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Zhang M, Liang C, Chen X, Cai Y, Cui L. Interplay between microglia and environmental risk factors in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1718-1727. [PMID: 38103237 PMCID: PMC10960290 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, among the most common neurodegenerative disorders, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. At present, the Alzheimer's disease main risk remains genetic risks, but major environmental factors are increasingly shown to impact Alzheimer's disease development and progression. Microglia, the most important brain immune cells, play a central role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and are considered environmental and lifestyle "sensors." Factors like environmental pollution and modern lifestyles (e.g., chronic stress, poor dietary habits, sleep, and circadian rhythm disorders) can cause neuroinflammatory responses that lead to cognitive impairment via microglial functioning and phenotypic regulation. However, the specific mechanisms underlying interactions among these factors and microglia in Alzheimer's disease are unclear. Herein, we: discuss the biological effects of air pollution, chronic stress, gut microbiota, sleep patterns, physical exercise, cigarette smoking, and caffeine consumption on microglia; consider how unhealthy lifestyle factors influence individual susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease; and present the neuroprotective effects of a healthy lifestyle. Toward intervening and controlling these environmental risk factors at an early Alzheimer's disease stage, understanding the role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease development, and targeting strategies to target microglia, could be essential to future Alzheimer's disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoping Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiongjin Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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Buhusi M, Brown CK, Buhusi CV. NrCAM-deficient mice exposed to chronic stress exhibit disrupted latent inhibition, a hallmark of schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1373556. [PMID: 38601326 PMCID: PMC11004452 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1373556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NrCAM) is widely expressed and has important physiological functions in the nervous system across the lifespan, from axonal growth and guidance to spine and synaptic pruning, to organization of proteins at the nodes of Ranvier. NrCAM lies at the core of a functional protein network where multiple targets (including NrCAM itself) have been associated with schizophrenia. Here we investigated the effects of chronic unpredictable stress on latent inhibition, a measure of selective attention and learning which shows alterations in schizophrenia, in NrCAM knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type littermate controls (WT). Under baseline experimental conditions both NrCAM KO and WT mice expressed robust latent inhibition (p = 0.001). However, following chronic unpredictable stress, WT mice (p = 0.002), but not NrCAM KO mice (F < 1), expressed latent inhibition. Analyses of neuronal activation (c-Fos positive counts) in key brain regions relevant to latent inhibition indicated four types of effects: a single hit by genotype in IL cortex (p = 0.0001), a single hit by stress in Acb-shell (p = 0.031), a dual hit stress x genotype in mOFC (p = 0.008), vOFC (p = 0.020), and Acb-core (p = 0.032), and no effect in PrL cortex (p > 0.141). These results indicating a pattern of differential effects of genotype and stress support a complex stress × genotype interaction model and a role for NrCAM in stress-induced pathological behaviors relevant to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Buhusi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | | | - Catalin V. Buhusi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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3
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Hoke MK, Long AM. Human biology and the study of precarity: How the intersection of uncertainty and inequality is taking us to new extremes. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e24018. [PMID: 38053455 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inequality represents an extreme environment to which humans must respond. One phenomenon that contributes to this growing extreme is precarity or the intersection of uncertainty and some form of inequality. While precarity has an important intellectual history in the fields of sociology and sociocultural anthropology, it has not been well studied in the field of human biology. Rather human biologists have engaged with the study of closely related concepts such as uncertainty and resource insecurity. In this article, we propose that human biology take on the study of precarity as a novel way of investigating inequality. We first provide a brief intellectual history of precarity which is followed by a review of research on uncertainty and resource security in human biology which, while not exhaustive, illustrates some key gaps that precarity may aid us in addressing. We then review some of the pathways through which precarity comes to affect human biology and health and some of the evidence for why the unpredictable nature of precarity may make it a unique physiological stress. A case study based on research in Nuñoa, Peru provides an important example of how precarity can elucidate the influences of health in an extreme setting, albeit with insights that apply more broadly. We conclude that precarity holds important potential for the study of human biology, including helping us more effectively operationalize and study uncertainty, encouraging us to explore the predictability of resources and stressors, and reminding us to think about the intersectional nature of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan K Hoke
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anneliese M Long
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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4
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McCallum RT, Thériault RK, Manduca JD, Russell ISB, Culmer AM, Doost JS, Martino TA, Perreault ML. Nrf2 activation rescues stress-induced depression-like behaviour and inflammatory responses in male but not female rats. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:16. [PMID: 38350966 PMCID: PMC10863247 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a recurring affective disorder that is two times more prevalent in females than males. Evidence supports immune system dysfunction as a major contributing factor to MDD, notably in a sexually dimorphic manner. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a regulator of antioxidant signalling during inflammation, is dysregulated in many chronic inflammatory disorders; however, its role in depression and the associated sex differences have yet to be explored. Here, we investigated the sex-specific antidepressant and immunomodulatory effects of the potent Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarate (DMF), as well as the associated gene expression profiles. METHODS Male and female rats were treated with vehicle or DMF (25 mg/kg) whilst subjected to 8 weeks of chronic unpredictable stress. The effect of DMF treatment on stress-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviours, as well as deficits in recognition and spatial learning and memory were then assessed. Sex differences in hippocampal (HIP) microglial activation and gene expression response were also evaluated. RESULTS DMF treatment during stress exposure had antidepressant effects in male but not female rats, with no anxiolytic effects in either sex. Recognition learning and memory and spatial learning and memory were impaired in chronically stressed males and females, respectively, and DMF treatment rescued these deficits. DMF treatment also prevented stress-induced HIP microglial activation in males. Conversely, females displayed no HIP microglial activation associated with stress exposure. Last, chronic stress elicited sex-specific alterations in HIP gene expression, many of which were normalized in animals treated with DMF. Of note, most of the differentially expressed genes in males normalized by DMF were related to antioxidant, inflammatory or immune responses. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings support a greater role of immune processes in males than females in a rodent model of depression. This suggests that pharmacotherapies that target Nrf2 have the potential to be an effective sex-specific treatment for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T McCallum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rachel-Karson Thériault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Joshua D Manduca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Isaac S B Russell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Angel M Culmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Janan Shoja Doost
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tami A Martino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Melissa L Perreault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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5
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Gore IR, Gould E. Developmental and adult stress: effects of steroids and neurosteroids. Stress 2024; 27:2317856. [PMID: 38563163 PMCID: PMC11046567 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2024.2317856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In humans, exposure to early life adversity has profound implications for susceptibility to developing neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. Studies in rodents have shown that stress experienced during early postnatal life can have lasting effects on brain development. Glucocorticoids and sex steroids are produced in endocrine glands and the brain from cholesterol; these molecules bind to nuclear and membrane-associated steroid receptors. Unlike other steroids that can also be made in the brain, neurosteroids bind specifically to neurotransmitter receptors, not steroid receptors. The relationships among steroids, neurosteroids, and stress are multifaceted and not yet fully understood. However, studies demonstrating altered levels of progestogens, androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and their neuroactive metabolites in both developmental and adult stress paradigms strongly suggest that these molecules may be important players in stress effects on brain circuits and behavior. In this review, we discuss the influence of developmental and adult stress on various components of the brain, including neurons, glia, and perineuronal nets, with a focus on sex steroids and neurosteroids. Gaining an enhanced understanding of how early adversity impacts the intricate systems of brain steroid and neurosteroid regulation could prove instrumental in identifying novel therapeutic targets for stress-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha R Gore
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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6
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Khalifa NE, Noreldin AE, Khafaga AF, El-Beskawy M, Khalifa E, El-Far AH, Fayed AHA, Zakaria A. Chia seeds oil ameliorate chronic immobilization stress-induced neurodisturbance in rat brains via activation of the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory/antiapoptotic signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22409. [PMID: 38104182 PMCID: PMC10725506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic immobilization stress plays a key role in several neuropsychiatric disorders. This investigation assessed the possible ameliorative effect of chia seed oil (CSO) against the neurodisturbance-induced in rats by chronic immobilization. Rats were randomly allocated into control, CSO (1 ml/kg b.wt./orally), restrained (6 h/day), CSO pre-restraint, and CSO post-restraint for 60 days. Results revealed a significant reduction in serum corticosterone level, gene expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative biomarkers in restrained rats treated with CSO. The histopathological findings revealed restoring necrosis and neuronal loss in CSO-treated-restraint rats. The immunohistochemical evaluation revealed a significant reduction in the immuno-expression of caspase-3, nuclear factor kappa B, interleukin-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and an elevation of calbindin-28k and synaptophysin expression compared to non-treated restraint rats. The molecular docking showed the CSO high affinity for several target proteins, including caspase-3, COX-2, corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein, corticotropin-releasing factor receptors 1 and 2, interleukin-1 receptor types 1 and 2, interleukin-6 receptor subunits alpha and beta. In conclusion, CSO emerges as a promising candidate against stress-induced brain disruptions by suppressing inflammatory/oxidative/apoptotic signaling pathways due to its numerous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory components, mainly α-linolenic acid. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the CSO therapeutic impacts in human neurodisturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan E Khalifa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51511, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed E Noreldin
