA), differ in phenotype and function. T-cells are mobilized by exercise, with differences in the magnitude of mobilization between subsets. However, the response of TM T-cells to exercise has not yet been described. Further, T-cells expressing the late differentiation marker CD57 are known to be highly responsive to exercise, but the relative response of CD57 + and CD57- within T-cell subsets is unknown. We therefore aimed to characterize the exercise-induced mobilization of TM T-cells, as well as to compare the exercise response of CD57 + and CD57- cells within T-cell subsets. Methods Seventeen participants (7 female; aged 18-40 years) cycled 30 min at 80% of their estimated maximum heart rate. Venous blood obtained pre, post, and 1H post-exercise was analyzed by flow cytometry. CD45RA, CCR7, and CD28 expression within CD4 + and CD8+ T-cells identified NA, CM, TM, EM, and EMRA subsets. CD57 expression within EM, EMRA, and CD28+ T-cells was also quantified. The relative mobilization of each subset was compared by calculating fold change in cell concentration during (ingress, post/pre) and after exercise (egress,1H post/post). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus was determined by ELISA and was considered in models. Results TM CD8+ T-cell concentration was greater post-exercise than pre-exercise (138.59 ± 56.42 cells/µl vs. 98.51 ± 39.68 cells/µl, p < 0.05), and the proportion of CD8 + with a TM phenotype was elevated 1H post-exercise (1H: 32.44 ± 10.38% vs. Pre: 30.15 ± 8.77%, p < 0.05). The relative mobilization during and after exercise of TM T-cells did not differ from NA and CM but was less than EM and EMRA subsets. Similar results were observed within CD4+ T-cells. CD57 + subsets of CD28+ T-cells and of EM and EMRA CD8+ T-cells exhibited a greater relative mobilization than CD57- subsets (all p < 0.05). Conclusion These results indicate TM CD4 + and CD8+ T-cells are transiently mobilized into the blood with exercise, but not to as great of an extent as later differentiated EM and EMRA T-cells. Results also indicate CD57 identifies highly exercise responsive cells within CD8+ T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah M. Hunt
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mahmoud T. Elzayat
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa M. Markofski
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily C. LaVoy
- Laboratory of Integrated Physiology, Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Correspondence: Emily C. LaVoy
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22
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Iqbal A, Storey RF, Ajjan RA. Prolonged Inflammatory Response Post-Hypoglycemia: Mechanistic Insights Into the Relationship Between Low Glucose and Cardiovascular Risk. Diabetes 2022; 71:2483-2485. [PMID: 36409790 PMCID: PMC9862283 DOI: 10.2337/dbi22-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Iqbal
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, U.K
| | - Robert F. Storey
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, U.K
- Department of Infection, Immunity, and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K
| | - Ramzi A. Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
- Corresponding author: Ramzi Ajjan,
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23
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Baker C, Hunt J, Piasecki J, Hough J. Lymphocyte and dendritic cell response to a period of intensified training in young healthy humans and rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:998925. [PMID: 36439269 PMCID: PMC9691956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.998925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intensified training coupled with sufficient recovery is required to improve athletic performance. A stress-recovery imbalance can lead to negative states of overtraining. Hormonal alterations associated with intensified training, such as blunted cortisol, may impair the immune response. Cortisol promotes the maturation and migration of dendritic cells which subsequently stimulate the T cell response. However, there are currently no clear reliable biomarkers to highlight the overtraining syndrome. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of intensified training on immune cells. Outcomes from this could provide insight into whether these markers may be used as an indicator of negative states of overtraining. Methods: SPORTDiscus, PUBMED, Academic Search Complete, Scopus and Web of Science were searched until June 2022. Included articles reported on immune biomarkers relating to lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and cytokines before and after a period of intensified training, in humans and rodents, at rest and in response to exercise. Results: 164 full texts were screened for eligibility. Across 57 eligible studies, 16 immune biomarkers were assessed. 7 were assessed at rest and in response to a bout of exercise, and 9 assessed at rest only. Included lymphocyte markers were CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell count, NK cell count, NK Cytolytic activity, lymphocyte proliferation and CD4/CD8 ratio. Dendritic cell markers examined were CD80, CD86, and MHC II expression. Cytokines included IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ. A period of intensified training significantly decreased resting total lymphocyte (d= -0.57, 95% CI -0.30) and CD8+ T cell counts (d= -0.37, 95% CI -0.04), and unstimulated plasma IL-1β levels (d= -0.63, 95% CI -0.17). Resting dendritic cell CD86 expression significantly increased (d = 2.18, 95% CI 4.07). All other biomarkers remained unchanged. Conclusion: Although some biomarkers alter after a period of intensified training, definitive immune biomarkers are limited. Specifically, due to low study numbers, further investigation into the dendritic cell response in human models is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Baker
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Carla Baker,
| | - John Hunt
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Piasecki
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Hough
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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24
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Green I, Merzon E, Vinker S, Golan-Cohen A, Israel A, Scheinowitz M, Ishai R, Ashkenazi S, Magen E. A higher frequency of physical activity is associated with reduced rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Gen Pract 2022:1-7. [PMID: 36342205 DOI: 10.1080/13814788.2022.2138855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) is associated with health benefits. Previous studies have shown that regular PA decreases the incidence of viral respiratory tract infections, but data on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are unavailable. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to examine the association between PA frequency and SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on data from 1 February 2020 to 31 December 2020, using the registry of Leumit Health Services (LHS), a national health maintenance organisation in Israel. All LHS patients aged 18 to 80 years who underwent at least one RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period were included. We examined the association between PA frequency (hours per week) and being tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS Of 113,075 subjects tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR (mean age 41.6 years, 54.4% female), 17,465 (15%) were positive. In the SARS-CoV-2-negative group, significantly more subjects were engaged with PA than in the SARS-CoV-2-positive group [crude odds ratio (OR) for any PA 0.75 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-0.77)]. After adjusting for possible confounders, PA frequency had a significant negative association with the likelihood of being SARS-CoV-2 positive (adjusted OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.64-0.68). Moreover, as the frequency of PA increased, the ORs of being SARS-CoV-2-positive decreased (occasional PA: OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.67-0.74; PA 1-3 times/week: OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.58-0.65 and PA > 3 times/week: OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.49 - 0.59). CONCLUSION Our large population-based study in patients undergoing SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing showed that a higher frequency of PA is associated with a lower rate of positive test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Green
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eugene Merzon
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Shlomo Vinker
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Avivit Golan-Cohen
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Mickey Scheinowitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Reuven Ishai
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, and Head & Surgery, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shai Ashkenazi
- The Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Eli Magen
- Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Medicine C Department, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ashkelon, Israel
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Padilha CS, Von Ah Morano AE, Krüger K, Rosa-Neto JC, Lira FS. The growing field of immunometabolism and exercise: Key findings in the last 5 years. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4001-4020. [PMID: 36052887 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This perspective review highlights the impact of physical exercise on immunometabolic responses in the past 5 years. Understanding immunometabolism as a part of immunological research is essential. Furthermore, the roles of both acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on health, aging, and chronic diseases in immunometabolic changes should be elaborated. In immune cells, β2 adrenergic signaling stimulates the preferential mobilization of inflammatory phenotypes, such as CD16+ monocytes and CD8+ T cells, into the bloodstream after a physical exercise session. The mobilization of immune cells is closely related to the availability of energetic substrates for the cell and mechanisms associated with the uptake and oxidation of fatty acids and glucose. These cells, especially senescent T cells, are mobilized to the peripheral tissues and undergo apoptotic signaling, stimulating the creation of a "vacant space" where new cells will be matured and replaced in the circulation. This results in the upregulation of the expression and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1ra), leading to increased regulatory immune cells that provide immunoregulatory properties. Thus, we suggest that a significant nutrient available to the cell will favor oxidative metabolism, augment ATP production, and consequently maintain the immune cells in their quiescent state, as well as promote rapid activation function. Therefore, based on the studies discussed in this perspective review, we highlight the importance of performing moderate-intensity continuous and high-intensity intermittent aerobic exercises, due to a higher magnitude of energetic demand and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Padilha
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Ana E Von Ah Morano
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Post-Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Laboratory of InVestigation in Exercise, Scientific Research Group Related to Physical Activity, Sao Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - José C Rosa-Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, E LIM-26, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Postgraduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, Research Center for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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The Role of Neural Signaling in the Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174269. [PMID: 36077804 PMCID: PMC9454556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal malignant disease with a dense stroma, called the tumor microenvironment. Accumulating evidence indicates the important role of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves in the tumor microenvironment of various cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Cancer cells and neural cells interact with each other to form a complex network and cooperatively promote cancer growth and invasion. In this review article, we describe the current understanding of the role of nerves in the tumor microenvironment. Abstract Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignant diseases. Various cells in the tumor microenvironment interact with tumor cells and orchestrate to support tumor progression. Several kinds of nerves are found in the tumor microenvironment, and each plays an essential role in tumor biology. Recent studies have shown that sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory neurons are found in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment. Neural signaling not only targets neural cells, but tumor cells and immune cells via neural receptors expressed on these cells, through which tumor growth, inflammation, and anti-tumor immunity are affected. Thus, these broad-range effects of neural signaling in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment may represent novel therapeutic targets. The modulation of neural signaling may be a therapeutic strategy targeting the whole tumor microenvironment. In this review, we describe the current understanding of the role of nerves in the tumor microenvironment of various cancers, with an emphasis on pancreatic cancer. We also discuss the underlying mechanisms and the possibility of therapeutic applications.
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27
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The immunomodulatory effects of antihypertensive therapy: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113287. [PMID: 35728352 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension remains the leading preventable risk factor for stroke and coronary artery disease, significantly contributing to all-cause global mortality and predisposing patients to renal and heart failure, as well as peripheral vascular disease. Due to the widespread usage of antihypertensive drugs, global mean blood pressure has remained unchanged or even slightly decreased over the past four decades. However, considering the broad spectrum of mechanisms involved in the action of antihypertensive drugs and the prevalence of their target receptors on immune cells, possible immunomodulatory effects which may exert beneficial effects of lowering blood pressure but also potentially alter immune function should be considered. In this review, we attempt to assess the consequences to immune system function of administering the five most commonly prescribed groups of antihypertensive drugs and to explain the mechanisms behind those interactions. Finally, we show potential gaps in our understanding of the effects of antihypertensive drugs on patient health. With regard to the widespread use of these drugs in the adult population worldwide, the discussed results may be of vital importance to evidence-based decision-making in daily clinical practice.
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28
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Graff RM, Jennings K, LaVoy ECP, Warren VE, Macdonald BW, Park Y, Markofski MM. T-cells in response to acute cardiorespiratory or resistance exercise in physically active or physically inactive older adults: A randomized crossover study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:119-129. [PMID: 35616304 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00301.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells often undergo age-related changes, but regular exercise training may offset these age-related changes. However, the majority of literature is derived from cardiorespiratory exercise studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute cardiorespiratory exercise and acute resistance exercise on the T-cell response among physically active older adults (PA) compared to physically inactive older adults (PI). METHODS Twenty-four healthy older adults (PA n=12; PI n=12; mean ± SD; age (yrs) PA 62 ± 5, PI 64 ± 5; BMI (kg/m2) PA 23.9 ± 3.0, PI 25.6 ± 3.5) completed one bout each of matched intensity cardiorespiratory exercise and resistance exercise in a randomized order. Blood samples drawn pre-exercise, post-exercise, and 1h post-exercise (recovery) were analyzed by flow cytometry for T-cells and T-cell subsets. RESULTS Resistance exercise mobilized more T-cell subsets in PI (10 of the measured types, including total T-cells; CD45RA+ CD62L+, CD45RA- CD62L+, CD45RA- CD62L-, and CD45RA+ CD62L- T-cells), whereas cardiorespiratory exercise mobilized more subsets in PA (CD45RA+ CD62L- and CD57+ CD45RA+ CD62L- CD4+ T-cells). Both cardiorespiratory exercise and resistance exercise elicited a significant (p<0.05) mobilization of highly-differentiated (CD45RA+ CD62L-; CD57+ CD45RA+ CD62L-) CD8+ T-cells into the circulation post-exercise in both PA and PI groups. Furthermore, cardiorespiratory exercise resulted in a decrease in the number of circulating Th17 cells post-exercise, while resistance exercise increased Th17 cell mobilization compared to the cardiorespiratory exercise response. CONCLUSION There are differences between cardiorespiratory exercise and resistance exercise on the immune responses of T-cells, particularly in PI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Graff
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily C P LaVoy
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Victoria E Warren
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brad W Macdonald
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yoonjung Park
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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29
