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Spínola MP, Mendes AR, Prates JAM. Chemical Composition, Bioactivities, and Applications of Spirulina ( Limnospira platensis) in Food, Feed, and Medicine. Foods 2024; 13:3656. [PMID: 39594071 PMCID: PMC11593816 DOI: 10.3390/foods13223656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2024] [Revised: 11/13/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) is a microalga recognised for its rich nutritional composition and diverse bioactive compounds, making it a valuable functional food, feed, and therapeutic agent. This review examines spirulina's chemical composition, including its high levels of protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, such as the phycocyanin pigment, polysaccharides, and carotenoids, in food, feed, and medicine. These compounds exhibit various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic and lipid-lowering effects. Spirulina's potential to mitigate oxidative stress, enhance immune function, and inhibit tumour growth positions it as a promising candidate for preventing chronic diseases. Additionally, spirulina is gaining interest in the animal feed sector as a promotor of growth performance, improving immune responses and increasing resistance to diseases in livestock, poultry, and aquaculture. Despite its well-documented health benefits, future research is needed to optimize production/cultivation methods, improve its bioavailability, and validate its efficacy (dose-effect relationship) and safety through clinical trials and large-scale human trials. This review underscores the potential of spirulina to address global health and nutrition challenges, supporting its continued application in food, feed, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Spínola
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.P.S.); (A.R.M.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Mendes
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.P.S.); (A.R.M.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Centre, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José A. M. Prates
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.P.S.); (A.R.M.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Bashar AM, Abdelnour SA, El-Darawany AA, Sheiha AM. Dietary Supplementation of Microalgae and/or Nanominerals Mitigate the Negative Effects of Heat Stress in Growing Rabbits. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3639-3652. [PMID: 37964041 PMCID: PMC11534902 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is one of the most significant environmental factors that result in fluctuations and shrinkage in rabbit growth, health, and overall productivity. This study aims to investigate the effects of dietary mineral nanoparticles (selenium or zinc) and/or Spirulina platensis (SP) independently and in combination on stressed growing rabbits. A total of 180 weaned growing New Zealand White rabbits were included in this study and randomly divided into six dietary treatments. Rabbits received a basal diet (control group; CON group) or fortified with SP (1 g/kg diet), selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs, 50 mg/kg diet), zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs, 100 mg/kg diet), and a mixture of SP and SeNPs (SPSeNPs) or SP and ZnNPs (SPZnNPs) groups for 8 weeks during summer conditions. The obtained results demonstrated a significant increase in the final body weight and weight gain (p < 0.05). Additionally, the feed conversion ratio was improved during the periods from 6 to 14 weeks in the treated rabbits compared to those in the CON group. Dietary supplements considerably improved (p < 0.05) the blood hematology (WBCs, Hb, RBCs, and Hct) and some carcass traits (liver weights and edible giblets). All dietary supplements significantly decreased serum levels of total glycerides (p < 0.0001), AST (p = 0.0113), ALT (p = 0.0013), creatinine (p = 0.0009), and uric acid (p = 0.0035) compared to the CON group. All treated groups (except ZnNPs) had lower values of total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin in a dose-dependent way when compared to the CON group. The values of IgA, IgG, and superoxide dismutase were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in all treated rabbits compared to the CON group. Compared with the CON group, the levels of T3 (p < 0.05) were significantly increased in all treated growing rabbits (except for the ZnNP group), while the serum cortisol, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl were significantly decreased in the treated groups (p < 0.05). Dietary supplements sustained the changes in hepatic, renal, and cardiac impairments induced by HS in growing rabbits. Adding SP (1 g/kg diet) or SeNPs (50 mg/kg diet) in the diet, either individually or in combination, improved growth performance, blood picture, and immunity-antioxidant responses in stressed rabbits. Overall, these feed additives (SP, SeNPs, or their mixture) can be applied as an effective nutritional tool to reduce negative impacts of summer stress conditions, thereby maintaining the health status and improving the heat tolerance in growing rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M Bashar
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Abdelhalim A El-Darawany
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M Sheiha
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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Mahmoud E, Elsayed G, Hassan A, Ateya A, El-Sayed SAES. Dietary spirulina platensis a promising growth promotor and immune stimulant in broiler chickens. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38907652 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2364366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Algae, as a biological component of the environment, holds promise for the development of novel cuisines. This study aimed to appreciate the dietary Spirulina platensis (SP) impact on growth patterns and as an immune stimulant in broilers. SP-fed chicks at 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg doses significantly improved hematological indices. Also, gas chromatography of fatty acid profile in broiler breast muscles exhibited greater elevation. Serum total proteins, albumin, and globulin levels significantly increased. ElISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) revealed elevated immunoglobin M, G, and leptin levels as mirrors for immunological response coordination. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) exhibited depressed tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene expression (TNF-α) in ilial tissue. Gut's histopathology showed well-developed villi. In conclusion, Spirulina platensis in doses up to 2 g/kg enhances immunity, fatty acid profile, liver function, anti-inflammatory properties, and intestinal absorption of broilers, while doses up to 4 g/kg cause the opposite effect on previous parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Mahmoud
- Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gehad Elsayed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ateya
