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Ding C, Wang Z, Dou X, Yang Q, Ning Y, Kao S, Sang X, Hao M, Wang K, Peng M, Zhang S, Han X, Cao G. Farnesoid X receptor: From Structure to Function and Its Pharmacology in Liver Fibrosis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1508-1536. [PMID: 37815898 PMCID: PMC11272191 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, plays a crucial role in regulating bile acid metabolism within the enterohepatic circulation. Beyond its involvement in metabolic disorders and immune imbalances affecting various tissues, FXR is implicated in microbiota modulation, gut-to-brain communication, and liver disease. The liver, as a pivotal metabolic and detoxification organ, is susceptible to damage from factors such as alcohol, viruses, drugs, and high-fat diets. Chronic or recurrent liver injury can culminate in liver fibrosis, which, if left untreated, may progress to cirrhosis and even liver cancer, posing significant health risks. However, therapeutic options for liver fibrosis remain limited in terms of FDA-approved drugs. Recent insights into the structure of FXR, coupled with animal and clinical investigations, have shed light on its potential pharmacological role in hepatic fibrosis. Progress has been achieved in both fundamental research and clinical applications. This review critically examines recent advancements in FXR research, highlighting challenges and potential mechanisms underlying its role in liver fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
- Jinhua Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jinhua, China.
| | - Zeping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xinyue Dou
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qiao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Ning
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shi Kao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xianan Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Min Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Mengyun Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shuosheng Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China.
| | - Xin Han
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
- Jinhua Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jinhua, China.
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
- Jinhua Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jinhua, China.
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2
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Finamore C, De Marino S, Cassiano C, Napolitano G, Rapacciuolo P, Marchianò S, Biagioli M, Roselli R, Di Giorgio C, Festa C, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. BAR502/fibrate conjugates: synthesis, biological evaluation and metabolic profile. Front Chem 2024; 12:1425867. [PMID: 39086986 PMCID: PMC11289669 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1425867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BAR502, a bile acid analogue, is active as dual FXR/GPBAR1 agonist and represents a promising lead for the treatment of cholestasis and NASH. In this paper we report the synthesis and the biological evaluation of a library of hybrid compounds prepared by combining, through high-yield condensation reaction, some fibrates with BAR502.The activity of the new conjugates was evaluated towards FXR, GPBAR1 and PPARα receptors, employing transactivation or cofactor recruitment assays. Compound 1 resulted as the most promising of the series and was subjected to further pharmacological investigation, together with stability evaluation and cell permeation assessment. We have proved by LCMS analysis that compound 1 is hydrolyzed in mice releasing clofibric acid and BAR505, the oxidized metabolite of BAR502, endowed with retained dual FXR/GPBAR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Roselli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Carmen Festa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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3
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Lee MH, Nuccio SP, Mohanty I, Hagey LR, Dorrestein PC, Chu H, Raffatellu M. How bile acids and the microbiota interact to shape host immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01057-x. [PMID: 39009868 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are increasingly appearing in the spotlight owing to their novel impacts on various host processes. Similarly, there is growing attention on members of the microbiota that are responsible for bile acid modifications. With recent advances in technology enabling the discovery and continued identification of microbially conjugated bile acids, the chemical complexity of the bile acid landscape in the body is increasing at a rapid pace. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of how bile acids and the gut microbiota interact to modulate immune responses during homeostasis and disease, with a particular focus on the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Lee
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Paediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Paediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ipsita Mohanty
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lee R Hagey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hiutung Chu
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Paediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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4
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Fiorucci S, Marchianò S, Urbani G, Di Giorgio C, Distrutti E, Zampella A, Biagioli M. Immunology of bile acids regulated receptors. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101291. [PMID: 39122016 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are steroids formed at the interface of host metabolism and intestinal microbiota. While primary bile acids are generated in the liver from cholesterol metabolism, secondary bile acids represent the products of microbial enzymes. Close to 100 different enzymatic modifications of bile acids structures occur in the human intestine and clinically guided metagenomic and metabolomic analyses have led to the identification of an extraordinary number of novel metabolites. These chemical mediators make an essential contribution to the composition and function of the postbiota, participating to the bidirectional communications of the intestinal microbiota with the host and contributing to the architecture of intestinal-liver and -brain and -endocrine axes. Bile acids exert their function by binding to a group of cell membrane and nuclear receptors collectively known as bile acid-regulated receptors (BARRs), expressed in monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, CD4+ T effector cells, including Th17, T regulatory cells, dendritic cells and type 3 of intestinal lymphoid cells and NKT cells, highlighting their role in immune regulation. In this review we report on how bile acids and their metabolitesmodulate the immune system in inflammations and cancers and could be exploiting for developing novel therapeutic approaches in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ginevra Urbani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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5
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Roehrig A, Hirsch TZ, Pire A, Morcrette G, Gupta B, Marcaillou C, Imbeaud S, Chardot C, Gonzales E, Jacquemin E, Sekiguchi M, Takita J, Nagae G, Hiyama E, Guérin F, Fabre M, Aerts I, Taque S, Laithier V, Branchereau S, Guettier C, Brugières L, Fresneau B, Zucman-Rossi J, Letouzé E. Single-cell multiomics reveals the interplay of clonal evolution and cellular plasticity in hepatoblastoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3031. [PMID: 38589411 PMCID: PMC11001886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastomas (HB) display heterogeneous cellular phenotypes that influence the clinical outcome, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we use a single-cell multiomic strategy to unravel the molecular determinants of this plasticity. We identify a continuum of HB cell states between hepatocytic (scH), liver progenitor (scLP) and mesenchymal (scM) differentiation poles, with an intermediate scH/LP population bordering scLP and scH areas in spatial transcriptomics. Chromatin accessibility landscapes reveal the gene regulatory networks of each differentiation pole, and the sequence of transcription factor activations underlying cell state transitions. Single-cell mapping of somatic alterations reveals the clonal architecture of each tumor, showing that each genetic subclone displays its own range of cellular plasticity across differentiation states. The most scLP subclones, overexpressing stem cell and DNA repair genes, proliferate faster after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. These results highlight how the interplay of clonal evolution and epigenetic plasticity shapes the potential of HB subclones to respond to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Roehrig
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Theo Z Hirsch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Pire
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Morcrette
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Robert Debré and Necker-Enfants Malades Hospitals, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Barkha Gupta
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Sandrine Imbeaud
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Gonzales
- Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rare Pediatric Liver Diseases, FILFOIE, ERN RARE LIVER, APHP, Bicêtre University Hospital, University of Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, and INSERM UMR_S 1193, Hepatinov, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Emmanuel Jacquemin
- Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, National Reference Centre for Rare Pediatric Liver Diseases, FILFOIE, ERN RARE LIVER, APHP, Bicêtre University Hospital, University of Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, and INSERM UMR_S 1193, Hepatinov, University of Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Masahiro Sekiguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Genta Nagae
- Genome Science Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiso Hiyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Florent Guérin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bicêtre Hospital, APHP, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Monique Fabre
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Aerts
- Oncology Center SIREDO, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Taque
- Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Fontenoy, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Laithier
- Department of Children Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Sophie Branchereau
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bicêtre Hospital, APHP, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Catherine Guettier
- Department of Pathology Hôpital Bicêtre-AP-HP, INSERM U1193, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay, France
| | - Laurence Brugières
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Children and Adolescents Oncology, Villejuif, France
| | - Brice Fresneau
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Department of Children and Adolescents Oncology, Villejuif, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Eric Letouzé
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.
- CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, INSERM, CNRS, Nantes, France.
- University Hospital Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France.
