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Oguntade AS, Taylor H, Lacey B, Lewington S. Adiposity, fat-free mass and incident heart failure in 500 000 individuals. Open Heart 2024; 11:e002711. [PMID: 38964877 PMCID: PMC11227841 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2024-002711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The independent role of body fat distribution and fat-free mass in heart failure (HF) risk is unclear. We investigated the role of different body composition compartments in risk of HF. METHODS Present analyses include 428 087 participants (mean age 55.9 years, 44% male) from the UK Biobank. Associations of long-term average levels of body composition measures with incident HF were determined using adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS Over a median follow-up of 13.8 years, there were 10 455 first-ever incident HF events. Overall, HF risk was more strongly associated with central adiposity (waist circumference (WC) adjusted for body mass index (BMI); HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.45) than general adiposity (BMI adjusted for WC; HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.27). Although dual X-ray absorptiometry-derived body fat remained positively related to HF after adjustment for fat-free mass (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.59), the association of fat-free mass with HF was substantially attenuated by fat mass (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.26) while visceral fat (VAT) remained associated with HF independent of subcutaneous fat (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.33). In analyses of HF subtypes, HF with preserved ejection fraction was independently associated with all fat measures (eg, VAT: HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.35; body fat: HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.57) while HF with reduced ejection fraction was not independently associated with fat measures (eg, VAT: HR 1.29, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.68; body fat: HR 1.29, 95% CI 0.80 to 2.07). CONCLUSIONS This large-scale study shows that excess adiposity and fat mass are associated with higher HF risk while the association of fat-free mass with HF could be explained largely by its correlation with fat mass. The study also describes the independent relevance of body fat distribution to HF subtypes, suggesting different mechanisms may be driving their aetiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodipupo S Oguntade
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Hannah Taylor
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ben Lacey
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- UK Biobank, Stockport, UK
| | - Sarah Lewington
- Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Zanuzzi MG, Jeong J, DaCosta DR, Park J. Sex differences in sympathetic activity and pulse wave velocity in adults with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F661-F668. [PMID: 38385174 PMCID: PMC11208017 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00308.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) overactivity that contributes to increased vascular stiffness and cardiovascular risk. Although it is well established that SNS activity and vascular stiffness are substantially elevated in CKD, whether sex differences in autonomic and vascular function exist in CKD remains unknown. We tested the hypothesis that compared with females, males with CKD have higher baseline sympathetic activity that is related to increased arterial stiffness. One hundred twenty-nine participants (96 males and 33 females) with CKD stages III and IV were recruited and enrolled. During two separate study visits, vascular stiffness was assessed by measuring carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), and resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was measured by microneurography. Males with CKD had higher resting MSNA compared with females with CKD (68 ± 16 vs. 55 ± 14 bursts/100 heart beats, P = 0.005), whereas there was no difference in cfPWV between the groups (P = 0.248). Resting MSNA was not associated with cfPWV in both males and females. In conclusion, males with CKD have higher resting sympathetic activity compared with females with CKD. However, there was no difference in vascular stiffness between the sexes. There was no correlation between resting MSNA and cfPWV, suggesting that non-neural mechanisms may play a greater role in the progression of vascular stiffness in CKD, particularly in females.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Males with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have higher resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) compared with females. There was no correlation between MSNA and carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), suggesting that non-neural mechanisms may play a greater role in the progression of vascular stiffness in CKD. Sex differences in SNS activity may play a mechanistic role in observations from epidemiological studies suggesting greater cardiovascular risk in males compared with females with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias G Zanuzzi
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research Service Line, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Jinhee Jeong
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research Service Line, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Dana R DaCosta
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research Service Line, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Jeanie Park
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Research Service Line, Decatur, Georgia, United States
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3
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Lee DB, Yoon DW, Baik I. Association of insomnia and daytime napping with metabolic syndrome and its components in a Korean population: an analysis of data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Epidemiol Health 2024; 46:e2024031. [PMID: 38453335 PMCID: PMC11099594 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2024031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the coexistence of insomnia and daytime napping, because limited data have been reported regarding this association. METHODS The study population was 8,440 participants aged 40-65 years, who were from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Self-reported information on insomnia symptoms and nap duration was used to define exposure variables. Data on waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), and fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in blood were used to define MetS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the coexistence of insomnia and napping was not significantly associated with MetS. However, the insomnia and non-napping group showed higher ORs of high TG (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.39) and high BP (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.49) than the non-insomnia and non-napping group. The combination of non-insomnia and napping and that of insomnia and napping showed higher ORs of high TG (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.29) and high FBG (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.21), respectively. In analyses of insomnia symptoms, only the combination of difficulty in maintaining sleep (DMS) and non-napping showed a higher OR for MetS (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.52) than the non-DMS and non-napping group. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with insomnia, particularly those who do not take naps, were disproportionately likely to have MetS components, especially TG or BP. Information on these variables may help predict individuals' vulnerability to specific MetS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Been Lee
- Department of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Sleep Medicine Institute, Jungwon University, Goesan, Korea
| | - Dae-Wui Yoon
- Sleep Medicine Institute, Jungwon University, Goesan, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Jungwon University, Goesan, Korea
| | - Inkyung Baik
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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4
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Cvijetic S, Macan J, Boschiero D, Ilich JZ. Body fat and muscle in relation to heart rate variability in young-to-middle age men: a cross sectional study. Ann Hum Biol 2023; 50:108-116. [PMID: 36786451 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2023.2180089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While obesity is recognisably associated with changes in heart rate variability (HRV), the association between skeletal muscle mass and HRV is less clear. AIMS In this cross sectional study, we analysed the association of body fat (four parameters) and muscle mass (five parameters) with indicators of HRV activity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Assessment of body composition and HRV was performed in n = 180 young-to-middle age healthy men exposed to high occupational physical activity, using the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance device and the PPG-StressFlow® HRV photoplethysmography device, respectively. RESULTS Mean values of parameters of fat tissue were above normal/reference values. Muscle tissue indicators were higher or within the reference ranges. Fat tissue parameters were significantly higher in participants with lower parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) indicators. Weight-adjusted skeletal muscle index (wSMI) was significantly lower in men with reduced PNS parameters. Fat tissue parameters were negatively correlated with PNS parameters, while wSMI was positively correlated with PNS parameters. CONCLUSIONS Participants with higher fat mass and lower muscle mass had poorer parasympathetic activity. Since mean values of HRV parameters indicated mild parasympathetic dominance, we conclude that physical activity and consequently good muscle mass potentially compensated for the negative interaction between fat tissue and HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Cvijetic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Macan
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Song Y, Hwang JA, Shin J, Cho E, Ahn SY, Ko GJ, Kwon YJ, Kim JE. Waist-hip ratio measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis as a valuable predictor of chronic kidney disease development. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:349. [PMID: 36319963 PMCID: PMC9623989 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health problem worldwide and is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Body mass index (BMI) is a common method of diagnosing obesity, but there are concerns about its accuracy and ability to measure body composition. This study evaluated the risk of CKD development in a middle-aged population in association with various body composition metrics. From a prospective cohort of 10,030 middle-aged adults, we enrolled 6727 for whom baseline and follow-up data were available. We collected data pertaining to participants' BMI, manually measured waist-hip ratio (WHR), and various measurements of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), including total body fat content, muscle content, and calculated WHR, and classified the participants into quintiles accordingly. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 in follow-up laboratory tests. While an increase in BMI, WHR, and total body fat were associated with an elevated risk of CKD, an increase in total body muscle decreased the risk. Among the body composition metrics, WHR measured by BIA had the highest predictive value for CKD (C-statistics: 0.615). In addition, participants who were "healthy overweight, (defined as low WHR but high BMI), exhibited a 62% lower risk of developing CKD compared to those with "normal-weight obesity," (defined as high WHR despite a normal BMI). In conclusion, we suggest that central obesity measured by BIA is a more accurate indicator than BMI for predicting the development of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghoon Song
- grid.411134.20000 0004 0474 0479Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Gurodong-Ro 148, Guro-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Hwang
- grid.411134.20000 0004 0474 0479Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Gurodong-Ro 148, Guro-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeun Shin
- grid.411134.20000 0004 0474 0479Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Gurodong-Ro 148, Guro-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunjung Cho
- grid.411134.20000 0004 0474 0479Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Gurodong-Ro 148, Guro-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shin Young Ahn
- grid.411134.20000 0004 0474 0479Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Gurodong-Ro 148, Guro-Gu, Seoul, South Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gang Jee Ko
- grid.411134.20000 0004 0474 0479Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Gurodong-Ro 148, Guro-Gu, Seoul, South Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Joo Kwon
- grid.411134.20000 0004 0474 0479Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Gurodong-Ro 148, Guro-Gu, Seoul, South Korea ,grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- grid.411134.20000 0004 0474 0479Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Gurodong-Ro 148, Guro-Gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Effects of adrenergic-stimulated lipolysis and cytokine production on in vitro mouse adipose tissue-islet interactions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15831. [PMID: 36138030 PMCID: PMC9499973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are obesity-linked factors that disturb insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pancreatic adipose tissue (pWAT) is able to generate a NEFA/cytokine overload within the pancreatic environment and as consequence to impact on insulin secretion. Pancreatic fat is a minor fat depot, therefore we used high-fat diet (HFD) feeding to induce pancreatic steatosis in mice. Relative Adipoq and Lep mRNA levels were higher in pWAT of HFD compared to chow diet mice. Regardless of HFD, Adipoq and Lep mRNA levels of pWAT were at least 10-times lower than those of epididymal fat (eWAT). Lipolysis stimulating receptors Adrb3 and Npr1 were expressed in pWAT and eWAT, and HFD reduced their expression in eWAT only. In accordance, HFD impaired lipolysis in eWAT but not in pWAT. Despite expression of Npr mRNA, lipolysis was stimulated solely by the adrenergic agonists, isoproterenol and adrenaline. Short term co-incubation of islets with CD/HFD pWAT did not alter insulin secretion. In the presence of CD/HFD eWAT, glucose stimulated insulin secretion only upon isoproterenol-induced lipolysis, i.e. in the presence of elevated NEFA. Isoproterenol augmented Il1b and Il6 mRNA levels both in pWAT and eWAT. These results suggest that an increased sympathetic activity enhances NEFA and cytokine load of the adipose microenvironment, including that of pancreatic fat, and by doing so it may alter beta-cell function.