- Department of Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Yang B, Li X, Mesalam NM, Elsadek MF, Abdel-Moneim AME. The impact of dietary supplementation of polysaccharide derived from Polygonatum sibiricum on growth, antioxidant capacity, meat quality, digestive physiology, and gut microbiota in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103675. [PMID: 38593546 PMCID: PMC11016799 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) has demonstrated diverse medicinal properties, extensively researched for human applications. Nonetheless, there is a lack of studies investigating the potential advantages of PSP in poultry farming. The present study investigated the impact of incorporating PSP into broiler diets on their growth performance, meat quality, blood metabolites, antioxidative status, and ileal histomorphology. Two hundred and forty-one-day-old male Ross-308 broiler chicks (44.98 ± 0.79 g) were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups, with 8 replicates of 10 birds each. The birds were fed diets supplemented with PSP at 0, 400, and 800 mg/kg (control, PSP400, and PSP800, respectively). The results revealed a linear (P > 0.05) improvement in body weight gain, European production efficiency index, and feed conversion ratio during the grower (22-35 d) and overall periods (1-35 d). The pH levels in the ingluvies, ileum, and cecum exhibited a linear reduction (P > 0.05) in the PSP800 group at d 21 and d 35, respectively. Villus height and crypt depth were increased in the PSP400 and PSP800 groups compared to the control group. PSP400 and PSP800 groups exhibited decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) at 21 d, while at 35 d, TAC and sulfhydryl concentrations were elevated, and H2O2 was reduced only in the PSP800 group compared to the untreated one. No significant variations between the groups at the phylum and genus levels were observed, with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes being the dominant phyla. However, PSP supplementation notably augmented Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobiota while reducing Euryarchaeota and Proteobacteria. At the genus level, there was an increase in Akkermansia, Alistipes, CHKCI001, Erysipelatoclostridium, and a decrease in Methanobrevibacter. Conclusively, incorporating PSP into broiler diets, particularly at a dosage of 800 mg/kg, improved growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal architecture and resulted in alterations in cecal microbiota without discernible impacts on digestive function and meat quality criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; Longyan University & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Noura M Mesalam
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu Zaabal 13759, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Farouk Elsadek
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Moneim Eid Abdel-Moneim
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu Zaabal 13759, Egypt.
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Abdel-Moneim AME, Biasato I, Mesalam NM, Shehata AM. Editorial: Poultry feeding, nutrition, and quality in the post-antibiotic era. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1386278. [PMID: 38532793 PMCID: PMC10964714 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1386278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Noura M. Mesalam
- Department of Biological Applications, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelrazeq M. Shehata
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Mao Y, Kong X, Liang Z, Yang C, Wang S, Fan H, Ning C, Xiao W, Wu Y, Wu J, Yuan L, Yuan Z. Viola yedoensis Makino alleviates heat stress-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis in the spleen and thymus of broilers. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117350. [PMID: 37907144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Viola yedoensis Makino (VYM) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine widely distributed in China. It has many pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, immune regulation and anti-oxidation. However, the protective effect of VYM on the spleen and thymus of broilers induced by heat stress has rarely been reported. AIM OF THE STUDY We established a heat stress model of broilers to explore the protective effect of VYM on spleen and thymus of broilers. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experiment, a heat stress model was made by adjusting the feeding temperature of broilers. The protective effect of VYM on the spleen and thymus of heat-stressed broilers were evaluated by detecting immune organ coefficient, histological observation, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, production of antioxidant enzymes and peroxides, TUNEL Staining, Quantitative Real-time PCR. RESULTS In this study, 60 healthy male AA broilers were divided into 6 groups: Control, 4.5% VYM, HS, HS + 0.5% VYM, HS + 1.5% VYM, HS + 4.5% VYM. After 42 days of feeding, serum, spleen and thymus were collected for detection and analysis. The study revealed that heat stress can lead to pathological damage in the spleen and thymus of broilers, reduce the content of immunoglobulin and newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD) antibody levels, increase the expression of inflammatory factors IL-1β, INF-γ, heat shock 70 kDa protein (HSP70), heat shock 90 kDa protein (HSP90). Heat stress inhibits the activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD, promotes the production of MDA, and then lead to oxidative damage of the spleen and thymus. In addition, apoptotic cells and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased. However, the addition of VYM to the feed can alleviate the adverse effects of heat stress on the spleen and thymus of broilers. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the addition of VYM to the diet could inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis, and reduce the inflammatory damage of heat stress on the spleen and thymus of broilers. This study provides a basis for further exploring the regulatory role of VYM in heat stress-induced immune imbalance in broilers. In addition, this study also provides a theoretical basis for the development of VYM as a feed additive with immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Zengenni Liang
- Department of Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Chenglin Yang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Hui Fan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Can Ning
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Wenguang Xiao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - You Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Liyun Yuan
- Xiangyang Vocational and Technical College, Xiangyang 441050, PR China
| | - Zhihang Yuan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
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Yehia N, Mohamed FH, Al-Zaban MI, Amer F, Baazaoui N, Khattab MS, Abd Elhalem Mohamed A, Salem HM, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, Omar DM. The influence of Spirulina extract on pathogenicity, immune response, and vaccine efficacy against H9N2 avian influenza virus in specific pathogen free chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103194. [PMID: 38041892 PMCID: PMC10731387 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) viruses pose a risk to the worldwide poultry industry. Ultimately, improving the efficiency of the H9N2 vaccine is necessary to better control low-pathogenic avian influenza-H9N2 by using natural immunostimulant. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine varying doses of the cyanobacterium Spirulina extract on the effectiveness of H9N2 vaccine. Thus, a total of 150 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were allocated into 6 groups, 25 birds each, as follow: G1, G2, and G6 were supplemented with 200, 400, and 400 mg Spirulina extract/kg feed, respectively, whilst the feed in G3, G4, and G5 were not supplemented with Spirulina extract. At 21-days-old, only the chickens in G1, G2, and G3 were vaccinated with the H9N2 AI vaccine. After 4 wk postvaccination, the chickens in G1, G2, G3, G4, and G6 were challenged with H9N2 AI Egyptian strain. The challenged virus was selected from a recent circulating Egyptian strain during 2022, and it was related to A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97-like virus lineage and clustered with G1-B sub-lineage EGY-2 group. It had a high amino acids identity percentage of 92.6% with the A/chicken/Iran/av1221/1998 (Boehringer Ingelheim) vaccine. The results of real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (rRT-PCR) revealed that no shedding of the virus was reported in G1, G2, G3, and G5. The supplementation of Spirulina extract in low (200 mg/kg of feed) and high (400 mg/kg of feed) concentration with the birds vaccinated with H9N2 AI vaccine (G1 and G2) induced prominent immuno-stimulatory effect in a dose dependent manner where it strongly enhanced the phagocytic activities of broilers' peripheral blood monocytes, and lysozyme at all days postvaccination (dpv) and days postchallenge (dpc) compared to other groups with significant differences at all day of experiment and 21st dpv, 28th dpv, 7th dpc, and 14th dpc, respectively. The supplementation with Spirulina extract in G1 and G2 induced the highest hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer in a dose-dependent manner at all-time intervals. The antibody titer postvaccination was significantly increased in G1 and G2 at 14th, and 21st dpv, in comparison with G3. Furthermore, G1 and G2 showed higher significant antibody titers at 7th and 14th dpc, compared to other groups. Furthermore, Spirulina extract (200 and 400 mg/kg feed) in G1 and G2 showed anti-inflammatory effect in a dose dependant manner by downregulating nitric oxide levels at all times postchallenge with a significant difference at 3 to 7 dpc compared to G3, G4, and G6, with improved histopathological alterations in the trachea, lung, kidney, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. G6 supplied with 400 mg/kg Spirulina extract feed only without vaccination had a similar effect as vaccinated groups on innate immunity. However, it delayed the production of antibodies and did not prevent viral shedding as in vaccinated groups. In conclusion, vaccination in conjunction with either dose of Spirulina extract (G1, and G2) prevents viral shedding, increases the immune response, and reduces inflammation and histopathological change caused by H9N2 AI infection in a dose dependent manner. We recommend the use of 400 mg Spirulina extract/kg feed as a natural immunostimulant in conjunction with the H9N2 vaccine to achieve the highest possible level of protection against H9N2 AI infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Farida H Mohamed
- Department of Immunology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mayasar I Al-Zaban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Amer
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Narjes Baazaoui
- Biology Department, College of Sciences and Arts Muhayil Assir, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa S Khattab
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd Elhalem Mohamed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Dalia M Omar
- The Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12618, Egypt
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El-Ratel IT, El-Kholy KH, Mousa NA, El-Said EA. Impacts of selenium nanoparticles and spirulina alga to alleviate the deleterious effects of heat stress on reproductive efficiency, oxidative capacity and immunity of doe rabbits. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3519-3532. [PMID: 36688617 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2168198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Effects of dietary inclusion of spirulina platensis (SP) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) combination (SP-SeNPs) on the reproductive performance in vivo and in vitro, reproductive and metabolic hormones, hemato-bichemical parameters, oxidative stress, and immunity of heat-stressed doe rabbis were evaluated. All supplements significantly increased live litter size at birth and weaning, viability rate at birth, hemoglobin and red blood cells, and plasma T3, T4, insulin, total proteins and albumin compared with control. Plasma estradiol 17-β (pre-mating), progesterone (mid-pregnancy), and prolactin (day -7 postpartum) were significantly increased only by SeNPs (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mg/kg). All dietary supplements significantly reduced WBCs, cortisol, lipid profile, and improved liver and kidney functions. Immunoglobulins levels, antioxidants capacity were significantly increased, superoxide dismutase was increased by SeNPs (0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg), while malondialdehyde was reduced by 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 SeNPs mg/kg. Sexual receptivity, pregnancy rate, viability rate at weaning, ovulation rate, and embryo quality were significantly increased by increasing SeNPs above 0.1 mg, while embryo yield was increased by >0.2 mg SeNPs/kg. A combination of SP and SeNPs, could be potentially used as a strong antioxidant to enhance heat regulation and doe rabbit reproduction via improving reproductive and metabolic hormones, antioxidant status and immunological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim T El-Ratel
- Department of Animal, Poultry and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Khaled H El-Kholy
- Department of Animal, Poultry and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Nawal A Mousa
- Department of Animal, Poultry and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Eman A El-Said
- Department of Animal, Poultry and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
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Yang B, Li X, Badran AMM, Abdel-Moneim AME. Effects of dietary incorporation of Radix rehmanniae praeparata polysaccharide on growth performance, digestive physiology, blood metabolites, meat quality, and tibia characteristics in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103150. [PMID: 37871491 PMCID: PMC10618489 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Radix rehmanniae preparata polysaccharide (RRPP) is recognized as the primary bioactive compound in Radix rehmanniae preparata and has been extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and functional food due to its diverse biological activities. However, this study has yet to explore the application of RRPP as a feed additive in broilers. This study investigated the effects of dietary RRPP on growth performance, meat quality, and physiological responses of broiler chickens. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day-old Cobb 500 male broilers were randomly assigned to the 4 experimental groups with 6 replications and 12 birds/replicate. The 4 groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 4 concentrations of RRPP (0, 300, 600, and 900 mg/kg, respectively). All RRPP levels did not affect the growth performance of broilers during the starter period (1-21 d), while during the grower (22-35 d) and overall (1-35 d) periods, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and European production efficiency index were linearly improved (P < 0.05) by incorporating RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg. Carcass characteristics, relative weight and length of intestinal segments, and meat quality and tibia criteria were not affected by dietary incorporation of RRPP. Dietary RRPP led to a linear increase (P < 0.05) in serum alkaline phosphatase, potassium, calcium and sulfhydryl levels, while reducing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, LDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The addition of RRPP decreased (P < 0.05) the pH of the ileum and cecum at 21 and 35 d of age while not changing in the remaining intestinal segments. Dietary RRPP at 600 and 900 mg/kg linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05) increased the tibia ash content in chicken at 21 and 35 d of age. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of RRPP improved broiler chicken's growth, gut physiology, and tibia ash content, particularly at 600 and 900 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; Longyan University & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China.