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Beskawy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51511, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51511, Egypt
| | - Ali H El-Far
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hasseb A Fayed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Abdeldayem Zakaria
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
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7
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Lyons CE, Razzoli M, Bartolomucci A. The impact of life stress on hallmarks of aging and accelerated senescence: Connections in sickness and in health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105359. [PMID: 37586578 PMCID: PMC10592082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a risk factor for numerous aging-related diseases and has been shown to shorten lifespan in humans and other social mammals. Yet how life stress causes such a vast range of diseases is still largely unclear. In recent years, the impact of stress on health and aging has been increasingly associated with the dysregulation of the so-called hallmarks of aging. These are basic biological mechanisms that influence intrinsic cellular functions and whose alteration can lead to accelerated aging. Here, we review correlational and experimental literature (primarily focusing on evidence from humans and murine models) on the contribution of life stress - particularly stress derived from adverse social environments - to trigger hallmarks of aging, including cellular senescence, sterile inflammation, telomere shortening, production of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and epigenetic changes. We also evaluate the validity of stress-induced senescence and accelerated aging as an etiopathological proposition. Finally, we highlight current gaps of knowledge and future directions for the field, and discuss perspectives for translational geroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey E Lyons
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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8
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Lin HY, Cathomas F, Li L, Cuttoli RDD, Guevara C, Bayrak CS, Wang Q, Gupta S, Chan KL, Shimo Y, Parise LF, Yuan C, Aubry AV, Chen F, Wong J, Morel C, Huntley GW, Zhang B, Russo SJ, Wang J. Chemokine receptor 5 signaling in PFC mediates stress susceptibility in female mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.18.553789. [PMID: 37662400 PMCID: PMC10473611 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.18.553789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress induces changes in the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to neuropathology and behavioral abnormalities associated with psychiatric disorders. In this study, we examined the impact of peripheral and central inflammation during chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) in female mice. Compared to male mice, we found that female mice exhibited heightened peripheral inflammatory response and identified C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), as a stress-susceptibility marker in females. Blocking CCL5 signaling in the periphery promoted resilience to CSDS. In the brain, stress-susceptible mice displayed increased expression of C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), a receptor for CCL5, in microglia in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This upregulation was associated with microglia morphological changes, their increased migration to the blood vessels, and enhanced phagocytosis of synaptic components and vascular material. These changes coincided with neurophysiological alterations and impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. By blocking CCR5 signaling specifically in the PFC were able to prevent stress-induced physiological changes and rescue social avoidance behavior. Our findings are the first to demonstrate that stress-mediated dysregulation of the CCL5-CCR5 axis triggers excessive phagocytosis of synaptic materials and neurovascular components by microglia, resulting in disruptions in neurotransmission, reduced BBB integrity, and increased stress susceptibility. Our study provides new insights into the role of cortical microglia in female stress susceptibility and suggests that the CCL5-CCR5 axis may serve as a novel sex-specific therapeutic target for treating psychiatric disorders in females.
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Nguyen TV, Yamanaka K, Tomita K, Zubcevic J, Gouraud SSS, Waki H. Impact of exercise on brain-bone marrow interactions in chronic stress: potential mechanisms preventing stress-induced hypertension. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:222-234. [PMID: 36939204 PMCID: PMC10151049 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00168.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of chronic restraint stress and the counteractive effects of daily exercise on the molecular basis of the brain-bone marrow (BM) interactions, by especially focusing on the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Male Wistar rats were assigned into control, restraint stress, and stress + daily spontaneous exercise (SE) groups. BM and hypothalamic gene expression profiles were examined through the undertaking of RT-PCR and microarrays, respectively. The inflammatory blood cell population was investigated through flow cytometry. Through the use of immunohistochemistry, we examined the presence of BM-derived C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)-expressing microglial cells in the rat PVN. The gene expression levels of BM inflammatory factors such as those of interleukin 1 beta and CCR2, and the inflammatory blood cell population were found to be significantly higher in both restrained groups compared with control group. Interestingly, chronic restraint stress alone activated the recruitment of BM-derived CCR2-expressing microglial cells into the PVN, whereas daily spontaneous exercise prevented it. A notable finding was that restraint stress upregulated relative gene expression of hypothalamic matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), which increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and that exercise managed to normalize it. Moreover, relative expression of some hypothalamic genes directly involved in the facilitation of cell migration was downregulated by daily exercise. Our findings suggest that daily spontaneous exercise can reduce the numbers of BM-derived CCR2-expressing microglial cells into the PVN through the prevention of stress-induced changes in the hypothalamic gene expression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic restraint stress can upregulate MMP3 gene expression in the rat hypothalamus, whereas daily spontaneous exercise can prevent this stress-induced effect. Stress-induced BM-derived inflammatory cell recruitment into the rat PVN can be prevented by daily spontaneous exercise. Stress-induced increase of hypothalamic MMP3 gene expression may be responsible for BBB injury, thereby allowing for BM-derived inflammatory cells to be recruited and to accumulate in the rat PVN, and to be subsequently involved in the onset of stress-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Van Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Military Occupational Medicine, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ko Yamanaka
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tomita
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Sabine S S Gouraud
- College of Liberal Arts, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Waki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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Costello A, Linning-Duffy K, Vandenbrook C, Lonstein JS, Yan L. Daytime Light Deficiency Leads to Sex- and Brain Region-Specific Neuroinflammatory Responses in a Diurnal Rodent. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1369-1384. [PMID: 35864429 PMCID: PMC10635710 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in peripheral inflammation are well documented in both humans and animal models, but seasonal changes in neuroinflammation, especially the impact of seasonal lighting environment on neuroinflammation remain unclear. To address this question, the present study examined the effects of environmental lighting conditions on neuroinflammation in a diurnal rodent model, Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus). Male and female grass rats were housed in either bright (brLD) or dim (dimLD) light during the day to simulate a summer or winter light condition, respectively. After 4 weeks, microglia markers Iba-1 and CD11b, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, were examined in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and dorsal hippocampus (dHipp). The results revealed that winter-like dim light during the day leads to indicators of increased neuroinflammation in a brain site- and sex-specific manner. Specifically, relatively few changes in the neuroinflammatory markers were observed in the ACC, while numerous changes were found in the BLA and dHipp. In the BLA, winter-like dimLD resulted in hyper-ramified microglia morphology and increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, but only in males. In the dHipp, dimLD led to a higher number and hyper-ramified morphology of microglia as well as increased expression of CD11b and TNF-α, but only in females. Neuroinflammatory state is thus influenced by environmental light, differently in males and females, and could play a role in sex differences in the prevalence and symptoms of psychiatric or neurological disorders that are influenced by season or other environmental light conditions. Diurnal Nile grass rats were housed under bright or dim light during the day for 4 weeks, simulating seasonal fluctuations in daytime lighting environment. Dim light housing resulted in hyper-ramified morphology of microglia (scale bar, 15 μm) and altered expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) in a sex- and brain region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Costello
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Katrina Linning-Duffy
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Carleigh Vandenbrook
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Joseph S Lonstein
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lily Yan
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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11
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Acute stress induces severe neural inflammation and overactivation of glucocorticoid signaling in interleukin-18-deficient mice. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:404. [PMID: 36151082 PMCID: PMC9508168 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL18) is an inflammatory cytokine that is related to psychiatric disorders such as depression and cognitive impairment. We previously found that IL18 deficiency may cause hippocampal impairment, resulting in depression-like behavioral changes. However, the potential role of IL18 in stressful conditions remains uncertain. In the present study, we examined the effect of IL18 on neural inflammation and stress tolerance during acute stress. Littermate Il18+/+ and Il18-/- mice were exposed to a single restraint stress for 6 h, and all assessments were performed 18 h after the mice were released from the restraint. In Il18-/- mice exposed to acute stress, the immobility times in both the forced swim test and tail suspension test were decreased, although no difference was observed in Il18+/+ mice. Il1β, Il6, and Tnfα expression levels in the hippocampus of stressed Il18-/- mice were significantly higher than those in the other groups. Moreover, the numbers of astrocytes and microglia, including those in the active form, were also increased compared with those in other groups. Regarding the molecular mechanism, the HSF5 and TTR genes were specifically expressed in stressed Il18-/- mice. As a potential treatment, intracerebral administration of IL18 to Il18-/- mice resulted in partial recovery of changes in behavioral assessments. Our results revealed that IL18-deficient mice were more sensitive and had a longer response to acute stress than that in normal mice. In addition, neural inflammation and augmentation of glucocorticoid signals caused by stress were more intense and remained longer in Il18-/- mice, resulting in behavioral changes. In conclusion, IL18 might be an indispensable factor that modulates the stress response and maintains balance between neural inflammation and glucocorticoid signaling.