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Emery A, Moore S, Turner JE, Campbell JP. Reframing How Physical Activity Reduces The Incidence of Clinically-Diagnosed Cancers: Appraising Exercise-Induced Immuno-Modulation As An Integral Mechanism. Front Oncol 2022; 12:788113. [PMID: 35359426 PMCID: PMC8964011 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.788113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Undertaking a high volume of physical activity is associated with reduced risk of a broad range of clinically diagnosed cancers. These findings, which imply that physical activity induces physiological changes that avert or suppress neoplastic activity, are supported by preclinical intervention studies in rodents demonstrating that structured regular exercise commonly represses tumour growth. In Part 1 of this review, we summarise epidemiology and preclinical evidence linking physical activity or regular structured exercise with reduced cancer risk or tumour growth. Despite abundant evidence that physical activity commonly exerts anti-cancer effects, the mechanism(s)-of-action responsible for these beneficial outcomes is undefined and remains subject to ongoing speculation. In Part 2, we outline why altered immune regulation from physical activity - specifically to T cells - is likely an integral mechanism. We do this by first explaining how physical activity appears to modulate the cancer immunoediting process. In doing so, we highlight that augmented elimination of immunogenic cancer cells predominantly leads to the containment of cancers in a 'precancerous' or 'covert' equilibrium state, thus reducing the incidence of clinically diagnosed cancers among physically active individuals. In seeking to understand how physical activity might augment T cell function to avert cancer outgrowth, in Part 3 we appraise how physical activity affects the determinants of a successful T cell response against immunogenic cancer cells. Using the cancer immunogram as a basis for this evaluation, we assess the effects of physical activity on: (i) general T cell status in blood, (ii) T cell infiltration to tissues, (iii) presence of immune checkpoints associated with T cell exhaustion and anergy, (iv) presence of inflammatory inhibitors of T cells and (v) presence of metabolic inhibitors of T cells. The extent to which physical activity alters these determinants to reduce the risk of clinically diagnosed cancers - and whether physical activity changes these determinants in an interconnected or unrelated manner - is unresolved. Accordingly, we analyse how physical activity might alter each determinant, and we show how these changes may interconnect to explain how physical activity alters T cell regulation to prevent cancer outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Emery
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Moore
- Department of Haematology, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James E Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - John P Campbell
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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30
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Niemiro GM, Coletta AM, Agha NH, Mylabathula PL, Baker FL, Brewster AM, Bevers TB, Fuentes-Mattei E, Basen-Engquist K, Katsanis E, Gilchrist SC, Simpson RJ. Salutary effects of moderate but not high intensity aerobic exercise training on the frequency of peripheral T-cells associated with immunosenescence in older women at high risk of breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:17. [PMID: 35321743 PMCID: PMC8941789 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Immunosenescence is described as age-associated changes within the immune system that are responsible for decreased immunity and increased cancer risk. Physically active individuals have fewer ‘senescent’ and more naïve T-cells compared to their sedentary counterparts, but it is not known if exercise training can rejuvenate ‘older looking’ T-cell profiles. We determined the effects of 12-weeks supervised exercise training on the frequency of T-cell subtypes in peripheral blood and their relationships with circulating levels of the muscle-derived cytokines (i.e. ‘myokines’) IL-6, IL-7, IL-15 and osteonectin in older women at high risk of breast cancer. The intervention involved 3 sessions/week of either high intensity interval exercise (HIIT) or moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICT) and were compared to an untrained control (UC) group. Results HIIT decreased total granulocytes, CD4+ T-cells, CD4+ naïve T-cells, CD4+ recent thymic emigrants (RTE) and the CD4:CD8 ratio after training, whereas MICT increased total lymphocytes and CD8 effector memory (EM) T-cells. The change in total T-cells, CD4+ naïve T-cells, CD4+ central memory (CM) T-cells and CD4+ RTE was elevated after MICT compared to HIIT. Changes in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \dot{\mathrm{V}}{\mathrm{O}}_{2\max } $$\end{document}V˙O2max after training, regardless of exercise prescription, was inversely related to the change in highly differentiated CD8+ EMRA T-cells and positively related to changes in β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) expression on CM CD4+ and CM CD8+ T-cells. Plasma myokine levels did not change significantly among the groups after training, but individual changes in IL-7 were positively related to changes in the number of β2-AR expressing CD4 naïve T cells in both exercise groups but not controls. Further, CD4 T-cells and CD4 naive T-cells were negatively related to changes in IL-6 and osteonectin after HIIT but not MICT, whereas CD8 EMRA T-cells were inversely related to changes in IL-15 after MICT but not HIIT. Conclusions Aerobic exercise training alters the frequency of peripheral T-cells associated with immunosenescence in middle aged/older women at high risk of breast cancer, with HIIT (pro-senescent) and MICT (anti-senescent) evoking divergent effects. Identifying the underlying mechanisms and establishing whether exercise-induced changes in peripheral T-cell numbers can alter the risk of developing breast cancer warrants investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-022-00266-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Niemiro
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Adriana M Coletta
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nadia H Agha
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Preteesh Leo Mylabathula
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Forrest L Baker
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Abenaa M Brewster
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Therese B Bevers
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Enrique Fuentes-Mattei
- Department of Radiation Oncology Clinical Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Susan C Gilchrist
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. .,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA. .,Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. .,School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. .,Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. .,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Valenzuela PL, Saco-Ledo G, Santos-Lozano A, Morales JS, Castillo-García A, Simpson RJ, Lucia A, Fiuza-Luces C. Exercise Training and Natural Killer Cells in Cancer Survivors: Current Evidence and Research Gaps Based on a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:36. [PMID: 35244811 PMCID: PMC8897541 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Exercise training can positively impact the immune system and particularly natural killer (NK) cells, at least in healthy people. This effect would be of relevance in the context of cancer given the prominent role of these cells in antitumor immunity. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to summarize current evidence on the effects of exercise training on the levels and function of NK cells in cancer survivors (i.e., from the time of diagnosis until the end of life). Methods Relevant articles were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (until January 11, 2022). Randomized controlled trials (RCT) of exercise training (i.e., non-acute) interventions vs usual care conducted in cancer survivors and assessing NK number and/or cytotoxic activity (NKCA) before and upon completion of the intervention were included. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed with the PEDro scale, and results were meta-analyzed using a random effects (Dersimoian and Laird) model. Results Thirteen RCT including 459 participants (mean age ranging 11–63 years) met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality of the studies was overall fair (median PEDro score = 5 out of 10). There was heterogeneity across studies regarding cancer types (breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and other solid tumors), treatment (e.g., receiving vs having received chemotherapy), exercise modes (aerobic or resistance exercise, Tai Chi, Yoga) and duration (2–24 weeks). No consistent effects were observed for NK number in blood (mean difference [MD]: 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.35 to 3.29, p = 0.113) or NKCA as assessed in vitro (MD: − 0.02, 95%CI − 0.17 to 0.14, p = 0.834). However, mixed results existed across studies, and some could not be meta-analyzed due to lack of information or methodological heterogeneity. Conclusions Current evidence does not support a significant effect of exercise training intervention on NK cells in blood or on their ‘static response’ (as assessed in vitro) in cancer survivors. Several methodological issues and research gaps are highlighted in this review, which should be considered in future studies to draw definite conclusions on this topic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-022-00419-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias (CAA), 7ª Planta, Bloque D, Av. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Saco-Ledo