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7
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Geraldes V, Caldeira E, Afonso A, Machado F, Amaro-Leal Â, Laranjo S, Rocha I. Cardiovascular Dysautonomia in Patients with Breast Cancer. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18741924-v16-e2206271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignant disease among women, being responsible for a considerable percentage of fatalities and comorbidities every year. Despite advances in early detection and therapy, evidence shows that breast cancer survivors are at increased risk of developing other chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases.
Autonomic dysfunction is an emerging, but poorly understood topic that has been suggested as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in breast cancer patients. It clinically manifests through persistently elevated heart rates and abnormal heart rate variability, even before any signs of cardiovascular dysfunction appear. Since changes in the left ventricular ejection fraction only manifest when myocardial injury has already occurred, it has been hypothesized that autonomic dysfunction can constitute an early biomarker of cardiovascular impairment in breast cancer patients.
This review focuses on the direct and indirect effects of cancer and its treatment on the autonomic nervous system in breast cancer patients. We highlight the mechanisms potentially involved in cancer and antineoplastic therapy-related autonomic imbalance and review the potential strategies to prevent and/or attenuate autonomic dysfunction.
There are gaps in the current knowledge; more research in this area is needed to identify the relevance of autonomic dysfunction and define beneficial interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease in breast cancer patients.
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8
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Musovic S, Komai AM, Said MK, Shrestha MM, Wu Y, Wernstedt Asterholm I, Olofsson CS. Noradrenaline and ATP regulate adiponectin exocytosis in white adipocytes: Disturbed adrenergic and purinergic signalling in obese and insulin-resistant mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 549:111619. [PMID: 35337901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
White adipocyte adiponectin exocytosis is triggered by cAMP and a concomitant increase of cytosolic Ca2+ potentiates its release. White adipose tissue is richly innervated by sympathetic nerves co-releasing noradrenaline (NA) and ATP, which may act on receptors in the adipocyte plasma membrane to increase cAMP via adrenergic receptors and Ca2+ via purinergic receptors. Here we determine the importance of NA and ATP for the regulation of white adipocyte adiponectin exocytosis, at the cellular and molecular level, and we specifically detail the ATP signalling pathway. We demonstrate that tyrosine hydroxylase (enzyme involved in catecholamine synthesis) is dramatically reduced in inguinal white adipose tissue (IWAT) isolated from mice with diet-induced obesity; this is associated with diminished levels of NA in IWAT and with a reduced ratio of high-molecular-weight (HMW) to total adiponectin in serum. Adiponectin exocytosis (measured as an increase in plasma membrane capacitance and as secreted product) is triggered by NA or ATP alone in cultured and primary mouse IWAT adipocytes, and enhanced by a combination of the two secretagogues. The ATP-induced adiponectin exocytosis is largely Ca2+-dependent and activated via purinergic P2Y2 receptors (P2Y2Rs) and the Gq11/PLC pathway. Adiponectin release induced by the nucleotide is abrogated in adipocytes isolated from obese and insulin-resistant mice, and this is associated with ∼70% reduced abundance of P2Y2Rs. The NA-triggered adiponectin exocytosis is likewise abolished in "obese adipocytes", concomitant with a 50% lower gene expression of beta 3 adrenergic receptors (β3ARs). An increase in intracellular Ca2+ is not required for the NA-stimulated adiponectin secretion. Collectively, our data suggest that sympathetic innervation is a principal regulator of adiponectin exocytosis and that disruptions of this control are associated with the obesity-associated reduction of circulating levels of HMW/total adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Musovic
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ali M Komai
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marina Kalds Said
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Man Mohan Shrestha
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yanling Wu
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Charlotta S Olofsson
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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9
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Vieira AB, Restrepo MA, Auzenne D, Molina K, O'Sullivan M, Machado MV, Cavanaugh SM. Mild to moderate overweight in dogs: is there an impact on routine hematological and biochemical profiles, echocardiographic parameters and cardiac autonomic modulation? Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:527-535. [PMID: 35018593 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is considered the most common nutritional disease of dogs. Even though overt obesity is more likely to impair health, even moderately overweight dogs are at greater risk for requiring medication for chronic health problems earlier in life. Although the number of overweight dogs far exceeds the number of obese ones, most of the studies published so far focused on derangements in a mixed overweight/obese population (Body condition score - BCS ≥7/9) rather than in separated groups. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of mild to moderate obesity on routine hematological and biochemical profile and cardiovascular parameters in dogs. Nine healthy lean (BCS =4-5/9) and 24 overweight dogs (BCS = 6-7/9) were enrolled. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry analyses, echocardiographic parameters, and cardiac autonomic function by heart rate variability (HRV) were determined. In our study population, although total protein, globulin and phosphorus concentrations were increased in overweight compared to lean dogs, all complete blood count and biochemical parameters were within reference ranges for both groups. Parameters usually increased in obese dogs, like triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations, were within reference ranges in our overweight population. There were no significant changes in echocardiographic parameters, but HRV had a significant decrease in high frequency (HF) power (P = 0.02), suggesting a depression in parasympathetic activity. Our findings show that mild to moderate overweight dogs do not show the hematological and echocardiographic alterations already reported for mixed overweight/obese populations but might have impaired cardiac autonomic modulation. Although not enough to make conclusions, our data raise the question of whether research studies should place overweight and obese dogs in the same category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Bomfim Vieira
- Biomedical Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM), West Farm, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
| | - Mariana Alvarez Restrepo
- Biomedical Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM), West Farm, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Danielle Auzenne
- Biomedical Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM), West Farm, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Kevin Molina
- Biomedical Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM), West Farm, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Meghan O'Sullivan
- Biomedical Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM), West Farm, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Marcus Vinicius Machado
- Biomedical Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM), West Farm, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Sarah Marie Cavanaugh
- Biomedical Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM), West Farm, PO Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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10
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Mandry D, Girerd N, Lamiral Z, Huttin O, Filippetti L, Micard E, Ncho Mottoh MPB, Böhme P, Chemla D, Zannad F, Rossignol P, Marie PY. Arterial and Cardiac Remodeling Associated With Extra Weight Gain in an Isolated Abdominal Obesity Cohort. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:771022. [PMID: 34805324 PMCID: PMC8602697 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.771022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study aims to assess the changes in cardiovascular remodeling attributable to bodyweight gain in a middle-aged abdominal obesity cohort. A remodeling worsening might explain the increase in cardiovascular risk associated with a dynamic of weight gain. Methods: Seventy-five middle-aged subjects (56 ± 5 years, 38 women) with abdominal obesity and no known cardiovascular disease underwent MRI-based examinations at baseline and at a 6.1 ± 1.2-year follow-up to monitor cardiovascular remodeling and hemodynamic variables, most notably the effective arterial elastance (Ea). Ea is a proxy of the arterial load that must be overcome during left ventricular (LV) ejection, with increased EA resulting in concentric LV remodeling. Results: Sixteen obese subjects had significant weight gain (>7%) during follow-up (WG+), whereas the 59 other individuals did not (WG-). WG+ and WG- exhibited significant differences in the baseline to follow-up evolutions of several hemodynamic parameters, notably diastolic and mean blood pressures (for mean blood pressure, WG+: +9.3 ± 10.9 mmHg vs. WG-: +1.7 ± 11.8 mmHg, p = 0.022), heart rate (WG+: +0.6 ± 9.4 min-1 vs. -8.9 ± 11.5 min-1, p = 0.003), LV concentric remodeling index (WG: +0.08 ± 0.16 g.mL-1 vs. WG-: -0.02 ± 0.13 g.mL-1, p = 0.018) and Ea (WG+: +0.20 ± 0.28 mL mmHg-1 vs. WG-: +0.01 ± 0.30 mL mmHg-1, p = 0.021). The evolution of the LV concentric remodeling index and Ea were also strongly correlated in the overall obese population (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.31). Conclusions: A weight gain dynamic is accompanied by increases in arterial load and load-related concentric LV remodeling in an isolated abdominal obesity cohort. This remodeling could have a significant impact on cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Mandry
