1
|
Jung A, Ishibashi M, Shinya Y, Itakura S. Relationship between maternal grit and effortful control among 18-21-month-old toddlers. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1346428. [PMID: 38827896 PMCID: PMC11140844 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1346428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Grit is known to be effective for long-term academic and social success. However, few studies have focused on the role of grit in parenting and its effect on the development of grit in children. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of maternal grit on children's effortful control (EC), which is thought to be a precursor to grit, using parenting as a mediating factor. Participants in the current study were 412 children (age range: 18-21 months, M = 34.67 months, SD = 4.51 months) and their mothers. We assessed maternal grit, parenting style, maternal EC, and child EC, and found that maternal grit, maternal EC, and parenting style were positively correlated with child EC. Furthermore, maternal grit was related to EC in children not only directly, but also indirectly through responsive parenting. Additionally, maternal grit was found to be directly related to child EC only when assessed separately from maternal EC. The current study's findings suggest that maternal grit is directly related to EC in children in a way that differs from the mother's EC in child-rearing situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awoun Jung
- Department of Psychology, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Ishibashi
- Department of Psychology and Humanities, College of Sociology, Edogawa University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuta Shinya
- Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Itakura
- Research Organization of Open Innovation and Collaboration Ritsumeikan University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jónsdóttir LK, Forslund T, Frick MA, Frick A, Heeman EJ, Brocki KC. A challenge to the expected: Lack of longitudinal associations between the early caregiving environment, executive functions in toddlerhood, and self-regulation at 6 years. Dev Sci 2024:e13526. [PMID: 38712829 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Previous research and theory indicate an importance of the quality of the early caregiving environment in the development of self-regulation. However, it is unclear how attachment security and maternal sensitivity, two related but distinct aspects of the early caregiving environment, may differentially predict self-regulation at school start and whether a distinction between hot and cool executive function is informative in characterizing such predictions through mediation. In a 5-year longitudinal study (n = 108), we examined these associations using measures of maternal sensitivity and attachment security at 10-12 months, executive function at 4 years, and self-regulation at 6 years. Surprisingly, and despite methodological rigor, we found few significant bivariate associations between the study variables. We found no credible evidence of a longitudinal association between maternal sensitivity or attachment security in infancy and self-regulation at 6 years, or between executive function at 4 years and self-regulation at 6 years. The lack of bivariate longitudinal associations precluded us from building mediation models as intended. We discuss our null findings in terms of their potential theoretical implications, as well as how measurement type, reliability, and validity, may play a key role in determining longitudinal associations between early caregiving factors and later self-regulation and related abilities. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The early caregiving environment has been implicated in the development of later self-regulation, which includes more basic skills, such as hot and cool executive functions (EF). In a 5-year longitudinal study, with a sample of 108 children, we rigorously measured aspects of early caregiving, EF, and self-regulation. We found no significant longitudinal associations between early caregiving and self-regulation at 6 years, nor between EF at 4 years and self-regulation at 6 years. These null results highlight the complexity of modeling self-regulation development and raise critical questions about general methodological conventions within self-regulation development research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilja K Jónsdóttir
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Women's Mental Health During the Reproductive Lifespan - WOMHER, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tommie Forslund
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matilda A Frick
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Frick
- Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma J Heeman
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Women's Mental Health During the Reproductive Lifespan - WOMHER, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin C Brocki
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Willems YE, Raffington L, Ligthart L, Pool R, Hottenga JJ, Finkenauer C, Bartels M. No gene by stressful life events interaction on individual differences in adults' self-control. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1388264. [PMID: 38693999 PMCID: PMC11061522 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1388264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Difficulty with self-control, or the ability to alter impulses and behavior in a goal-directed way, predicts interpersonal conflict, lower socioeconomic attainments, and more adverse health outcomes. Etiological understanding, and intervention for low self-control is, therefore, a public health goal. A prominent developmental theory proposes that individuals with high genetic propensity for low self-control that are also exposed to stressful environments may be most at-risk of low levels of self-control. Here we examine if polygenic measures associated with behaviors marked by low self-control interact with stressful life events in predicting self-control. Methods Leveraging molecular data from a large population-based Dutch sample (N = 7,090, Mage = 41.2) to test for effects of genetics (i.e., polygenic scores for ADHD and aggression), stressful life events (e.g., traffic accident, violent assault, financial problems), and a gene-by-stress interaction on self-control (measured with the ASEBA Self-Control Scale). Results Both genetics (β =.03 -.04, p <.001) and stressful life events (β = .11 -.14, p <.001) were associated with individual differences in self-control. We find no evidence of a gene-by-stressful life events interaction on individual differences in adults' self-control. Conclusion Our findings are consistent with the notion that genetic influences and stressful life events exert largely independent effects on adult self-control. However, the small effect sizes of polygenic scores increases the likelihood of null results. Genetically-informed longitudinal research in large samples can further inform the etiology of individual differences in self-control from early childhood into later adulthood and its downstream implications for public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yayouk Eva Willems
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Max Planck Research Group Biosocial – Biology, Social Disparities, and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurel Raffington
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Max Planck Research Group Biosocial – Biology, Social Disparities, and Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lannie Ligthart
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rene Pool
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Catrin Finkenauer
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu Y, Ng-Knight T, Tenenbaum HR. Schoolwork effort and emotions predict self-control in a weekly diary study. J Pers 2024; 92:436-456. [PMID: 36964985 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-control supports many positive life outcomes. However, the processes underlying the development of self-control are not well understood. Drawing on the TESSERA model of personality development, we examined whether weekly schoolwork effort predicts self-control (in the subsequent week). We also examined the role of schoolwork emotions and whether these emotions moderated the impact of schoolwork effort on self-control based on predictions from the TESSERA model. METHODS Data are from a weekly diary study (N = 98) that measured children's schoolwork effort, schoolwork emotions, and self-control during five consecutive weeks. Data were analyzed at the between- and within-person levels using multilevel models. RESULTS Between-person results show that schoolwork effort is related to variations in children's self-control. Furthermore, some emotions moderated the influence of schoolwork effort on self-control at the between- and within-person levels. CONCLUSION In line with the TESSERA model of personality development, positive state expressions of effort during schoolwork (e.g., putting in effort) predicted higher self-control in the subsequent week. However, this finding was dependent on the reactions and reinforcement children felt about their effort (e.g., emotional responses to their remote schoolwork). The discussion examines how these findings extend to previous literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hazumi M, Kawamura A, Yoshiike T, Matsui K, Kitamura S, Tsuru A, Nagao K, Ayabe N, Utsumi T, Izuhara M, Shinozaki M, Takahashi E, Fukumizu M, Fushimi M, Okabe S, Eto T, Nishi D, Kuriyama K. Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS-J). BMC Psychol 2024; 12:56. [PMID: 38303086 PMCID: PMC10832274 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The average sleep duration of Japanese people is shorter than that of people from other countries, and bedtime procrastination is suspected to be one of the factors contributing to this issue. This study aimed to develop and validate the Japanese version of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS-J). METHODS The BPS-J was developed through procedures including the translation and back-translation of the scale, cognitive interviews with 100 participants who reported having experiences of being diagnosed with insufficient sleep syndrome (ISS) or receiving treatment for ISS using open-ended online questionnaires, and expert checking. To investigate the scale's validity and reliability, an online survey was conducted with daytime workers aged 20 - 65 years without a history of sleep disorders other than ISS. Half the participants were retested using the same survey after 14 days. Participants' responses to the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS), General Procrastination Scale (GPS), and Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ), and data on sleep-related variables such as sleep duration on workdays and the days per week of fatigue or sleep loss, sex, and age, were collected. RESULTS We analyzed data from 574 participants to assess scale validity. We then analyzed data from 280 participants to determine test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the two-factor model without Item 2 was most suitable for the BPS-J, unlike other language versions. Regardless of the full-item model or the model with Item 2 eliminated, sufficient reliability and significant correlations with the BSCS, GPS, MCTQ, and sleep-related variables such as sleep duration per night on work days, days per week of feeling fatigued, and days per week of sleep loss were observed. Logistic and linear regressions showed that the relationships between the BPS-J, sleep-related variables, and MCTQ were maintained after adjusting for sex and age. CONCLUSION The BPS-J had sufficient validity and reliability. Further, eliminating Item 2 from the original version of the BPS strengthened the ability to survey Japanese daytime workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hazumi
- Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aoi Kawamura
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshiike
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Matsui
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Kitamura
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tsuru
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagao
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Ayabe
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Regional Studies and Humanities, Faculty of Education and Human Studies, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Utsumi
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muneto Izuhara
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Shinozaki
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriya Takahashi
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Fukumizu
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Segawa Memorial Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momo Fushimi
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Okabe
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Eto
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishi
- Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kuriyama
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gajos JM, Boutwell BB. Evolution, the Cognitive Sciences, and the Science of Victimization. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 22:14747049231225146. [PMID: 38225172 PMCID: PMC10793188 DOI: 10.1177/14747049231225146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite clear aversion to such labels, one of the most impactful criminological theories is rooted in cognitive science. Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory has been repeatedly tested, replicated relatively well, and has since reached beyond its original scope to explain other important outcomes like victimization. However, the work never viewed itself as part of a larger scientific landscape and resisted the incursion of neuroscience, cognitive science, and evolutionary theory from the start. This missed opportunity contributes to some of the theory's shortcomings. We begin by considering relevant literatures that were originally excluded and then conduct a new analysis examining the cognitive underpinnings of victimization in a high-risk sample of adolescents. We used the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 3,444; 48% female; 49% Black, 25% Hispanic) which contained sound measures of self-control and intelligence, as well as four types of adolescent victimization. Self-control was robustly associated with all forms of victimization, whereas intelligence had generally no detectable effect. We discuss how these findings fit into a broader understanding about self-control and victimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Gajos
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Brian B. Boutwell
- Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies, School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
- John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McCallum E, Shaw RC. Repeatability and heritability of inhibitory control performance in wild toutouwai ( Petroica longipes). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:231476. [PMID: 38026029 PMCID: PMC10646466 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing interest in the evolution of inhibitory control, few studies have examined the validity of widespread testing paradigms, the long-term repeatability and the heritability of this cognitive ability in the wild. We investigated these aspects in the inhibitory control performance of wild toutouwai (North Island robin; Petroica longipes), using detour and reversal learning tasks. We assessed convergent validity by testing whether individual performance correlated across detour and reversal learning tasks. We then further evaluated task validity by examining whether individual performance was confounded by non-cognitive factors. We tested a subset of subjects twice in each task to estimate the repeatability of performance across a 1-year period. Finally, we used a population pedigree to estimate the heritability of task performance. Individual performance was unrelated across detour and reversal learning tasks, indicating that these measured different cognitive abilities. Task performance was not influenced by body condition, boldness or prior experience, and showed moderate between-year repeatability. Yet despite this individual consistency, we found no evidence that task performance was heritable. Our findings suggest that detour and reversal learning tasks measure consistent individual differences in distinct forms of inhibitory control in toutouwai, but this variation may be environmentally determined rather than genetic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ella McCallum
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rachael C. Shaw
- School of Biological Sciences, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu X, Spinrad TL, Xiao SX, Xu J, Eisenberg N, Laible DJ, Berger RH, Carlo G. White children's prosocial behavior toward White versus Black peers: The role of children's effortful control and parents' implicit racial attitudes. Child Dev 2023; 94:1581-1594. [PMID: 37221916 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
White children's effortful control (EC), parents' implicit racial attitudes, and their interaction were examined as predictors of children's prosocial behavior toward White versus Black recipients. Data were collected from 171 White children (55% male, Mage = 7.13 years, SD = 0.92) and their parent in 2017. Prosocial behavior toward White peers was predicted by children's higher EC. When predicting prosocial behavior toward Black peers and prosocial disparity (the difference between White and Black recipients), parents' implicit racial attitudes moderated the relation between children's EC and children's prosocial behavior. Specifically, children's EC was positively associated with prosocial behavior toward Black peers (and negatively related to inequity in prosocial behavior) only when parents exhibited less implicit racial bias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Xu
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Tracy L Spinrad
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Sonya Xinyue Xiao
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jingyi Xu
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Nancy Eisenberg
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Deborah J Laible
- Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca H Berger
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Gustavo Carlo
- Department of Education, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kevenaar ST, Dolan CV, Boomsma DI, van Bergen E. Self-control and grit are associated with school performance mainly because of shared genetic effects. JCPP ADVANCES 2023; 3:e12159. [PMID: 37753153 PMCID: PMC10519738 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background By combining the classical twin design with regression analysis, we investigated the role of two non-cognitive factors, self-control and grit, in the prediction of school performance. We did so at the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental level. Methods Teachers filled out a survey on the twins' school performance (school grades for reading, literacy, and math), self-control (ASEBA self-control scale), and grit (the perseverance aspect) for 4891 Dutch 12-years-old twin pairs (3837 pairs with data for both and 1054 pairs with data for one of the twins). We employed regression analyses to first assess the contributions of self-control and grit to school performance at the phenotypic level, and next at the genetic and environmental level, while correcting for rater (teacher) effects, parental SES, and sex. Results Higher SES was associated with better school performance, self-control, and grit. On average, girls had more self-control and grit than boys. Corrected for sex, SES, and teacher rater effects, genetic factors accounted for 74%, 69%, and 58% of the phenotypic variance of school performance, self-control, and grit, respectively. Phenotypically, self-control and grit explained 28.3% of the variance in school performance. We found that this phenotypic result largely reflected genetic influences. Conclusions Children who have better self-control and are grittier tend to do better in school. Individual differences in these three traits are not correlated because of shared environmental influences, but mainly because of shared genetic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofieke T. Kevenaar