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias (CAA), 7ª Planta, Bloque D, Av. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias (CAA), 7ª Planta, Bloque D, Av. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,I+HeALTH, Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier S Morales
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | | | - Richard J Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias (CAA), 7ª Planta, Bloque D, Av. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital, '12 de Octubre' ('imas12'), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias (CAA), 7ª Planta, Bloque D, Av. de Córdoba s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Arroyo E, Tagesen EC, Hart TL, Miller BA, Jajtner AR. Comparison of the lymphocyte response to interval exercise versus continuous exercise in recreationally trained men. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 20:100415. [PMID: 35112091 PMCID: PMC8790298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to compare changes in circulating lymphocyte subset cell counts between high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), sprint interval exercise (SIE), and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE). Recreationally active men (n = 11; age: 23 ± 4 yr; height: 179.9 ± 4.5 cm; body mass: 79.8 ± 8.7 kg; body fat %:12.6 ± 3.8%; V̇O2max: 46.6 ± 3.9 ml⋅kg-1⋅min-1) completed a maximal graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and three duration-matched cycling trials (HIIE, SIE, and MICE) in a randomized, counterbalanced fashion. HIIE consisted of fifteen 90-s bouts at 85% V̇O2max interspersed with 90-s active recovery periods. SIE consisted of fifteen 20-s bouts at 130% maximal power and 160-s active recovery periods. MICE was a continuous bout at 65% V̇O2max. Total exercise duration was 53 min in all three trials, including warm-up and cool-down. Blood was collected before, immediately post, 30 min, 2 h, 6 h, and 24 h post-exercise. Changes in lymphocyte subset counts, and surface expression of various markers were analyzed via flow cytometry. Changes were assessed using mixed model regression analysis with an autoregressive first order repeated measures correction. Significant decreases were observed in absolute counts of CD56dim NK cells, CD19+ B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells 30 min and 24-h post-exercise in all three trials. Despite resulting in greater total work and oxygen consumption, MICE elicited similar changes in lymphocyte subset counts and receptor expression compared to both SIE and HIIE. Similarly, while the two interval trials resulted in differing oxygen consumption and total work, no differences in the lymphocyte response were observed. Though both forms of exercise resulted in declines in circulating lymphocyte cell counts, neither exercise type provides an immune-related advantage when matched for duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adam R. Jajtner
- Exercise Science Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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33
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Figueiredo C, Padilha C, Dorneles G, Peres A, Krüger K, Rosa Neto JC, Lira F. Type and Intensity as Key Variable of Exercise in Metainflammation diseases: A Review. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:743-767. [PMID: 34902867 DOI: 10.1055/a-1720-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations exhibit functions that vary between the anti- and pro-inflammatory spectrum, such as classic CD16- and non-classical CD16+ monocytes, as well as T helper 2 lymphocytes (Th2), the Th1/Th17 lymphocytes ratio, and T regulatory lymphocytes (Treg). Metabolic disease-associated inflammation is accompanied by an imbalance in monocyte and lymphocyte phenotypes and functionality, as well as a stronger proportion of inflammatory subpopulations. These changes appear to be important for the development and progression of diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, the regular practice of physical exercise is an important tool to restore the functionality of monocytes and lymphocytes, and to balance the subtypes ratio. However, key variables regarding exercise prescription, such as the type of exercise, intensity, and volume differentially impact on the acute and chronic immune response in individuals diagnosed with meta inflammation diseases. Here, we discuss the impact of different physical exercise protocols, acutely and chronically, on monocytes and lymphocytes of individuals with metabolic disease-associated inflammation. In this review, we focus on the best effects of different exercise protocols to dose the "exercise pill" in different inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caique Figueiredo
- Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho - Campus de Presidente Prudente, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Camila Padilha
- Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gilson Dorneles
- Immunology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Immunology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Dept. of Sport Medicine, Institute of Sport Science, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Fábio Lira
- Department of Physical Education, Unesp, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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34
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Eckerling A, Ricon-Becker I, Sorski L, Sandbank E, Ben-Eliyahu S. Stress and cancer: mechanisms, significance and future directions. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:767-785. [PMID: 34508247 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The notion that stress and cancer are interlinked has dominated lay discourse for decades. More recent animal studies indicate that stress can substantially facilitate cancer progression through modulating most hallmarks of cancer, and molecular and systemic mechanisms mediating these effects have been elucidated. However, available clinical evidence for such deleterious effects is inconsistent, as epidemiological and stress-reducing clinical interventions have yielded mixed effects on cancer mortality. In this Review, we describe and discuss specific mediating mechanisms identified by preclinical research, and parallel clinical findings. We explain the discrepancy between preclinical and clinical outcomes, through pointing to experimental strengths leveraged by animal studies and through discussing methodological and conceptual obstacles that prevent clinical studies from reflecting the impacts of stress. We suggest approaches to circumvent such obstacles, based on targeting critical phases of cancer progression that are more likely to be stress-sensitive; pharmacologically limiting adrenergic-inflammatory responses triggered by medical procedures; and focusing on more vulnerable populations, employing personalized pharmacological and psychosocial approaches. Recent clinical trials support our hypothesis that psychological and/or pharmacological inhibition of excess adrenergic and/or inflammatory stress signalling, especially alongside cancer treatments, could save lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Eckerling
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itay Ricon-Becker
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Sorski
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Sandbank
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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35
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Exercise mimetics: harnessing the therapeutic effects of physical activity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:862-879. [PMID: 34103713 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise mimetics are a proposed class of therapeutics that specifically mimic or enhance the therapeutic effects of exercise. Increased physical activity has demonstrated positive effects in preventing and ameliorating a wide range of diseases, including brain disorders such as Alzheimer disease and dementia, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways associated with the beneficial effects of physical activity, focusing on effects on brain function and cognitive enhancement. Emerging therapeutic targets and strategies for the development of exercise mimetics, particularly in the field of central nervous system disorders, as well as the associated opportunities and challenges, are discussed.