- Department of Radiology, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,INSERM, UMR-1254, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Girerd
- INSERM, UMR-1116, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Department of Cardiology, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, CIC 1433, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Zohra Lamiral
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, CIC 1433, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Huttin
- INSERM, UMR-1116, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Department of Cardiology, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Laura Filippetti
- Department of Cardiology, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Emilien Micard
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, CIC 1433, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | | | - Philip Böhme
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition, CHRU-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Denis Chemla
- Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Kremlin Bicêtre, APHP, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR- 999, Hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Faïez Zannad
- INSERM, UMR-1116, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Department of Cardiology, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, CIC 1433, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Patrick Rossignol
- INSERM, UMR-1116, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, CIC 1433, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,FCRIN INI-CRCT, Nancy, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Marie
- INSERM, UMR-1116, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nuclear Medicine & Nancyclotep Platform, Nancy, France
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11
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Whittaker AC, Ginty A, Hughes BM, Steptoe A, Lovallo WR. Cardiovascular Stress Reactivity and Health: Recent Questions and Future Directions. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:756-766. [PMID: 34297004 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High cardiovascular reactions to psychological stress are associated with the development of hypertension, systemic atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. However, it has become apparent that low biological stress reactivity also may have serious consequences for health, although less is known about the mechanisms of this. The objectives of this narrative review and opinion article are to summarize and consider where we are now in terms of the usefulness of the reactivity hypothesis and reactivity research, given that both ends of the reactivity spectrum seem to be associated with poor health, and to address some of the key criticisms and future challenges for the research area. METHODS This review is authored by the members of a panel discussion held at the American Psychosomatic Society meeting in 2019, which included questions such as the following: How do we measure high and low reactivity? Can high reactivity ever indicate better health? Does low or blunted reactivity simply reflect less effort on task challenges? Where does low reactivity originate from, and what is a low reactor? RESULTS Cardiovascular (and cortisol) stress reactivity are used as a model to demonstrate an increased understanding of the different individual pathways from stress responses to health/disease and show the challenges of how to understand and best use the reconstruction of the long-standing reactivity hypothesis given recent data. CONCLUSIONS This discussion elucidates the gaps in knowledge and key research issues that still remain to be addressed in this field, and that systematic reviews and meta-analyses continue to be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Whittaker
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport (Whittaker), University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience (Ginty), Baylor University, Waco, Texas; School of Psychology (Hughes), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; Institute of Epidemiology & Health (Steptoe), University College London, London, United Kingdom; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Lovallo), Norman, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and VA Medical Center, Oklahoma
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12
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Effects of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation Associated with Dynamic Exercise on Functional Capacity and Heart Rate Variability After Bariatric Surgery: a Randomized, Double-Blind, and Sham-Controlled Trial. Obes Surg 2021; 30:3862-3871. [PMID: 32447638 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity. In association with dietary restrictions, the ability to exercise in the immediate post-surgical phase is limited. In this context, whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), strategy that stimulates various muscle groups, in conjunction with physical exercise, holds promise for improving functional capacity, and cardiac autonomic control, following surgery. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether a rehabilitation program consisting of WB-EMS with 30 exercise training sessions following bariatric surgery significantly improves functional capacity, body mass and heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS Randomized, double-blind, and sham-controlled trial. Twenty obesity patients were randomized into the WB-EMS (n = 10) and sham (n = 10) groups. On average, 7 days after surgery, individuals underwent a six-minute walk test (6MWT), HRV, and body composition analysis at rest. The next day, patients initiated an exercise training protocol, five times per week, over 6 weeks. Walking distance changes (post-pre = ΔWD) obtained by 6MWT and HRV indices were determined following the intervention. RESULTS Only WB-EMSG significantly increased WD and body mass index (BMI) after the intervention (p = 0.002) and ΔWD was significantly higher in this group when compared with sham (p = 0.04). Moreover, both groups demonstrated an improvement in key measures of HRV after the intervention. CONCLUSION An exercise training intervention initiated shortly after bariatric surgery improved functional capacity and cardiac autonomic tone. Improvements in functional capacity and BMI following exercise training were greater with the addition of WB-EMS but did not promote additional improvements in HRV beyond that realized with exercise training alone.
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13
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Puga Y Colmenares MC, Trujillo Hernández A, Morales-Ledesma L. Unilateral section of the superior ovarian nerve induces first ovulation in the Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rat. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300:113636. [PMID: 33017581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity in the sympathetic nervous system has been shown to be related to the development of ovarian pathologies. In addition, obesity has been found to be associated with multiple reproductive anomalies and is considered a chronic stress condition of low intensity with changes in the peripheral sympathetic activity. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate if the information reaching the ovaries through the superior ovarian nerve (SON) modifies the ovarian function of Zucker fatty rats. We performed a unilateral section of the SON at 32 days of age and autopsies were carried out on the day of the first vaginal estrus. The results showed that fatty animals do not ovulate on the day of the first vaginal estrus and exhibit an increase in catecholaminergic fibers and the presence of precystic structures in the ovaries, without changes in the onset of puberty or in the secretion of ovarian and hypophyseal hormones. We also found that the section of the right SON resulted in ovulation on the day of the first vaginal estrus, which was accompanied by a decrease in ovarian noradrenaline content. The section of the left SON caused a delay in puberty without changes in the rest of the parameters. These results provide functional evidence that the peripheral sympathetic innervation participates in the regulation of ovarian functions in an animal model of genetic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Concepción Puga Y Colmenares
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Edificio 112A Ciudad Universitaria, CP 72590 Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Angélica Trujillo Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Edificio 112A Ciudad Universitaria, CP 72590 Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
| | - Leticia Morales-Ledesma
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Reproductiva, Unidad de investigación en Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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14