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Institute LEARN!Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Conor V. Dolan
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Elsje van Bergen
- Department of Biological PsychologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Institute LEARN!Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mueller IM, Spinath FM, Friese M, Hahn E. Genetics, parenting, and family functioning-What drives the development of self-control from adolescence to adulthood? J Pers 2023; 91:332-353. [PMID: 35514264 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-control is a meaningful predictor of crucial life outcomes. Knowingly, genes contribute substantially to differences in self-control, but behavioral genetic findings are often misinterpreted regarding environmental influences. Therefore, we reinvestigate the heritability of self-control as well as potential environmental influences, namely parenting and a chaotic home environment. METHOD We used cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the German twin family study TwinLife (N = 3354 individuals), structured in a multicohort design in which 13-, 19-, and 25-year-old twins rated their self-control, parents' behavior, and home environment. RESULTS Results showed increasing mean levels and 1-year stabilities for self-control accompanied by substantial genetic influences, increasing particularly from ages 19 to 25 (53% to 76%). While chaotic home environments and negative parenting were phenotypically associated with lower self-control, twin difference models revealed that differences in these individually perceived "environments" directly predicted self-control differences (β = -0.16 to -0.28) within families when controlling for genetic and environmental similarities. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the genetic anchoring of self-control, results indicate that environmental factors such as negative family environments are meaningful and depend on individual perceptions within families. Interventions for enhancing self-control should, therefore, rely on individual perspectives rather than objective characteristics of home environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida M Mueller
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Frank M Spinath
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Malte Friese
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hahn
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hung IT, Ganiban JM, Saudino KJ. Using the Flanker Task to Examine Genetic and Environmental Contributions in Inhibitory Control Across the Preschool Period. Behav Genet 2023; 53:132-142. [PMID: 36449137 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-022-10129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The limited research exploring genetic and environmental influences on inhibitory control (IC) in preschoolers has relied on parent ratings or simple delay tasks and has produced mixed results. The present study uses a cognitively-challenging Flanker task to examine genetic and environmental contributions to the development of early IC in a longitudinal sample of 310 same-sex twin pairs (123 MZ; 187 DZ; 51% female) assessed at ages 3, 4 and 5 years. IC was significantly heritable at each age (a2: age 3 = .36; age 4 = .36; age 5 = .35). Stability was entirely accounted for by genetic influences, and change was explained by genetic and nonshared environmental factors. No significant shared environmental influences were observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Tzu Hung
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Jody M Ganiban
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kimberly J Saudino
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Beames JR, Slavich E, Denson TF. Twelve weeks of self-control training does not reduce aggression. Aggress Behav 2023. [PMID: 36779451 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Self-control training (SCT) is a method of practicing self-controlled behavior in one domain that enhances self-controlled behavior in additional domains. We investigated whether 4 and 12 weeks of practicing self-control would improve control over aggressive behavior. Relative to the active control group, SCT did not reduce aggression regardless of the training duration. We also did not find supportive evidence to suggest that theoretically relevant variables mediated or moderated the effects of SCT on aggression over time. Bayesian analyses showed greater support for the null hypotheses than the alternative hypothesis. Our experiment casts doubt on the long-term effectiveness of using SCT for reducing reactive aggression. Additional research is necessary to identify the conditions under which SCT is most likely to facilitate control over aggressive behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne R Beames
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eve Slavich
- Mark Wainright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas F Denson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Crouse JJ, LaMonica HM, Song YJC, Boulton KA, Rohleder C, DeMayo MM, Wilson CE, Loblay V, Hindmarsh G, Stratigos T, Krausz M, Foo N, Teo M, Hunter A, Guastella AJ, Banati RB, Troy J, Hickie IB. Designing an App for Parents and Caregivers to Promote Cognitive and Socioemotional Development and Well-being Among Children Aged 0 to 5 Years in Diverse Cultural Settings: Scientific Framework. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2023; 6:e38921. [PMID: 36780220 PMCID: PMC9972208 DOI: 10.2196/38921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen remarkable progress in our scientific understanding of early childhood social, emotional, and cognitive development, as well as our capacity to widely disseminate health information by using digital technologies. Together, these scientific and technological advances offer exciting opportunities to deliver high-quality information about early childhood development (ECD) to parents and families globally, which may ultimately lead to greater knowledge and confidence among parents and better outcomes among children (particularly in lower- and middle-income countries). With these potential benefits in mind, we set out to design, develop, implement, and evaluate a new parenting app-Thrive by Five-that will be available in 30 countries. The app will provide caregivers and families with evidence-based and culturally appropriate information about ECD, accompanied by sets of collective actions that go beyond mere tips for parenting practices. Herein, we describe this ongoing global project and discuss the components of our scientific framework for developing and prototyping the app's content. Specifically, we describe (1) 5 domains that are used to organize the content and goals of the app's information and associated practices; (2) 5 neurobiological systems that are relevant to ECD and can be behaviorally targeted to potentially influence social, emotional, and cognitive development; (3) our anthropological and cultural framework for learning about local contexts and appreciating decolonization perspectives; and (4) our approach to tailoring the app's content to local contexts, which involves collaboration with in-country partner organizations and local and international subject matter experts in ECD, education, medicine, psychology, and anthropology, among others. Finally, we provide examples of the content that was incorporated in Thrive by Five when it launched globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Crouse
- Youth Mental Health and Technology Team, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Haley M LaMonica
- Youth Mental Health and Technology Team, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Yun Ju Christine Song
- Youth Mental Health and Technology Team, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Kelsie A Boulton
- Clinic for Autism and Neurodevelopment Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Cathrin Rohleder
- Youth Mental Health and Technology Team, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marilena M DeMayo
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chloe E Wilson
- Youth Mental Health and Technology Team, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Victoria Loblay
- Youth Mental Health and Technology Team, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Hindmarsh
- Youth Mental Health and Technology Team, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Tina Stratigos
- Sydney School of Education and Social Work, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Krausz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Adam J Guastella
- Youth Mental Health and Technology Team, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Clinic for Autism and Neurodevelopment Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Richard B Banati
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jakelin Troy
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Youth Mental Health and Technology Team, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Goto T. Normative information can induce biased choice toward delayed larger rewards in adulthood. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Goto