| | - Aml M M Badran
- Poultry Breeding Department, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Egypt
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Abdallah ABE, El-Ghannam MA, Hasan AA, Mohammad LG, Mesalam NM, Alsayed RM. Selenium Nanoparticles Modulate Steroidogenesis-Related Genes and Improve Ovarian Functions via Regulating Androgen Receptors Expression in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rat Model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5721-5733. [PMID: 36922476 PMCID: PMC10620277 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) occurs during the reproductive period in women and is characterized by reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic disorders. Androgen plays a decisive role in its pathogenesis due to the interaction between hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, which might be improved by selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The present study aimed to clarify the effect of SeNPs on androgen synthesis and action in the PCOS model and the resulting effect on ovarian function. Fifty-five 7-week-old female albino rats (90-105 g) were divided equally into five groups: control (C), fed a standard diet for 11 weeks; high-fat diet (HFD) group, fed HFD for 11 weeks; HFD and letrozole (L) (HFD + L), fed HFD for 11 weeks and administrated orally with L, at a daily dose of 1 mg/kg BW, for three weeks from the 7th to 9th week of the trial; HFD + L + 0.1SeNPs and HFD + L + 0.2SeNPs groups, treated the same as HFD + L group and orally gavaged SeNPs at daily doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg BW, respectively, during the last 14 day of the experiment. Daily determination of estrous cycle was performed, and at the end of the experimental period, BMI, serum glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, lipid profile, sex hormones, TNF-α, IL6, oxidative stress biomarkers, ovarian mRNA expression of different proteins and enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, pathological examination, and immunohistochemical staining for androgen receptor (AR) were evaluated. Treatment of SeNPs restored estrous cyclicity, decreased BMI, and insulin resistance, improved dyslipidemia, reduced serum testosterone, and improved ovarian histopathology in PCOS rats. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant impacts of SeNPs were remarkably noticed. Administration of SeNPs decreased androgen synthesis and expression of ovarian AR protein by decreasing the mRNA expression of STAR, Cyp11A1, Cyp17A1, and HSD17B3 and increasing the expression of Cyp19α1. Conclusively, SeNPs decreased androgen synthesis and blocked the vicious circle initiated by excessive androgen secretion via decreased AR expression. Thus, it may effectively treat PCOS cases by eliminating its reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B E Abdallah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Azza A Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa G Mohammad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Noura M Mesalam
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, 13759, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Radwa M Alsayed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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11
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Saleh AA, El-Tahan HM, Shaban M, Morsy WA, Genedy S, Alzawqari MH, El-Tahan HM, Shukry M, Ebeid TA, El-Keredy A, Alwutayd K, Alhotan RA, Al-Badwi MAA, Sewlim Hussein EO, Kim IH, Cho S, Eid Abdel-Moneim AM. Effect of dietary supplementation of betaine and organic minerals on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, nutrients digestibility, and growth-related genes in broilers under heat stress. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103051. [PMID: 37774520 PMCID: PMC10550832 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming and climate changes have a detrimental impact on poultry production, causing substantial economic losses. This study investigated the effects of incorporating dietary betaine (BT) and organic minerals (OMs) on broilers' performance as well as their potential to mitigate the negative impacts of heat stress (HS). Six hundred 1-day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly allocated to 12 experimental treatments with 5 replicates of 10 birds each (5 male + 5 female). The birds were provided with diets containing BT (0 and 2,000 ppm) and OMs (0, 250, and 500 ppm), either individually or in combination, under both thermoneutral and HS-inducing temperatures. The HS conditions involved exposing the birds to cyclic periods of elevated temperature (35°C ± 2°C) for 6 h daily, from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, starting from d 10 and continuing until d 35. The exposure to HS deteriorated birds' growth performance; however, dietary BT and OMs inclusion improved the growth performance parameters bringing them close to normal levels. Carcass traits were not affected by dietary supplementation of BT, OMs, HS, or their interaction. Interestingly, while HS led to increased (P < 0.05) levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), these adverse effects were mitigated (P < 0.05) by the addition of BT and OMs. Moreover, dietary BT supplementation led to elevated serum total protein and globulin concentrations. Cyclic HS did not alter Mn, Zn, and Cu contents in the pectoral muscle. However, the incorporation of OMs at both levels increased concentrations of these minerals. Notably, the combination of 500 ppm OMs and 2,000 ppm BT improved Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe digestibility, which has been compromised under HS conditions. Cyclic HS upregulated gene expression of interleukin-1β, heat shock protein 70, and Toll-like receptor-4 while downregulated the expression of claudin-1, uncoupling protein, growth hormone receptor, superoxide dismutase 1, glutathione peroxidase 1 and insulin-like growth factor 1. The aforementioned gene expressions were reversed by the combination of higher dietary levels of BT and OMs. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of 500 ppm OMs along with 2,000 ppm BT yielded significant improvements in growth performance and mineral digestibility among broiler chickens, regardless of thermal conditions. Moreover, this combination effectively restored the expression of growth-related genes even under heat-stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 333516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Hossam M El-Tahan
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, 12611, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed Shaban
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 333516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Wael A Morsy
- Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, 12611, Egypt
| | - Salwa Genedy
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 333516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Alzawqari
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 333516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, 70270 Ibb, Yemen
| | - Hatem M El-Tahan
- Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, 12611, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 333516, Egypt
| | - Tarek A Ebeid
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 333516 Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira El-Keredy
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Khairiah Alwutayd
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashed A Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A A Al-Badwi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - In Ho Kim