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12
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Farzinpour Z, Liu A, Cao P, Mao Y, Zhang Z, Jin Y. Microglial Engulfment of Spines in the Ventral Zona Incerta Regulates Anxiety-Like Behaviors in a Mouse Model of Acute Pain. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:898346. [PMID: 35910255 PMCID: PMC9337222 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.898346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although activation of microglial cells is critical in developing brain disorders, their role in anxiety-like behaviors in pain is still vague. This study indicates that alteration of microglia’s neuronal spine engulfment capacity in ventral zona incerta (ZIV) leads to significant pain and anxiety-like behaviors in mice 1-day post-injection of Complete Freud’s Adjuvant (CFA1D). Performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in GABAergic neurons in the ZIV (ZIVGABA) in brain slices, we observed decreased activity in ZIvGABA and reduced frequency of the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in ZIVGABA of CFA1D mice compared with the saline1D mice. Besides, chemogenetic activation of ZIVGABA significantly relieved pain and anxiety-like behaviors in CFA1D mice. Conversely, in naïve mice, chemogenetic inhibition of ZIVGABA induced pain and anxiety-like behaviors. Interestingly, we found changes in the density and morphology of ZIVMicroglia and increased microglial engulfment of spines in ZIV of CFA1D mice. Furthermore, pain sensitization and anxiety-like behaviors were reversed when the ZIVMicroglia of CFA1D-treated mice were chemically inhibited by intra-ZIV minocycline injection, accompanied by the recovery of decreased ZIVGABA excitability. Conclusively, our results provide novel insights that dysregulation of microglial engulfment capacity encodes maladaptation of ZIVGABA, thus promoting the development of anxiety-like behaviors in acute pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Farzinpour
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - An Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Zhang,
| | - Yan Jin
- Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Yan Jin,
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13
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Nahum K, Todder D, Zohar J, Cohen H. The Role of Microglia in the (Mal)adaptive Response to Traumatic Experience in an Animal Model of PTSD. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137185. [PMID: 35806185 PMCID: PMC9266429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates whether predator scent-stress (PSS) shifts the microglia from a quiescent to a chronically activated state and whether morphological alterations in microglial activation differ between individuals displaying resilient vs. vulnerable phenotypes. In addition, we examined the role that GC receptors play during PSS exposure in the impairment of microglial activation and thus in behavioral response. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to PSS or sham-PSS for 15 min. Behaviors were assessed with the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and acoustic startle response (ASR) paradigms 7 days later. Localized brain expression of Iba-1 was assessed, visualized, and classified based on their morphology and stereological counted. Hydrocortisone and RU486 were administered systemically 10 min post PSS exposure and behavioral responses were measured on day 7 and hippocampal expression of Ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) was subsequently evaluated. Animals whose behavior was extremely disrupted (PTSD-phenotype) selectively displayed excessive expression of Iba-1 with concomitant downregulation in the expression of CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) in hippocampal structures as compared with rats whose behavior was minimally or partially disrupted. Changes in microglial morphology have also been related only to the PTSD-phenotype group. These data indicate that PSS-induced microglia activation in the hippocampus serves as a critical mechanistic link between the HPA-axis and PSS-induced impairment in behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesem Nahum
- Department of Psychology Experimental Psychology, Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Doron Todder
- Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ministry of Health, Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8461144, Israel;
| | - Joseph Zohar
- Post-Trauma Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 52621, Israel;
| | - Hagit Cohen
- Department of Psychology Experimental Psychology, Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
- Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ministry of Health, Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8461144, Israel;
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-8-6401742
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14
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Type 1 interferon mediates chronic stress-induced neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits via complement component 3-dependent pathway. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3043-3059. [PMID: 33833372 PMCID: PMC8497654 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major risk factor in the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Further, chronic stress conditions can promote neuroinflammation and inflammatory responses in both humans and animal models. Type I interferons (IFN-I) are critical mediators of the inflammatory response in the periphery and responsible for the altered mood and behavior. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the role of IFN-I signaling in chronic stress-induced changes in neuroinflammation and behavior. Using the chronic restraint stress model, we found that chronic stress induces a significant increase in serum IFNβ levels in mice, and systemic blockade of IFN-I signaling attenuated chronic stress-induced infiltration of macrophages into prefrontal cortex and behavioral abnormalities. Furthermore, complement component 3 (C3) mediates systemic IFNβ-induced changes in neuroinflammation and behavior. Also, we found significant increases in the mRNA expression levels of IFN-I stimulated genes in the prefrontal cortex of depressed suicide subjects and significant correlation with C3 and inflammatory markers. Together, these findings from animal and human postmortem brain studies identify a crucial role of C3 in IFN-I-mediated changes in neuroinflammation and behavior under chronic stress conditions.
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15
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Sanguino‐Gómez J, Buurstede JC, Abiega O, Fitzsimons CP, Lucassen PJ, Eggen BJL, Lesuis SL, Meijer OC, Krugers HJ. An emerging role for microglia in stress‐effects on memory. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2491-2518. [PMID: 33724565 PMCID: PMC9373920 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stressful experiences evoke, among others, a rapid increase in brain (nor)epinephrine (NE) levels and a slower increase in glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) in the brain. Microglia are key regulators of neuronal function and contain receptors for NE and GCs. These brain cells may therefore potentially be involved in modulating stress effects on neuronal function and learning and memory. In this review, we discuss that stress induces (1) an increase in microglial numbers as well as (2) a shift toward a pro‐inflammatory profile. These microglia have (3) impaired crosstalk with neurons and (4) disrupted glutamate signaling. Moreover, microglial immune responses after stress (5) alter the kynurenine pathway through metabolites that impair glutamatergic transmission. All these effects could be involved in the impairments in memory and in synaptic plasticity caused by (prolonged) stress, implicating microglia as a potential novel target in stress‐related memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacobus C. Buurstede
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Oihane Abiega
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Carlos P. Fitzsimons
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. L. Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems Section Molecular Neurobiology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Sylvie L. Lesuis
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health Hospital for Sick Children Toronto ON Canada
| | - Onno C. Meijer
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Harm J. Krugers
- Brain Plasticity Group SILS‐CNS University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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16
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Tamming RJ, Dumeaux V, Jiang Y, Shafiq S, Langlois L, Ellegood J, Qiu LR, Lerch JP, Bérubé NG. Atrx Deletion in Neurons Leads to Sexually Dimorphic Dysregulation of miR-137 and Spatial Learning and Memory Deficits. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107838. [PMID: 32610139 PMCID: PMC7326465 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
ATRX gene mutations have been identified in syndromic and non-syndromic intellectual disabilities in humans. ATRX is known to maintain genomic stability in neuroprogenitor cells, but its function in differentiated neurons and memory processes remains largely unresolved. Here, we show that the deletion of neuronal Atrx in mice leads to distinct hippocampal structural defects, fewer presynaptic vesicles, and an enlarged postsynaptic area at CA1 apical dendrite-axon junctions. We identify male-specific impairments in long-term contextual memory and in synaptic gene expression, linked to altered miR-137 levels. We show that ATRX directly binds to the miR-137 locus and that the enrichment of the suppressive histone mark H3K27me3 is significantly reduced upon the loss of ATRX. We conclude that the ablation of ATRX in excitatory forebrain neurons leads to sexually dimorphic effects on miR-137 expression and on spatial memory, identifying a potential therapeutic target for neurological defects caused by ATRX dysfunction. Loss of ATRX in neurons has sexually dimorphic effects on long-term spatial memory Targeted deletion of neuronal ATRX in mice causes ultrastructural synaptic defects ATRX null neurons show sex-specific changes in miR-137 and target synaptic transcripts ATRX directly binds and suppresses miR-137 in males via enrichment of H3K27me3
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee J Tamming
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa Dumeaux
- Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada; PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yan Jiang
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sarfraz Shafiq
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Luana Langlois
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lily R Qiu
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nathalie G Bérubé
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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17
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Saffarpour S, Janzadeh A, Rahimi B, Ramezani F, Nasirinezhad F. Chronic nanocurcumin treatment ameliorates pain-related behavior, improves spatial memory, and reduces hippocampal levels of IL-1β and TNFα in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:877-886. [PMID: 33404738 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory deficit is a common cognitive comorbid in patients with neuropathic pain that need better treatment. Recent research revealed that nanocurcumin has an antinociceptive action and a protective effect against memory disorders, suggesting its possible effectiveness for the treatment of neuropathic pain and its comorbidity. METHODS Adult male albino Wistar rats (n = 32) were randomly divided into four experimental groups: CCI+ nanocurcumin, CCI + vehicle, sham + nanocurcumin, and sham + vehicle. Neuropathic pain induced by a chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Nanocurcumin or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally for 10 days. Behavioral assessment achieved to evaluate pain threshold in the von Frey test and radiant heat test, also spatial learning and memory examined by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. To explore the possible relation, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels of the hippocampus measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Our data showed that CCI caused neuropathic pain-related behaviors and spatial learning and memory disorders in rats. Chronic treatment with nanocurcumin significantly increased pain threshold (P < 0.001; F = 27.63, F = 20.58), improved spatial memory (P < 0.01; F = 47.37), and decreased the hippocampal levels of IL-1β (P < 0.001; F = 33.57) and TNF-α (P < 0.01; F = 7.25) in CCI rats. CONCLUSION Chronic nanocurcumin can ameliorate pain-related behavior, improve spatial learning and memory deficits, and is associated with the reduction of IL-1β and TNF-α levels in the hippocampus in CCI rats. Nanocurcumin may be potentially providing a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of neuropathic pain and its memory impairment comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Saffarpour
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Rahimi
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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18
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Picard K, St-Pierre MK, Vecchiarelli HA, Bordeleau M, Tremblay MÈ. Neuroendocrine, neuroinflammatory and pathological outcomes of chronic stress: A story of microglial remodeling. Neurochem Int 2021; 145:104987. [PMID: 33587954 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophage cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are involved in a myriad of processes required to maintain CNS homeostasis. These cells are dynamic and can adapt their phenotype and functions to the physiological needs of the organism. Microglia rapidly respond to changes occurring in their microenvironment, such as the ones taking place during stress. While stress can be beneficial for the organism to adapt to a situation, it can become highly detrimental when it turns chronic. Microglial response to prolonged stress may lead to an alteration of their beneficial physiological functions, becoming either maladaptive or pro-inflammatory. In this review, we aim to summarize the effects of chronic stress exerted on microglia through the neuroendocrine system and inflammation at adulthood. We also discuss how these effects of chronic stress could contribute to microglial involvement in neuropsychiatric and sleep disorders, as well as neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Picard