- Graduate School of Human Sciences Osaka University Osaka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tcherni-Buzzeo M. Dietary interventions, the gut microbiome, and aggressive behavior: Review of research evidence and potential next steps. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:15-32. [PMID: 35997420 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research in biosocial criminology and other related disciplines has established links between nutrition and aggressive behavior. In addition to observational studies, randomized trials of nutritional supplements like vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and folic acid provide evidence of the dietary impact on aggression. However, the exact mechanism of the diet-aggression link is not well understood. The current article proposes that the gut microbiome plays an important role in the process, with the microbiota-gut-brain axis serving as such a mediating mechanism between diet and behavior. Based on animal and human studies, this review synthesizes a wide array of research across several academic fields: from the effects of dietary interventions on aggression, to the results of microbiota transplantation on socioemotional and behavioral outcomes, to the connections between early adversity, stress, microbiome, and aggression. Possibilities for integrating the microbiotic perspective with the more traditional, sociologically oriented theories in criminology are discussed, using social disorganization and self-control theories as examples. To extend the existing lines of research further, the article considers harnessing the experimental potential of noninvasive and low-cost dietary interventions to help establish the causal impact of the gut microbiome on aggressive behavior, while adhering to the high ethical standards and modern research requirements. Implications of this research for criminal justice policy and practice are essential: not only can it help determine whether the improved gut microbiome functioning moderates aggressive and violent behavior but also provide ways to prevent and reduce such behavior, alone or in combination with other crime prevention programs.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lindblom J, Pajulo M, Nolvi S, Tervahartiala K, Karlsson H, Karlsson L, Korja R. Early pathways of maternal mentalization: Associations with child development in the FinnBrain birth cohort study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:855190. [PMID: 36582339 PMCID: PMC9792295 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental mentalization refers to a parents' capacity and interest to consider the individual experience and mental state underlying the behaviors of the child. Higher mentalization is considered a key aspect for parental sensitivity in interaction, fostering child's socioemotional and self-regulatory development. Yet, previous studies have not examined the dynamic pathways through which the maternal mentalization may develop, nor their effects on child development. Thus, in the current person-oriented study, first, we identify distinct profiles and longitudinal trajectories of maternal mentalization from pregnancy to child's 2 years of age. Second, we test how the profiles and trajectories associate with children's internalizing and externalizing problems, social-emotional competence and effortful control at the age of 2 years. Third, we examine how the profiles and trajectories associate with contextual demographic and child related. The substudy was part of the FinnBrain Birth Cohort and included families from general population (n = 2,687). Mothers reported their parental reflective functioning (PRF) at late pregnancy, 6 months and 2 years of child's age. Both mothers (n = 1,437) and fathers (n = 715) reported the developmental child outcomes at the child's age of 2 years. Latent Profile Analysis and Latent Transition Analysis were used to identify PRF profiles and trajectories. The results showed decreasing heterogeneity in PRF from pregnancy to child's age of 6 months and 2 years (i.e., four, three and two latent classes, respectively). Most mothers progressed towards high PRF over time. Second, the profiles and trajectories depicting high PRF associated with child high social-emotional competence at the age of 2 years, yet no clear positive effects were found on child's problems and effortful control. The group of mixed PRF trajectories showed strongest association with child's internalizing and externalizing problems. Finally, there were theoretically meaningful associations between the PRF trajectories and both the contextual (e.g., parity) and child related (e.g., infant temperament) factors. This was the first study to explore the early unfolding of maternal mentalization. The results are discussed in relation with the potential mechanisms accounting for child development and with the nature and limitations of self-reported parental mentalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lindblom
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,*Correspondence: J. Lindblom,
| | - M. Pajulo
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Child Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - S. Nolvi
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Psychology and Speech Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - K. Tervahartiala
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | - H. Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University, Turku, Finland,Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - L. Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University, Turku, Finland,Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R. Korja
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,Department of Psychology and Speech Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Siebers T, Beyens I, Pouwels JL, Valkenburg PM. Explaining variation in adolescents' social media-related distraction: The role of social connectivity and disconnectivity factors. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-14. [PMID: 36468162 PMCID: PMC9684974 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03844-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Social media are often believed to distract adolescents' attention. While existing research has shown that some adolescents experience more social media-related distraction than others, the explanations for these differences remain largely unknown. Based on Self-Determination Theory, this preregistered study investigated two social connectivity factors (fear of missing out [FoMO] and friendship accessibility expectations) and two disconnectivity factors (self-control strategies and parental restrictions) that may explain heterogeneity in social media-related distraction. We used data collected through a measurement burst design, consisting of a three-week experience sampling method study among 300 adolescents (21,970 assessments) and online surveys. Using N = 1 analyses, we found that most adolescents (77%) experienced social media-related distraction. Contrary to expectations, none of the connectivity or disconnectivity factors explained differences in social media-related distraction. The findings indicate that social media are a powerful distractor many adolescents seem to struggle with.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teun Siebers
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 15791, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ine Beyens
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 15791, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Loes Pouwels
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patti M. Valkenburg
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 15791, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
André N, Baumeister RF. Three Pathways Into Chronic Lack of Energy as a Mental Health Complaint. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Many disturbances of physical, social, and mental health have conditions involving lack of energy, difficulty in making decisions, and low interest or motivation. Laboratory studies of willpower depletion have produced similar states in a temporary fashion. The present review uses extant literature to develop and test three theories about how temporary states of low willpower could become chronic. The first is ongoing and repeated exposure to depleting circumstances, such as caregiver fatigue, burdensome financial debts, and high-stress jobs. The second focuses on inadequate recoveries, such as poor sleep, insufficient nutrition, or unsatisfying vacations. The third invokes dispositional vulnerabilities that predispose some people to become depleted more frequently than others. A wide-ranging search for evidence concluded that the first two theories have more support than the third, though all further merit research. Additional possible contributions to chronicity are discussed, such as the emergence of vicious circles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, UMR CNRS 7295, University of Poitiers, France
| | - Roy F. Baumeister
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim HJ, Yang S, Park D. Routes Out of Child Abuse to School Adjustments: A Comparison Between North Korean Adolescent Refugees and Native South Korean Adolescents. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2022:1-12. [PMID: 36246099 PMCID: PMC9551245 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-022-00885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine pathways from child abuse to school adjustment and the roles of self-control and academic stress on the link among North Korean adolescent refugees living in South Korea and native South Korean adolescents. A total of 610 students (adolescents from South Korea = 325 and adolescents from North Korea = 285) living in South Korea, from juniors in middle schools to seniors in high schools, were interviewed in 2017. Multigroup structural equation modeling was used to examine differences in the country of origin on the pathways from abuse to school adjustment via self-control and academic stress. North Korean adolescent refugees were less likely to adjust to their school life than South Korean adolescents. Academic stress was found as a significant mediator between self-control and school adjustment in both South Korean and North Korean adolescents. Child abuse was associated with self-control of South Korean adolescents. Childhood abuse from parents can have an overall influence on individual characteristics and school life for adolescents. By paying attention to this process, comprehensive solutions are urgently required not only to intervene in the problem of abusive parenting behaviors but also to block the path of the expanding negative consequences among both groups of adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Bangmok College of General Education, Myongji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sejung Yang
- Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York, NY USA
- Department
of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Innovation Hall E220, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Daejun Park
- Department of Social Work, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Conner M, Wilding S, Wright CE, Sheeran P. How Does Self-Control Promote Health Behaviors? A Multi-Behavior Test of Five Potential Pathways. Ann Behav Med 2022; 57:313-322. [PMID: 36206193 PMCID: PMC10094954 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-control is generally defined as the capacity to override impulses and is a robust predictor of health behaviors. This paper integrates trait, reasoned action, and habit approaches to develop and test a mechanistic account of how self-control influences health actions. PURPOSE We tested five potential pathways from self-control to behavior, termed the valuation, prioritization, habituation, translation, and inhibition routes. METHODS At baseline, participants (N = 663 adults) completed survey measures of reasoned action approach variables and habits in relation to eight health behaviors and the Brief Self-Control Scale. Three months later, participants reported their behavior. Multi-level modeling was used to test pathways across behaviors. RESULTS Supporting the valuation route, affective attitude, cognitive attitude, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control mediated the self-control-intention relation, and intentions and perceived behavioral control mediated the relationship between self-control and health behaviors. Self-control also predicted the priority accorded to different considerations during intention formation. Higher self-control was associated with stronger prediction by cognitive attitudes and perceived behavioral control and weaker prediction by habits and injunctive norms. Self-control predicted habit formation, and habits mediated the self-control-behavior relation. Finally, self-control was associated with the improved translation of intentions into health behaviors and with greater inhibition of affective and habitual influences. Findings for the different pathways were not moderated by whether approach (health-protective behaviors) or avoidance responses (health-risk behaviors) were at issue. CONCLUSIONS The present research offers new insights into why self-control promotes health behavior performance, and how deficits in self-control might be offset in future behavior-change interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Conner
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Wilding
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Charles E Wright
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Paschal Sheeran
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kretschmer T, Vrijen C, Nolte IM, Wertz J, Hartman CA. Gene-environment interplay in externalizing behavior from childhood through adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:1206-1213. [PMID: 35766296 PMCID: PMC9796590 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and environmental influences on externalizing problems are often studied separately. Here, we extended prior work by investigating the implications of gene-environment interplay in childhood for early adult externalizing behavior. Genetic nurture would be indicated if parents' genetic predisposition for externalizing behavior operates through the family environment in predicting offspring early adult externalizing behavior. Evocative gene-environment correlation would be indicated if offspring genetic predisposition for externalizing behavior operates through child externalizing behavior in affecting the family environment and later early adult externalizing behavior. METHOD Longitudinal data from seven waves of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey, a prospective cohort study of Dutch adolescents followed from age 11 to age 29 (n at baseline = 2,734) were used. Child externalizing behavior was assessed using self and parent reports. Family dysfunction was assessed by parents. Early adult externalizing behavior was assessed using self-reports. Genome-wide polygenic scores for externalizing problems were constructed for mothers, fathers, and offspring. RESULTS Offspring polygenic score and child behavior each predicted early adult externalizing problems, as did family dysfunction to a small extent. Parents' polygenic scores were not associated with offspring's early adult externalizing behavior. Indirect effect tests indicated that offspring polygenic score was associated with greater family dysfunction via child externalizing behavior (evocative gene-environment correlation) but the effect was just significant and the effect size was very small. Parents' polygenic scores did not predict family dysfunction, thus the data do not provide support for genetic nurture. CONCLUSIONS A very small evocative gene-environment correlation was detected but effect sizes were much more pronounced for stability in externalizing behavior from childhood through early adulthood, which highlights the necessity to intervene early to prevent later problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilja Maria Nolte
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Centre GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Wertz
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Catharina Annette Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE)University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Estimating effects of parents' cognitive and non-cognitive skills on offspring education using polygenic scores. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4801. [PMID: 35999215 PMCID: PMC9399113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how parents' cognitive and non-cognitive skills influence offspring education is essential for educational, family and economic policy. We use genetics (GWAS-by-subtraction) to assess a latent, broad non-cognitive skills dimension. To index parental effects controlling for genetic transmission, we estimate indirect parental genetic effects of polygenic scores on childhood and adulthood educational outcomes, using siblings (N = 47,459), adoptees (N = 6407), and parent-offspring trios (N = 2534) in three UK and Dutch cohorts. We find that parental cognitive and non-cognitive skills affect offspring education through their environment: on average across cohorts and designs, indirect genetic effects explain 36-40% of population polygenic score associations. However, indirect genetic effects are lower for achievement in the Dutch cohort, and for the adoption design. We identify potential causes of higher sibling- and trio-based estimates: prenatal indirect genetic effects, population stratification, and assortative mating. Our phenotype-agnostic, genetically sensitive approach has established overall environmental effects of parents' skills, facilitating future mechanistic work.
Collapse
|
23
|
Pechorro P, Curtis S, DeLisi M, Maroco J, Nunes C. Dark Triad Psychopathy Outperforms Self-Control in Predicting Antisocial Outcomes: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:549-562. [PMID: 35735462 PMCID: PMC9222205 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12060041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dark Triad traits and self-control are considered viable causal precursors to antisocial and criminal outcomes in youth. The purpose of the present study is to concurrently compare how Dark Triad traits and self-control differ in terms of predicting self-reported juvenile delinquency, CD symptoms, proactive overt aggression, and crime seriousness. The sample consisted of 567 (M = 15.91 years, SD = 0.99 years, age range = 14–18 years) Southern European youth from Portugal. Structural-equation-modelling procedures revealed that the psychopathy factor of Dark Triad traits presented the strongest significant hypothetical causal associations with the antisocial/criminal outcomes, followed by self-control. Machiavellianism and narcissism presented the lowest causal associations. Our findings indicate that psychopathy, as operationalized in the Dark Triad, concurrently surpasses self-control and the remaining factors of the Dark Triad in terms of predicting antisocial/criminal outcomes in youth. This suggests that behavioral disinhibition, or a core incapacity to regulate one’s conduct, is central for understanding delinquency and externalizing psychopathology. Comparatively, the interpersonal component of dark personality features, such as Machiavellianism and narcissism, are secondary for understanding crime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pechorro
- Faculdade de Psicologia (The Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory), University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Psychology Research Centre (CIP), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Shelby Curtis
- Social Psychology Ph.D. Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
| | - Matt DeLisi
- Department of Sociology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - João Maroco
- William James Centre for Research, ISPA-Instituto Universitário, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Cristina Nunes
- Psychology Research Centre (CIP), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Feldman JS, Shaw DS, Nordahl KB, Backer‐Grøndahl A, Nærde A. Stable, longitudinal relations between early paternal supportive parenting and preschool‐age children's self‐regulation. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia S. Feldman
- Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | | | | | | | - Ane Nærde
- The Norwegian Center for Child Behavioral Development Oslo Norway