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Abdel-Moneim Eid Abdel-Moneim
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal 13759, Egypt
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12
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Eid YZ, Omara Y, Ragab A, Ismail A, Zommara M, Dawood MAO. Mitigation of Imidacloprid Toxicity in Poultry Chicken by Selenium Nanoparticles: Growth Performance, Lipid Peroxidation, and Blood Traits. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5379-5388. [PMID: 36790585 PMCID: PMC10509070 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is an insecticide that protects against insects in the agriculture, animal, and poultry production sectors. Since the accumulation of imidacloprid induces adverse impacts on general health status and quality of the food chain, this study tested the impacts on broilers. Besides, selenium nanoparticles were fed to birds to relieve the negative impacts on growth performance and health status. Birds (1-day age, initial weight 46.05 ± 1.0 g) divided into four groups (triplicates) where 15 chicks of each replicate (45 for each group). The first group (control) was fed the basal diet without either selenium or imidacloprid toxicity. The second group was fed selenium nano form at 3 mg/kg. The third group was fed selenium and exposed to imidacloprid at 1/10 LT50 (3 mg/kg body weight). The fourth group was fed selenium nano form (3 mg/kg) and exposed to imidacloprid at 1/10 LT50 (3 mg/kg body weight). All groups were kept under the same conditions for 35 days. The final weight and weight gain of birds fed selenium nano form showed marked improvement compared to the imidacloprid-exposed group, while the feed intake and feed conversion ratio markedly reduced. The red blood cells showed higher values in birds fed selenium nano than the control and those exposed to imidacloprid. Interestingly, the hemoglobulin and hematocrit increased in birds fed selenium nano form with or without imidacloprid exposure. Furthermore, the white blood cells increased in birds fed selenium nano form with or without imidacloprid exposure. The total protein, albumin, and globulin were higher in birds fed selenium nanoparticles than those exposed to imidacloprid with or without selenium feeding. Birds in the control and imidacloprid groups had higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and malondialdehyde levels than the remaining groups. Accordingly, dietary selenium nanoparticles are suggested in broiler feed to cope with the adverse effects of imidacloprid toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Z Eid
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Yassin Omara
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Ragab
- Department of Pesticides, Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Pesticides, Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohsen Zommara
- Department of Dairy Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
- The Center for Applied Research on the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
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13
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Elbaz AM, Farrag B, Mesalam NM, Basuony HA, Badran AMM, Abdel-Moneim AME. Growth performance, digestive function, thyroid activity, and immunity of growing rabbits fed olive cake with or without Saccharomyces cerevisiae or citric acid. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:376. [PMID: 37878115 PMCID: PMC10600033 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the impact of dietary inclusion of olive cakes (OC) with or without Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and citric acid (CA) on growth, digestive function, thyroid activity, antioxidant status, immunity, and intestinal architecture of growing rabbits. One hundred forty 35-day-old male New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned into seven experimental groups with five replicates each, as follows: control (CN), fed the basal diet; OC20 and OC25, fed diets with 20 and 25% OC; OS20 and OS25, fed diets containing 20 and 25% OC with S. cerevisiae at 5 g/kg diet; OA20 and OA25, fed diets supplemented with 20 and 25% OC with 1.0% citric acid. No differences in live body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and carcass traits were noticed among experimental groups, while body weight gain and carcass (%) were increased (P < 0.05) in OS20 compared to the control. Digestibility coefficients of all nutrients and activities of amylase, cellulose, and trypsin did not differ in treated groups compared to the control except for OS20, which recorded enhancement in nutrient digestibility. Plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine were elevated (P < 0.05), while triglycerides and cholesterol were reduced (P < 0.05) in OS20 compared to CN. Plasma concentrations of immunoglobulin M and G and superoxide dismutase were increased in treated groups compared to the control. Dietary inclusion of SC and CA improved rabbits' intestinal health, as the cecal Lactobacillus count was increased, E. coli count was decreased, and villus height was elevated in SC- and CA-treated groups. In conclusion, dietary incorporation of SC or CA enhanced the nutritional value of OC and improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility, thyroid activity, antioxidative status, and gut health of growing rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noura M Mesalam
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A Basuony
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aml M M Badran
- Poultry Breeding Department, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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14
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Sadr S, Lotfalizadeh N, Ghafouri SA, Delrobaei M, Komeili N, Hajjafari A. Nanotechnology innovations for increasing the productivity of poultry and the prospective of nanobiosensors. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2118-2131. [PMID: 37433046 PMCID: PMC10508580 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an innovative, promising technology with a great scope of applications and socioeconomic potential in the poultry industry sector. Nanoparticles (NPs) show the advantages of high absorption and bioavailability with more effective delivery to the target tissue than their bulk particles. Various nanomaterials are available in different forms, sizes, shapes, applications, surface modifications, charges and natures. Nanoparticles can be utilised in the delivery of medicines, targeting them to their right effective site in the body and, at the same time, decreasing their toxicity and side effects. Furthermore, nanotechnology can be beneficial in the diagnosis of diseases and prevention of them and in enhancing the quality of animal products. There are different mechanisms through which NPs could exert their action. Despite the vast benefits of NPs in poultry production, some concerns about their safety and hazardous effects should be considered. Therefore, this review article focuses on NPs' types, manufacture, mechanism of action and applications regarding safety and hazard impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Sadr
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Pathobiology, Ferdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Narges Lotfalizadeh
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Pathobiology, Ferdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Seyed Ali Ghafouri
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Pathobiology, Ferdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Matineh Delrobaei
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Pathobiology, Ferdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Nima Komeili