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Maude Bordeleau
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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19
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Kaul D, Schwab SG, Mechawar N, Matosin N. How stress physically re-shapes the brain: Impact on brain cell shapes, numbers and connections in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:193-215. [PMID: 33556389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe stress is among the most robust risk factors for the development of psychiatric disorders. Imaging studies indicate that life stress is integral to shaping the human brain, especially regions involved in processing the stress response. Although this is likely underpinned by changes to the cytoarchitecture of cellular networks in the brain, we are yet to clearly understand how these define a role for stress in human psychopathology. In this review, we consolidate evidence of macro-structural morphometric changes and the cellular mechanisms that likely underlie them. Focusing on stress-sensitive regions of the brain, we illustrate how stress throughout life may lead to persistent remodelling of the both neurons and glia in cellular networks and how these may lead to psychopathology. We support that greater translation of cellular alterations to human cohorts will support parsing the psychological sequalae of severe stress and improve our understanding of how stress shapes the human brain. This will remain a critical step for improving treatment interventions and prevention outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Kaul
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Sibylle G Schwab
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle blvd, Verdun, Qc, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Natalie Matosin
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong 2522, Australia; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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20
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Nie PY, Tong L, Li MD, Fu CH, Peng JB, Ji LL. miR-142 downregulation alleviates rat PTSD-like behaviors, reduces the level of inflammatory cytokine expression and apoptosis in hippocampus, and upregulates the expression of fragile X mental retardation protein. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:17. [PMID: 33407653 PMCID: PMC7788709 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FMRP is a selective mRNA-binding protein that regulates protein synthesis at synapses, and its loss may lead to the impairment of trace fear memory. Previously, we found that FMRP levels in the hippocampus of rats with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were decreased. However, the mechanism underlying these changes remains unclear. Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. The experimental groups were treated with the single-prolonged stress (SPS) procedure and injected with a lentivirus-mediated inhibitor of miR-142-5p. Behavior test as well as morphology and molecular biology experiments were performed to detect the effect of miR-142 downregulation on PTSD, which was further verified by in vitro experiments. Results We found that silence of miRNA-142 (miR-142), an upstream regulator of FMRP, could alleviate PTSD-like behaviors of rats exposed to the SPS paradigm. MiR-142 silence not only decreased the levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, but also increased the expressive levels of synaptic proteins including PSD95 and synapsin I in the hippocampus, which was one of the key brain regions associated with PTSD. We further detected that miR-142 silence also downregulated the transportation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) into the nuclei of neurons and might further affect the morphology of neurons. Conclusions The results revealed miR-142 downregulation could alleviate PTSD-like behaviors through attenuating neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of SPS rats by binding to FMRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yin Nie
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Da Li
- Department of 1st Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chang-Hai Fu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun-Bo Peng
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-Li Ji
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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21
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Bassett B, Subramaniyam S, Fan Y, Varney S, Pan H, Carneiro AMD, Chung CY. Minocycline alleviates depression-like symptoms by rescuing decrease in neurogenesis in dorsal hippocampus via blocking microglia activation/phagocytosis. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:519-530. [PMID: 33176182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies examining the potential of anti-inflammatory agents, specifically of minocycline, as a treatment for depression has shown promising results. However, mechanistic insights into the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions of minocycline need to be provided. We evaluated the effect of minocycline on chronic mild stress (CMS) induced depressive-like behavior, and behavioral assays revealed minocycline ameliorate depressive behaviors. Multiple studies suggest a role of microglia in depression, revealing that microglia activation correlates with a decrease in neurogenesis and increased depressive-like behavior. The effect of minocycline on microglia activation in different areas of the dorsal or ventral hippocampus in stressed mice was examined by immunohistochemistry. We observed the increase in the number of activated microglia expressing CD68 after exposure to three weeks of chronic stress, whereas no changes in total microglia number were observed. These changes were observed throughout the DG, CA1 and CA2 regions in dorsal hippocampus but restricted to the DG of the ventral hippocampus. In vitro experiments including western blotting and phagocytosis assay were used to investigate the effect of minocycline on microglia activation. Activation of primary microglia by LPS in vitro causes and ERK1/2 activation, enhancement of iNOS expression and phagocytic activity, and alterations in cellular morphology that are reversed by minocycline exposure, suggesting that minocycline directly acts on microglia to reduce phagocytic potential. Our results suggest the most probable mechanism by which minocycline reverses the pathogenic phagocytic potential of neurotoxic M1 microglia, and reduces the negative phenotypes associated with reduced neurogenesis caused by exposure to chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Bassett
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Selvaraj Subramaniyam
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Seth Varney
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hope Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ana M D Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chang Y Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Division of Natural Science, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan 215316, China.
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22
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Bernhard SM, Lee J, Zhu M, Hsu A, Erskine A, Hires SA, Barth AL. An automated homecage system for multiwhisker detection and discrimination learning in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232916. [PMID: 33264281 PMCID: PMC7710058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Automated, homecage behavioral training for rodents has many advantages: it is low stress, requires little interaction with the experimenter, and can be easily manipulated to adapt to different experimental conditions. We have developed an inexpensive, Arduino-based, homecage training apparatus for sensory association training in freely-moving mice using multiwhisker air current stimulation coupled to a water reward. Animals learn this task readily, within 1–2 days of training, and performance progressively improves with training. We examined the parameters that regulate task acquisition using different stimulus intensities, directions, and reward valence. Learning was assessed by comparing anticipatory licking for the stimulus compared to the no-stimulus (blank) trials. At high stimulus intensities (>9 psi), animals showed markedly less participation in the task. Conversely, very weak air current intensities (1–2 psi) were not sufficient to generate rapid learning behavior. At intermediate stimulus intensities (5–6 psi), a majority of mice learned that the multiwhisker stimulus predicted the water reward after 24–48 hrs of training. Both exposure to isoflurane and lack of whiskers decreased animals’ ability to learn the task. Following training at an intermediate stimulus intensity, mice were able to transfer learning behavior when exposed to a lower stimulus intensity, an indicator of perceptual learning. Mice learned to discriminate between two directions of stimulation rapidly and accurately, even when the angular distance between the stimuli was <15 degrees. Switching the reward to a more desirable reward, aspartame, had little effect on learning trajectory. Our results show that a tactile association task in an automated homecage environment can be monitored by anticipatory licking to reveal rapid and progressive behavioral change. These Arduino-based, automated mouse cages enable high-throughput training that facilitate analysis of large numbers of genetically modified mice with targeted manipulations of neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Bernhard
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiseok Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mo Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alex Hsu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Erskine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel A. Hires
- Department of Biological Sciences, Section of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alison L. Barth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Marcondes Ávila PR, Fiorot M, Michels M, Dominguini D, Abatti M, Vieira A, de Moura AB, Behenck JP, Borba LA, Botelho MEM, Réus GZ, Dal-Pizzol F, Ritter C. Effects of microbiota transplantation and the role of the vagus nerve in gut-brain axis in animals subjected to chronic mild stress. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:410-416. [PMID: 32866799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, there is a growing emphasis on the study of intestinal signaling as an influencer in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases, and the gut-brain axis is recognized as a communication route through endocrine, immune, and neural pathways (vagus nerve). Studies have shown that diets that modify the microbiota can reduce stress-related behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. Investigators have used fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) approaches to demonstrate that stress-related microbiota composition plays a causal role in behavioral changes. AIM We hypothesized that FMT may present immunomodulatory, biochemical, endocrine, cognitive, and behavioral benefits in stress situations and that these changes can be mediated via the vagus nerve. METHODS Animals were subjected to a chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol. In one experiment, animals were divided into five groups: control, control + FMT, control + FMT + CMS, CMS + saline, and CMS + FMT. The animals received FMT, and behavioral tests were performed; cytokine and carbonyl levels were measured. In a second experiment, animals were submitted to vagotomy and divided into two groups: CMS + FMT and CMS + vagotomy + FMT. RESULTS Animals submitted to the CMS protocol or that received FMT from stressed animals showed behavioral changes and changes in neuroactive substances (increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels and carbonyl proteins). The FMT of healthy donors improved the analyzed parameters. In addition, vagotomy influenced beneficial FMT results, confirmed by behavioral testing and protein carbonyl in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Manipulation of the microbiota reversed the behavioral and biochemical changes induced by the CMS protocol, and the vagus nerve influenced the gut-brain axis response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pricila Romão Marcondes Ávila
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC CEP: 88806-000, Brazil; Escola Superior de Criciúma - ESUCRI, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Mayara Fiorot
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC CEP: 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC CEP: 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Diogo Dominguini
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC CEP: 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Mariane Abatti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC CEP: 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Andriele Vieira
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC CEP: 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Airam Barbosa de Moura
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Behenck
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Laura Araújo Borba
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Mendes Botelho
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Zilli Réus
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC CEP: 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ritter
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitária, 1105 - Bairro Universitário, Criciúma, SC CEP: 88806-000, Brazil.