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6
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Kong X, Feng L, Yan D, Li B, Yang Y, Ma X. FXR-mediated epigenetic regulation of GLP-1R expression contributes to enhanced incretin effect in diabetes after RYGB. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e16339. [PMID: 33611845 PMCID: PMC10941525 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) enhances glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) response in GK rats and explored the potential link between RYGB-stimulated BAs/FXR signalling and GLP-1R-linked signalling in β-cells, a key pathway that regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Here we show that RYGB restores GLP-1R expression in GK rat islets. This involves increased total BAs as well as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), leading to FXR activation, increasing FXR binding to the promoter of Glp-1r and enhancing occupancy of histone acetyltransferase steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC1), thus increasing histone H3 acetylation at the promoter. These coordinated events bring about increased GLP-1R expression, resulting in greater GLP-1 response in β-cells. Moreover, ablation of FXR suppressed the stimulatory effects of GLP-1. Thus, this study unravels the crucial role of the BAs/FXR/SRC1 axis-controlled GLP-1R expression in β-cells, which results in enhanced incretin effect and normalized blood glucose of GK rats after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchen Kong
- Shenzhen University Diabetes InstituteSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Linxian Feng
- Shenzhen University Diabetes InstituteSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Dan Yan
- Shenzhen University Diabetes InstituteSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Bingfeng Li
- Shenzhen University Diabetes InstituteSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Shenzhen University Diabetes InstituteSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Xiaosong Ma
- Shenzhen University Diabetes InstituteSchool of MedicineShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
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Kalantary-Charvadeh A, Nazari Soltan Ahmad S, Aslani S, Beyrami M, Mesgari-Abbasi M. β-lapachone protects against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity through modulation of NAD + /SIRT-1/FXR/p-AMPK/NF-kB and Nrf2 signaling axis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23564. [PMID: 37867446 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used antineoplastic drug, but its clinical use is limited by significant toxicities, such as hepatotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of β-lapachone (β-LAP), a natural quinone-containing compound, in a mouse model of DOX-induced hepatotoxicity. β-LAP was orally administered at 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg for 4 days, and a single dose of DOX (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally on the second day. Histopathological changes, liver function markers, antioxidant and inflammatory markers were assessed. β-LAP ameliorated liver injury and liver function markers evoked by DOX. β-LAP also downregulated the mRNA expression of nuclear factor-kB-corresponding genes including interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Moreover, β-LAP increased the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 target genes heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1, along with antioxidant enzymes including reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase with simultaneous reduction in the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde. Meanwhile, it recovered NAD+ /NADH ratios and subsequently elevated the protein levels of sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK). Collectively, these findings suggest a protective role of β-LAP against DOX-induced hepatotoxicity by partly regulating the NAD+ /SIRT-1/FXR/p-AMPK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Kalantary-Charvadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Aslani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Beyrami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Wu L, Zhou J, Zhou A, Lei Y, Tang L, Hu S, Wang S, Xiao X, Chen Q, Tu D, Lu C, Lai Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Tang B, Yang S. Lactobacillus acidophilus ameliorates cholestatic liver injury through inhibiting bile acid synthesis and promoting bile acid excretion. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2390176. [PMID: 39205654 PMCID: PMC11364073 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2390176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is involved in cholestatic liver diseases. However, the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects and mechanisms of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) on cholestatic liver injury in both animals and humans. Bile duct ligation (BDL) was performed to mimic cholestatic liver injury in mice and serum liver function was tested. Gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Fecal bacteria transplantation (FMT) was used to evaluate the role of gut microbiota in cholestasis. Bile acids (BAs) profiles were analyzed by targeted metabolomics. Effects of L. acidophilus in cholestatic patients were evaluated by a randomized controlled clinical trial (NO: ChiCTR2200063330). BDL induced different severity of liver injury, which was associated with gut microbiota. 16S rRNA sequencing of feces confirmed the gut flora differences between groups, of which L. acidophilus was the most distinguished genus. Administration of L. acidophilus after BDL significantly attenuated hepatic injury in mice, decreased liver total BAs and increased fecal total BAs. Furthermore, after L. acidophilus treatment, inhibition of hepatic Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7α1), restored ileum Fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) and Small heterodimer partner (SHP) accounted for BAs synthesis decrease, whereas enhanced BAs excretion was attributed to the increase of unconjugated BAs by enriched bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzymes in feces. Similarly, in cholestasis patients, supplementation of L. acidophilus promoted the recovery of liver function and negatively correlated with liver function indicators, possibly in relationship with the changes in BAs profiles and gut microbiota composition. L. acidophilus treatment ameliorates cholestatic liver injury through inhibited hepatic BAs synthesis and enhances fecal BAs excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianchun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - An Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiping Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sumin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dianji Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Lai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiding Li
- Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Tibet, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Tibet, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Gan J, Chen J, Ma RL, Deng Y, Ding XS, Zhu SY, Sun AJ. Action Mechanisms of Metformin Combined with Exenatide and Metformin Only in the Treatment of PCOS in Obese Patients. Int J Endocrinol 2023; 2023:4288004. [PMID: 38131036 PMCID: PMC10735721 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4288004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disease in women of reproductive age, whose clinical characteristics are hyperandrogenism (HA), ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovary, often accompanied by insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic abnormalities. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1Ra), such as exenatide, can bind to specific receptors on tissues such as the ovaries to improve the clinical phenotype of PCOS, while insulin-sensitizing agents, such as metformin, can also benefit to metabolic abnormalities in PCOS. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) metabolomics revealed differences between the mechanisms of exenatide and metformin treatment of PCOS to some extent. Methods In this study, 50 obese subjects with PCOS were randomly divided into the exenatide combined with metformin group (COM group, n = 28) and the metformin group (MF group, n = 22) for 12-week treatment. Before and after, serum samples were subjected to LC/MS analysis. Results After treatment, there were 153 named differential metabolites in the COM group and 99 in the MF group. Most phosphatidylcholines (PC) and deoxycholic acid 3-glucuronide (DA3G) were significantly upregulated, while most glycerophosphoethanolamine (PE-NMe2), glycerophosphocholine (GPC), and threonine were downregulated in both groups. Only the decrease of neuromedin B, glutamate, and glutamyl groups and the increase of chenodeoxycholic acid sulfate docosadienoate (22: 2n6), and prostaglandin E2 have been observed in the COM group. In addition, salicylic acid and spisulosine increased and decanoylcarnitine decreased in the MF group. Both groups were enriched in glycerophospholipid, choline, and sphingolipid metabolism, while the COM group was especially superior in the glutamine and glutamate, bile secretion, and amino acid metabolism. Conclusion Compared with metformin alone in the treatment of PCOS, the differential metabolites of the exenatide combined with metformin group are more extensive. The COM group may act on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPO) and its bypass, regulate multiple metabolism pathways such as phospholipids, amino acids, fatty acids, carnitine, bile acids, and glucose directly or indirectly in obese PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Gan
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jie Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Rui-lin Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yan Deng
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xue-song Ding
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shi-yang Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ai-jun Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetric & Gynecologic Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
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10
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Maj MA, Burrin DG, Manjarín R. Decreased FXR Agonism in the Bile Acid Pool Is Associated with Impaired FXR Signaling in a Pig Model of Pediatric NAFLD. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3303. [PMID: 38137523 PMCID: PMC10740974 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the impairment of farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) signaling in juvenile pigs with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with changes in the composition of the enterohepatic bile acid pool. Eighteen 15-day-old Iberian pigs, pair-housed in pens, were allocated to receive either a control (CON) or high-fructose, high-fat (HFF) diet. Animals were euthanized in week 10, and liver, blood, and distal ileum (DI) samples were collected. HFF-fed pigs developed NAFLD and had decreased FGF19 expression in the DI and lower FGF19 levels in the blood. Compared with the CON, the HFF diet increased the total cholic acid (CA) and the CA to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) ratio in the liver, DI, and blood. CA and CDCA levels in the DI were negatively and positively correlated with ileal FGF19 expression, respectively, and blood levels of FGF19 decreased with an increasing ileal CA to CDCA ratio. Compared with the CON, the HFF diet increased the gene expression of hepatic 12-alpha-hydrolase, which catalyzes the synthesis of CA in the liver. Since CA species are weaker FXR ligands than CDCA, our results suggest that impairment of FXR-FGF19 signaling in NAFLD pigs is associated with a decrease in FXR agonism in the bile acid pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A. Maj
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
- Center for Applications in Biotechnology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Douglas G. Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Rodrigo Manjarín
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA;
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11
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Seong MS, Jang JA, Jeong YR, Kim YB, Kyaw YY, Kong HJ, Lee JH, Cheong J. Fibroblast Growth Factor 11 Inhibits Hepatitis B Virus Gene Expression Through FXRα Suppression. J Microbiol 2023; 61:693-702. [PMID: 37646922 PMCID: PMC10477102 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 11 (FGF11) is a member of the intracellular FGF family, which shows different signal transmission compared with other FGF superfamily members. The molecular function of FGF11 is not clearly understood. In this study, we identified the inhibitory effect of FGF11 on hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene expression through transcriptional suppression. FGF11 decreased the mRNA and protein expression of HBV genes in liver cells. While the nuclear receptor FXRα1 increased HBV promoter transactivation, FGF11 decreased the FXRα-mediated gene induction of the HBV promoter by the FXRα agonist. Reduced endogenous levels of FXRα by siRNA and the dominant negative mutant protein (aa 1-187 without ligand binding domain) of FXRα expression indicated that HBV gene suppression by FGF11 is dependent on FXRα inhibition. In addition, FGF11 interacts with FXRα protein and reduces FXRα protein stability. These results indicate that FGF11 inhibits HBV replicative expression through the liver cell-specific transcription factor, FXRα, and suppresses HBV promoter activity. Our findings may contribute to the establishment of better regimens for the treatment of chronic HBV infections by including FGF11 to alter the bile acid mediated FXR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi So Seong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Rim Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Bin Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Yi Kyaw
- Advanced Molecular Research Centre, Department of Medical Research, Republic of Union of Myanmar, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| | - Hee Jeong Kong
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHun Cheong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Nair D, Zarei M, Halami P, Talahalli R. Lactobacillus fermentum MCC2760 abrogate high-fat induced perturbations in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in rats. Life Sci 2023; 320:121563. [PMID: 36907323 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study in hyperlipidemic rats elucidated the effect of Lactobacillus fermentum MCC2760 on intestinal bile acid (BA) uptake, hepatic BA synthesis, and enterohepatic BA transporters. MAIN METHODS Diets rich in saturated fatty acids [coconut oil (CO)] and omega-6 fatty acids [sunflower oil (SFO)] at 25 g fat/100 g diet were fed to rats with or without MCC2760 (109 cells/kg body weight). After 60 days of feeding, intestinal BA uptake and expression of Asbt, Osta/b mRNA and protein, and hepatic expression of Ntcp, Bsep, Cyp7a1, Fxr, Shp, Lrh-1, and Hnf4a mRNA were measured. Hepatic expression of HMG-CoA reductase protein and its activity and total BAs in serum, liver, and feces were assessed. KEY FINDINGS Hyperlipidaemic groups (HF-CO and HF-SFO) had: 1) increased intestinal BA uptake, Asbt and Osta/b mRNA expression, and ASBT staining 2) increased BA in serum, 3) decreased hepatic expression of Ntcp, Bsep, and Cyp7a1 mRNA, and NTCP staining 4) increased activity of HMG-CoA reductase, 5) increased hepatic expression of Fxr and Shp mRNA, 6) decreased hepatic expression of Lrh-1 and Hnf4a mRNA, and 7) decreased BA in Feces when compared to their respective controls (N-CO and N-SFO) and experimental groups (HF-CO + LF and HF-SFO + LF). Immunostaining revealed increased intestinal Asbt and hepatic Ntcp protein expression in the HF-CO and HF-SFO groups compared to control and experimental groups. SIGNIFICANCE Incorporating probiotics like MCC2760 abrogated hyperlipidemia-induced changes in the intestinal uptake, hepatic synthesis, and enterohepatic transporters of BA in rats. Probiotic MCC2760 can be used to modulate lipid metabolism in high-fat-induced hyperlipidemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Nair
- Dept. of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India.; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Mehrdad Zarei
- Dept. of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Prakash Halami
- Dept. of Microbiology & Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramaprasad Talahalli
- Dept. of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India.; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India..