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dou K, Wang LX, Cheng DL, Li YY, Zhang MC. Longitudinal association between poor parental supervision and risk-taking behavior: The role of self-control and school climate. J Adolesc 2022; 94:525-537. [PMID: 35355292 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although poor parental supervision has been associated with an increased adolescents' propensity for risk-taking behavior, few researchers have investigated nuanced mechanisms of how and for whom from the perspective of "family × school." Inspired by ecological system theory and self-control theory, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-control and the moderating role of school climate between the link between poor parental supervision and risk-taking behavior. METHODS Four hundred and ninety-one Chinese adolescents (231 females, Mage = 15.39 ± 1.36) were recruited to participate in a three-wave longitudinal study (3 months apart) and complete questionnaires regarding poor parental supervision (W1), school climate (W1), self-control (W2), and risk-taking behavior (W1/W3). RESULTS After controlling for W1 risk-taking behavior, our moderated mediation model indicated that W1 poor parental supervision was positively related to W3 risk-taking behavior by restraining the development of W2 self-control. Additionally, a high level of school climate as a protective factor buffered the negative impact of poor parental supervision on adolescents' self-control, further reducing risk-taking behavior. CONCLUSION Our findings shed light on the processing mechanisms between poor parental supervision and risk-taking behavior among Chinese adolescents and underscore the importance of effective preventions and interventions to facilitate adolescents' healthy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dou
- Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Xin Wang
- Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Li Cheng
- Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yu Li
- Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Chen Zhang
- Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Reiss D, Ganiban JM, Leve LD, Neiderhiser JM, Shaw DS, Natsuaki MN. Parenting in the Context of the Child: Genetic and Social Processes. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2022; 87:7-188. [PMID: 37070594 PMCID: PMC10329459 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The focus on the role of parenting in child development has a long-standing history. When measures of parenting precede changes in child development, researchers typically infer a causal role of parenting practices and attitudes on child development. However, this research is usually conducted with parents raising their own biological offspring. Such research designs cannot account for the effects of genes that are common to parents and children, nor for genetically influenced traits in children that influence how they are parented and how parenting affects them. The aim of this monograph is to provide a clearer view of parenting by synthesizing findings from the Early Growth and Development Study (EGDS). EGDS is a longitudinal study of adopted children, their birth parents, and their rearing parents studied across infancy and childhood. Families (N = 561) were recruited in the United States through adoption agencies between 2000 and 2010. Data collection began when adoptees were 9 months old (males = 57.2%; White 54.5%, Black 13.2%, Hispanic/Latinx 13.4%, Multiracial 17.8%, other 1.1%). The median child age at adoption placement was 2 days (M = 5.58, SD = 11.32). Adoptive parents were predominantly in their 30s, White, and coming from upper-middle- or upper-class backgrounds with high educational attainment (a mode at 4-year college or graduate degree). Most adoptive parents were heterosexual couples, and were married at the beginning of the project. The birth parent sample was more racially and ethnically diverse, but the majority (70%) were White. At the beginning of the study, most birth mothers and fathers were in their 20s, with a mode of educational attainment at high school degree, and few of them were married. We have been following these family members over time, assessing their genetic influences, prenatal environment, rearing environment, and child development. Controlling for effects of genes common to parents and children, we confirmed some previously reported associations between parenting, parent psychopathology, and marital adjustment in relation to child problematic and prosocial behavior. We also observed effects of children's heritable characteristics, characteristics thought to be transmitted from parent to child by genetic means, on their parents and how those effects contributed to subsequent child development. For example, we found that genetically influenced child impulsivity and social withdrawal both elicited harsh parenting, whereas a genetically influenced sunny disposition elicited parental warmth. We found numerous instances of children's genetically influenced characteristics that enhanced positive parental influences on child development or that protected them from harsh parenting. Integrating our findings, we propose a new, genetically informed process model of parenting. We posit that parents implicitly or explicitly detect genetically influenced liabilities and assets in their children. We also suggest future research into factors such as marital adjustment, that favor parents responding with appropriate protection or enhancement. Our findings illustrate a productive use of genetic information in prevention research: helping parents respond effectively to a profile of child strengths and challenges rather than using genetic information simply to identify some children unresponsive to current preventive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Reiss
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Xiang GX, Gan X, Jin X, Zhang YH, Zhu CS. Developmental Assets, Self-Control and Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescence: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model in a Longitudinal Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:808264. [PMID: 35186844 PMCID: PMC8854220 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.808264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From the perspective of positive youth development, developmental assets and self-control play critical roles in promoting adolescent development. However, their effects have not been evaluated in the current issue, internet gaming disorder (IGD). IGD is gradually becoming an important social problem among worldwide youth and has been included in the eleventh International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Therefore, the present study was determined to investigate the relationship between developmental assets, self-control, and IGD. A two-wave longitudinal study, with each wave spanning half a year apart, was conducted in a sample of 1023 adolescents (aging from 11 to 15, 49.36% boys) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of the moderated mediation model revealed that T1 developmental assets could predict less IGD at T2 directly or through T1 self-control indirectly. Furthermore, the moderating effect of gender was not significant in the mediation model. Overall, adolescents who experience more developmental assets are less likely to suffer IGD. Moreover, developmental assets are conducive to developing a higher level of self-control, which in turn contributes to preventing or intervening in IGD as well. Therefore, measures should be taken to construct developmental assets to prevent or reduce IGD during adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xing Xiang
- Department of Psychology, College of Education and Sports Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiong Gan
- Department of Psychology, College of Education and Sports Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiong Gan
| | - Xin Jin
- Yangtze University College of Technology and Engineering, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhang
- Department of Psychology, College of Education and Sports Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Cong-Shu Zhu
- Department of Psychology, College of Education and Sports Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Three Patterns of Inheritance of Quantitative Dermatoglyphic Traits: Kosovo Albanian Twin Study. Twin Res Hum Genet 2022; 24:371-376. [PMID: 35074022 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2021.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dermatoglyphs are epidermal ridge configurations on the fingers, palms and soles that are formed during fetal development, and therefore only the intrauterine environment can have any influence on their formation. This study aims at investigating the genetic and environmental contribution in determining quantitative dermatoglyphic traits in 32 monozygotic (MZ) and 35 dizygotic (DZ) same-sex twins from the Albanian population of Kosovo. All genetic analyses were run in the statistical program Mx. After assumptions testing, based on the pattern of MZ-DZ correlations, univariate models were fitted to the data in order to estimate additive genetic (A), common (C) and individual (E) environmental influences for all variables. The exception was the atd-angle for which a model with nonadditive genetic (D) influences was tested, since DZ correlations were less than half of MZ correlations. Goodness of fit of the full ACE or ADE model was compared to the saturated model. The fit of nested models (AE, CE, DE or E) was compared to the full models (ACE or ADE). Our results indicate that additive genetic component strongly contributes to individual differences in finger ridge counts (49-81%), and weakly (0-50%) on the formation of the palmar ridge counts between the palmar triradii a, b, c, and d. The specific pattern found for the atd-angle implies the impact of a nonadditive genetic component, possibly the effect of a major gene. Further, more powered studies are needed to confirm this pattern, especially for resolving the issue of the huge difference in MZ and DZ twin similarity for the atd-angle palmar trait.