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Pathobiology, Ferdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Ashkan Hajjafari
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Pathobiology, Islamic Azad University Olom TahghighatTehranIran
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15
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Salem HM, Saad AM, Soliman SM, Selim S, Mosa WFA, Ahmed AE, Al Jaouni SK, Almuhayawi MS, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Tarabily KA, El-Saadony MT. Ameliorative avian gut environment and bird productivity through the application of safe antibiotics alternatives: a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102840. [PMID: 37478510 PMCID: PMC10393590 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian digestive tract is an important system for converting ingested food into the nutrients their bodies need for maintenance, growth, and reproduction (meat, table eggs, and fertile eggs). Therefore, preserving digestive system integrity is crucial to bird health and productivity. As an alternative to antibiotics, the world has recently turned to the use of natural products to enhance avian development, intestinal health, and production. Therefore, the primary goal of this review is to explain the various characteristics of the avian digestive tract and how to enhance its performance with natural, safe feed additives such as exogenous enzymes, organic acids, photogenic products, amino acids, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and herbal extracts. In conclusion, the composition of the gut microbiome can be influenced by a number of circumstances, and this has important consequences for the health and productivity of birds. To better understand the connection between pathogens, the variety of therapies available, and the microbiome of the gut, additional research needs to be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Soliman M Soliman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid F A Mosa
- Plant Production Department (Horticulture-Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad K Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Almuhayawi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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16
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El-Ratel IT, Elbasuny ME, El-Nagar HA, Abdel-Khalek AKE, El-Raghi AA, El Basuini MF, El-Kholy KH, Fouda SF. The synergistic impact of Spirulina and selenium nanoparticles mitigates the adverse effects of heat stress on the physiology of rabbits bucks. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287644. [PMID: 37437098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress has a detrimental effect on animal fertility, particularly testicular functions, including reduced sperm output and quality, which causes an economic loss in the production of rabbits. The present trial investigated the efficacy of dietary Spirulina (SP) (Arthrospira platensis), selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), and their combination (SP-SeNPs) on semen quality, haemato-biochemical, oxidative stress, immunity, and sperm quality of heat-stressed (HS) rabbit bucks. Sixty mature bucks (APRI line) were distributed into 6 groups of ten replicates under controlled conditions. Bucks in the 1st group (control-NC) were kept under normal conditions (11-22°C; 40-45% RH% = relative humidity), while the 2nd group (control-HS) was kept under heat stress conditions (32±0.50°C; 60-66% RH %). The control groups were fed a commercial pelleted diet and the other four heat-stressed groups were fed a commercial pelleted diet with 1 g SP, 25 mg SeNPs, 1 g SP+25 mg SeNPs, and 1 g SP+50 mg SeNPs per kg diet, respectively. The dietary inclusion of SP, SeNPs, and their combinations significantly increased hemoglobin, platelets, total serum protein, high-density lipoproteins, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and seminal plasma testosterone while decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde compared with the control-HS. Red blood cells, packed cell volume, serum albumin, and testosterone significantly increased, while SeNPs, SP+SeNPs25, and SP+SeNPs50 significantly decreased low-density lipoproteins, aspartate, and alanine amino transferees. Total antioxidant capacity substantially increased in serum and seminal plasma, while seminal plasma malondialdehyde decreased in 25 or 50 mg of SeNPs+SP/kg groups. All supplements significantly improved libido, sperm livability, concentration, intact acrosome, membrane integrity, total output in fresh semen, and sperm quality in cryopreserved semen. SP-SeNPs50 had higher synergistic effect than SP-SeNPs25 on most different variables studied. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of SP plus SeNPs50 has a synergistic effect and is considered a suitable dietary supplement for improving reproductive efficiency, health, oxidative stress, and immunity of bucks in the breeding strategy under hot climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim T El-Ratel
- Department of Animal, Poultry and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mawada E Elbasuny
- Department of Animal, Poultry and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Hamdy A El-Nagar
- Department of Biotechnology Research, Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ali A El-Raghi
- Department of Animal, Poultry and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Fouad El Basuini
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Faculty of Desert Agriculture, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt
| | - Khaled H El-Kholy
- Department of Animal, Poultry and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Sara F Fouda
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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17
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Effect of L-serine on circadian variation of cloacal and body surface temperatures in broiler chickens subjected to feed restriction during the hot-dry season. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103445. [PMID: 36796900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of L-serine on circadian variation of body temperatures in feed-restricted broiler chickens during the hot-dry season. Day-old broiler chicks of both sexes served as subjects; comprising four groups of 30 chicks each: Group A: water ad libitum + 20% feed restriction (FR); Group B: feed and water ad libitum (AL); Group C: water ad libitum + 20% feed restriction + L-serine (200 mg/kg) (FR + L-serine); Group D feed and water ad libitum + L-serine (200 mg/kg) (AL + L-serine). Feed restriction was performed on days 7-14 and L-serine was administered on days 1-14. Cloacal and body surface temperatures, recorded by digital clinical and infra-red thermometers, respectively, and temperature-humidity index were obtained over 26 h on days 21, 28 and 35. Temperature-humidity index (28.07-34.03) indicated broiler chickens were subjected to heat stress. L-serine decreased (P < 0.05) cloacal temperature in FR + L-serine (40.86 ± 0.07 °C), compared to FR (41.26 ± 0.05 °C) and AL (41.42 ± 0.08 °C) broiler chickens. Peak cloacal temperature occurred at 15:00 h in FR (41.74 ± 0.21 °C), FR + L-serine (41.30 ± 0.41 °C) and AL (41.87 ± 0.16 °C) broiler chickens. Fluctuations in thermal environmental parameters influenced circadian rhythmicity of cloacal temperature; especially the body surface temperatures, positively correlated with CT, and wing temperature recorded the closest mesor. In conclusion, L-serine and feed restriction decreased cloacal and body surface temperatures in broiler chickens during the hot-dry season.