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13
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Gillard J, Leclercq IA. Biological tuners to reshape the bile acid pool for therapeutic purposes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:65-85. [PMID: 36601783 PMCID: PMC9816373 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids synthesized within the hepatocytes are transformed by gut microorganisms and reabsorbed into the portal circulation. During their enterohepatic cycling, bile acids act as signaling molecules by interacting with receptors to regulate pathways involved in many physiological processes. The bile acid pool, composed of a variety of bile acid species, has been shown to be altered in diseases, hence contributing to disease pathogenesis. Thus, understanding the changes in bile acid pool size and composition in pathological processes will help to elaborate effective pharmacological treatments. Five crucial steps along the enterohepatic cycle shape the bile acid pool size and composition, offering five possible targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we provide an insight on the strategies to modulate the bile acid pool, and then we discuss the potential benefits in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Gillard
- Laboratory of Hepato‐Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle A. Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato‐Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Chen KQ, Ke BY, Cheng L, Guan MT, Wang ZB, Wang SZ. Research and Progress of Probucol in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Mini Rev Med Chem 2023; 23:1905-1911. [PMID: 36967462 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230324092842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
With the development of the social economy over the last 30 years, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is affected by unhealthy living habits and eating styles and has gradually become an increasingly serious public health problem. It is very important to investigate the pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD for the development of human health. Probucol is an antioxidant with a bis-phenol structure. Although probucol is a clinically used cholesterol-lowering and antiatherosclerosis drug, its mechanism has not been elucidated in detail. This paper reviews the chemical structure, pharmacokinetics and pharmacological research of probucol. Meanwhile, this paper reviews the mechanism of probucol in NAFLD. We also analyzed and summarized the experimental models and clinical trials of probucol in NAFLD. Although current therapeutic strategies for NAFLD are not effective, we hope that through further research on probucol, we will be able to find suitable treatments to solve this problem in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qian Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Bo-Yi Ke
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Meng-Ting Guan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zong-Bao Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
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15
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Xu J, Yao X, Li X, Xie S, Chi S, Zhang S, Cao J, Tan B. Farnesoid X receptor regulates PI 3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, lipid metabolism, and immune response in hybrid grouper. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1521-1538. [PMID: 36210393 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Some diseases related to lipid metabolism increase yearly in cultured fish, and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear protein that plays a key role in inflammatory responses and lipid metabolism. However, the roles of FXR in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) remain poorly understood. The main objective of this study was to explore the roles of hepatic FXR in triggering the immune response and the potential functions of FXR in regulating the lipid metabolism. In the present study, the full-length sequence of fxr from hybrid grouper was cloned and characterized for the first time. Upon the Vibrio parahaemolyticus stimulation, the transcriptional level of fxr was rapidly elevated in the head kidney tissue in the early stage of infection. In vivo and vitro, activation of FXR by obeticholic acid (OA) significantly increased the concentrations and mRNA levels of hepatic inflammatory cytokines. These effects were inversed when FXR was inhibited by guggulsterone (GU). Moreover, the activation of FXR to suppress the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway improves hepatic lipid metabolism and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in vivo and vitro. In addition, the inhibition of FXR activated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, decreased the lipolysis and increased the lipogenesis, and subsequently increased the lipid accumulation in fish. These results revealed the positive roles of FXR in triggering immune responses and improving lipid metabolism and accumulation in hybrid grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xinzhou Yao
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Shiwei Xie
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Shuyan Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Junming Cao
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Beiping Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China.
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16
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El Sobky SA, Aboud NK, El Assaly NM, Fawzy IO, El-Ekiaby N, Abdelaziz AI. Regulation of lipid droplet (LD) formation in hepatocytes via regulation of SREBP1c by non-coding RNAs. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:903856. [PMID: 36203751 PMCID: PMC9530594 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.903856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL) is one of the key factors contributing to fat accumulation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Among the critical transcription factors (TFs) regulating DNL is mTOR and its downstream lipogenic TF, SREBP1c. In recent years, it has been established that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play role in both biological processes and disease pathogenesis. Our group has previously characterized microRNAs that can target and regulate the expression of both mTOR and SREBP1c. Accordingly, this study aimed to broaden our understanding of the role of ncRNAs in regulating the mTOR/SREBP1c axis to elucidate the role of the non-coding transcriptome in DNL and lipid droplet (LD) formation. Hence, short ncRNA, miR-615-5p, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), H19, were chosen as they were previously proven to target mTOR by our group and in the published literature, respectively. Methodology Huh-7 cells were treated with 800 μM oleic acid (OA) to promote LD formation. Transfection of miR-615-5p mimics or H19 over-expression vectors was performed, followed by the measurement of their downstream targets, mTOR and SREBP, on the mRNA level by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and on the protein level by Western blot. To determine the functional impact of miR-615-5p and H19 on LD formation and triglyceride (TG) accumulation, post-transfection LDs were stained, imaged, and characterized, and TGs were extracted and quantified. Results miR-615-5p was able to reduce mTOR and SREBP1c significantly on both the mRNA and protein levels compared to control cells, while H19 caused a reduction of both targets on the protein level only. Both miR-615-5p and H19 were able to significantly reduce the LD count and total area, as well as TG levels compared to control cells. Conclusion To conclude, this study shows, for the first time, the impact of miR-615-5p and H19 on the mTOR/SREBP1c axis, and thus, their functional impact on LDs and TG accumulation. These findings might pave the way for using ncRNAs as potential therapeutic targets in the management of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nihal M. El Assaly
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Injie O. Fawzy
- School of Medicine, Newgiza University (NGU), Giza, Egypt
| | - Nada El-Ekiaby
- School of Medicine, Newgiza University (NGU), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I. Abdelaziz
- School of Medicine, Newgiza University (NGU), Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ahmed I. Abdelaziz
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17
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Cai J, Rimal B, Jiang C, Chiang JYL, Patterson AD. Bile acid metabolism and signaling, the microbiota, and metabolic disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108238. [PMID: 35792223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The diversity, composition, and function of the bacterial community inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract contributes to host health through its role in producing energy or signaling molecules that regulate metabolic and immunologic functions. Bile acids are potent metabolic and immune signaling molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and then transported to the intestine where they can undergo metabolism by gut bacteria. The combination of host- and microbiota-derived enzymatic activities contribute to the composition of the bile acid pool and thus there can be great diversity in bile acid composition that depends in part on the differences in the gut bacteria species. Bile acids can profoundly impact host metabolic and immunological functions by activating different bile acid receptors to regulate signaling pathways that control a broad range of complex symbiotic metabolic networks, including glucose, lipid, steroid and xenobiotic metabolism, and modulation of energy homeostasis. Disruption of bile acid signaling due to perturbation of the gut microbiota or dysregulation of the gut microbiota-host interaction is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of metabolic disorders. The metabolic and immunological roles of bile acids in human health have led to novel therapeutic approaches to manipulate the bile acid pool size, composition, and function by targeting one or multiple components of the microbiota-bile acid-bile acid receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Bipin Rimal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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18
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Duszka K. Versatile Triad Alliance: Bile Acid, Taurine and Microbiota. Cells 2022; 11:2337. [PMID: 35954180 PMCID: PMC9367564 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body, and is mainly derived from the diet, but can also be produced endogenously from cysteine. It plays multiple essential roles in the body, including development, energy production, osmoregulation, prevention of oxidative stress, and inflammation. Taurine is also crucial as a molecule used to conjugate bile acids (BAs). In the gastrointestinal tract, BAs deconjugation by enteric bacteria results in high levels of unconjugated BAs and free taurine. Depending on conjugation status and other bacterial modifications, BAs constitute a pool of related but highly diverse molecules, each with different properties concerning solubility and toxicity, capacity to activate or inhibit receptors of BAs, and direct and indirect impact on microbiota and the host, whereas free taurine has a largely protective impact on the host, serves as a source of energy for microbiota, regulates bacterial colonization and defends from pathogens. Several remarkable examples of the interaction between taurine and gut microbiota have recently been described. This review will introduce the necessary background information and lay out the latest discoveries in the interaction of the co-reliant triad of BAs, taurine, and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Song Y, Sun L, Ma P, Xu L, Xiao P. Dihydromyricetin prevents obesity via regulating bile acid metabolism associated with the farnesoid X receptor in ob/ ob mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:2491-2503. [PMID: 35147634 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03971g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With the high incidence of obesity around the globe, the potential role of bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota in modulating obesity aroused great enthusiasm. Here we studied the anti-obesity effect of dihydromyricetin (DHM), the main biologically active component in Ampelopsis grossedentata, which was applied for thousands of years in the form of tea beverages. A 12-week treatment of DHM significantly reduced body weight gain of the ob/ob mice. Meanwhile, serum parameters that are closely associated with obesity, including levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein, nonestesterified fatty acid, and activity of alanine amino transferase and aspartate aminotransferase were all lower than the non-treated ob/ob mice. Using LC-MS/MS technology, we determined that DHM could enhance the bile acid (BA) conjugation, BA transport in the liver and inhibit the reabsorption of BAs in the ileum mediated by farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-related signalling pathways. Key genes in regulating enterohepatic circulation of BAs were verified by qPCR, and regulators related to FXR pathway were verified by western-blot. We also found that DHM could effectively inhibit the de novo lipogenesis through FXR-SREBP-1C pathway in the liver. In addition, metagenome analysis of the microbiota showed that DHM may affect the activity of bile salt hydrolase by inhibiting the level of Lactobacillus. In summary, the anti-obesity effect of DHM may be attributed to its positive effects on BA metabolism associated with FXR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Song