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24
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Cojocariu RO, Balmus IM, Lefter R, Ababei DC, Ciobica A, Hritcu L, Kamal F, Doroftei B. Behavioral and Oxidative Stress Changes in Mice Subjected to Combinations of Multiple Stressors Relevant to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110865. [PMID: 33212821 PMCID: PMC7698185 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a well-known functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder exhibiting a wide range of symptoms due to individual variability and multifactorial etiology. Stress exposure is a major risk factor for the development of IBS. Here, we investigate the differential effects of psychological stress exposures on behavior and oxidative status in mice by using increasingly complex combinations of etiologic IBS-relevant stressors (maternal separation and chronic unpredictable mild stress combinations). Materials and Methods: Mice were subjected to three different combinations of psychological stress factors and subsequent behavioral cognitive and affective parameters and oxidative status markers (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant activity and malondialdehyde level) in the brain and bowel tissues of the animals were analyzed. Results: GI transit modifications reflected by decreased fecal output, cognitive and affective behavioral deficits were observed in all stress exposed groups, but were more evident for the more complex combinations of stressors. Behavioral deficits were accompanied by mild oxidative stress occurring in the bowel and to a greater extent in brain tissue. Conclusions: The presented data depict the effect of various associations in mimicking IBS symptoms and comorbidities and suggest that an all-inclusive combination of early and adult-life psychological stressors is more effective in IBS symptoms modulation. Oxidative stress in both brain and bowel, suggestive for brain-gut molecular connectivity, may play an important role in IBS mechanistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Oana Cojocariu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11th Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ioana Miruna Balmus
- Department of Interdisciplinary Research in Science, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I Avenue, no. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Radu Lefter
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, 8th Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Daniela Carmen Ababei
- “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16th Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11th Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Luminita Hritcu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciencies and Veterinary Medicine “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” of Iasi, 3rd Mihail Sadoveanu, 700490 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Fatimazahra Kamal
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology Settat, University of Hasan I, B.P. 539, 26000 Settat, Morocco;
| | - Bogdan Doroftei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, “Gr. T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16th University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
- Origyn Fertility Center, Human Reproduction, Palace Street, No. 3C, 700032 Iasi, Romania
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25
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Lyons CE, Bartolomucci A. Stress and Alzheimer's disease: A senescence link? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:285-298. [PMID: 32461080 PMCID: PMC7483955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress has been shown to promote numerous aging-related diseases, and to accelerate the aging process itself. Of particular interest is the impact of stress on Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia. The vast majority of AD cases have no known genetic cause, making it vital to identify the environmental factors involved in the onset and progression of the disease. Age is the greatest risk factor for AD, and measures of biological aging such as shorter telomere length, significantly increase likelihood for developing AD. Stress is also considered a crucial contributor to AD, as indicated by a formidable body of research, although the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Here we review human and animal literature on the impact of stress on AD and discuss the mechanisms implicated in the interaction. In particular we will focus on the burgeoning body of research demonstrating that senescent cells, which accumulate with age and actively drive a number of aging-related diseases, may be a key mechanism through which stress drives AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey E Lyons
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, United States.
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26
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Judd JM, Smith EA, Kim J, Shah V, Sanabria F, Conrad CD. Chronic stress has lasting effects on improved cued discrimination early in extinction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:319-327. [PMID: 32669387 PMCID: PMC7365016 DOI: 10.1101/lm.051060.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress typically leads to deficits in fear extinction when tested soon after chronic stress ends. Given the importance of extinction in updating fear memories, the current study examined whether fear extinction was impaired in rats that were chronically stressed and then given a break from the end of chronic stress to the start of fear conditioning and extinction. Male rats were chronically stressed by restraint (6 h/d/21 d) and tested soon (termed immediate, STR-IMM), or 3 or 6 wk after a rest period from restraint (termed rest or "R," STR-R3, STR-R6). In Experiment 1, STR-R3 and STR-R6 discriminated between the cue and nonshock context better than STR-IMM or control. Interestingly, STR-IMM showed high freezing to the nonshock context. Consequently, Experiment 2 investigated whether STR-IMM generalized across contexts, which was not supported. Experiment 3 determined whether STR-IMM were susceptible to second-order conditioning to a novel context, but showed that the level of second-order conditioning was similar for all groups. These findings reveal that rats exposed to chronic stress and then given a rest period of 3 or 6 wk, express unique fear extinction profiles compared to control and STR-IMM. Specifically, STR-R demonstrated excellent cue and context discrimination during extinction, and perhaps showed a stress inoculation effect. For STR-IMM, the heightened freezing under these extensive acclimation parameters was not attributed to generalization nor to second-order fear conditioning to "safe" contexts and, instead, may reflect hypervigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Judd
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1104, USA
| | - Elliot A Smith
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1104, USA
| | - Jinah Kim
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1104, USA
| | - Vrishti Shah
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1104, USA
| | - Federico Sanabria
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1104, USA
| | - Cheryl D Conrad
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1104, USA
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27
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Ovariectomy Induces Microglial Cell Activation and Inflammatory Response in Rat Prefrontal Cortices to Accelerate the Chronic Unpredictable Stress-Mediated Anxiety and Depression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3609758. [PMID: 32509856 PMCID: PMC7251427 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3609758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Perimenopausal women are associated with increased risks of depression and anxiety, which may be potentially related to the lack of ovarian hormone with antidepression activity in the body. However, the precise mechanism remains unclear so far. This study first adopted the Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats to construct the ovariectomy (OVX) combined with a chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model. Then, a series of behavioral experimental results revealed that the ovariectomized rats receiving CUS had remarkably elevated anxiety and depression behaviors relative to those in sham group rats, and the sucrose preference rate in the sucrose preference test (SPT) was evidently reduced. In elevated plus maze test (EPM) experiment, the open arm entry time and open arm duration were decreased. In the open field test (OFT), the number of line crossings, rearing number, center square entries, and center square duration were reduced; the grooming time was extended; and the number of fecal particles in rats was increased. In the forced swimming test (FST), the rat immobility rate was increased, while the numbers of swimming and crawling were decreased. Afterwards, we discovered that OVX downregulated the serum levels of estradiol and corticosterone in rats. Thereafter, IF results suggested that OVX dramatically induced the increasing of the number of activated microglial cells in prefrontal cortices and the level of M1-type marker iNOS. Finally, PCR results demonstrated that, compared with the sham group, the proinflammatory and prooxidative genes, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and CX3CR1, were upregulated in the prefrontal cortices of OVX rats after CUS stimulation, whereas the anti-inflammatory factor Arg1 and microglial cell negative regulatory factor CD200 were downregulated. To sum up, OVX enhances the CUS-mediated anxiety and depression phenomena in rats, and its mechanism may be related to inducing the activation and polarization of microglial cells in the prefrontal cortex of animal and to accelerating the inflammatory response.
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28
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Guo Y, Du X, Bian Y, Wang S. Chronic unpredictable stress-induced reproductive deficits were prevented by probiotics. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:175-183. [PMID: 32265160 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stress can induce reproductive deficits by activating the HPA and causing oxidative stress. Some studies have indicated that the neurologic diseases or disorders induced by stress could be relieved by probiotics. Whether chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced reproductive deficits could be prevented by probiotics is unclear. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of L. rhamnosus Gorbach-Goldin (LGG) on CUS-induced reproductive deficits. Kunming mice were divided into control, stress, and LGG groups randomly. The mice in stress and LGG groups were exposed to CUS for 40days, in the meantime, the mice in LGG group were orally administered with LGG suspension at a dose of 0.3 mL/mouse (1×1010 cells/mL), and the mice in control and stress groups were orally administered with volume-equivalent sterile saline once a day. The results showed that the CUS-induced the sperm deficits including the count, motility, morphology, ultrastructure, DNA integrity, and chromatin condensation were protected by oral administration of LGG. In addition, the change of testosterone level induced by CUS was prevented by up-regulating the expressions of StAR and P450scc in the testes. Moreover, LGG could increase the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase significantly, and decrease the levels of oxidative products malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls significantly, as well as the levels of cyclooxygenase 2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, to block the CUS-induced inflammatory response and the oxidative stress. The results indicated that the CUS-induced male reproductive deficits could be prevented by oral administration of LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yanqing Bian
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Shusong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Family Planning and Reproductive Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shijiazhuang, 050071, China.