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Martins C, Dutton GR, Hunter GR, Gower BA. Revisiting the Compensatory Theory as an explanatory model for relapse in obesity management. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1170-1179. [PMID: 32936896 PMCID: PMC7657332 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight regain remains the main challenge in obesity management, and its etiology remains elusive. The aim of the present review was to revise the available evidence regarding the "Compensatory Theory," which is an explanatory model of relapse in obesity treatment, and to propose alternative mechanisms that can contribute to weight regain. It has been proposed, and generally accepted as true, that when a person loses weight the body fights back, with physiological adaptations on both sides of the energy balance equation that try to bring body weight back to its original state: this is the Compensatory Theory. This theory proposes that the increased orexigenic drive to eat and the reduced energy expenditure that follow weight loss are the main drivers of relapse. However, evidence showing a link between these physiological adaptations to weight loss and weight regain is lacking. Here, we propose that the physiological adaptations to weight loss, both at the level of the homeostatic appetite control system and energy expenditure, are in fact a normalization to a lower body weight and not drivers of weight regain. In light of this we explore other potential mechanisms, both physiological and behavioral, that can contribute to the high incidence of relapse in obesity management. More research is needed to clearly ascertain whether the changes in energy expenditure and homeostatic appetite markers seen in reduced-obese individuals are a compensatory mechanism that drives relapse or a normalization towards a lower body weight, and to explore alternative hypotheses that explain relapse in obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gareth R Dutton
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Gary R Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Barbara A Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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15
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Pongkan W, Jitnapakarn W, Phetnoi W, Punyapornwithaya V, Boonyapakorn C. Obesity-Induced Heart Rate Variability Impairment and Decreased Systolic Function in Obese Male Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081383. [PMID: 32785083 PMCID: PMC7460129 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Obesity in dogs can induce many adverse health effects including musculoskeletal problems, respiratory distress, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. In humans with obesity, heart rate variability (HRV) is used to identify and predict the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, this predictive tool has never been used in veterinary medicine, and the relationship between obesity and HRV has rarely been investigated. In this study, we investigated HRV, plasma oxidative stress (MDA), and cardiac function in obese male dogs. We hypothesized that obese male dogs have decreased cardiac function and impaired HRV compared to non-obese dogs. Our study found that obese dogs have decreased cardiac systolic function and impaired HRV, as indicated by reduced percentages of cardiac contraction and impaired cardiac autonomic activity compared to non-obese dogs. We concluded that obesity can decrease systolic function and cause HRV impairment, which might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in dogs. In addition, HRV might be used as a predictive or prognostic tool in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in obese dogs. Abstract Obesity can induce cardiovascular diseases in both humans and animals. Heart rate variability (HRV) is an indicator of sympathovagal balance and is used to identify cardiovascular diseases in humans. However, HRV and cardiac function have rarely been investigated in obese dogs. This study investigated the effect of obesity on oxidative stress, HRV, and cardiac function in obese and non-obese dogs. The nine-scale body condition score (BCS) system was used to determine obesity. Thirty small breed dogs were divided into a normal weight group (n = 15) and an obese group (n = 15). All dogs underwent physical examination, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) measurement, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and two hours of Holter monitoring. This study found that obese dogs had increased plasma MDA and sympathovagal imbalance, which was indicated by impaired time and frequency domains compared to normal weight dogs. Although cardiac function was within normal limits, the echocardiographic study found that the obese dogs had reduced cardiac wall thickness and lower systolic function, as indicated by a reduction in %ejection fraction, %fractional shortening, increased left ventricular (LV) internal diameter during systole, and LV end-systolic volume compared to normal weight dogs. This study concluded that obesity in dogs can induce increased plasma oxidative stress, impaired HRV, and reduced cardiac systolic function compared to non-obese dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpitak Pongkan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (W.P.); (W.J.); (W.P.)
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Circulatory Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Veterinary Cardiopulmonary Clinic, Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Wannida Jitnapakarn
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (W.P.); (W.J.); (W.P.)
| | - Warunee Phetnoi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (W.P.); (W.J.); (W.P.)
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Chavalit Boonyapakorn
- Integrative Research Center for Veterinary Circulatory Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Veterinary Cardiopulmonary Clinic, Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-948-015
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16
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Popovic M, Ebrahimi F, Urwyler SA, Donath MY, Christ-Crain M. The role of IL-1 in the regulation of copeptin in patients with metabolic syndrome. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:715-723. [PMID: 32698151 PMCID: PMC7424357 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) was suggested to contribute to cardiovascular risk and type 2 diabetes in patients with metabolic syndrome. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 is able to induce AVP secretion and plays a causal role in cardiovascular mortality and type 2 diabetes. We investigated in two studies whether copeptin levels - the surrogate marker for AVP - are regulated by IL-1-mediated chronic inflammation in patients with metabolic syndrome. Study A was a prospective, interventional, single-arm study (2014-2016). Study B was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study (2016-2017). n = 73 (Study A) and n = 66 (Study B) adult patients with metabolic syndrome were treated with 100 mg anakinra or placebo (only in study B) twice daily for 1 day (study A) and 28 days (study B). Fasting blood samples were drawn at day 1, 7, and 28 of treatment for measurement of serum copeptin. Patients with chronic low-grade inflammation (C-reactive protein levels ≥2 mg/L) and BMI >35 kg/m2 had higher baseline copeptin levels (7.7 (IQR 4.9-11.9) vs 5.8 (IQR 3.9-9.3) pmol/L, Pinflamm = 0.009; 7.8 (IQR 5.4-11.7) vs 4.9 (IQR 3.7-9.8) pmol/L, PBMI = 0.008). Copeptin levels did not change either in the anakinra or in the placebo group and remained stable throughout the treatment (P = 0.44). Subgroup analyses did not reveal effect modifications. Therefore, we conclude that, although IL-1-mediated inflammation is associated with increased circulating copeptin levels, antagonizing IL-1 does not significantly alter copeptin levels in patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Popovic
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fahim Ebrahimi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Andrea Urwyler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Yves Donath
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Christ-Crain
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Christ-Crain:
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17
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Wahab A, Dey AK, Bandyopadhyay D, Katikineni V, Chopra R, Vedantam KS, Devraj M, Chowdary AK, Navarengom K, Lavie CJ, Kolpakchi A, Jneid H. Obesity, Systemic Hypertension, and Pulmonary Hypertension: A Tale of Three Diseases. Curr Probl Cardiol 2020; 46:100599. [PMID: 32560908 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially ischemic heart disease and stroke, is the major cause of death worldwide, accounting for more than one-third of all deaths annually. Hypertension is the most prevalent and modifiable risk factor of CVD-related deaths. The same is true for obesity, which is currently being recognized as a major global epidemic. The prevalence of obesity in the United States has increased dramatically, from 13.4% in 1960 to 36.5% in 2014, with as much as 70.7% of the American adult population being overweight or obese (CDC). Epidemiological studies have shown that obesity predisposes to hypertension and CVD - with the relationship between markers of obesity and blood pressure being almost linear across different populations. In this review, we discuss systemic and pulmonary hypertension in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - Amit K Dey
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School-UQ School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Anna Kolpakchi
- Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Houston, TX
| | - Hani Jneid
- Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VAMC, Houston, TX.