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18
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Song X, Qiao L, Chang J, Dou X, Zhang X, Pi S, Xu C. Dietary supplementation with selenium nanoparticles-enriched Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 alleviates intestinal barrier dysfunction of mice exposed to deoxynivalenol by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and gut microbiota. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114276. [PMID: 36371888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a secondary product of Fusarium metabolism, is common in wheat, corn, barley and other grain crops, posing a variety of adverse effects to environment, food safety, human and animal health. The absorption of DON mainly occurs in the proximal part of the small intestine, which can induce intestinal mucosal epithelial injury, and ultimately affect the growth performance and production performance of animals. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs)-enriched Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 (L. casei ATCC 393) on intestinal barrier function of C57BL/6 mice exposed to DON and its association with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and gut microbiota. The results showed that DON exposure increased the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), decreased the levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), caused a redox imbalance and intestinal barrier dysfunction, decreased the mRNA levels of endoplasmic reticulum- resident selenoproteins, activated ERS-protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling pathway, altered the composition of the gut microbiota and decreased short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content. Dietary supplementation with SeNPs-enriched L. casei ATCC 393 can effectively protect the integrity of intestinal barrier function by reducing inflammatory response, enhancing the antioxidant capacity, up-regulating the mRNA levels of endoplasmic reticulum-resident selenoproteins, inhibiting the activation of PERK signaling pathway, reversing gut microbiota dysbiosis and increasing the content of SCFAs in mice exposed to DON. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with SeNPs-enriched L. casei ATCC 393 effectively alleviated intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by DON in C57BL/6 mice, which may be closely associated with the regulation of ERS and gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Song
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Jiajing Chang
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xina Dou
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Shanyao Pi
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Chunlan Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
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Bortolini DG, Maciel GM, Fernandes IDAA, Pedro AC, Rubio FTV, Branco IG, Haminiuk CWI. Functional properties of bioactive compounds from Spirulina spp.: Current status and future trends. FOOD CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 5:100134. [PMID: 36177108 PMCID: PMC9513730 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional foods that contain bioactive compounds (BC) and provide health benefits; Spirulina is a cyanobacterium considered blue microalgae rich in BC; BC from Spirulina have interesting health effects; Chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycocyanin are natural corants from Spirulina; Spirulina has potential as an ingredient for application in functional foods.
Functional foods show non-toxic bioactive compounds that offer health benefits beyond their nutritional value and beneficially modulate one or more target functions in the body. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the trend toward consuming foods rich in bioactive compounds, less industrialized, and with functional properties. Spirulina, a cyanobacterium considered blue microalgae, widely found in South America, stands out for its rich composition of bioactive compounds, as well as unsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids, which contribute to basic human nutrition and can be used as a protein source for diets free from animal products. In addition, they have colored compounds, such as chlorophylls, carotenoids, phycocyanins, and phenolic compounds which can be used as corants and natural antioxidants. In this context, this review article presents the main biological activities of spirulina as an anticancer, neuroprotective, probiotic, anti-inflammatory, and immune system stimulating effect. Furthermore, an overview of the composition of spirulina, its potential for different applications in functional foods, and its emerging technologies are covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Gonçalves Bortolini
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos (PPGEAL), Curitiba, Paraná CEP (81531-980), Brazil
| | - Giselle Maria Maciel
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia (DAQBi), Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Curitiba, Paraná CEP (81280-340), Brazil
| | - Isabela de Andrade Arruda Fernandes
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos (PPGEAL), Curitiba, Paraná CEP (81531-980), Brazil
| | - Alessandra Cristina Pedro
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos (PPGEAL), Curitiba, Paraná CEP (81531-980), Brazil
| | - Fernanda Thaís Vieira Rubio
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Politécnica, Department of Chemical Engineering, Main Campus, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-080, Brazil
| | - Ivanise Guiherme Branco
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, São Paulo, São Paulo 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Charles Windson Isidoro Haminiuk