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36
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Moreno-Cañadas R, Luque-Martín L, Arroyo AG. Intravascular Crawling of Patrolling Monocytes: A Lèvy-Like Motility for Unique Search Functions? Front Immunol 2021; 12:730835. [PMID: 34603307 PMCID: PMC8485030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patrolling monocytes (PMo) are the organism’s preeminent intravascular guardians by their continuous search of damaged endothelial cells and harmful microparticles for their removal and to restore homeostasis. This surveillance is accomplished by PMo crawling on the apical side of the endothelium through regulated interactions of integrins and chemokine receptors with their endothelial ligands. We propose that the search mode governs the intravascular motility of PMo in vivo in a similar way to T cells looking for antigen in tissues. Signs of damage to the luminal side of the endothelium (local death, oxidized LDL, amyloid deposits, tumor cells, pathogens, abnormal red cells, etc.) will change the diffusive random towards a Lèvy-like crawling enhancing their recognition and clearance by PMo damage receptors as the integrin αMβ2 and CD36. This new perspective can help identify new actors to promote unique PMo intravascular actions aimed at maintaining endothelial fitness and combating harmful microparticles involved in diseases as lung metastasis, Alzheimer’s angiopathy, vaso-occlusive disorders, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Moreno-Cañadas
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Luque-Martín
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G Arroyo
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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37
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Zhang M, Xu Y, Chen J, Qin C, Liu J, Guo D, Wang R, Hu J, Zou Q, Yang J, Wang Z, Niu X. Beta3-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Alleviates Cardiac Dysfunction in Cardiac Hypertrophy by Regulating Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:3417242. [PMID: 34646422 PMCID: PMC8505079 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3417242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive myocardial oxidative stress could lead to the congestive heart failure. NADPH oxidase is involved in the pathological process of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and dysfunction. β3-Adrenergic receptor (AR) could regulate cardiac dysfunction proved by recent researches. The molecular mechanism of β3-AR regulating oxidative stress, especially NADPH oxidase, remains to be determined. METHODS Cardiac hypertrophy was constructed by the transverse aortic constriction (TAC) model. ROS and NADPH oxidase subunits expression were assessed after β3-AR agonist (BRL) or inhibitor (SR) administration in cardiac hypertrophy. Moreover, the cardiac function, fibrosis, heart size, oxidative stress, and cardiomyocytes apoptosis were also detected. RESULTS β3-AR activation significantly alleviated cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling in pressure-overloaded mice. β3-AR stimulation also improved heart function and reduced cardiomyocytes apoptosis, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Meanwhile, β3-AR stimulation inhibited superoxide anion production and decreased NADPH oxidase activity. Furthermore, BRL treatment increased the neuronal NOS (nNOS) expression in cardiac hypertrophy. CONCLUSION β3-AR stimulation alleviated cardiac dysfunction and reduced cardiomyocytes apoptosis, oxidative stress, and fibrosis by inhibiting NADPH oxidases. In addition, the protective effect of β3-AR is largely attributed to nNOS activation in cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuerong Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianghong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chaoshi Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianqiang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingxiao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zikuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaolin Niu
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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38
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Simpson RJ, Boßlau TK, Weyh C, Niemiro GM, Batatinha H, Smith KA, Krüger K. Exercise and adrenergic regulation of immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:303-318. [PMID: 34302965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training has a profound impact on immunity, exerting a multitude of positive effects in indications such as immunosenescence, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory diseases. The immune, endocrine and central nervous systems work in a highly synergistic manner and it has become apparent that catecholamine signaling through leukocyte β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) is a key mechanism by which exercise mediates improvements in immune function to help mitigate numerous disease conditions. Central to this is the preferential mobilization and redistribution of effector lymphocytes with potent anti-viral and anti-tumor activity, their interaction with muscle-derived cytokines, and the effects of catecholamine signaling on mitochondrial biogenesis, immunometabolism and the resulting inflammatory response. Here, we review the impact of acute and chronic exercise on adrenergic regulation of immunity in the context of aging, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory disease. We also put forth our contention that exercise interventions designed to improve immunity, prevent disease and reduce inflammation should consider the catecholamine-AR signaling axis as a therapeutic target and ask whether or not the adrenergic signaling machinery can be 'trained' to improve immune responses to stress, disease or during the normal physiological process of aging. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to augment leukocyte catecholamine signaling to boost the effects of exercise on immunity in individuals with desensitized β-ARs or limited exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Simpson
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Tim K Boßlau
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weyh
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany
| | - Grace M Niemiro
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Helena Batatinha
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kyle A Smith
- University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karsten Krüger
- University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany.
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Khosravi N, Hanson ED, Farajivafa V, Evans WS, Lee JT, Danson E, Wagoner CW, Harrell EP, Sullivan SA, Nyrop KA, Muss HB, Bartlett DB, Jensen BC, Haghighat S, Shamsi MM, Battaglini CL. Exercise-induced modulation of monocytes in breast cancer survivors. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100216. [PMID: 34589753 PMCID: PMC8474256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise training reduces inflammation in breast cancer survivors; however, the mechanism is not fully understood. Objectives The effects of acute and chronic exercise on monocyte toll-like receptor (TLR2 and 4) expression and intracellular cytokine production were examined in sedentary breast cancer survivors. Methods Eleven women with stage I, II, or III breast cancer within one year of treatment completion performed an acute, intermittent aerobic exercise trial. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately, and 1 h after a 45-min acute exercise trial that was performed before and after 16 weeks of combined aerobic and resistance. LPS-stimulated intracellular IL-1ß, TNF, and IL-6 production, and TLR2 and TLR4 expression were evaluated in CD14+CD16- and CD14+CD16+ monocytes using flow cytometry. Results Exercise training decreased IL-1ß+CD14+CD16- proportion (24.6%, p=0.016), IL-1ß+CD14+CD16- mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) (-9989, p=0.014), IL-1ß+CD14+CD16+ MFI (-11101, p=0.02), and IL-6+CD14+CD16- proportion (16.9%, P=0.04). TLR2 and TLR4 expression did not change following exercise training but decreased 1 h after acute exercise in CD14+CD16- (-63, p=0.002) and CD14+CD16+ (-18, p=0.006) monocytes, respectively. Immediately after the acute exercise, both monocyte subgroup cell concentration increased, with CD14+CD16+ concentrations being decreased at 1 h post without changes in intracellular cytokine production. Conclusions Exercise training reduced monocyte intracellular pro-inflammatory cytokine production, especially IL-1ß, although these markers did not change acutely. While acute exercise downregulated the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on monocytes, this was not sustained over the course of training. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in breast cancer survivors may be, in part, due to reducing resting monocyte pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Khosravi
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erik D Hanson
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vahid Farajivafa
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - William S Evans
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jordan T Lee
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eli Danson
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chad W Wagoner
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Harrell
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie A Sullivan
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kirsten A Nyrop
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Hematology Oncology University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hyman B Muss
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Hematology Oncology University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Brian C Jensen
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shahpar Haghighat
- Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi
- Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Claudio L Battaglini
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Exercise Oncology Research Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Response to Acute Exercise and Exercise Training in Older Obese Women. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9100133. [PMID: 34678914 PMCID: PMC8541130 DOI: 10.3390/sports9100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Obesity is a major global public health concern as it is associated with many of the leading causes of preventable deaths. Exercise reduces obesity-induced inflammation; however, it is unknown how exercise training may impact mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in overweight/obese (OW) post-menopausal women. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate (i) circulating MAIT-cells at rest in OW vs. Lean women, (ii) the response of MAIT-cells to a single bout of combined aerobic and resistance exercise, and (iii) the effects of 12 weeks of exercise training (EX) or educational program (ED) on the MAIT-cell response in OW. (2) Methods: OW completed an acute exercise session or sitting control, underwent 12 weeks of exercise training or received educational materials, and then repeated the exercise session/sitting control. Lean post-menopausal women provided a baseline comparison. (3) Results: OW had lower circulating MAIT-cells at rest than Lean prior to exercise training; however, after training EX displayed improved MAIT-cell frequency. Additionally, prior to training EX did not exhibit MAIT-cell mobilization/egress, however, both improved after training. (4) Conclusions: Reduced MAIT-cell frequency and ability to mobilize/egress were potentially partially rescued in EX after 12 weeks of exercise training; however, further research is needed to elucidate age or obesity-induced attenuations in MAIT-cells.