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18
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Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 15:367-385. [PMID: 31015582 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excessive adiposity raises blood pressure and accounts for 65-75% of primary hypertension, which is a major driver of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. In obesity, abnormal kidney function and associated increases in tubular sodium reabsorption initiate hypertension, which is often mild before the development of target organ injury. Factors that contribute to increased sodium reabsorption in obesity include kidney compression by visceral, perirenal and renal sinus fat; increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA); increased levels of anti-natriuretic hormones, such as angiotensin II and aldosterone; and adipokines, particularly leptin. The renal and neurohormonal pathways of obesity and hypertension are intertwined. For example, leptin increases RSNA by stimulating the central nervous system proopiomelanocortin-melanocortin 4 receptor pathway, and kidney compression and RSNA contribute to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. Glucocorticoids and/or oxidative stress may also contribute to mineralocorticoid receptor activation in obesity. Prolonged obesity and progressive renal injury often lead to the development of treatment-resistant hypertension. Patient management therefore often requires multiple antihypertensive drugs and concurrent treatment of dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, diabetes and inflammation. If more effective strategies for the prevention and control of obesity are not developed, cardiorenal, metabolic and other obesity-associated diseases could overwhelm health-care systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA. .,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Michael E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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19
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Than WH, Chan GCK, Ng JKC, Szeto CC. The role of obesity on chronic kidney disease development, progression, and cardiovascular complications. ADVANCES IN BIOMARKER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abst.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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20
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Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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21
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Triggiani AI, Valenzano A, Trimigno V, Di Palma A, Moscatelli F, Cibelli G, Messina G. Heart rate variability reduction is related to a high amount of visceral adiposity in healthy young women. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223058. [PMID: 31553779 PMCID: PMC6760781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several heart rate variability (HRV) studies show abnormalities in autonomic nervous control in obese and overweight subjects. However, some of the results appear to be controversial. Here we investigate the HRV profile in seventy adult normotensive women and its association with general and visceral adiposity. Specifically, we recorded the electrocardiographic (ECG) activity in subjects during a supine resting state for five minutes in a quiet room late in the morning. Total fat mass (TFM) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were instead estimated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Finally, we used simple a linear regression analysis of frequency and time-domain parameters to study the relationship between HRV and adiposity. Our data showed an overall reduction of the HRV related to an increase of TFM although this regression appeared significant only for high frequencies (HF). When the linear regression was applied between HRV variables and VAT, the slope of the line increases, thus unveiling a statistically significant relation (i.e. the more VAT, the lower HRV). Finally, a control analysis showed that age does not alter the relation between HRV and VAT when used as a confounding factor in multiple regression. To conclude, these findings point to abnormal activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in subjects with an excess of VAT and represent a starting point to determine a non-invasive index of cardiac wellness for clinical and nutritional application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ivano Triggiani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valentina Trimigno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Palma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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22
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Doom JR, Lumeng JC, Sturza J, Kaciroti N, Vazquez DM, Miller AL. Longitudinal associations between overweight/obesity and stress biology in low-income children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:646-655. [PMID: 31477784 PMCID: PMC7050333 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objectives Associations between overweight and altered stress biology have been reported cross-sectionally during childhood, but it is unclear whether overweight precedes altered stress biology or if altered stress biology predicts greater likelihood of overweight over time. The current longitudinal study investigates associations between overweight/obesity, salivary alpha amylase and cortisol morning intercept, diurnal slope, and reactivity to social stress in a cohort of low-income children during preschool and middle childhood. Subjects/Methods Children were recruited through Head Start and were observed and followed into middle childhood (N = 257; M = 8.0 years). Height and weight were measured at both time points. Saliva samples were collected across the day and in response to a social challenge at both ages for alpha amylase and cortisol determination. Results Cross-lagged panel analyses indicated that overweight/obesity at preschool predicted lower morning alpha amylase (β = −0.18, 95% CI: −0.34, −0.03; p = .023), lower morning cortisol (β = −0.22, 95% CI: −0.38, −0.06; p = .006), lower sAA diurnal slope (β = −0.18, 95% CI: −0.34, −0.03; p = .021), and lower cortisol stress reactivity (β = −0.19, 95% CI: −0.35, −0.02; p = .031) in middle childhood. Lower alpha amylase reactivity at preschool was the only biological factor that predicted higher likelihood of overweight/obesity at middle childhood (β = −0.20, 95% CI: −0.38, −0.01; p = .035). Conclusions These findings suggest that overweight/obesity may be driving changes in stress biology across early to middle childhood, particularly in down-regulation of morning levels of stress hormones, diurnal sAA slope, and cortisol reactivity to stress, rather than stress biology driving overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenalee R Doom
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julie Sturza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Delia M Vazquez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Gava FN, Moak SP, Dai X, Hall JE. Impact of leptin deficiency compared with neuronal-specific leptin receptor deletion on cardiometabolic regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R552-R562. [PMID: 31411897 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00077.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to compare the impact of total body leptin deficiency with neuronal-specific leptin receptor (LR) deletion on metabolic and cardiovascular regulation. Liver fat, diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGTA2), and CD36 protein content were measured in wild-type (WT), nervous system LR-deficient (LR/Nestin-Cre), and leptin deficient (ob/ob) mice. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded by telemetry, and motor activity (MA) and oxygen consumption (V̇o2) were monitored at 24 wk of age. Female and male LR/Nestin-Cre and ob/ob mice were heavier than WT mice (62 ± 5 and 61 ± 3 vs. 31 ± 1 g) and hyperphagic (6.2 ± 0.5 and 6.1 ± 0.7 vs. 3.5 ± 1.0 g/day), with reduced V̇o2 (27 ± 1 and 33 ± 1 vs 49 ± 3 ml·kg-1·min-1) and decreased MA (3 ± 1 and 7 ± 2 vs 676 ± 105 cm/h). They were also hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic compared with WT mice. LR/Nestin-Cre mice had high levels of plasma leptin, while ob/ob mice had undetectable leptin levels. Despite comparable obesity, LR/Nestin-Cre mice had lower liver fat content, DGTA2, and CD36 protein levels than ob/ob mice. Male WT, LR/Nestin-Cre, and ob/ob mice exhibited similar BP (111 ± 3, 110 ± 1 and 109 ± 2 mmHg). Female LR/Nestin-Cre and ob/ob mice, however, had higher BP than WT females despite similar metabolic phenotypes compared with male LR/Nestin-Cre and ob/ob mice. These results indicate that although nervous system LRs play a crucial role in regulating body weight and glucose homeostasis, peripheral LRs regulate liver fat deposition. In addition, our results suggest potential sex differences in the impact of obesity on BP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Fabio N Gava
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Sydney P Moak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xuemei Dai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is no longer recognised as simply a structural support for the vasculature, and we now know that PVAT releases vasoactive factors which modulate vascular function. Since the discovery of this function in 1991, PVAT research is rapidly growing and the importance of PVAT function in disease is becoming increasingly clear. Obesity is associated with a plethora of vascular conditions; therefore, the study of adipocytes and their effects on the vasculature is vital. PVAT contains an adrenergic system including nerves, adrenoceptors and transporters. In obesity, the autonomic nervous system is dysfunctional; therefore, sympathetic innervation of PVAT may be the key mechanistic link between increased adiposity and vascular disease. In addition, not all obese people develop vascular disease, but a common feature amongst those that do appears to be the inflammatory cell population in PVAT. This review will discuss what is known about sympathetic innervation of PVAT, and the links between nerve activation and inflammation in obesity. In addition, we will examine the therapeutic potential of exercise in sympathetic stimulation of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK.
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility (3rd floor), 46 Grafton Street, M13 9NT, Manchester, UK
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25
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Chapelot D, Charlot K. Physiology of energy homeostasis: Models, actors, challenges and the glucoadipostatic loop. Metabolism 2019; 92:11-25. [PMID: 30500561 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the physiology of energy homeostasis (EH), which is a debated concept. Thus, we will see that the set-point theory is highly challenged and that other models integrating an anticipative component, such as energy allostasis, seem more relevant to experimental reports and life preservation. Moreover, the current obesity epidemic suggests that EH is poorly efficient in the modern human dietary environment. Non-homeostatic phenomena linked to hedonism and reward seem to profoundly impair EH. In this review, the apparent failed homeostatic responses to energy challenges such as exercise, cafeteria diet, overfeeding and diet-induced weight loss, as well as their putative determinants, are analyzed to highlight the mechanisms of EH. Then, the hormonal, neuronal, and metabolic factors of energy intake or energy expenditure are briefly presented. Last, this review focuses on the contributions of two of the most pivotal and often overlooked determinants of EH: the availability of endogenous energy and the pattern of energy intake. A glucoadipostatic loop model is finally proposed to link energy stored in adipose tissue to EH through changes in eating behavior via leptin and sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Chapelot
- Université Paris 13, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Bobigny, France.