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29
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Huang J, Zhu Y, Fan F, Chen S, Hong Y, Cui Y, Luo X, Tan S, Wang Z, Shang L, Yuan Y, Zhang J, Yang F, Li CSR, Rowland LM, Kochunov P, Zhang F, Hong LE, Tan Y. Hippocampus and cognitive domain deficits in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A comparison with matched treatment-responsive patients and healthy controls ✰,✰✰,★,★★. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 297:111043. [PMID: 32062167 PMCID: PMC7490244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Some patients with schizophrenia do not respond to pharmacotherapy. More severe cognitive dysfunctions have been associated with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). This study examines cognitive functions and hippocampal volumes in 43 patients with TRS and compared them to 43 treatment-responsive patients (NTRS), matched on age, sex and education, as well as 53 healthy controls (HC). The results showed that there were significant deficits in all domains of cognition and hippocampal volumes in TRS as compared to HC group. However, TRS specific deficits, as indicated by comparisons with matched NTRS, were limited to poorer performance in working memory (p = 0.003) and smaller total hippocampal volume (p = 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that working memory deficits [OR 0.94 (95% CI 0.89-0.98), p = 0.005] and smaller hippocampal volume [OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.81-0.97), p = 0.01], but not their interactions (p = 0.68), contributed to higher risk of treatment resistance. The findings suggest that treatment-resistance to currently available antipsychotic medications may not be due to global cognitive deficits in these patients, but be associated with specific deficits in working memory and hippocampus deficits in the subgroup of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Huang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fengmei Fan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Song Chen
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shuping Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lan Shang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yuan
- School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fude Yang
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Global Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China.
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30
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Baharikhoob P, Kolla NJ. Microglial Dysregulation and Suicidality: A Stress-Diathesis Perspective. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:781. [PMID: 32848946 PMCID: PMC7432264 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the stress-diathesis model of suicidal behavior, completed suicide depends on the interaction between psychosocial stressors and a trait-like susceptibility. While there are likely multiple biological processes at play in suicidal behavior, recent findings point to over-activation of microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, as implicated in stress-induced suicidal behavior. However, it remains unclear how microglial dysregulation can be integrated into a clinical model of suicidal behavior. Therefore, this narrative review aims to (1) examine the findings from human post-mortem and neuroimaging studies that report a relationship between microglial activation and suicidal behavior, and (2) update the clinical model of suicidal behavior to integrate the role of microglia. A systematic search of SCOPUS, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase databases revealed evidence of morphological alterations in microglia and increased translocator protein density in the brains of individuals with suicidality, pointing to a positive relationship between microglial dysregulation and suicidal behavior. The studies also suggested several pathological mechanisms leading to suicidal behavior that may involve microglial dysregulation, namely (1) enhanced metabolism of tryptophan to quinolinic acid through the kynurenine pathway and associated serotonin depletion; (2) increased quinolinic acid leading to excessive N-methyl-D-aspartate-signaling, resulting in potential disruption of the blood brain barrier; (3) increased quinolinic acid resulting in higher neurotoxicity, and; (4) elevated interleukin 6 contributing to loss of inhibition of glutamatergic neurons, causing heightened glutamate release and excitotoxicity. Based on these pathways, we reconceptualized the stress-diathesis theory of suicidal behavior to incorporate the role of microglial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paria Baharikhoob
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Violence Prevention Neurobiological Research Unit, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan J Kolla
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Imaging Centre and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Violence Prevention Neurobiological Research Unit, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Waypoint Research Institute, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada
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31
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Lian J, Li K, Gao J, Tan X, Yang Z. Legumain acts on neuroinflammatory to affect CUS-induced cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112219. [PMID: 31509774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment has been widely recognized as a central feature of depression. Legumain, a lysosomal cysteine protease, plays an important role in cancer, atherosclerosis, inflammation and other pathological conditions. Meanwhile, it has been reported that the activation of legumain aggravates the cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we explored the role of legumain in cognitive impairment of stressed mice. Legumain knockout (legumain KO) and wildtype (WT) mice were divided into four groups: control group, chronic mild unpredictable stressed (CUS) group, legumain KO group and legumain KO + CUS group. Our results demonstrated that CUS (4 weeks) induced cognitive impairment in mice effectively based on Morris water maze (MWM) test and novel object recognition (NOR) test and decreased the synaptic plasticity. Additionally, CUS exposure significantly decreased the expression of hippocampal synapse related proteins and the cell density in the DG region, accompanied by increasing the expression of hippocampal inflammatory cytokines and promoting the activation of microglia in the hippocampus. Legumain KO distinctly restored the CUS-induced negative effects on the indicators mentioned above. In conclusion, our results suggested that legumain may be an effective therapeutic target for cognitive impairment as was seen within the CUS model and legumain KO reduced the level of neuroinflammation, thereby improving the hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive impairment of stressed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Lian
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyue Tan
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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32
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Smith KL, Kassem MS, Clarke DJ, Kuligowski MP, Bedoya-Pérez MA, Todd SM, Lagopoulos J, Bennett MR, Arnold JC. Microglial cell hyper-ramification and neuronal dendritic spine loss in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in a mouse model of PTSD. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:889-899. [PMID: 31158497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few animal models exist that successfully reproduce several core associative and non-associative behaviours relevant to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as long-lasting fear reactions, hyperarousal, and subtle attentional and cognitive dysfunction. As such, these models may lack the face validity required to adequately model pathophysiological features of PTSD such as CNS grey matter loss and neuroinflammation. Here we aimed to investigate in a mouse model of PTSD whether contextual fear conditioning associated with a relatively high intensity footshock exposure induces loss of neuronal dendritic spines in various corticolimbic brain regions, as their regression may help explain grey matter reductions in PTSD patients. Further, we aimed to observe whether these changes were accompanied by alterations in microglial cell number and morphology, and increased expression of complement factors implicated in the mediation of microglial cell-mediated engulfment of dendritic spines. Adult male C57Bl6J mice were exposed to a single electric footshock and subsequently underwent phenotyping of various PTSD-relevant behaviours in the short (day 2-4) and longer-term (day 29-31). 32 days post-exposure the brains of these animals were subjected to Golgi staining of dendritic spines, microglial cell Iba-1 immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent staining of the complement factors C1q and C4. Shock exposure promoted a lasting contextual fear response, decreased locomotor activity, exaggerated acoustic startle responses indicative of hyperarousal, and a short-term facilitation of sensorimotor gating function. The shock triggered loss of dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons was accompanied by increased microglial cell number and complexity in the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus, but not in the amygdala. Shock also increased expression of C1q in the pyramidal layer of the CA1 region of the hippocampus but not in other brain regions. The present study further elaborates on the face and construct validity of a mouse model of PTSD and provides a good foundation to explore potential molecular interactions between microglia and dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Leigh Smith
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - David J Clarke
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael P Kuligowski
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Australian Microscopy & Microanalysis Research Facility, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Miguel A Bedoya-Pérez
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephanie M Todd
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Maxwell R Bennett
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathon C Arnold
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Australia.
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Khan AR, Hansen B, Danladi J, Chuhutin A, Wiborg O, Nyengaard JR, Jespersen SN. Neurite atrophy in dorsal hippocampus of rat indicates incomplete recovery of chronic mild stress induced depression. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4057. [PMID: 30707463 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Raza Khan
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brian Hansen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jibrin Danladi
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Risskov, Denmark
| | - Andrey Chuhutin
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sune Nørhøj Jespersen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Frank MG, Fonken LK, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Microglia: Neuroimmune-sensors of stress. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:176-185. [PMID: 30638704 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to stressors disrupts homeostasis and results in the release of stress hormones including glucocorticoids, epinepherine and norepinepherine. Interestingly, stress also has profound affects on microglia, which are tissue-resident macrophages in the brain parenchyma. Microglia express a diverse array of receptors, which also allows them to respond to stress hormones derived from peripheral as well as central sources. Here, we review studies of how exposure to acute and chronic stressors alters the immunophenotype and function of microglia. Further, we examine a causal for stress hormones in these effects of stress on microglia. We propose that microglia serve as immunosensors of the stress response, which puts them in the unique position to sense and respond rapidly to alterations in homeostasis and integrate the neural response to threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Frank
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
| | - Laura K Fonken
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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Park YM, Lee BH. Alterations in Serum BDNF and GDNF Levels after 12 Weeks of Antidepressant Treatment in Female Outpatients with Major Depressive Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:818-823. [PMID: 29945425 PMCID: PMC6111227 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.03.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some clinical studies have found alterations in the levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) after applying antidepressant treatment in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). We evaluated the serum BDNF and GDNF levels before and after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment in MDD outpatients. METHODS Serum BDNF and GDNF levels were measured in 23 female MDD outpatients at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. The severity of depression was measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 (HAMD-17). Remission of MDD to the treatment was defined as a posttreatment HAMD-17 score of <7. RESULTS Among MDD patients, 19 (82.6%) subjects were in mild to moderate depression. The whole MDD patients had significantly higher serum BDNF and GDNF levels at baseline than those after 12 weeks of antidepressant treatment. The baseline serum BDNF and GDNF levels did not significantly between the remission and nonremission groups. The significant alteration in both BDNF and GDNF levels after antidepressant treatment were observed in patients with remission. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the baseline serum BDNF and GDNF levels are higher than the posttreatment levels in some mild-to-moderate MDD outpatients and the significant alteration in BDNF and GDNF level after treatment were observed in patients with remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bun-Hee Lee
- Maum & Maum Psychiatric Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ortiz JB, Conrad CD. The impact from the aftermath of chronic stress on hippocampal structure and function: Is there a recovery? Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:114-123. [PMID: 29428548 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress results in functional and structural changes to the brain and especially the hippocampus. Decades of research have provided insights into the mechanisms by which chronic stress impairs hippocampal-mediated cognition and the corresponding reduction of hippocampal CA3 apical dendritic complexity. Yet, when chronic stress ends and time passes, which we refer to as a "post-stress rest period," hippocampal-mediated spatial memory deficits begin to improve and CA3 apical dendritic arbors increase in complexity. The processes by which the hippocampus improves from a chronically stressed state are not simply the reversal of the mechanisms that produced spatial memory deficits and CA3 apical dendritic retraction. This review will discuss our current understanding of how a chronically stressed hippocampus improves after a post-stress rest period. Untangling the mechanisms that allow for this post-stress plasticity is a critical next step in understanding how to promote resilience in the face of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 1104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States.