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Le Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pei Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lijia Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China
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20
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Wang S, Sheng F, Zou L, Xiao J, Li P. Hyperoside attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats via cholesterol metabolism and bile acid metabolism. J Adv Res 2022; 34:109-122. [PMID: 35024184 PMCID: PMC8655136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) results from increased hepatic total cholesterol (TC) and total triglyceride (TG) accumulation. In our previous study, we found that rats treated with hyperoside became resistant to hepatic lipid accumulation. Objectives The present study aims to investigate the possible mechanisms responsible for the inhibitory effects of hyperoside on the lipid accumulation in the liver tissues of the NAFLD rats. Methods Label-free proteomics and metabolomics targeting at bile acid (BA) metabolism were applied to disclose the mechanisms for hyperoside reducing hepatic lipid accumulation among the NAFLD rats. Results In response to hyperoside treatment, several proteins related to the fatty acid degradation pathway, cholesterol metabolism pathway, and bile secretion pathway were altered, including ECI1, Acnat2, ApoE, and BSEP, etc. The expression of nuclear receptors (NRs), including farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptor α (LXRα), were increased in hyperoside-treated rats' liver tissue, accompanied by decreased protein expression of catalyzing enzymes in the hepatic de novo lipogenesis and increased protein level of enzymes in the classical and alternative BA synthetic pathway. Liver conjugated BAs were less toxic and more hydrophilic than unconjugated BAs. The BA-targeted metabolomics suggest that hyperoside could decrease the levels of liver unconjugated BAs and increase the levels of liver conjugated BAs. Conclusions Taken together, the results suggest that hyperoside could improve the condition of NAFLD by regulating the cholesterol metabolism as well as BAs metabolism and excretion. These findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms by which hyperoside lowers the cholesterol and triglyceride in NAFLD rats.
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Key Words
- ACC, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Apo, apolipoprotein
- BAs, bile acids
- BSH, bile salt hydrolase
- Bile acid metabolism
- CYP27A1, sterol 27-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Cholesterol metabolism
- FGF15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- Hyperoside
- LC-MS, the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
- LXRα, liver X receptor α
- Label-free proteomics
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- QC, quality control
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SREBP1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
- SREBP2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2
- SREBPs, sterol regulatory element binding proteins
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- TGR5, Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5
- Targeted metabolomics
- VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein
- WB, Western blot
- pACC, phosphorylated ACC
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Feiya Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
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21
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Lv Y, Luo YY, Ren HW, Li CJ, Xiang ZX, Luan ZL. The role of pregnane X receptor (PXR) in substance metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:959902. [PMID: 36111293 PMCID: PMC9469194 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.959902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily, pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endobiotics in mammals. The tissue distribution of PXR is parallel to its function with high expression in the liver and small intestine and moderate expression in the kidney, stomach, skin, and blood-brain barrier, which are organs and tissues in frequent contact with xenobiotics. PXR was first recognized as an exogenous substance receptor regulating metabolizing enzymes and transporters and functioning in detoxification and drug metabolism in the liver. However, further research revealed that PXR acts as an equally important endogenous substance receptor in the metabolism and homeostasis of endogenous substances. In this review, we summarized the functions of PXR in metabolism of different substances such as glucose, lipid, bile acid, vitamin, minerals, and endocrines, and also included insights of the application of PXR ligands (drugs) in specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lv
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi-Yang Luo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui-Wen Ren
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Li
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Xiang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Luan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Nuclear Receptors in Major Metabolic Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Lin Luan,
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22
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Girisa S, Henamayee S, Parama D, Rana V, Dutta U, Kunnumakkara AB. Targeting Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) for developing novel therapeutics against cancer. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:21. [PMID: 35006466 PMCID: PMC8607382 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the lethal diseases that arise due to the molecular alterations in the cell. One of those alterations associated with cancer corresponds to differential expression of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor regulating bile, cholesterol homeostasis, lipid, and glucose metabolism. FXR is known to regulate several diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the two highly reported causes of mortality globally. Recent studies have shown the association of FXR overexpression with cancer development and progression in different types of cancers of breast, lung, pancreas, and oesophagus. It has also been associated with tissue-specific and cell-specific roles in various cancers. It has been shown to modulate several cell-signalling pathways such as EGFR/ERK, NF-κB, p38/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and JAK/STAT along with their targets such as caspases, MMPs, cyclins; tumour suppressor proteins like p53, C/EBPβ, and p-Rb; various cytokines; EMT markers; and many more. Therefore, FXR has high potential as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of cancer. Thus, the present review focuses on the diverse role of FXR in different cancers and its agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosmitha Girisa
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Sahu Henamayee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Varsha Rana
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Uma Dutta
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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23
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Bile Acids Activated Receptors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061281. [PMID: 34064187 PMCID: PMC8224328 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Once known exclusively for their role in nutrients absorption, bile acids have emerged as signaling molecules, generated from cholesterol breakdown, acting on several immune cells by activating a variety of receptors including the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPABR1 or TGR5), the Farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) and, as recently discovered, the retinoid-related orphan receptors (ROR)γt. GPBAR1, FXR, and RORγt are highly expressed in cells of the innate and adaptive immune system (i.e., dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, innate lymphoid 3 cells (ILC3s), and T helper 17 (Th17) lymphocytes) and plays an important role in regulating intestinal and liver immunity, highlighting a role for various bile acid species in regulating immune responses to intestinal microbial antigens. While primary bile acids are generated from the cholesterol breakdown secondary bile acids, the GPBAR1 ligands, and oxo-bile acids derivatives, the RORγt ligands, are generated by the intestinal microbiota, highlighting the potential of these bile acids in mediating the chemical communication between the intestinal microbiota and the host. Changes in intestinal microbiota, dysbiosis, alter the composition of the bile acid pool, promoting the activation of the immune system and development of chronic inflammation. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms by which an altered bile acid signaling promotes intestinal inflammation.
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24
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Fiorucci S, Biagioli M, Baldoni M, Ricci P, Sepe V, Zampella A, Distrutti E. The identification of farnesoid X receptor modulators as treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1193-1208. [PMID: 33849361 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1916465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The farnesoid-x-receptor (FXR) is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear receptor selectively activated by primary bile acids. AREA COVERED FXR is a validated pharmacological target. Herein, the authors review preclinical and clinical data supporting the development of FXR agonists in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. EXPERT OPINION Development of systemic FXR agonists to treat the metabolic liver disease has been proven challenging because the side effects associated with these agents including increased levels of cholesterol and LDL-c and reduced HDL-c raising concerns over their long-term cardiovascular safety. Additionally, pruritus has emerged as a common, although poorly explained, dose-related side effect with all FXR ligands, but is especially common with OCA. FXR agonists that are currently undergoing phase 2/3 trials are cilofexor, tropifexor, nidufexor and MET409. Some of these agents are currently being developed as combination therapies with other agents including cenicriviroc, a CCR2/CCR5 inhibitor, or firsocostat an acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor. Additional investigations are needed to evaluate the beneficial effects of combination of these agents with statins. It is expected that in the coming years, FXR agonists will be developed as a combination therapy to minimize side effects and increase likelihood of success by targeting different metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monia Baldoni
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ricci
- Dipartimento Di Medicina E Chirurgia, Università Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC Di Gastroenterologia Ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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25
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Han SY, Song HK, Cha JJ, Han JY, Kang YS, Cha DR. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist ameliorates systemic insulin resistance, dysregulation of lipid metabolism, and alterations of various organs in a type 2 diabetic kidney animal model. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:495-503. [PMID: 33399988 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a role in homeostasis of bile acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. However, the systemic effects of FXR in diabetic nephropathy are controversial. We aimed to clarify the systemic effects of FXR on various organs in a type 2 diabetic animal model. METHODS We treated db/db mice with the FXR agonist GW4064 for 3 months and evaluated insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, renal functional changes, and structural changes in organs including those of the kidney, liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, aorta, and heart. RESULTS The FXR agonist significantly improved plasma lipid profiles and insulin resistance and showed beneficial systemic effects on several organs. In the kidney, the FXR agonist ameliorated albuminuria, pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory changes and improved renal lipid metabolism. These changes were also associated with a decrease in lipid hydroperoxide in the kidney. Similar beneficial effects were shown in other organs, including restoration of pancreatic beta cell hypertrophy, hepatic steatosis and aortic medial hypertrophy, more differentiated phenotypic changes in adipose tissue, and improvement of cardiomyocyte disarray and left ventricular mass index. CONCLUSIONS The FXR agonist improves insulin resistance, renal lipid metabolism, and functional and structural changes in the kidney and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Youb Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye Kyoung Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Jin Joo Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Jee Young Han
- Department of Pathology, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Sun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea
| | - Dae Ryong Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 516 Kojan-Dong, Ansan City, Kyungki-Do, 15355, Korea.