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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26
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Cao X, MacNaughton P, Cadet LR, Cedeno-Laurent JG, Flanigan S, Vallarino J, Donnelly-McLay D, Christiani DC, Spengler JD, Allen JG. Heart Rate Variability and Performance of Commercial Airline Pilots during Flight Simulations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16020237. [PMID: 30654438 PMCID: PMC6352143 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pilots undergo a variety of stressors that may affect their performance during all phases of flight. Heart rate variability (HRV) has been considered as a reliable indicator of the parasympathetic and sympathetic activities of human autonomic nervous system, which can be used to characterize the sympathetic stress response of pilots during flight. In this study, thirty active commercial airline pilots were recruited to fly three flight segments in a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)-certified A320 flight simulator with each segment at a different carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration on the flight deck. The pilots performed a series of maneuvers of varying difficulty, and their performance was evaluated by FAA designated pilot examiners. The HRV metrics (SDNN, RMSSD and LF/HF ratio) of each pilot both before and during flight simulations were measured with a Movisens EcgMove3 sensor. The average SDNN, RMSSD and LF/HF ratio of the pilots during flight simulations were 34.1 ± 12.7 ms, 23.8 ± 10.2 ms and 5.7 ± 2.8 respectively. Decreased HRV was associated with aging, obesity and performing difficult maneuvers. Both CO₂ exposure and HRV had an independent effect on the pilot performance, while their interaction was not significant. The generalized additive mixed effect model results showed that a pilot performed better on a maneuver when his stress response was lower, as indicated by higher SDNN and RMSSD and lower LF/HF ratio. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in SDNN (21.97 ms) and RMSSD (16.00 ms) and an IQR decrease in LF/HF ratio (4.69) was associated with an increase in the odds of passing a maneuver by 37%, 22% and 20%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cao
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Piers MacNaughton
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Leslie R Cadet
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | - Skye Flanigan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Jose Vallarino
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Deborah Donnelly-McLay
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - John D Spengler
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Joseph G Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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27
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McGeoch PD. Can Vestibular Stimulation be Used to Treat Obesity? Bioessays 2019; 41:e1800197. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. McGeoch
- Center for Brain and Cognition; UC San Diego, Mandler Hall; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 US
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28
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Heiston EM, Malin SK. Impact of Exercise on Inflammatory Mediators of Metabolic and Vascular Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1134:271-294. [PMID: 30919343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12668-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of obesity is cornerstone in the etiology of metabolic and vascular insulin resistance and consequently exacerbates glycemic control. Exercise is an efficacious first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes that improves insulin action through, in part, reducing hormone mediated inflammation. Together, improving the coordination of skeletal muscle metabolism with vascular delivery of glucose will be required for optimizing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Heiston
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Influence of weight loss on pulmonary function and levels of adipokines among asthmatic individuals with obesity: One-year follow-up. Respir Med 2018; 145:48-56. [PMID: 30509716 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with obesity are more likely to develop asthma, but the exact mechanism is still uncertain and several hypotheses have been raised, such as the release of inflammatory mediators secreted by adipose tissue. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of weight loss in patients submitted to bariatric surgery on pulmonary and systemic inflammation. METHOD The study evaluated patients undergoing bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass) with the diagnosis of asthma, except smokers. The patients were evaluated at the time of entry into a preoperative weight loss group (T1), just before bariatric surgery (T2), six months after surgery (T3), and 12 months after surgery (T4). The following were measured: anthropometric data, dosage of systemic inflammatory markers by means of blood collection, pulmonary inflammatory markers obtained by induced sputum collection, pulmonary function parameters, and asthma activity assessed by a Asthma Control Test (ACT) questionnaire. RESULTS Nineteen patients participated in the study. There were significant reductions in the systemic levels of interleukin (IL)-8 (p = 0.002), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.003), leptin (p = 0.001) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (p = 0.007), and significant increase in the systemic levels of IL-6 (p = 0.004) over time and adiponectin in T2 (p = 0.025). In regards to pulmonary inflammation, there were significant reductions in the sputum levels of TNF-α (p < 0.001). There was no significant improvement of the pulmonary function parameters (p > 0.05) and significant improvement in asthma activity scores (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Weight loss was associated with significant changes in the systemic and pulmonary inflammatory profiles of individuals with asthma, leading to a better asthma control as a result of an increase in some anti-inflammatory mediators and a reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators.
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30
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Diet induced obesity alters muscle spindle afferent function in adult mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196832. [PMID: 29718979 PMCID: PMC5931673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations with obesity are more likely to fall and exhibit balance instability. The reason for this is likely multifactorial, but there is some evidence that sensory function is impaired during obesity. We tested the hypothesis that muscle proprioceptor function is compromised in a mouse model of diet induced obesity. An in vitro muscle-nerve preparation was used to record muscle spindle afferent responses to physiological stretch and sinusoidal vibration. We compared the responses of C57/Bl6 male and female mice on a control diet (10% kcal fat) with those eating a high fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal fat) for 10 weeks (final age 14–15 weeks old). Following HFD feeding, adult mice of both sexes exhibited decreased muscle spindle afferent responses to muscle movement. Muscle spindle afferent firing rates during the plateau phase of stretch were significantly lower in both male and female HFD animals as were two measures of dynamic sensitivity (dynamic peak and dynamic index). Muscle spindle afferents in male mice on a HFD were also significantly less likely to entrain to vibration. Due to the importance of muscle spindle afferents to proprioception and motor control, decreased muscle spindle afferent responsiveness may contribute to balance instability during obesity.
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31
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Prates KV, de Oliveira JC, Malta A, Matiusso CCI, Miranda RA, Ribeiro TA, Francisco FA, Franco CCS, Moreira VM, Alves VS, Torrezan R, Mathias PCF, Barella LF. Sympathetic innervation is essential for metabolic homeostasis and pancreatic beta cell function in adult rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 462:119-126. [PMID: 28962894 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an imbalance in the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), specifically in the organs involved in energy metabolism. The pancreatic islets are richly innervated by the ANS, which tunes the insulin release due to changes in energy demand. Therefore, changes in the sympathetic input that reach the pancreas can lead to metabolic dysfunctions. To evaluate the role of the sympathetic ends that innervate the pancreas, 60-day-old male Wistar rats were subjected to sympathectomy (SYM) or were sham-operated (SO). At 120 day-old SYM rats exhibited an increase in body weight, fat pads and metabolic dysfunctions. Decreases in the HOMA-IR and reductions in insulin release were observed both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the SYM rats exhibited altered pancreatic islet function in both muscarinic and adrenergic assays and exhibited high protein expression of the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor (α2AR). Because α2AR has been linked to type 2 diabetes, these findings demonstrate the clinical implications of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly V Prates
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Júlio C de Oliveira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Ananda Malta
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila C I Matiusso
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosiane A Miranda
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiane A Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávio A Francisco
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Claudinéia C S Franco
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Veridiana M Moreira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vander S Alves
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosana Torrezan
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo C F Mathias
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Barella
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Osakabe N, Terao J. Possible mechanisms of postprandial physiological alterations following flavan 3-ol ingestion. Nutr Rev 2018; 76:174-186. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Sordi CCD, Lemos MDP, Marocolo M, Chriguer RS, Mendes EL, Mota GRD, Barbosa Neto O. Exercise training reverse autonomic dysfunction and hypertension in rats fed with high-fat diet. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700040004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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34
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Onger ME, Kaplan S, Geuna S, Türkmen AP, Muratori L, Altun G, Altunkaynak BZ. Possible effects of some agents on the injured nerve in obese rats: A stereological and electron microscopic study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:1258-1267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Dow CA, Stauffer BL, Brunjes DL, Greiner JJ, DeSouza CA. Regular aerobic exercise reduces endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstrictor tone in overweight and obese adults. Exp Physiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A. Dow
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Brian L. Stauffer
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center; Aurora CO 80045 USA
- Denver Health Medical Center; Denver CO 80204 USA
| | - Danielle L. Brunjes
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Jared J. Greiner
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Christopher A. DeSouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory; Department of Integrative Physiology; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center; Aurora CO 80045 USA
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Dubey P, Tiwari S, Bajpai M, Singh K, Jha P. Effect of Metaboreflex on Cardiovascular System in Subjects of Metabolic Syndrome. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:CC01-CC04. [PMID: 28892884 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/27583.10178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metaboreflex is a reflex in which muscle receptors send signals regarding metabolic (metabolites accumulation like lactic acid, potassium, adenosine) conditions of the muscles to nucleus tractus solitarius via afferent III and IV fibres to cause haemodynamic adjustments in order to regulate blood flow on the basis of the status of contracting muscle. Dysregulation in its mechanism in metabolic syndrome is demonstrated. AIM To study the effect of metaboreflex by both isometric and rhythmic handgrip exercise on CVS parameters {Blood Pressure (BP), Cardiac Output (CO) and Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)} in subjects of metabolic syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 27 subjects aged 25 to 45 years were enrolled after ethical clearance and proper consent. They were divided into: a) subjects without metabolic syndrome; and b) subjects with metabolic syndrome. Impedance cardiovasography was done to assess cardiac parameters (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance). Pre-exercise parameters were assessed followed by isometric exercise and post-isometric exercise parameter measurement. Again after rest, rhythmic exercise was followed. Finally post exercise parameters were assessed. Student paired t-test for comparison between pre and post exercise parameters were done. RESULTS Changes in diastolic BP following exercise were statistically significant in subjects without metabolic syndrome (p-value 0.01 and 0.001 following isometric and rhythmic exercise respectively). In subjects with metabolic syndrome also these changes were significant, but to a lesser extent (p-value 0.1 and 0.01 respectively for isometric and rhythmic exercise). Changes in systolic BP following exercise were statistically significant in subjects without metabolic syndrome (p-value 0.001 and 0.001 following isometric and rhythmic exercise respectively). In subjects with metabolic syndrome also these changes were significant (p-value 0.01 and 0.001 respectively for isometric and rhythmic exercise). CONCLUSION Diminished pressor response is found after exercise in subjects with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramita Dubey