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia (DAQBi), Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Curitiba, Paraná CEP (81280-340), Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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Bhanja SK, Rath PK, Goel A, Mehra M, Dhara SK, Paswan VK, Attia YA, Alqhtani AH, Ali ABA, Shehata AM. In ovo nano-silver and nutrient supplementation improves immunity and resistance against Newcastle disease virus challenge in broiler chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:948069. [PMID: 36187823 PMCID: PMC9523696 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.948069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) interact with the microbes and host immune system to protect against diseases. Fertile broiler eggs (n = 900) were allotted to six groups: un-injected control, sham (sterile water), AgNPs (50 μg), AgNPs+Amino acids (Methionine-10 mg + Arginine-25 mg), AgNPs+Vitamins (Vit B1-72μg + Vit B6-140μg), and AgNPs+Trace Elements (Zn-80 μg and Se-0.3 μg) and incubated for 18 days. On 18th embryonic day, 0.6 ml test solution was injected at the broad end of egg using 25 mm needle and transferred to hatcher. Post-hatch, half of the chicks from each group were vaccinated with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine, and the other half were kept as unvaccinated unit and reared for 42 d with standard management practices. Hatchability, 1st and 42nd d body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were similar between treatment groups in both vaccinated and unvaccinated units. The relative weight of bursa Fabricius and thymus was similar, but spleen weight was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in AgNPs, AgNPs+Vits, and AgNPs+TEs chicks than control group. Cellular immune response (against mitogen phytohemagglutinin-P) was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in AgNPs+TEs chicks, whereas HA titer against sheep red blood cells antigen, serum IgG, IgM, and HI titer against ND vaccine was apparently higher in AgNPs+Vits group chicks than control. No clinical symptoms were observed in the vaccinated groups except for a few control birds 6 days postchallenge (PC). Three days PC, unvaccinated birds show depression, off feed, greenish diarrhea, and nasal discharge and the control group started dying. The highest cumulative infection (CI) was observed in sham (79.17%) and un-injected control (75%), but lowest in AgNPs+AAs birds (58.33%) on 3rd dpi. The CI reached 100% on 5th dpi in control groups and AgNPs, and 91.67% and 93.75% in AgNPs+TEs and AgNPs+AAs group, respectively. The AgNPs+TEs and AgNPs+AAs group birds lived for more than 90 h compared to 75 h in control groups and also had higher IL-6 and IL-2 gene expressions at 24 h PC. It was concluded that 50 μg/egg AgNPs with vitamins (B1 and B6) and trace elements (Zn and Se) improved performance, but AgNPs with trace elements and amino acids enhanced immune response and resistance against vND virus challenge in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrat Kumar Bhanja
- ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
- *Correspondence: Subrat Kumar Bhanja
| | | | - Akshat Goel
- ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Manish Mehra
- ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Sujoy K. Dhara
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Vinod K. Paswan
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Abdulmohsen Hussen Alqhtani
- Animal Production Department, Food and Agriculture Sciences College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed B. A. Ali
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Abdelrazeq M. Shehata
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Shehata AM, Paswan VK, Attia YA, Abougabal MS, Khamis T, Alqosaibi AI, Alnamshan MM, Elmazoudy R, Abaza MA, Salama EAA, El-Saadony MT, Saad AM, Abdel-Moneim AME. In ovo Inoculation of Bacillus subtilis and Raffinose Affects Growth Performance, Cecal Microbiota, Volatile Fatty Acid, Ileal Morphology and Gene Expression, and Sustainability of Broiler Chickens ( Gallus gallus). Front Nutr 2022; 9:903847. [PMID: 35711554 PMCID: PMC9194610 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.903847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Banning antibiotic growth promoters has negatively impacted poultry production and sustainability, which led to exploring efficient alternatives such as probiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Effect of in ovo injection of Bacillus subtilis, raffinose, and their synbiotics on growth performance, cecal microbial population and volatile fatty acid concentration, ileal histomorphology, and ileal gene expression was investigated in broilers (Gallus gallus) raised for 21 days. On 300 h of incubation, a total of 1,500 embryonated eggs were equally allotted into 10 groups. The first was non-injected (NC) and the remaining in ovo injected with sterile distilled water (PC), B. subtilis 4 × 105 and 4 × 106 CFU (BS1 and BS2), Raffinose 2 and 3 mg (R1 and R2), B. subtilis 4 × 105 CFU + raffinose 2 mg (BS1R1), B. subtilis 4 × 105 CFU + raffinose 3 mg (BS1R2), B. subtilis 4 × 106 CFU + raffinose 2 mg (BS2R1), and B. subtilis 4 × 106 CFU + raffinose 3 mg (BS2R2). At hatch, 60 chicks from each group were randomly chosen, divided into groups of 6 replicates (10 birds/replicate), and fed with a corn–soybean-based diet. In ovo inoculation of B. subtilis and raffinose alone or combinations significantly improved body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of 21-day-old broilers compared to NC. Cecal concentrations of butyric, pentanoic, propionic, and isobutyric acids were significantly elevated in R1, R2, BS2R1, and BS2R2, whereas isovaleric and acetic acids were significantly increased in R1 and BS2R1 compared to NC. Cecal microbial population was significantly altered in treated groups. Ileal villus height was increased (p < 0.001) in BS1, R2, and BS2R2 compared to NC. The mRNA expression of mucin-2 was upregulated (p < 0.05) in synbiotic groups except for BS1R1. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was increased (p < 0.05) in BS2, R1, BS1R1, and BS1R2 compared to NC. SGLT-1 expression was upregulated (p < 0.05) in all treated birds except those of R1 group compared to NC. The mRNA expressions of interleukin (IL)-2 and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 were downregulated (p < 0.05) in BS2 and R1 for IL-2 and BS1R1 and BS2R2 for TLR-4. It was concluded that in ovo B. subtilis, raffinose, and synbiotics positively affected growth performance, cecal microbiota, gut health, immune responses, and thus the sustainability of production in 21-day-old broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrazeq M Shehata
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vinod K Paswan
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Youssef A Attia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.,Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Sh Abougabal
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amany I Alqosaibi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael M Alnamshan
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda Elmazoudy
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Abaza
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Ehab A A Salama
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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