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Kallen V, Scherder R, Cramer MJ, Stam J, Johnson B, Scherder E. Neutralizing a Springboard for Inflammation: Physical Activity to Control the Immune Network. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1196. [PMID: 34574970 PMCID: PMC8466630 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9091196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe consequences of the present Corona Virus Disease 2019 COVID-19 pandemic seem to be closely related to an already ongoing ('first') pandemic, directly associated with a sedentary lifestyle. It seems evident that the prognosis after infection is substantially worse for individuals suffering from, for example, (visceral) obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes type 2. Consequently, it may be considered highly relevant to gain insight into the potential beneficial effects of exercise interventions to strengthen the immune system, particularly in high-risk populations. For this reason, the exercise protocols that are suggested to strengthen the immune system, which can be executed by all ages and almost all physical conditions, were reviewed and evaluated. Previously published protocols range from interrupting prolonged sitting, to regular low-to-moderate exercise activities, to high intensity, typically interval, sports formats. Reported positive effects on immune functioning appear to be induced either directly or via beneficial metabolic and/or psychological effects and become measurable after 3 weeks to 3 months. Based in these findings, it appeared possible to design an optimal exercise protocol to maximize effects on immune functioning that should be executable for all, even under restricted ('lockdown') circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kallen
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Sciences (TNO), P.O. Box 23, 3769 ZG Soesterberg, The Netherlands;
| | - Rogier Scherder
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Maarten J. Cramer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Jacqueline Stam
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Sciences (TNO), P.O. Box 23, 3769 ZG Soesterberg, The Netherlands;
| | - Bruce Johnson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Erik Scherder
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Buchmann Godinho D, da Silva Fiorin F, Schneider Oliveira M, Furian AF, Rechia Fighera M, Freire Royes LF. The immunological influence of physical exercise on TBI-induced pathophysiology: Crosstalk between the spleen, gut, and brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:15-30. [PMID: 34400178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a non-degenerative and non-congenital insult to the brain and is recognized as a global public health problem, with a high incidence of neurological disorders. Despite the causal relationship not being entirely known, it has been suggested that multiorgan inflammatory response involving the autonomic nervous system and the spleen-gut brain axis dysfunction exacerbate the TBI pathogenesis in the brain. Thus, applying new therapeutic tools, such as physical exercise, have been described in the literature to act on the immune modulation induced by brain injuries. However, there are caveats to consider when interpreting the effects of physical exercise on this neurological injury. Given the above, this review will highlight the main findings of the literature involving peripheral immune responses in TBI-induced neurological damage and how changes in the cellular metabolism of the spleen-gut brain axis elicited by different protocols of physical exercise alter the pathophysiology induced by this neurological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Buchmann Godinho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando da Silva Fiorin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neuroengenharia, Instituto Internacional de Neurociências Edmond e Lily Safra, Instituto Santos Dumont, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia Furian
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Clínica Médica e Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Scheff NN, Saloman JL. Neuroimmunology of cancer and associated symptomology. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:949-961. [PMID: 34355434 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionarily the nervous system and immune cells have evolved to communicate with each other to control inflammation and host responses against injury. Recent findings in neuroimmune communication demonstrate that these mechanisms extend to cancer initiation and progression. Lymphoid structures and tumors, which are often associated with inflammatory infiltrate, are highly innervated by multiple nerve types (e.g. sympathetic, parasympathetic, sensory). Recent preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that targeting the nervous system could be a therapeutic strategy to promote anti-tumor immunity while simultaneously reducing cancer-associated neurological symptoms, such as chronic pain, fatigue, and cognitive impairment. Sympathetic nerve activity is associated with physiological or psychological stress, which can be induced by tumor development and cancer diagnosis. Targeting the stress response through suppression of sympathetic activity or activation of parasympathetic activity has been shown to drive activation of effector T cells and inhibition of myeloid derived suppressor cells within the tumor. Additionally, there is emerging evidence that sensory nerves may regulate tumor growth and metastasis by promoting or inhibiting immunosuppression in a tumor-type specific manner. Since neural effects are often tumor-type specific, further study is required to optimize clinical therapeutic strategies. This review examines the emerging evidence that neuroimmune communication can regulate anti-tumor immunity as well as contribute to development of cancer-related neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole N Scheff
- Biobehavioral Cancer Control Program UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Center for Neuroscience, and Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jami L Saloman
- Biobehavioral Cancer Control Program UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Center for Neuroscience, and Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Liang Y, Li H, Gan Y, Tu H. Shedding Light on the Role of Neurotransmitters in the Microenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688953. [PMID: 34395421 PMCID: PMC8363299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of less than 8%. The fate of PC is determined not only by the malignant behavior of the cancer cells, but also by the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), consisting of various cellular (cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and neurons) and non-cellular (cytokines, neurotransmitters, and extracellular matrix) components. The pancreatic TME has the unique characteristic of exhibiting increased neural density and altered microenvironmental concentration of neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters, produced by both neuron and non-neuronal cells, can directly regulate the biological behavior of PC cells via binding to their corresponding receptors on tumor cells and activating the intracellular downstream signals. On the other hand, the neurotransmitters can also communicate with other cellular components such as the immune cells in the TME to promote cancer growth. In this review, we will summarize the pleiotropic effects of neurotransmitters on the initiation and progression of PC, and particularly discuss the emerging mechanisms of how neurotransmitters influence the innate and adaptive immune responses in the TME in an autocrine or paracrine manner. A better understanding of the interplay between neurotransmitters and the immune cells in the TME might facilitate the development of new effective therapies for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Gomes-Santos IL, Amoozgar Z, Kumar AS, Ho WW, Roh K, Talele NP, Curtis H, Kawaguchi K, Jain RK, Fukumura D. Exercise Training Improves Tumor Control by Increasing CD8 + T-cell Infiltration via CXCR3 Signaling and Sensitizes Breast Cancer to Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:765-778. [PMID: 33839688 PMCID: PMC8295193 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the antitumor effects of exercise training (ExTr) are not fully understood. Using mouse models of established breast cancer, we examined here the causal role of CD8+ T cells in the benefit acquired from ExTr in tumor control, as well as the ability of ExTr to improve immunotherapy responses. We implanted E0771, EMT6, MMTV-PyMT, and MCa-M3C breast cancer cells orthotopically in wild-type or Cxcr3-/- female mice and initiated intensity-controlled ExTr sessions when tumors reached approximately 100 mm3 We characterized the tumor microenvironment (TME) using flow cytometry, transcriptome analysis, proteome array, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. We used antibodies against CD8+ T cells for cell depletion. Treatment with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) consisted of anti-PD-1 alone or in combination with anti-CTLA-4. ExTr delayed tumor growth and induced vessel normalization, demonstrated by increased pericyte coverage and perfusion and by decreased hypoxia. ExTr boosted CD8+ T-cell infiltration, with enhanced effector function. CD8+ T-cell depletion prevented the antitumor effect of ExTr. The recruitment of CD8+ T cells and the antitumor effects of ExTr were abrogated in Cxcr3-/- mice, supporting the causal role of the CXCL9/CXCL11-CXCR3 pathway. ExTr also sensitized ICB-refractory breast cancers to treatment. Our results indicate that ExTr can normalize the tumor vasculature, reprogram the immune TME, and enhance the antitumor activity mediated by CD8+ T cells via CXCR3, boosting ICB responses. Our findings and mechanistic insights provide a rationale for the clinical translation of ExTr to improve immunotherapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor L Gomes-Santos