- Junior Resident, Department of Physiology, KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunita Tiwari
- Professor and Head, Department of Physiology, KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Bajpai
- Professor, Department of Physiology, KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kalpana Singh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen Jha
- Senior Resident, Department of Gastroenterology, RMLIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Shi Z, Madden CJ, Brooks VL. Arcuate neuropeptide Y inhibits sympathetic nerve activity via multiple neuropathways. J Clin Invest 2017. [PMID: 28628036 PMCID: PMC5490747 DOI: 10.1172/jci92008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) via activation of proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ArcN), and this action requires simultaneous withdrawal of tonic neuropeptide Y (NPY) sympathoinhibition. However, the sites and neurocircuitry by which NPY decreases SNA are unclear. Here, using designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) to selectively activate or inhibit ArcN NPY neurons expressing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) in mice, we have demonstrated that this neuronal population tonically suppresses splanchnic SNA (SSNA), arterial pressure, and heart rate via projections to the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). First, we found that ArcN NPY/AgRP fibers closely appose PVN and DMH presympathetic neurons. Second, nanoinjections of NPY or an NPY receptor Y1 (NPY1R) antagonist into PVN or DMH decreased or increased SSNA, respectively. Third, blockade of DMH NPY1R reversed the sympathoinhibition elicited by selective, DREADD-mediated activation of ArcN NPY/AgRP neurons. Finally, stimulation of ArcN NPY/AgRP terminal fields in the PVN and DMH decreased SSNA. Considering that chronic obesity decreases ArcN NPY content, we propose that the ArcN NPY neuropathway to the PVN and DMH is pivotal in obesity-induced elevations in SNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and
| | - Christopher J Madden
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Wang P, Li Y, Liu X, Wang Q, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Li L, Fan J, Zhou H, Mao Z, Zhang G, Wang C. Independent and cumulative effects of resting heart rate and pulse pressure with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese rural population. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2625. [PMID: 28572617 PMCID: PMC5454018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to explore the effects of resting heart rate (RHR) and pulse pressure (PP) independently as well as their cumulative effects on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through cross-sectional study plus meta-analysis. A total of 8276 subjects aged 35–74 years from the Rural Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (RuralDiab) study were included in the study. Meanwhile, two meta-analyses were conducted to validate the results of the epidemiological research. The results showed that RHR and PP were associated with higher risk of T2DM, and the corresponding adjusted OR(95%CI) for each quartiles were 1.00, 0.99(0.68–1.42), 1.58(1.13–2.20), 2.93(2.15–3.98) and 1.00, 1.06(0.75–1.48), 1.11(0.79–1.56), 1.45(1.03–2.03), respectively. The cumulative effect analysis indicated that the adjusted OR(95%CI) in the fast RHR-high PP were 3.36(2.26–4.99), 2.60(1.47–4.59), and 3.60(2.09–6.20) compared with the slow RHR-low PP for total population, male and female, respectively. Meta-analysis showed that the pooled effect values for RHR and PP were 1.94(1.64–2.31) and 1.25(1.04–1.51), respectively. This study demonstrated that elevated RHR and PP are independently associated with the risk of T2DM as well as the influences of conventional confounders, and fast RHR with high PP might cumulatively increase the risk of T2DM. However, the potential clinical application remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Yuqian Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Quanxin Wang
- Department of Health Education, Yuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuchang, Henan, PR China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Health Education, Yuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xuchang, Henan, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhenxing Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Gongyuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
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Miller AL, Kaciroti N, Sturza J, Retzloff L, Rosenblum K, Vazquez DM, Lumeng JC. Associations between stress biology indicators and overweight across toddlerhood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 79:98-106. [PMID: 28273588 PMCID: PMC5367941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological stress responses are proposed as a pathway through which stress exposure can "get under the skin" and lead to health problems, specifically obesity. Yet, it is not clear when such associations may emerge or whether they are bidirectional. Cortisol and salivary alpha amylase (sAA) were considered indicators of the biological stress response. We tested the longitudinal association between cortisol and sAA and weight in 215 low-income children at ages 21, 27, and 33 months (52% male; 46% non-Hispanic white). sAA and cortisol intercept and slope (representing morning level and rate of change across the day) were calculated for each age point using random effect models. Children were weighed and length measured and categorized as overweight versus normal weight (overweight defined as weight-for-length z-score ≥85th percentile for age and sex). Cross-lagged models stratified by sex and controlling for birthweight z-score tested the concurrent and cross-lagged associations between each of 4 indices of stress biology individually (cortisol and sAA intercept and slope) and overweight. Overweight status was correlated across time. Cortisol and sAA were correlated across occasions of measurement, though somewhat less strongly in boys. There were no concurrent associations between stress indicators and overweight. sAA at 27 months predicted greater risk of overweight at 33 months in girls, such that both lower sAA intercept and more rapidly increasing sAA at 27 months predicted greater risk of overweight at 33 months (β=-0.64, p<0.05 and β=1.09, p<0.05, respectively). For boys only, overweight at 21 months predicted lower sAA intercept at 27 months (β=-0.35, p<0.05). Findings suggest that longitudinal associations of stress biology and weight status may be present only on a limited basis very early in the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health,United States.
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, United States
| | - Julie Sturza
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Lauren Retzloff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Katherine Rosenblum
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, United States
| | - Delia M Vazquez
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, United States
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, United States; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, United States
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40
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Mahú I, Domingos AI. The sympathetic neuro-adipose connection and the control of body weight. Exp Cell Res 2017; 360:27-30. [PMID: 28342901 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, obesity has become a global public health crisis irrespective of age or gender [20]. But according to historic records, concerns over appropriate maintenance of body size have been long established. For more than to 2 millennia, the main therapeutic approach to curb excess weight has been to recommend dietary restrictions and regular exercise (Haslam, 2016). Nevertheless, more contemporary studies indicate that the employment of such approaches in the treatment of severely obese patients causes metabolic adaptions which impair their long-term success in weight management [8]. These evidences highlight thus, the urgency in the search for a more comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie the control of body weight, which would be essential for the development of effective strategies for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. Importantly, the discovery of the hormone leptin [33]and the use of novel techniques in targeted transgenesis [32] have enabled progress in defining some of the key players and the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the processes that control body size homeostasis and energy balance, and how obesity may disrupt leptin's feedback loop and lead to the pathology of metabolic syndrome. On the light of such findings, here we review how the sympathetic nervous system modulates adipose tissue metabolism downstream of leptin's action on the CNS, with particular focus on how this system may be disrupted in the context of excess adiposity, plus highlight the potential clinical implications arising from a better understanding of the physiologic control of the sympathetic neuro-adipose connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mahú
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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41
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Exploring the possible mechanisms of blunted cardiac reactivity to acute psychological stress. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 113:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Elliott RH, Matthews VB, Rudnicka C, Schlaich MP. Is it time to think about the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 sympathetically? Nephrology (Carlton) 2017; 21:286-94. [PMID: 26369359 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances in glucose homeostasis are a key feature of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Renal glucose reabsorption is an important factor in glycaemic control. Glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubules is mediated by the sodium glucose co-transporter 2. The capacity for glucose reabsorption is increased in type 2 diabetes and contributes significantly to hyperglycaemia and impaired glucose control. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning the regulation of the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 is therefore of high clinical relevance. However, despite recent advances in the field and the availability of pharmacological inhibitors of this glucose transporter for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, the mechanisms that regulate sodium glucose co-transporter 2 expression are not fully understood. The sympathetic nervous system is an important modulator of glucose homeostasis, and sympathetic hyperactivity is a characteristic feature of obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Sympathetic inhibition either achieved pharmacologically or by renal sympathetic denervation has been associated with improved glucose control. Importantly, sympathetic nerves innervate the proximal tubules of the kidney where they have been shown to regulate the expression of other transporters such as the sodium hydrogen exchanger 3. This review aims to explore the evidence for the regulation of sodium glucose co-transporter 2-mediated glucose reabsorption by the sympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary H Elliott
- Dobney Hypertension Centre School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia
| | - Vance B Matthews
- Dobney Hypertension Centre School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia
| | - Caroline Rudnicka
- Royal Perth Hospital Research Centre, East Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Markus P Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia
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Barateiro A, Mahú I, Domingos AI. Leptin Resistance and the Neuro-Adipose Connection. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:45. [PMID: 28321206 PMCID: PMC5337508 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Barateiro