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26
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Zheng S, Cao P, Yin Z, Wang X, Chen Y, Yu M, Xu B, Liao C, Duan Y, Zhang S, Han J, Yang X. Apigenin protects mice against 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine-induced cholestasis. Food Funct 2021; 12:2323-2334. [PMID: 33620063 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis can induce liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Apigenin has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we determined whether apigenin can protect mice against cholestasis. In vitro, apigenin protected TFK-1 cells (a human bile duct cancer cell line) against H2O2-induced ROS generation and inhibited transforming growth factor-β-activated collagen type 1 alpha 1 and α-smooth muscle actin in LX2 cells (a human hepatic stellate cell line). In vivo, cholestatic mice induced by 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) were treated with apigenin. Apigenin potently blocked DDC-induced gallbladder atrophy and associated liver injury, fibrosis and collagen accumulation. Moreover, apigenin relieved the DDC-caused abnormality of bile acid metabolism and restored the balance between bile secretion and excretion by regulating the farnesoid X receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, apigenin reduced inflammation or oxidative stress in the liver by blocking the DDC-activated Toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor κB and tumor necrosis factor α, or DDC-suppressed superoxidase dismutase 1/2, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Taken together, apigenin improves DDC-induced cholestasis by reducing inflammation and oxidative damage and improving bile acid metabolism, indicating its potential application for cholestasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Peichang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Zequn Yin
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Xuerui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Yuanli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Maoyun Yu
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, China
| | - Baocai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Yajun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. and College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.
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Fiorucci S, Distrutti E, Carino A, Zampella A, Biagioli M. Bile acids and their receptors in metabolic disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101094. [PMID: 33636214 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are a large family of atypical steroids which exert their functions by binding to a family of ubiquitous cell membrane and nuclear receptors. There are two main bile acid activated receptors, FXR and GPBAR1, that are exclusively activated by bile acids, while other receptors CAR, LXRs, PXR, RORγT, S1PR2and VDR are activated by bile acids in addition to other more selective endogenous ligands. In the intestine, activation of FXR and GPBAR1 promotes the release of FGF15/19 and GLP1 which integrate their signaling with direct effects exerted by theother receptors in target tissues. This network is tuned in a time ordered manner by circadian rhythm and is critical for the regulation of metabolic process including autophagy, fast-to-feed transition, lipid and glucose metabolism, energy balance and immune responses. In the last decade FXR ligands have entered clinical trials but development of systemic FXR agonists has been proven challenging because their side effects including increased levels of cholesterol and Low Density Lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-c) and reduced High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c). In addition, pruritus has emerged as a common, dose related, side effect of FXR ligands. Intestinal-restricted FXR and GPBAR1 agonists and dual FXR/GPBAR1 agonists have been developed. Here we review the last decade in bile acids physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Carino
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli, Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Cho SY, Lim S, Ahn KS, Kwak HJ, Park J, Um JY. Farnesol induces mitochondrial/peroxisomal biogenesis and thermogenesis by enhancing the AMPK signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105312. [PMID: 33246168 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenic activation of brown adipose tissue has been considered as an obesity treatment strategy that consumes energy. In this study, we investigated whether farnesol in vivoandin vitro models induces thermogenesis and affect the activation of the mitochondria and peroxisomes, which are key organelles in activated brown adipocytes. Farnesol induced the expression of thermogenic factors such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), and PR domain zinc-finger protein 16 (PRDM16) together with the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα) in brown adipose tissue and primary cultured brown adipocytes. Farnesol promoted lipolytic enzymes: hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). We confirmed that these inductions of lipolysis by farnesol were the underlying causes of β-oxidation activation. Farnesol also increased the expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the expansion of peroxisomes. Moreover, we proved that the thermogenic activity of farnesol was dependent on AMPKα activation using Compound C inhibitor or siRNA-AMPKα knockdown. These results suggest that farnesol may be a potential agent for the treatment of obesity by inducing energy consumption through heat generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Yeon Cho
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seona Lim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kwak
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Basic Research Laboratory for Comorbidity Research and Department of Comorbidity Research, KyungHee Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Young Um
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228729. [PMID: 33227973 PMCID: PMC7699263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the key for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that an altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis) triggers both local and systemic inflammation to cause chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. There have been some microbiome-relevant pro-inflammatory mechanisms proposed to link the relationships between dysbiosis and atherosclerosis such as gut permeability disruption, trigger of innate immunity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and generation of proatherogenic metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Meanwhile, immune responses, such as inflammasome activation and cytokine production, could reshape both composition and function of the microbiota. In fact, the immune system delicately modulates the interplay between microbiota and atherogenesis. Recent clinical trials have suggested the potential of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy of atherosclerosis. Here in this review, we present current knowledge regarding to the roles of microbiota in contributing atherosclerotic pathogenesis and highlight translational perspectives by discussing the mutual interplay between microbiota and immune system on atherogenesis.
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30
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Czarnecka AM, Milewski K, Albrecht J, Zielińska M. The Status of Bile Acids and Farnesoid X Receptor in Brain and Liver of Rats with Thioacetamide-Induced Acute Liver Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207750. [PMID: 33092050 PMCID: PMC7589210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) leads to neurological symptoms defined as hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Although accumulation of ammonia and neuroinflammation are generally accepted as main contributors to HE pathomechanism, a buildup of bile acids (BA) in the blood is a frequent component of liver injury in HE patients. Recent studies have identified the nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) acting via small heterodimer partner (SHP) as a mediator of BA-induced effects in the brain of ALF animals. The present study investigated the status of the BA–FXR axis in the brain and the liver, including selective changes in pertinent genes in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced ALF in Sprague–Dawley rats. FXR was found in rat neurons, confirming earlier reports for mouse and human brain. BA accumulated in blood but not in the brain tissue. Expression of mRNAs coding for Fxr and Shp was reduced in the hippocampus and of Fxr mRNA also in the cerebellum. Changes in Fxr mRNA levels were not followed by changes in FXR protein. The results leave open the possibility that mobilization of the BA–FXR axis in the brain may not be necessarily pathognomonic to HE but may depend upon ALF-related confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Czarnecka
- Correspondence: (A.M.C.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +48-22-6086416 (A.M.C.); +48-22-6086470 (M.Z.)
| | | | | | - Magdalena Zielińska
- Correspondence: (A.M.C.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +48-22-6086416 (A.M.C.); +48-22-6086470 (M.Z.)