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zohreh Amoozgar
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ashwin S Kumar
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - William W Ho
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kangsan Roh
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nilesh P Talele
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hannah Curtis
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kosuke Kawaguchi
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Mathot E, Liberman K, Cao Dinh H, Njemini R, Bautmans I. Systematic review on the effects of physical exercise on cellular immunosenescence-related markers - An update. Exp Gerontol 2021; 149:111318. [PMID: 33794319 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a remodeling of the immune system occurring with aging that leads to an increased susceptibility to auto-immunity, infections and reduced vaccination response. A growing consensus supports the view that physical exercise may counteract immunosenescence and improve the immune response. Unfortunately, evidence regarding the effects of exercise on markers of cellular immunosenescence lacked uniformity at the time of an extensive literature review in 2016. Moreover, exercise-induced effects in older adults were underrepresented compared to young adults or completely lacking, such as for senescent T-cells and apoptosis of T-lymphocytes. The aim of this systematic literature study was to collect and appraise newly available data regarding exercise-induced changes on immunosenescence-related markers of immune cells and compare this against data that was already available in 2016. Systematic reviewing of newly available data in the field of exercise immunology provides additional evidence for the effect of exercise on immunosenescence-related cellular markers. Importantly, this review provides evidence for the effect of long-term exercise on senescent T-lymphocytes in older adults. Additionally, newly retrieved evidence shows an acute exercise-induced mobilization of naïve and memory cells in older adults. In general, data regarding long-term exercise-induced effects in older adults remain scarce. Noteworthy was the high number of articles describing exercise-induced effects on regulatory T-cells. However exercise-induced effects on this cell type are still inconclusive as some articles reported an exercise-induced up- or downregulation, while others reported no effects at all. Numerous studies on Natural Killer cell counts did not provide uniformity among data that was already available. Recent data regarding dendritic cells mostly described an increase after exercise. Overall, our literature update highlights the major influence of the type and intensity of exercise on immunosenescence-related markers, especially in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelyn Mathot
- Frailty in Ageing Research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Keliane Liberman
- Frailty in Ageing Research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hung Cao Dinh
- Frailty in Ageing Research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Internal Medicine Department, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Rose Njemini
- Frailty in Ageing Research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Bautmans
- Frailty in Ageing Research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Geriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Strasser B, Wolters M, Weyh C, Krüger K, Ticinesi A. The Effects of Lifestyle and Diet on Gut Microbiota Composition, Inflammation and Muscle Performance in Our Aging Society. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062045. [PMID: 34203776 PMCID: PMC8232643 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Living longer is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including impairments of the musculoskeletal and immune system as well as metabolic disorders and certain cancers, each of which can negatively affect the relationship between host and microbiota up to the occurrence of dysbiosis. On the other hand, lifestyle factors, including regular physical exercise and a healthy diet, can affect skeletal muscle and immune aging positively at all ages. Accordingly, health benefits could partly depend on the effect of such interventions that influence the biodiversity and functionality of intestinal microbiota. In the present review, we first discuss the physiological effects of aging on the gut microbiota, immune system, and skeletal muscle. Secondly, we describe human epidemiological evidence about the associations between physical activity and fitness and the gut microbiota composition in older adults. The third part highlights the relevance and restorative mechanisms of immune protection through physical activity and specific exercise interventions during aging. Fourth, we present important research findings on the effects of exercise and protein as well as other nutrients on skeletal muscle performance in older adults. Finally, we provide nutritional recommendations to prevent malnutrition and support healthy active aging with a focus on gut microbiota. Key nutrition-related concerns include the need for adequate energy and protein intake for preventing low muscle mass and a higher demand for specific nutrients (e.g., dietary fiber, polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids) that can modify the composition, diversity, and metabolic capacity of the gut microbiota, and may thus provide a practical means of enhancing gut and systemic immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strasser
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, 1020 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Maike Wolters
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology–BIPS, 28359 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Christopher Weyh
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, University of Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany; (C.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, University of Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany; (C.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Andrea Ticinesi
- Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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48
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Natural Killer Cell Mobilization in Breast and Prostate Cancer Survivors: The Implications of Altered Stress Hormones Following Acute Exercise. ENDOCRINES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines2020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells from the innate immune system are integral to overall immunity and also in managing the tumor burden during cancer. Breast (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) are the most common tumors in U.S. adults. Both BCa and PCa are frequently treated with hormone suppression therapies that are associated with numerous adverse effects including direct effects on the immune system. Regular exercise is recommended for cancer survivors to reduce side effects and improve quality of life. Acute exercise is a potent stimulus for NK cells in healthy individuals with current evidence indicating that NK mobilization in individuals with BCa and PCa is comparable. NK cell mobilization results from elevations in shear stress and catecholamine levels. Despite a normal NK cell response to exercise, increases in epinephrine are attenuated in BCa and PCa. The significance of this potential discrepancy still needs to be determined. However, alterations in adrenal hormone signaling are hypothesized to be due to chronic stress during cancer treatment. Additional compensatory factors induced by exercise are reviewed along with recommendations on standardized approaches to be used in exercise immunology studies involving oncology populations.