Collapse
|
29
|
Etiology of Basic Psychological Needs and Their Association with Personality: A Twin Study. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
30
|
Finkel D, Davis DW, Giangrande EJ, Womack S, Turkheimer E, Beam C. Socioeconomic status impacts genetic influences on the longitudinal dynamic relationship between temperament and general cognitive ability in childhood: The Louisville Twin Study. Child Dev 2021; 93:e135-e148. [PMID: 34741532 PMCID: PMC8941284 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The current analysis investigates genetic and environmental influences on the bidirectional relationships between temperament and general cognitive ability (GCA). Measures of GCA and three temperament factors (persistence, approach, and reactivity) were collected from 486 children ages 4-9 years (80% white, 50% female) from the Louisville Twin Study from 1976 to 1998. The results indicated a bidirectional dynamic model of temperament influencing subsequent GCA and GCA influencing subsequent temperament. The dynamic relationship between temperament and GCA arose primarily from shared genetic variance, particularly in families with higher socioeconomic status, where input from temperament contributed on average 20% to genetic variance in GCA versus 0% in lower SES families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Finkel
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany, Indiana, USA.,Institute for Gerontology, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Deborah W Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Evan J Giangrande
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sean Womack
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Eric Turkheimer
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher Beam
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Consistency of noncognitive skills and their relation to educational outcomes in a UK cohort. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:563. [PMID: 34741011 PMCID: PMC8571267 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncognitive skills have been shown to associate with a range of health and socioeconomic outcomes. Many studies have relied on cross sectional data and have been unable to assess the longitudinal consistency of noncognitive skill measures. Using data from a UK birth cohort, we investigated a range of noncognitive skills: behavioural problems, social skills, communication, self-esteem, persistence, locus of control, empathy, impulsivity and personality. We assessed their consistency over a 17-year period throughout childhood and adolescence (age 6 months to 18 years), their genomic architecture, and their associations with socioeconomic outcomes. We found high longitudinal measurement consistency for behavioural and communication skills, but low consistency for other noncognitive skills, suggesting a high noise to signal ratio. We observed consistent non-zero heritability estimates and genetic correlations for only behavioural difficulties. Using aggregate measures of each skill over time, we found evidence of phenotypic correlations and heritability ([Formula: see text] = 0.1-0.2) for behaviour, communication, self-esteem and locus of control. Associations between noncognitive skills and educational outcomes were observed for skills measured in mid to late childhood but these were at most a third of the size of IQ-education associations. These results suggest that measures designed to capture noncognitive skills may be subject to considerable response heterogeneity or measurement error. Aggregate measures that leverage repeat responses from longitudinal data may offer researchers more reliable measures that better identify underlying noncognitive skills than cross sectional measures.
Collapse
|
32
|
Imafuku M, Saito A, Hosokawa K, Okanoya K, Hosoda C. Importance of Maternal Persistence in Young Children's Persistence. Front Psychol 2021; 12:726583. [PMID: 34721187 PMCID: PMC8552035 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.726583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of a distant goal is an important personality trait that determines academic and social success. Recent studies have shown that individual differences in persistence involve both genetic and environmental factors; however, these studies have not examined the role of maternal factors on a young children's persistence. The present study examined whether mothers' persistence is associated with persistence in children aged 3-6 years. In addition, the associations between mothers' persistence/parenting style and children's self-control/social development (prosocial behaviors and difficulties) were examined. Our results showed that maternal persistence is essential for the child's persistence. Children's self-control and social development were also associated with the mothers' persistence and parenting style. Our findings suggest that a young child's persistence may develop under the influence of a familiar adult (i.e., mother) and characterizes their social development, highlighting the importance of persistence in parenting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Imafuku
- Department of Early Childhood Education and Care, Faculty of Education, Musashino University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Saito
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenchi Hosokawa
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Department of Life Science Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Hosoda
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Life Science Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rea-Sandin G, Oro V, Strouse E, Clifford S, Wilson MN, Shaw DS, Lemery-Chalfant K. Educational attainment polygenic score predicts inhibitory control and academic skills in early and middle childhood. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 20:e12762. [PMID: 34318993 PMCID: PMC8549462 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control skills are important for academic outcomes across childhood, but it is unknown whether inhibitory control is implicated in the association between genetic variation and academic performance. This study examined the relationship between a GWAS-based (EduYears) polygenic score indexing educational attainment (EA PGS) and inhibitory control in early (Mage = 3.80 years) and middle childhood (Mage = 9.18 years), and whether inhibitory control in early childhood mediated the relation between EA PGS and academic skills. The sample comprised 731 low-income and racially/ethnically diverse children and their families from the longitudinal early steps multisite study. EA PGS predicted middle childhood inhibitory control (estimate = 0.09, SE = 0.05, p < 0.05) and academic skills (estimate = 0.18, SE = 0.05, p < 0.01) but did not predict early childhood inhibitory control (estimate = 0.08, SE = 0.05, p = 0.11); thus, mediation was not tested. Sensitivity analyses showed that effect sizes were similar across European and African American groups. This study suggests that inhibitory control could serve as a potential mechanism linking genetic differences to educational outcomes.
Collapse
|
34
|
Papanikolopoulos P, Mastrotheodoros S, Papanikolopoulou S, Parlapani E, Kaprinis SG. The brief self-control scale: Dimensionality and psychometric properties in Greek young adults. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2021.1964070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Papanikolopoulos
- Second Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Eleni Parlapani
- First Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios G. Kaprinis
- Second Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Kraft P, Kraft B. Explaining socioeconomic disparities in health behaviours: A review of biopsychological pathways involving stress and inflammation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:689-708. [PMID: 34048858 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article was to explore how individuals' position in a socioeconomic hierarchy is related to health behaviours that are related to socioeconomic disparities in health. We identified research which shows that: (a) low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with living in harsh environments, (b) harsh environments are related to increased levels of stress and inflammation, (c) stress and inflammation impact neural systems involved in self-control by sensitising the impulsive system and desensitising the reflective system, (d) the effects are inflated valuations of small immediate rewards and deflated valuations of larger delayed rewards, (e) these effects are observed as increased delay discounting, and (f) delay discounting is positively associated with practicing more unhealthy behaviours. The results are discussed within an adaptive evolutionary framework which lays out how the stress response system, and its interaction with the immune system and brain systems for decision-making and behaviours, provides the biopsychological mechanisms and regulatory shifts that make widespread conditional adaptability possible. Consequences for policy work, interventions, and future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Kraft
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1094, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, Bjørknes University College, Lovisenberggata 13, 0456, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Brage Kraft
- Division of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, P. O. Box 23 Vinderen, 0319, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Association of Adult Socioeconomic Status with Body Mass Index: A Within- and Between-Twin Study. Twin Res Hum Genet 2021; 24:123-129. [PMID: 33849672 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2021.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Adult socioeconomic status (SES) has been consistently associated with body mass index (BMI), but it is unclear whether it is linked to BMI independently of childhood SES or other potentially confounding factors. Twin studies can address this issue by implicitly controlling for childhood SES and unmeasured confounders. This co-twin control study used cross-sectional data from Twins Research Australia's Health and Lifestyle Questionnaire (N = 1918 twin pairs). We investigated whether adult SES, as measured by both the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (IRSD) and the Australian Socioeconomic Index 2006 (AUSEI06), was associated with BMI after controlling for factors shared by twins within a pair. The primary analysis was a linear mixed-effects model that estimated effects both within and between pairs. Between pairs, a 10-unit increase in AUSEI06 was associated with a 0.29 kg/m2 decrease in BMI (95% CI [-.42, -.17], p < .001), and a 1-decile increase in IRSD was associated with a 0.26 kg/m2 decrease in BMI (95% CI [-.35, -.17], p < .001). No association was observed within pairs. In conclusion, higher adult SES was associated with lower BMI between pairs, but no association was observed within pairs. Thus, the link between adult SES and BMI may be due to confounding factors common to twins within a pair.