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Sahu R, Mishra R, Majee C. An insight into primary biliary cholangitis and its recent advances in treatment: semi-synthetic analogs to combat ursodeoxycholic-acid resistance. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 14:985-998. [PMID: 32674617 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1797485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease which on progression causes cirrhosis; various studies also suggested that several diseases can co-exist in patients. In existing depiction of disease PBC, apart from entire use of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), several patients need to step forward to liver-transplantation or death due to resistance or non-responder with UDCA monotherapy. AREAS COVERED To overcome this non-respondent treatment, novel bile acid semi-synthetic analogs have been identified which shows their potency against for farnesoid X receptor and transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor-5 which are identified as target for many developing analogs which have desirable pharmacokinetic profiles. EXPERT OPINION A range of studies suggests that adding semisynthetic analogs in therapeutic regime improves liver biochemistries in patients with suboptimal response to UDCA. Thus, the aspire of this review is to abridge and compare therapeutic value and current markets affirm of various bile acids semi-synthetic analogs which certainly are having promising effects in PBC monotherapy or in pooled treatment with UDCA for PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute) , Greater Noida, India
| | - Rakhi Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute) , Greater Noida, India
| | - Chandana Majee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute) , Greater Noida, India
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Huang S, Wu Z, Yuan X, Li N, Li T, Wang J, Levesque CL, Feng C. Transcriptome Differences Suggest Novel Mechanisms for Intrauterine Growth Restriction Mediated Dysfunction in Small Intestine of Neonatal Piglets. Front Physiol 2020; 11:561. [PMID: 32655399 PMCID: PMC7324767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired intestinal function is frequently detected in newborns with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), whereas the mechanism between transcriptome profiles and small intestinal dysfunction is still unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted by using IUGR neonatal piglets to uncover the mechanism underlying intestinal dysfunction. Neonatal piglets with IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) were sacrificed at birth. Transcriptomic sequencing was performed on jejunum samples and generated 18,997 and 17,531 genes in NBW and IUGR groups, respectively. A total of 10 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified; of note, only seven were mapped to the genome reference database, with two up-regulated (HSF4 and NR1H4; heat shock transcription factor 4 and nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4, respectively) and five down-regulated (SLC35C1, BTNL3, BPI, NLRP6, and SLC5A8; Solute carrier family 35 member C1, butyrophilin like 3, bactericidal permeability increasing protein, NLR family pyrin domain containing 6, and solute carrier family 5 member 8, respectively). Combining an enrichment analysis and reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation of DEGs, our results proved the lipid metabolism disorder, intestinal dysfunction, and inflammatory response in IUGR piglets. Here, IUGR piglets presented lower concentration of glucose and triglyceride and higher concentration of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, compared with NBW piglets. Histological analysis revealed decreased mucins and increased apoptosis in both jejunum and ileum for IUGR piglets. Collectively, we found that IUGR induced intestinal dysfunction by altering lipid metabolism, intestinal barrier, and inflammatory response in neonatal piglets at birth, which provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of IUGR that protects against metabolic disorders and inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongkun Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Cuiping Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xia J, Wang Z, Huan Y, Xue W, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu Z, Hsieh JH, Zhang L, Wu S, Shen Z, Zhang H, Wang XS. Pose Filter-Based Ensemble Learning Enables Discovery of Orally Active, Nonsteroidal Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:1202-1214. [PMID: 32050066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists can reverse dysregulated bile acid metabolism, and thus, they are potential therapeutics to prevent and treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The low success rate of FXR agonists' R&D and the side effects of clinical candidates such as obeticholic acid make it urgent to discover new chemotypes. Unfortunately, structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) that can speed up drug discovery has rarely been reported with success for FXR, which was likely hindered by the failure in addressing protein flexibility. To address this issue, we devised human FXR (hFXR)-specific ensemble learning models based on pose filters from 24 agonist-bound hFXR crystal structures and coupled them to traditional SBVS approaches of the FRED docking plus Chemgauss4 scoring function. It turned out that the hFXR-specific pose filter ensemble (PFE) was able to improve ligand enrichment significantly, which rendered 3RUT-based SBVS with its PFE the ideal approach for FXR agonist discovery. By screening of the Specs chemical library and in vitro FXR transactivation bioassay, we identified a new class of FXR agonists with compound XJ034 as the representative, which would have been missed if the PFE was not coupled. Following that, we performed in-depth biological studies which demonstrated that XJ034 resulted in a downtrend of intracellular triglyceride in vitro, significantly decreased the serum/liver TG in high fat diet-induced C57BL/6J obese mice, and more importantly, showed metabolic stabilities in both plasma and liver microsomes. To provide insight into further structure-based lead optimization, we solved the crystal structure of hFXR complexed with compound XJ034, uncovering a unique hydrogen bond between compound XJ034 and residue Y375. The current work highlights the power of our pose filter-based ensemble learning approach in terms of scaffold hopping and provides a promising lead compound for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and SUSTech-HKU Joint Laboratories for Matrix Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenjie Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Kelly Government Solutions, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Song Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhufang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongmin Zhang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and SUSTech-HKU Joint Laboratories for Matrix Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Simon Wang
- Artificial Intelligence and Drug Discovery Core Laboratory for District of Columbia Center for AIDS Research (DC CFAR); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, D.C. 20059, United States
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Anfuso B, Tiribelli C, Adorini L, Rosso N. Obeticholic acid and INT-767 modulate collagen deposition in a NASH in vitro model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1699. [PMID: 32015483 PMCID: PMC6997404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58562-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological treatments for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are still unsatisfactory. Fibrosis is the most significant predictor of mortality and many anti-fibrotic agents are under evaluation. Herein, we assessed in vitro the effects of the FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) and the dual FXR/TGR5 agonist INT-767 in a well-established co-culture NASH model. Co-cultures of human hepatoma and hepatic stellate (HSCs) cells were exposed to free fatty acids (FFAs) alone or in combination with OCA or INT-767. mRNA expression of HSCs activation markers and FXR engagement were evaluated at 24, 96 and 144 hours. Collagen deposition and metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP2-9) activity were compared to tropifexor and selonsertib. FFAs induced collagen deposition and MMP2-9 activity reduction. Co-treatment with OCA or INT-767 did not affect ACTA2 and COL1A1 expression, but significantly reduced FXR and induced SHP expression, as expected. OCA induced a dose-dependent reduction of collagen and induced MMP2-9 activity. Similarly, INT-767 induced collagen reduction at 96 h and a slight increase in MMP2-9. Tropifexor and Selonsertib were also effective in collagen reduction but showed no modulation of MMP2-9. All tested compounds reduced collagen deposition. OCA exerted a more potent and long-lasting effect, mainly related to modulation of collagen turn-over and MMP2-9 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Anfuso
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luciano Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceutical, Inc, 10 Hudson Yards 37th Floor, 10001, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Rosso
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park Basovizza, SS14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
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Qureshi K, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. The molecular basis for current targets of NASH therapies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 29:151-161. [PMID: 31847612 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1703949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a leading cause of liver disease in children and adults, a major contributor to health-care expenditures, and now a leading reason for liver transplantation. Adopting lifestyle modifications with regular exercise and a focus on healthy eating habits is the primary recommendation. However, patients are often unable to achieve and sustain such changes for a variety of social, physical, psychological and genetic reasons. Thus, treatments that can prevent and reverse NASH and its associated fibrosis are a major focus of current drug development.Areas covered: This review covers the current understanding of lipotoxic liver injury in the pathogenesis of NASH and how lifestyle modification and the spectrum of drugs currently in clinical trials address the many pathways leading to the phenotype of NASH.Expert opinion: Contrary to the frequently expressed nihilistic view of our understanding of NASH and disappointment with clinical trial results, much is known about the pathogenesis of NASH and there is much reason to be optimistic that effective therapies will be identified in the next 5-10 years. Achieving this will require continued refinement of clinical trial endpoints, continued engagement of trial sponsors and regulatory authorities, and continued participation of dedicated patients in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Qureshi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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He Z, Hao W, Kwek E, Lei L, Liu J, Zhu H, Ma KY, Zhao Y, Ho HM, He WS, Chen ZY. Fish Oil Is More Potent than Flaxseed Oil in Modulating Gut Microbiota and Reducing Trimethylamine- N-oxide-Exacerbated Atherogenesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13635-13647. [PMID: 31736303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. We compared the potency of fish oil with flaxseed oil in reducing TMAO-exacerbated atherogenesis. Five groups of ApoE-/- mice were given one of five diets, namely, a low-fat diet, a Western high fat diet (WD), a WD plus 0.2% TMAO, and two WDs containing 0.2% TMAO with 50% lard being replaced by flaxseed oil or fish oil. TMAO accelerated atherosclerosis and disturbed cholesterol homeostasis. Compared with flaxseed oil, fish oil was more effective in inhibiting TMAO-induced atherogenesis by lowering plasma cholesterol and inflammatory cytokines. Both oils could reverse TMAO-induced decrease in fecal acidic sterols. Fish oil promoted fecal output of neutral sterols and downregulated hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Fish oil was more effective than flaxseed oil in promoting the growth of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and lowering microbial generation of lipopolysaccharide. In conclusion, fish oil is more potent than flaxseed oil to ameliorate TMAO-exacerbated atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouyan He
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Wangjun Hao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Erika Kwek
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Lin Lei
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
- College of Food Science , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Hing Man Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Wen-Sen He
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Jiangsu University , 301 Xuefu Road , Zhenjiang 212013 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