| | - Cheryl D Conrad
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 1104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States
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Macht VA, Reagan LP. Chronic stress from adolescence to aging in the prefrontal cortex: A neuroimmune perspective. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:31-42. [PMID: 29258741 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of the organism is a critical variable which influences the magnitude, duration, and reversibility of the effects of chronic stress. Such factors are relevant to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), as this brain region is the last to mature, the first to decline, and is highly stress-sensitive. Therefore, this review will examine the intersection between the nervous system and immune system at glutamatergic synapses in the PFC across three developmental periods: adolescence, adulthood, and aging. Glutamatergic synapses are tightly juxtaposed with microglia and astrocytes, and each of these cell types exhibits their own developmental trajectory. Not only does chronic stress differentially impact each of these cell types across development, but chronic stress also alters intercellular communication within this quad-partite synapse. These observations suggest that developmental shifts in both neural and immune function across neurons, microglia, and astrocytes mediate shifting effects of chronic stress on glutamatergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Macht
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, United States; University of South Carolina, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC, United States.
| | - Lawrence P Reagan
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, United States; Wm. Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, United States
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Khan AR, Hansen B, Wiborg O, Kroenke CD, Jespersen SN. Diffusion MRI and MR spectroscopy reveal microstructural and metabolic brain alterations in chronic mild stress exposed rats: A CMS recovery study. Neuroimage 2018; 167:342-353. [PMID: 29196269 PMCID: PMC5845761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic mild stress (CMS) induced depression elicits several debilitating symptoms and causes a significant economic burden on society. High variability in the symptomatology of depression poses substantial impediment to accurate diagnosis and therapy outcome. CMS exposure induces significant metabolic and microstructural alterations in the hippocampus (HP), prefrontal cortex (PFC), caudate-putamen (CP) and amygdala (AM), however, recovery from these maladaptive changes are limited and this may provide negative effects on the therapeutic treatment and management of depression. The present study utilized anhedonic rats from the unpredictable CMS model of depression to study metabolic recovery in the ventral hippocampus (vHP) and microstructural recovery in the HP, AM, CP, and PFC. The study employed 1H MR spectroscopy (1H MRS) and in-vivo diffusion MRI (d-MRI) at the age of week 18 (week 1 post CMS exposure) week 20 (week 3 post CMS) and week 25 (week 8 post CMS exposure) in the anhedonic group, and at the age of week 18 and week 22 in the control group. The d-MRI data have provided an array of diffusion tensor metrics (FA, MD, AD, and RD), and fast kurtosis metrics (MKT, WL and WT). CMS exposure induced a significant metabolic alteration in vHP, and significant microstructural alterations were observed in the HP, AM, and PFC in comparison to the age match control and within the anhedonic group. A significantly high level of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) was observed in vHP at the age of week 18 in comparison to age match control and week 20 and week 25 of the anhedonic group. HP and AM showed significant microstructural alterations up to the age of week 22 in the anhedonic group. PFC showed significant microstructural alterations only at the age of week 18, however, most of the metrics showed significantly higher value at the age of week 20 in the anhedonic group. The significantly increased NAA concentration may indicate impaired catabolism due to astrogliosis or oxidative stress. The significantly increased WL in the AM and HP may indicate hypertrophy of AM and reduced volume of HP. Such metabolic and microstructural alterations could be useful in disease diagnosis and follow-up treatment intervention in depression and similar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Raza Khan
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brian Hansen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christopher D Kroenke
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Sune Nørhøj Jespersen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Unpredictable chronic mild stress differentially impairs social and contextual discrimination learning in two inbred mouse strains. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188537. [PMID: 29166674 PMCID: PMC5699833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the social and cognitive domain are considered important indicators for increased disability in many stress-related disorders. Similar impairments have been observed in rodents chronically exposed to stress, mimicking potential endophenotypes of stress-related psychopathologies such as major depression disorder (MDD), anxiety, conduct disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Data from numerous studies suggest that deficient plasticity mechanisms in hippocampus (HC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) might underlie these social and cognitive deficits. Specifically, stress-induced deficiencies in neural plasticity have been associated with a hypodopaminergic state and reduced neural plasticity persistence. Here we assessed the effects of unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) on exploratory, social and cognitive behavior of females of two inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6J and DBA/2J) that differ in their dopaminergic profile. Exposure to chronic stress resulted in impaired circadian rhythmicity, sociability and social cognition in both inbred strains, but differentially affected activity patterns and contextual discrimination performance. These stress-induced behavioral impairments were accompanied by reduced expression levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the prefrontal cortex. The strain-specific cognitive impairment was coexistent with enhanced plasma corticosterone levels and reduced expression of genes related to dopamine signaling in hippocampus. These results underline the importance of assessing different strains with multiple test batteries to elucidate the neural and genetic basis of social and cognitive impairments related to chronic stress.
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Li Y, Zhu X, Ju S, Yan J, Wang D, Zhu Y, Zang F. Detection of volume alterations in hippocampal subfields of rats under chronic unpredictable mild stress using 7T MRI: A follow-up study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:1456-1463. [PMID: 28225578 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine hippocampal subfields volume loss in depression, which was simulated by a rat chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model. As different cellular and molecular characteristics in hippocampal subfields, these subfields are regarded as differentially vulnerable to processes associated with stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty male Wistar rats were exposed to various stressors until the model was successfully established. The effects of physical exercise on recovery of hippocampal volume in depressed rats were simulated using the wheel running test (WRT). These rats hippocampal volumes were dynamically measured using T2 -weighted images (T2 WIs) at 7T structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS After 4 weeks of CUMS (CUMS-4W), the behavioral tests showed that the rat model of depression was successfully established (P < 0.001). In this process, the bilateral CA1 volume was significantly atrophic after 2 weeks of CUMS (CUMS-2W) compared with controls (left: 21.09 ± 2.31 vs. 26.16 ± 3.83 mm3 , P < 0.001; right: 21.05 ± 2.36 vs. 26.12 ± 3.78 mm3 , P < 0.001), whereas the other subfields did not show a similar change (all P > 0.05). The volume of CA3, dentate gyrus (DG), and subiculum displayed atrophy after CUMS-4W (CA3: left:12.23 ± 1.10 mm3 , right: 12.20 ± 1.14 mm3 ; DG: left:8.16 ± 0.58 mm3 , right: 8.18 ± 0.92 mm3 ; subiculum: left: 4.30 ± 0.52 mm3 , right: 4.29 ± 0.44 mm3 ; all P < 0.05). The rats' (CUMS-4W) hippocampal DG volume was restored (left: 10.67 ± 1.60 mm3 , right: 10.71 ± 1.58 mm3 ), and the depression-like behaviors of these rats improved after WRT-4W (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In general, volume loss was demonstrated in various rat hippocampal subfields during the development and recovery from depression, which were detected by ultrahigh-field MRI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1456-1463.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Shenghong Ju
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
| | - Fengchao Zang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
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Buhusi M, Brown CK, Buhusi CV. Impaired Latent Inhibition in GDNF-Deficient Mice Exposed to Chronic Stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:177. [PMID: 29066960 PMCID: PMC5641315 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased reactivity to stress is maladaptive and linked to abnormal behaviors and psychopathology. Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) alters catecholaminergic neurotransmission and remodels neuronal circuits involved in learning, attention and decision making. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is essential for the physiology and survival of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus. Up-regulation of GDNF expression during stress is linked to resilience; on the other hand, the inability to up-regulate GDNF in response to stress, as a result of either genetic or epigenetic modifications, induces behavioral alterations. For example, GDNF-deficient mice exposed to chronic stress exhibit alterations of executive function, such as increased temporal discounting. Here we investigated the effects of CUS on latent inhibition (LI), a measure of selective attention and learning, in GDNF-heterozygous (HET) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermate controls. No differences in LI were found between GDNF HET and WT mice under baseline experimental conditions. However, following CUS, GDNF-deficient mice failed to express LI. Moreover, stressed GDNF-HET mice, but not their WT controls, showed decreased neuronal activation (number of c-Fos positive neurons) in the nucleus accumbens shell and increased activation in the nucleus accumbens core, both key regions in the expression of LI. Our results add LI to the list of behaviors affected by chronic stress and support a role for GDNF deficits in stress-induced pathological behaviors relevant to schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Buhusi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Colten K Brown
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Catalin V Buhusi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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Singhal G, Baune BT. Microglia: An Interface between the Loss of Neuroplasticity and Depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:270. [PMID: 28943841 PMCID: PMC5596091 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression has been widely accepted as a major psychiatric disease affecting nearly 350 million people worldwide. Research focus is now shifting from studying the extrinsic and social factors of depression to the underlying molecular causes. Microglial activity is shown to be associated with pathological conditions, such as psychological stress, pathological aging, and chronic infections. These are primary immune effector cells in the CNS and regulate the extensive dialogue between the nervous and the immune systems in response to different immunological, physiological, and psychological stressors. Studies have suggested that during stress and pathologies, microglia play a significant role in the disruption of neuroplasticity and have detrimental effects on neuroprotection causing neuroinflammation and exacerbation of depression. After a systematic search of literature databases, relevant articles on the microglial regulation of bidirectional neuroimmune pathways affecting neuroplasticity and leading to depression were reviewed. Although, several hypotheses have been proposed for the microglial role in the onset of depression, it is clear that all molecular pathways to depression are linked through microglia-associated neuroinflammation and hippocampal degeneration. Molecular factors such as an excess of glucocorticoids and changes in gene expression of neurotrophic factors, as well as neuro active substances secreted by gut microbiota have also been shown to affect microglial morphology and phenotype resulting in depression. This review aims to critically analyze the various molecular pathways associated with the microglial role in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