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ines Mahú
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Domingos
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Ana I. Domingos,
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Morais RL, Hilzendeger AM, Visniauskas B, Todiras M, Alenina N, Mori MA, Araújo RC, Nakaie CR, Chagas JR, Carmona AK, Bader M, Pesquero JB. High aminopeptidase A activity contributes to blood pressure control in ob/ob mice by AT 2 receptor-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 312:H437-H445. [PMID: 27940965 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00485.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is assumed to be a major cause of human essential hypertension; however, the mechanisms responsible for weight-related increase in blood pressure (BP) are not fully understood. The prevalence of hypertension induced by obesity has grown over the years, and the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in this process continues to be elucidated. In this scenario, the ob/ob mice are a genetic obesity model generally used for metabolic disorder studies. These mice are normotensive even though they present several metabolic conditions that predispose them to hypertension. Although the normotensive trait in these mice is associated with the poor activation of sympathetic nervous system by the lack of leptin, we demonstrated that ob/ob mice present massively increased aminopeptidase A (APA) activity in the circulation. APA enzyme metabolizes angiotensin (ANG) II into ANG III, a peptide associated with intrarenal angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor activation and induction of natriuresis. In these mice, we found increased ANG-III levels in the circulation, high AT2 receptor expression in the kidney, and enhanced natriuresis. AT2 receptor blocking and APA inhibition increased BP, suggesting the ANG III-AT2 receptor axis as a complementary BP control mechanism. Circulating APA activity was significantly reduced by weight loss independently of leptin, indicating the role of fat tissue in APA production. Therefore, in this study we provide new data supporting the role of APA in BP control in ob/ob mouse strain. These findings improve our comprehension about obesity-related hypertension and suggest new tools for its treatment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we reported an increased angiotensin III generation in the circulation of ob/ob mice caused by a high aminopeptidase A activity. These findings are associated with an increased natriuresis found in these mice and support the role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as additional mechanism regulating blood pressure in this genetic obese strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Morais
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline M Hilzendeger
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Visniauskas
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mihail Todiras
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marcelo A Mori
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo C Araújo
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clovis R Nakaie
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jair R Chagas
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana K Carmona
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany; and.,Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - João B Pesquero
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;
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Abstract
Insufficient hepatic O2 in animal and human studies has been shown to elicit a hepatorenal reflex in response to increased hepatic adenosine, resulting in the stimulation of renal as well as muscle sympathetic nerve activity and activating the renin angiotensin system. Low hepatic ATP, hyperuricemia, and hepatic lipid accumulation reported in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients may reflect insufficient hepatic O2 delivery, potentially accounting for the sympathetic overdrive associated with MetS. This theoretical concept is supported by experimental results in animals fed a high fructose diet to induce MetS. Hepatic fructose metabolism rapidly consumes ATP resulting in increased adenosine production and hyperuricemia as well as elevated renin release and sympathetic activity. This review makes the case for the hepatorenal reflex causing sympathetic overdrive and metabolic syndrome in response to exaggerated splanchnic oxygen consumption from excessive eating. This is strongly reinforced by the fact that MetS is cured in a matter of days in a significant percentage of patients by diet, bariatric surgery, or endoluminal sleeve, all of which would decrease splanchnic oxygen demand by limiting nutrient contact with the mucosa and reducing the nutrient load due to loss of appetite or dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wider
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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46
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Briant LJB, Charkoudian N, Hart EC. Sympathetic regulation of blood pressure in normotension and hypertension: when sex matters. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:219-29. [PMID: 26682826 DOI: 10.1113/ep085368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Hypertension is a major problem in Western society. Risk of hypertension increases with age, especially in women, who have lower risk compared with men until menopause. This review outlines the sex differences in the sympathetic control of blood pressure and how these mechanisms change with age. What advances does it highlight? It has recently been recognized that men and women regulate blood pressure by different physiological mechanisms. This is important for both the understanding and the clinical management of individual patients with hypertension. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding how the regulation of blood pressure in hypertension by the sympathetic nervous system differs between men and women. The sympathetic nervous system has a central role in the regulation of arterial blood pressure (BP) and in the development of hypertension in humans. Recent evidence points to differences between the sexes in the integrative mechanisms by which BP is controlled, suggesting that the development of hypertension may follow distinct pathways in women compared with men. An important aspect of sympathetic control of BP is its substantial interindividual variability. In healthy young men, the variability in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) is balanced by variability in cardiac output and vascular adrenergic responses, such that BP remains similar, and normal, across a severalfold range of resting SNA values. In young women, variability in resting SNA is similar to that seen in men, but the 'balancing' mechanisms are strikingly different; women exhibit greater β-adrenergic vasodilatation compared with men, which minimizes the pressor effects of a given level of SNA. Ageing is associated with increased SNA and a loss of the balancing factors seen in younger people, leading to an increased risk of hypertension in older people. Loss of oestrogen with menopause in women appears to be linked mechanistically with the decrease in β-adrenergic vasodilatation and the increased risk of hypertension in older women. Other important factors contributing to hypertension via sympathetic mechanisms are obesity and arterial stiffening, both of which increase with ageing. We conclude with a discussion of important areas in which more work is needed to understand and manage appropriately the sex-specific mechanisms in the development and maintenance of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J B Briant
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, Cardionomics Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - N Charkoudian
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - E C Hart
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, Cardionomics Group, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Ribeiro TA, Prates KV, Pavanello A, Malta A, Tófolo LP, Martins IP, Oliveira JCD, Miranda RA, Gomes RM, Vieira E, Franco CCDS, Barella LF, Francisco FA, Alves VS, Silveira SDS, Moreira VM, Fabricio GS, Palma-Rigo K, Sloboda DM, Mathias PCDF. Acephate exposure during a perinatal life program to type 2 diabetes. Toxicology 2016; 372:12-21. [PMID: 27765684 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Acephate has been used extensively as an insecticide in agriculture. Its downstream sequelae are associated with hyperglycemia, lipid metabolism dysfunction, DNA damage, and cancer, which are rapidly growing epidemics and which lead to increased morbidity and mortality rates and soaring health-care costs. Developing interventions will require a comprehensive understanding of which excess insecticides during perinatal life can cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. A Wistar rat animal model suggests that acephate exposure during pregnancy and lactation causes alterations in maternal glucose metabolism and programs the offspring to be susceptible to type 2 diabetes at adulthood. Therapeutic approaches based on preventive actions to food contaminated with insecticides during pregnancy and lactation could prevent new cases of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Aparecida Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Valério Prates
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Audrei Pavanello
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ananda Malta
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Laize Peron Tófolo
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Isabela Peixoto Martins
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cezar de Oliveira
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, 78.557-267 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysis Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21.941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Mello Gomes
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Elaine Vieira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudinéia Conationi da Silva Franco
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Barella
- Molecular Signalling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20892 Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Flávio Andrade Francisco
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Vander Silva Alves
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra da Silva Silveira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Mota Moreira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Sergio Fabricio
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Kesia Palma-Rigo
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Ob/Gyn, and Pediatrics MacMaster University-8S 4L8, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringá-5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil; UPSP-EGEAL Institut Polytechnique LaSalle de Beauvais, BP, 30313-60026 Beauvais Cedex, France
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Abstract
Insufficient hepatic O2 in animal and human studies has been shown to elicit a hepatorenal reflex in response to increased hepatic adenosine, resulting in stimulation of renal as well as muscle sympathetic nerve activity and activating the renin angiotensin system. Low hepatic ATP, hyperuricemia, and hepatic lipid accumulation reported in metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients may reflect insufficient hepatic O2 delivery, potentially accounting for the sympathetic overdrive associated with MetS. This theoretical concept is supported by experimental results in animals fed a high fructose diet to induce MetS. Hepatic fructose metabolism rapidly consumes ATP resulting in increased adenosine production and hyperuricemia as well as elevated renin release and sympathetic activity. This review makes the case for the hepatorenal reflex causing sympathetic overdrive and metabolic syndrome in response to exaggerated splanchnic oxygen consumption from excessive eating. This is strongly reinforced by the fact that MetS is cured in a matter of days in a significant percentage of patients by diet, bariatric surgery, or endoluminal sleeve, all of which would decrease splanchnic oxygen demand by limiting nutrient contact with the mucosa and reducing the nutrient load due to the loss of appetite or dietary restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wider
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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49
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Longtime napping is associated with cardiovascular risk estimation according to Framingham risk score in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2016; 23:950-6. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Sabbag A, Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, McNitt S, Glikson M, Biton Y, Jackson L, Polonsky B, Zareba W, Kutyifa V. Predictors and Risk of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias or Death in Black and White Cardiac Patients. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2016; 2:448-455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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