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Dai D, Pan Y, Zeng C, Liu S, Yan Y, Wu X, Xu Z, Zhang L. Activated FXR promotes xenobiotic metabolism of T-2 toxin and attenuates oxidative stress in broiler chicken liver. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 316:108912. [PMID: 31830458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of T-2 toxin and its metabolites into the edible tissues of poultry has potential effects on human health. The bile acid and xenobiotic system composes an intricate physiological network of chemoprotective and transporter-related functions, which ensures the detoxification and removal of harmful xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds from the body. This study revealed that cholic acid (CA), as one of the bile acids, promoted the metabolism of T-2 toxin in vivo by inducing the xenobiotic metabolism enzymes expression, thereby increasing the stress resistance and attenuating the oxidative stress. This study also indicated that dietary supplementation of 1% CA alleviated the mortality caused by T-2 toxin. Liver histology results demonstrated that CA supplementation significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, sinusoidal expansion and congestion. Biochemistry results showed that the elevations of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and the increase in concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in liver induced by the T-2 toxin were decreased by dietary supplementation of 1% CA. Additionally, CA supplementation led to the increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, but the decrease in catalase (CAT) activity in broiler chicken livers. Based on these findings, we propose that activation of FXR promotes T-2 toxin xenobiotic metabolism, and FXR plays a hepatoprotection role in liver injury induced by T-2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - CuiPing Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shenghui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yi Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zaiyan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Fujimori K, Iguchi Y, Yamashita Y, Gohda K, Teno N. Synthesis of Novel Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists and Validation of Their Efficacy in Activating Differentiation of Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Osteoblasts. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224155. [PMID: 31744088 PMCID: PMC6891315 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulators of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid receptor, regulate various biological processes including bile acid metabolism, and are associated with the control of fatty liver and osteoporosis. Thus, the control of FXR activity and development of FXR modulators are critical not only for research, but also for clinical application. In this study, we synthesized novel FXR agonists 1–4 possessing isoxazole and N-substituted benzimidazole moieties, and compared their effects on osteoblast differentiation with the known FXR agonists, chenodeoxycholic acid and a synthetic compound, GW4064. Two (3 and 4) of the four novel FXR agonists 1–4 showed high specificities for FXR. Computer-assisted modeling suggested that the binding of the FXR agonist 3 with ligand binding domain of FXR was similar to GW4064. FXR was expressed in mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like ST2 cells (ST-2 MSCs). The FXR agonists activated the BMP-2-induced differentiation of ST-2 MSCs into osteoblasts and enhanced the expression of RUNX2. Moreover, the potency of the FXR agonist 3 was comparable to GW4064 in promoting osteoblast differentiation of ST-2 MSCs. These results indicate that FXR activation enhanced the BMP-2-induced differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts through activating RUNX2 expression. FXR could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-690-1215
| | - Yusuke Iguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yukiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan; (Y.I.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Keigo Gohda
- Computer-aided Molecular Modeling Research Center, Kansai (CAMM-Kansai), 3-32-302, Tsuto-Otsuka, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8241, Japan;
| | - Naoki Teno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan;
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1, Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
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Abstract
This review provides a historical perspective of bile acids and their receptors as therapeutic targets. Bile acids are atypical steroids generated by the liver from cholesterol and have been used for almost half a century for treating liver and biliary disorders. Since the early 1970s of the last century, chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a primary bile acid, and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a secondary bile acid and the 7βepimer of CDCA, have been shown effective in promoting the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones. However, lack of activity and side effects associated with the use of CDCA, along with the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, have greatly reduced the clinical relevance of this application. At the turn of the century, however, the discovery that bile acids activate specific receptors, along with the discovery that those receptors are placed at the interface of the host and intestinal microbiota regulating physiologically relevant enterohepatic and entero-pancreatic axes, has led to a "bile acid renaissance." Similarly to other steroids, bile acids bind and activate both cell surface and nuclear receptors, including the bile acid sensor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and a G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor, known as GPBAR1 (TGR5). Both receptors have been proved druggable, and several highly potent, selective, and nonselective ligands for the two receptors have been discovered in the last two decades. Currently, in addition to obeticholic acid, a semisynthetic derivative of CDCA and the first in class of FXR ligands approved for clinical use, either selective or dual FXR and GPBAR1 ligands, have been developed, and some of them are undergoing pre-approval trials. The effects of FXR and GPBAR1 ligands in different therapeutic area are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Li S, Ghoshal S, Sojoodi M, Arora G, Masia R, Erstad DJ, Ferriera DS, Li Y, Wang G, Lanuti M, Caravan P, Or YS, Jiang LJ, Tanabe KK, Fuchs BC. The farnesoid X receptor agonist EDP-305 reduces interstitial renal fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. FASEB J 2019; 33:7103-7112. [PMID: 30884252 PMCID: PMC8793835 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801699r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that has emerged as a key regulator in the maintenance of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. However, the role of FXR in renal fibrosis remains to be established. Here, we investigate the effects of the FXR agonist EDP-305 in a mouse model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis via unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Male C57Bl/6 mice received a UUO on their left kidney. On postoperative d 4, mice received daily treatment by oral gavage with either vehicle control (0.5% methylcellulose) or 10 or 30 mg/kg EDP-305. All animals were euthanized on postoperative d 12. EDP-305 dose-dependently decreased macrophage infiltration as measured by the F4/80 staining area and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. EDP-305 also dose-dependently reduced interstitial fibrosis as assessed by morphometric quantification of the collagen proportional area and kidney hydroxyproline levels. Finally, yes-associated protein (YAP) activation, a major driver of fibrosis, increased after UUO injury and was diminished by EDP-305 treatment. Consistently, EDP-305 decreased TGF-β1-induced YAP nuclear localization in human kidney 2 cells by increasing inhibitory YAP phosphorylation. YAP inhibition may be a novel antifibrotic mechanism of FXR agonism, and EDP-305 could be used to treat renal fibrosis.-Li, S., Ghoshal, S., Sojoodi, M., Arora, G., Masia, R., Erstad, D. J., Ferriera, D. S., Li, Y., Wang, G., Lanuti, M., Caravan, P., Or, Y. S., Jiang, L.-J., Tanabe, K. K., Fuchs, B. C. The farnesoid X receptor agonist EDP-305 reduces interstitial renal fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sarani Ghoshal
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gunisha Arora
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ricard Masia
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Derek J. Erstad
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Diego S. Ferriera
- Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yang Li
- Enanta PharmaceuticalsWatertownMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Michael Lanuti
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Institute for Innovation in ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yat Sun Or
- Enanta PharmaceuticalsWatertownMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway ☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:88-98. [PMID: 32015930 PMCID: PMC6996149 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA. (G. Kakiyama)
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Finamore C, Baronissi G, Marchianò S, Di Leva FS, Carino A, Monti MC, Limongelli V, Zampella A, Fiorucci S, Sepe V. Introduction of Nonacidic Side Chains on 6-Ethylcholane Scaffolds in the Identification of Potent Bile Acid Receptor Agonists with Improved Pharmacokinetic Properties. Molecules 2019; 24:E1043. [PMID: 30884797 PMCID: PMC6470523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As a cellular bile acid sensor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the membrane G-coupled receptor (GPBAR1) participate in maintaining bile acid, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. To date, several selective and dual agonists have been developed as promising pharmacological approach to metabolic disorders, with most of them possessing an acidic conjugable function that might compromise their pharmacokinetic distribution. Here, guided by docking calculations, nonacidic 6-ethyl cholane derivatives have been prepared. In vitro pharmacological characterization resulted in the identification of bile acid receptor modulators with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Finamore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Baronissi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1 - 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Adriana Carino
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1 - 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Limongelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Computational Science - Center for Computational Medicine in Cardiology, Via G. Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1 - 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Valentina Sepe
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Molinero N, Ruiz L, Sánchez B, Margolles A, Delgado S. Intestinal Bacteria Interplay With Bile and Cholesterol Metabolism: Implications on Host Physiology. Front Physiol 2019; 10:185. [PMID: 30923502 PMCID: PMC6426790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile is a biological fluid synthesized in the liver, mainly constituted by bile acids and cholesterol, which functions as a biological detergent that emulsifies and solubilizes lipids, thereby playing an essential role in fat digestion. Besides, bile acids are important signaling molecules that regulate key functions at intestinal and systemic levels in the human body, affecting glucose and lipid metabolism, and immune homeostasis. Apart from this, due to their amphipathic nature, bile acids are toxic for bacterial cells and, thus, exert a strong selective pressure on the microbial populations inhabiting the human gut, decisively shaping the microbial profiles of our gut microbiota, which has been recognized as a metabolic organ playing a pivotal role in host health. Remarkably, bacteria in our gut also display a range of enzymatic activities capable of acting on bile acids and, to a lesser extent, cholesterol. These activities can have a direct impact on host physiology as they influence the composition of the intestinal and circulating bile acid pool in the host, affecting bile homeostasis. Given that bile acids are important signaling molecules in the human body, changes in the microbiota-residing bile biotransformation ability can significantly impact host physiology and health status. Elucidating ways to fine-tune microbiota-bile acids-host interplay are promising strategies to act on bile and cholesterol-related disorders. This manuscript summarizes the current knowledge on bile and cholesterol metabolism by intestinal bacteria, as well as its influence on host physiology, identifying knowledge gaps and opportunities to guide further advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Molinero
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Susana Delgado
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