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Wang N, Ma H, Li Z, Gao Y, Cao X, Jiang Y, Zhou Y, Liu S. Chronic unpredictable stress exacerbates surgery-induced sickness behavior and neuroinflammatory responses via glucocorticoids secretion in adult rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183077. [PMID: 28806788 PMCID: PMC5555668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence indicates that stress sensitizes neuroinflammatory responses to a subsequent peripheral immune challenge. The present study investigated whether chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) aggravated surgery-induced sickness behavior and neuroinflammatory processes via glucocorticoids secretion in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yalei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuezhao Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yanhua Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongjian Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Sidan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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In vivo evaluation of the hippocampal glutamate, GABA and the BDNF levels associated with spatial memory performance in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Le Coz GM, Genty J, Anton F, Hanesch U. Chronic Social Stress Time-Dependently Affects Neuropathic Pain-Related Cold Allodynia and Leads to Altered Expression of Spinal Biochemical Mediators. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:70. [PMID: 28536509 PMCID: PMC5422477 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical data have shown that chronic exposure to stress may be accompanied by an enhancement of inflammation-related pain sensitivity. In this context, little is however known on the impact of stress on neuropathic pain. In the present study we addressed this issue by combining the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model with an ongoing social stress (OSS) paradigm. Cold plate and von Frey tests were performed in 48 rats divided into four groups: OSS exposed to OSS, CCI subjected to chronic nerve constriction, OSS+CCI with a combination of neuropathy and stress and CON, a control group lacking any manipulation. While we did not observe any stress-related differences in mechanical sensitivity throughout the observation period, CCI rats were more sensitive to cold stimulation than OSS+CCI in the initial phase of neuropathy. A switch was observed at a later stage, leading to a hypersensitivity of the OSS+CCI compared to the CCI rats. At this time point we investigated the spinal mRNA expression of neuron and glia related molecules potentially involved in neuropathic pain and stress. The combination of psychosocial stress and neuropathic pain seemed to enhance glial cell activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine and neurotrophic factor mRNA levels, rather than glutamatergic transmission. Our data show that long lasting social stress may lead to time-dependent alteration of neuropathy-related cold pain sensitivity while mechanically-induced pain remains unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn-Marie Le Coz
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Psychobiology, Institute for Health and Behavior, University of LuxembourgLuxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Julien Genty
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Psychobiology, Institute for Health and Behavior, University of LuxembourgLuxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Fernand Anton
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Psychobiology, Institute for Health and Behavior, University of LuxembourgLuxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ulrike Hanesch
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Psychobiology, Institute for Health and Behavior, University of LuxembourgLuxembourg, Luxembourg
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46
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Yan J, Bai J, Gao C, Liang Y, Zhao B, Bian Y. Chronic unpredictable stress abrogates the endotoxin tolerance induced by repeated peripheral LPS challenge via the TLR4 signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2017; 645:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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47
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McCormick CM, Green MR, Simone JJ. Translational relevance of rodent models of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and stressors in adolescence. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 6:31-43. [PMID: 28229107 PMCID: PMC5314422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevations in glucocorticoids that result from environmental stressors can have programming effects on brain structure and function when the exposure occurs during sensitive periods that involve heightened neural development. In recent years, adolescence has gained increasing attention as another sensitive period of development, a period in which pubertal transitions may increase the vulnerability to stressors. There are similarities in physical and behavioural development between humans and rats, and rats have been used effectively as an animal model of adolescence and the unique plasticity of this period of ontogeny. This review focuses on benefits and challenges of rats as a model for translational research on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function and stressors in adolescence, highlighting important parallels and contrasts between adolescent rats and humans, and we review the main stress procedures that are used in investigating HPA stress responses and their consequences in adolescence in rats. We conclude that a greater focus on timing of puberty as a factor in research in adolescent rats may increase the translational relevance of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M. McCormick
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Green
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jonathan J. Simone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
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48
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Weber MD, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF. Repeated Social Defeat, Neuroinflammation, and Behavior: Monocytes Carry the Signal. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:46-61. [PMID: 27319971 PMCID: PMC5143478 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that proinflammatory signaling in the brain affects mood, cognition, and behavior and is linked with the etiology of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. The purpose of this review is to focus on stress-induced bidirectional communication pathways between the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral immune system that converge to promote a heightened neuroinflammatory environment. These communication pathways involve sympathetic outflow from the brain to the peripheral immune system that biases hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into a glucocorticoid-resistant and primed myeloid lineage immune cell. In conjunction, microglia-dependent neuroinflammatory events promote myeloid cell trafficking to the brain that reinforces stress-related behavior, and is argued to play a role in stress-related psychiatric disorders. We will discuss evidence implicating a key role for endothelial cells that comprise the blood-brain barrier in propagating peripheral-to-central immune communication. We will also discuss novel neuron-to-glia communication pathways involving endogenous danger signals that have recently been argued to facilitate neuroinflammation under various conditions, including stress. These findings help elucidate the complex communication that occurs in response to stress and highlight novel therapeutic targets against the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Weber
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 223 IBMR Building, 305 W 12th Avenue, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA, Tel: 614-293-3392, Fax: 614-292-6087, E-mail:
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John F Sheridan
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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49
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Conrad CD, Ortiz JB, Judd JM. Chronic stress and hippocampal dendritic complexity: Methodological and functional considerations. Physiol Behav 2016; 178:66-81. [PMID: 27887995 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The current understanding of how chronic stress impacts hippocampal dendritic arbor complexity and the subsequent relationship to hippocampal-dependent spatial memory is reviewed. A surge in reports investigating hippocampal dendritic morphology is occurring, but with wide variations in methodological detail being reported. Consequently, this review systematically outlines the basic neuroanatomy of relevant hippocampal features to help clarify how chronic stress or glucocorticoids impact hippocampal dendritic complexity and how these changes occur in parallel with spatial cognition. Chronic stress often leads to hippocampal CA3 apical dendritic retraction first with other hippocampal regions (CA3 basal dendrites, CA1, dentate gyrus, DG) showing dendritic retraction when chronic stress is sufficiently robust or long lasting. The stress-induced reduction in hippocampal CA3 apical dendritic arbor complexity often coincides with impaired hippocampal function, such as spatial learning and memory. Yet, when chronic stress ends and a post-stress recovery period ensues, the atrophied dendritic arbors and poor spatial abilities often improve. However, this process differs from a simple reversal of chronic stress-induced deficits. Recent reports suggest that this return to baseline-like functioning is uniquely different from non-stressed controls, emphasizing the need for further studies to enhance our understanding of how a history of stress subsequently alters an organism's spatial abilities. To provide a consistent framework for future studies, this review concludes with an outline for a quick and easy reference on points to consider when planning chronic stress studies with the goal of measuring hippocampal dendritic complexity and spatial ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl D Conrad
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 1104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States.
| | - J Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 1104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States
| | - Jessica M Judd
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Box 1104, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, United States
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50
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Moreira PS, Almeida PR, Leite-Almeida H, Sousa N, Costa P. Impact of Chronic Stress Protocols in Learning and Memory in Rodents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163245. [PMID: 27662580 PMCID: PMC5035061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that maladaptive stress impairs cognitive function has been a cornerstone of decades in basic and clinical research. However, disparate findings have reinforced the need to aggregate results from multiple sources in order to confirm the validity of such statement. In this work, a systematic review and meta-analyses were performed to aggregate results from rodent studies investigating the impact of chronic stress on learning and memory. Results obtained from the included studies revealed a significant effect of stress on global cognitive performance. In addition, stressed rodents presented worse consolidation of learned memories, although no significantly differences between groups at the acquisition phase were found. Despite the methodological heterogeneity across studies, these effects were independent of the type of stress, animals’ strains or age. However, our findings suggest that stress yields a more detrimental effect on spatial navigation tests’ performance. Surprisingly, the vast majority of the selected studies in this field did not report appropriate statistics and were excluded from the quantitative analysis. We have therefore purposed a set of guidelines termed PROBE (Preferred Reporting Orientations for Behavioral Experiments) to promote an adequate reporting of behavioral experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Almeida
- School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Leite-Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrício Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
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