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Kirkwood L, Ingram-Sills L, Taylor MD, Malone E, Florida-James G. Immune Response of Elite Enduro Racers to Laboratory and Racing Environments: The Influence of Training Impulse and Vibration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094603. [PMID: 33926145 PMCID: PMC8123624 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Understanding the sport-specific immune response elicited during both training and competition is imperative to maximise athlete health and performance. Despite a growing population of professional enduro mountain bike athletes, little is known about the recovery of the immune system following enduro racing events. Methods: Nine international level elite enduro mountain bike athletes (age 24.3 ± 2.4 years, height 178.5 ± 8.7 cm, mass 76.5 ± 12.5 kg) completed a laboratory-based maximal exercise test (LAB) on a cycle ergometer and competed in an international mountain bike enduro race event (RACE). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 1 h after LAB and before, 1 h after, and 17 h after RACE. Leukocyte subsets were enumerated using seven-colour flow cytometry. Lucia’s training impulse (LuTRIMP) and vibration exposure (VIB) were quantified during RACE. Results: Seven participants were included in the final analyses. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in neutrophil count alongside a reduction of cytotoxic lymphocyte cell subsets of both the innate (CD3−/CD56+ NK-cells and CD3−/CD56dim NK-cells) and adaptive (CD8+/CD62L−/CD45RA− T-cells and CD8+/CD27+/CD28− T-cells) components of the immune system one hour after RACE. All cell counts returned to baseline values 17 h afterwards (p > 0.05). Cell subset redistribution from pre- to post-one-hour time points (%Δpre-post1h) in cell subsets with potent effector functions (Neutrophils, CD3−/CD56+ NK-cells, CD8+/CD62L−/CD45RA− T-cells, CD8+/CD27+/CD28− T-cells, and CD3−/CD56dim/CD57− NK-cells) was significantly greater at RACE than LAB (p < 0.05). VIB was shown to be a superior predictor of %Δpre-post1h CD4+ T-cells, CD4+ early T-cells, CD4+ naïve T-cells, and NK cells as compared with LuTRIMP on its own (ΔR2 = 0.63 − 0.89, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The race event offers a greater challenge to the immune system than LAB, and potentially, whole body vibration is a key component of training load measurement in mountain bike applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Kirkwood
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; (L.I.-S.); (E.M.); (G.F.-J.)
- Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Glentress EH45 8NB, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Lesley Ingram-Sills
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; (L.I.-S.); (E.M.); (G.F.-J.)
- Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Glentress EH45 8NB, UK
| | - Mark Dunlop Taylor
- School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK;
| | - Eva Malone
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; (L.I.-S.); (E.M.); (G.F.-J.)
| | - Geraint Florida-James
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; (L.I.-S.); (E.M.); (G.F.-J.)
- Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Glentress EH45 8NB, UK
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50
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Pongratz G. Das gestresste Immunsystem und Autoimmunität. AKTUEL RHEUMATOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1389-7949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungÜber einen möglichen Zusammenhang zwischen psychologischem
Stress, Immunsystem und Autoimmunität wird schon lange debattiert.
Erkenntnisse aus der Grundlagen- und epidemiologischen Forschung, die das
Verständnis für diesen komplexen Zusammenhang
erhöhen werden in dieser kurzen Übersicht zusammengestellt.
Zunächst werden bekannte anatomisch-physiologische Grundlagen
für einen Zusammenhang zwischen psychologischem Stress und
Immunsystem dargestellt. Es wird beschrieben, dass die Interaktion zwischen
Gehirn über autonomes Nervensystem und Hormonsystem bis zur
Immunzelle mit entsprechenden Rezeptoren für Neurotransmitter und
Hormone mittlerweile bis auf die molekulare Ebene gut beschrieben ist. Im
Rahmen der akuten Stressreaktion treten charakteristische
Veränderungen im Immunsystem auf, die ebenfalls gut dokumentiert
sind. In einem zweiten Teil wird dann beschrieben welche
Veränderungen im Rahmen einer chronischen Stressbelastung am
Immunsystem auftreten können und zuletzt wird diskutiert inwiefern
diese Veränderungen auch für pathophysiologische
Zustände des Immunsystems, z. B. im Rahmen von
Autoimmunerkrankungen, relevant sein könnten. Zusammenfassend
führt akuter Stress, im Sinne der optimalen Vorbereitung einer
fight&flight Situation, zu einer Steigerung der Immunfunktion
v. a. der humoralen Immunität, wohingegen die Auswirkungen
von chronischem Stress weniger klar definiert sind und es eher zu einer
Immundysregulation mit verminderter basaler Immunfunktion, v. a. der
zytotoxischen Funktion aber einer gesteigerten Reaktion nach Aktivierung,
v. a. im angeborenen Immunschenkel kommt. Epidemiologische Daten
belegen gut, dass chronischer Stress zu einer erhöhten
Suzeptibilität für Autoimmunerkrankungen führt.
Erste klinische Anwendungen, wie beispielsweise die gezielte neuronale
Stimulation des N. vagus sind in Erprobung, für einen breiteren
klinischen Einsatz sollten aber die biologischen Netzwerkstrukturen noch
besser verstanden werden, um die besten Angriffspunkte zu finden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Pongratz
- Poliklinik, Funktionsbereich und Hiller Forschungszentrum für Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
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