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Patel VJ, Joharapurkar AA, Kshirsagar SG, Sutariya BK, Patel MS, Bahekar RH, Jain MR. Activation of GLP-1 and Glucagon Receptors Regulates Bile Homeostasis Independent of Thyroid Hormone. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 12:139-146. [PMID: 30747091 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666190212112402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balanced coagonists of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors are emerging therapies for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Such coagonists also regulate lipid metabolism, independent of their body weight lowering effects. Many actions of the coagonists are partly mediated by fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling, with the major exception of bile homeostasis. Since thyroid hormone is an important regulator of bile homeostasis, we studied the involvement of thyroid hormone in coagonist-induced changes in lipid and bile metabolism. METHODS We evaluated the effect of a single dose of coagonist Aib2 C24 chimera2 at 150 to 10000 µg/kg on tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and chow-fed mice. Repeated dose treatment of coagonist (150 µg/kg, subcutaneously) was assessed in four mice models namely, on lipid and bile homeostasis in DIO mice, propylthiouracil (PTU)-treated DIO mice, methimazole (MTM)-treated DIO mice and choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, highfat diet (CDAHFD)-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). RESULTS Single dose treatment of coagonist did not alter serum T3 and T4 in chow-fed mice and DIO mice. Coagonist treatment improved lipid metabolism and biliary cholesterol excretion. Chronic treatment of GLP-1 and glucagon coagonist did not alter serum T3 in hypothyroid DIO mice and CDAHFDinduced NASH. Coagonist increased serum T4 in DIO mice after 4 and 40 weeks of treatment, though no change in T4 levels was observed in hypothyroid mice or mice with NASH. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that coagonist of GLP-1 and glucagon receptors does not modulate bile homeostasis via thyroid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal J Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Amit A Joharapurkar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Samadhan G Kshirsagar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Brijesh K Sutariya
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Maulik S Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Rajesh H Bahekar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
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Acharya P, Talahalli RR. n-3 Fatty Acids Abrogate Dyslipidemia-Induced Changes in Bile Acid Uptake, Synthesis, and Transport in Young and Aged Dyslipidemic Rats. Lipids 2019; 54:39-51. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore, 570020 Karnataka India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Ghaziabad, 201002 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ramaprasad R. Talahalli
- Department of Biochemistry; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore, 570020 Karnataka India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Ghaziabad, 201002 Uttar Pradesh India
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Pelusi S, Valenti L. Hepatic fat as clinical outcome and therapeutic target for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2019; 39:250-256. [PMID: 30248234 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming the leading cause of advanced liver disease in Western countries. NAFLD is defined in the presence of increased hepatic fat content, which is mainly stored under the form of neutral lipids within intracellular droplets and is not explained by at risk alcohol intake. In order to understand the pathogenesis, monitor the progression and find novel treatments for this condition, previous research efforts mainly addressed the role of inflammation. However, very recent data seem to suggest that hepatic lipid accumulation may be involved in NAFLD pathogenesis by driving secondary inflammation and fibrosis progression. Here, we will briefly review the novel results derived from natural history, genetics, imaging studies and therapeutic trials that support the notion that hepatic fat accumulation may represent a major clinical outcome and therapeutic target for NAFLD. Indeed, prospective and genetic data are consistent with hepatic fat being a driver of NAFLD progression. Furthermore, new technologies will render possible to monitor hepatic fat content without the need of invasive assessment, thereby allowing to identify patients at higher risk, and to monitor the response to drugs that act by decreasing hepatic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Pelusi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, and Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, and Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Milan, Italy
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Santos RD, Valenti L, Romeo S. Does nonalcoholic fatty liver disease cause cardiovascular disease? Current knowledge and gaps. Atherosclerosis 2019; 282:110-120. [PMID: 30731283 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and includes a spectrum of abnormalities ranging from steatosis to cirrhosis. In this review, we address recent evidence and limitations of studies that evaluated the association of NAFLD with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. NAFLD is considered an ectopic fat deposit associated with metabolic (insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia), inflammatory, coagulation and blood pressure disturbances. Prospective studies have associated NAFLD presence and severity, particularly steatohepatitis and fibrosis, with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, these studies are limited by heterogeneity concerning NAFLD diagnostic criteria and disease severity stratification, as well as by the presence of confounding factors. In addition, genetic variants predisposing to NAFLD, such as the PNPLA3 I148M mutation, were not consistently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Therefore, currently, it is not possible to prove a causal relation between NAFLD and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, there is presently no evidence that NAFLD diagnosis can be used as a tool to improve cardiovascular risk stratification and modify treatment. Specific treatments for NAFLD are being developed and must be tested prospectively in adequately designed trials to determine the potential of reducing both hepatic and cardiovascular diseases and to prove whether NAFLD is indeed a cause of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul D Santos
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luca Valenti
- Università Degli Studi Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Pad Granelli, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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Yuan Z, Zhang H, Hasnat M, Ding J, Chen X, Liang P, Sun L, Zhang L, Jiang Z. A new perspective of triptolide-associated hepatotoxicity: Liver hypersensitivity upon LPS stimulation. Toxicology 2019; 414:45-56. [PMID: 30633930 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate whether the mice treated with triptolide (TP) could disrupt the liver immune homeostasis, resulting in the inability of the liver to eliminate the harmful response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, we explored whether apoptosis and necroptosis played a critical role in the progression of the hepatotoxicity induced by TP-LPS co-treatment. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were continuously administrated with two different doses of TP (250 μg/kg and 500 μg/kg) intragastrically for 7 days. Subsequently, a single dose of LPS (0.1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to testify whether the liver possesses the normal immune function to detoxicate the exogenous pathogen's stimulation. To prove the involvement of apoptosis and necroptosis in the liver damage induced by TP-LPS co-treatment, apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (FMK) and necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin (Nec-1) were applied before the stimulation of LPS to diminish the apoptosis and necroptosis respectively. RESULTS TP or LPS alone did not induce significant liver damage. However, compared with TP or LPS treated mice, TP-LPS co-treatment mice showed obvious hepatotoxicity with a remarkable elevation of serum ALT and AST accompanied by abnormal bile acid metabolism, a depletion of liver glycogen storage, aberrant glucose metabolism, an up-regulation of inflammatory cell infiltration, and an increase of apoptosis and necroptosis. Intraperitoneal injection of FMK or Nec-1 could counteract the toxic reactions induced by TP-LPS co-treatment. CONCLUSION TP could disrupt the immune response, resulting in hypersensitivity of the liver upon LPS stimulation, ultimately leading to abnormal liver function and cell death. Additionally, apoptosis and necroptosis played a vital role in the development of liver damage induced by TP-LPS co-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnat
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiaxin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Peishi Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 21009, China.
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Ebrahimi M, Fathi R, Pirsaraei ZA, Talebi-Garakani E, Najafi M. Expression of the key metabolic regulators in the white adipose tissue of rats; the role of high-fat diet and aerobic training. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism, especially in the white adipose tissue as an active metabolic organ, is tightly regulated by the key transcription factors, such as the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR). We have studied the expression of these genes in the white adipose tissue to see how a high fat diet (HFD) and two intensities of aerobic training change the lipogenic and lipolytic pathways. 44 male Wistar rats randomly divided into the normal (12% calories from fat) and HFD (56% calories from fat) groups. Each group included control (n=6), moderate trained (n=8, ~65% Vo2max) and high intensity trained (n=8, ~75% Vo2max) rats. After 8 weeks of training, the weight changes, plasma insulin and lipid profile levels and the relative gene expression of SREBP-1c and FXR in the adipose tissue was measured. Data were analysed by 2-way ANOVA (P<0.05). HFD fed rats showed higher levels of insulin and dyslipidemia that was correlated with the higher weight gain. Also, the adipose expression of SREBP-1c was higher in the HFD fed rats that it was strongly correlated with the lower FXR expression. Trained rats independent of the intensity of the training showed lower SREBP-1c and higher FXR expression, but no change was observed in the lipid profile levels. HFD-induced dyslipidemia could occur via SREBP-1c activation in the adipose tissue while the aerobic training activates FXR and inhibits the lipogenic pathways. Despite the activation of lipolytic pathways in the trained rats, it seems that diet has more effect on the lipid profile than the aerobic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ebrahimi
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry and Metabolism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 1453754769, Iran
| | - R. Fathi
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry and Metabolism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 1453754769, Iran
| | - Z. Ansari Pirsaraei
- Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, 1453754769, Iran
| | - E. Talebi-Garakani
- Department of Exercise Biochemistry and Metabolism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 1453754769, Iran
| | - M. Najafi
- Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, 1453754769, Iran
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Ðanić M, Stanimirov B, Pavlović N, Goločorbin-Kon S, Al-Salami H, Stankov K, Mikov M. Pharmacological Applications of Bile Acids and Their Derivatives in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1382. [PMID: 30559664 PMCID: PMC6287190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from well-known functions of bile acids in digestion and solubilization of lipophilic nutrients and drugs in the small intestine, the emerging evidence from the past two decades identified the role of bile acids as signaling, endocrine molecules that regulate the glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism through complex and intertwined pathways that are largely mediated by activation of nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and cell surface G protein-coupled receptor 1, TGR5 (also known as GPBAR1). Interactions of bile acids with the gut microbiota that result in the altered composition of circulating and intestinal bile acids pool, gut microbiota composition and modified signaling pathways, are further extending the complexity of biological functions of these steroid derivatives. Thus, bile acids signaling pathways have become attractive targets for the treatment of various metabolic diseases and metabolic syndrome opening the new potential avenue in their treatment. In addition, there is a significant effort to unveil some specific properties of bile acids relevant to their intrinsic potency and selectivity for particular receptors and to design novel modulators of these receptors with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. This resulted in synthesis of few semi-synthetic bile acids derivatives such as 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (obeticholic acid, OCA), norursodeoxycholic acid (norUDCA), and 12-monoketocholic acid (12-MKC) that are proven to have positive effect in metabolic and hepato-biliary disorders. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge related to bile acids implications in glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, as well as a potential application of bile acids in metabolic syndrome treatment with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Ðanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stanimirov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Hani Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karmen Stankov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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