Collapse
|
38
|
Cioffi CC, Griffin AM, Natsuaki MN, Shaw DS, Reiss D, Ganiban JM, Neiderhiser JM, Leve LD. The role of negative emotionality in the development of child executive function and language abilities from toddlerhood to first grade: An adoption study. Dev Psychol 2021; 57:347-360. [PMID: 33570984 PMCID: PMC7970442 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of negative emotionality in the development of executive functioning (EF) and language skills can help identify developmental windows that may provide promising opportunities for intervention. In addition, because EF and language skills are, in part, genetically influenced, intergenerational transmission patterns are important to consider. The prospective parent-offspring adoption design used in this study provides a unique opportunity to examine the intergenerational transmission of EF and language skills. Participants were 561 children adopted around the time of birth. Accounting for birth mother EF and language contributions, we examined the role of child negative emotionality in toddlerhood (age 9 to 27 months) and childhood (age 4.5 to 7 years) on child EF and language skills in first grade (age 7 years). There was continuity in EF from age 27 months to 7 years, and in language ability from age 27 months to 7 years, with no cross-lagged effects between child EF and language ability. Negative emotionality at age 9 months predicted lower EF and lower language abilities at age 7 years, and growth in negative emotionality from age 4.5 to 7 years predicted lower child EF at age 7 years. Overall, findings suggested that lower negative emotionality at age 9 months was associated with higher toddler and child EF and language skills and that preventing growth in negative emotionality from age 4.5 to 7 years may lead to improvements in child EF. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
39
|
Vuoksimaa E, Rose RJ, Pulkkinen L, Palviainen T, Rimfeld K, Lundström S, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt C, Hendriks A, de Zeeuw EL, Plomin R, Lichtenstein P, Boomsma DI, Kaprio J. Higher aggression is related to poorer academic performance in compulsory education. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:327-338. [PMID: 32474928 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To conduct a comprehensive assessment of the association between aggression and academic performance in compulsory education. METHOD We studied aggression and academic performance in over 27,000 individuals from four European twin cohorts participating in the ACTION consortium (Aggression in Children: Unraveling gene-environment interplay to inform Treatment and InterventiON strategies). Individual level data on aggression at ages 7-16 were assessed by three instruments (Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, Multidimensional Peer Nomination Inventory, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) including parental, teacher and self-reports. Academic performance was measured with teacher-rated grade point averages (ages 12-14) or standardized test scores (ages 12-16). Random effect meta-analytical correlations with academic performance were estimated for parental ratings (in all four cohorts) and self-ratings (in three cohorts). RESULTS All between-family analyses indicated significant negative aggression-academic performance associations with correlations ranging from -.06 to -.33. Results were similar across different ages, instruments and raters and either with teacher-rated grade point averages or standardized test scores as measures of academic performance. Meta-analytical r's were -.20 and -.23 for parental and self-ratings, respectively. In within-family analyses of all twin pairs, the negative aggression-academic performance associations were statistically significant in 14 out of 17 analyses (r = -.17 for parental- and r = -.16 for self-ratings). Separate analyses in monozygotic (r = -.07 for parental and self-ratings), same-sex dizygotic (r's = -.16 and -.17 for parental and self-ratings) and opposite-sex dizygotic (r's = -.21 and -.19 for parental and self-ratings) twin pairs suggested partial confounding by genetic effects. CONCLUSIONS There is a robust negative association between aggression and academic performance in compulsory education. Part of these associations were explained by shared genetic effects, but some evidence of a negative association between aggression and academic performance remained even in within-family analyses of monozygotic twin pairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eero Vuoksimaa
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Lea Pulkkinen
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaili Rimfeld
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Meike Bartels
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anne Hendriks
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline L de Zeeuw
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Plomin
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zheng L, Chen J, Li X, Gan Y. Inherited dreams: A twin study of future orientation and heritability among chinese adolescents. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2021.1889504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, China
- School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Xinying Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Yiqun Gan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang XJ, Xu H, Feng L, Wang DQ, Wang AP. Exploring psychosocial adaptation among people with chronic skin disease: A grounded theory study. Nurs Open 2021; 8:2673-2685. [PMID: 33631062 PMCID: PMC8363349 DOI: 10.1002/nop2.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Chronic skin disease (CSD) often has devastating effects on the physiological, psychological and social aspects of patients, who must adapt to them. However, it is not clear how patients adapt, especially with regard to their psychosocial adaptation (PSA). This research explored a theoretical model of PSA among people with CSD. DESIGN Following constructivist grounded theory methodology, a qualitative study was undertaken between August 2018 and June 2019. METHODS Observation and semi-structured interview were conducted with included participants (n=19). Data were iteratively coded and analyzed by constant comparison following the key stages of initial, focused, axial and theoretical coding until saturation was achieved. RESULTS When individuals face the impacts of disease, they try to adjust to adapt it. The findings showed the core category (self-cognitive) and the contributing categories (impacts of chronic skin disease, contextual factors, physiological experiences, psychological experiences, social experiences, and positive and negative psychosocial adaptations) of the PSA among people with CSD. The process of PSA among people with CSD was not linear throughout the disease and was instead entwined within a set of complexes (contextual factors-experience) interactions. The consequences of PSA included positive and negative aspects. The theoretical model of PSA among people with CSD will provide us with information needed to develop accurate assessment and effective intervention strategies. Understanding that PSA among people with CSD is a complex, dynamic, and interactional process may provide evidence for further assessing and meeting the needs of people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Jie Zhang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Dalian dermatology hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Da-Qiu Wang
- Faculty of Nursing, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hennig J, Netter P, Munk AJ. Interaction between serotonin and dopamine and impulsivity: A gene × gene - interaction approach. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
43
|
Kocevska D, Barclay NL, Bramer WM, Gehrman PR, Van Someren EJW. Heritability of sleep duration and quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 59:101448. [PMID: 33636423 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and interventional research has highlighted sleep as a potentially modifiable risk factor associated with poor physical and mental health. Emerging evidence from (behavioral) genetic research also shows that sleep characteristics are under strong genetic control. With this study we aimed to meta-analyze the literature in this area to quantify the heritability of sleep duration and sleep quality in the general population. We conducted a systematic literature search in five online databases on January 24th 2020. Two authors independently screened 5644 abstracts, and 160 complete articles for the inclusion criteria of twin studies from the general population reporting heritability statistics on sleep duration and/or quality, and written in English. We ultimately included 23 papers (19 independent samples: 45,328 twins between 6 mo and 88 y) for sleep duration, and 13 papers (10 independent samples: 39,020 twins between 16 and 95 y) for sleep quality. Collectively, we showed that 46% of the variability in sleep duration and 44% of the variability in sleep quality is genetically determined. The remaining variation in the sleep characteristics can mostly be attributed to the unique environment the twins experience, although the shared environment seemed to play a role for the variability of childhood sleep duration. Meta-analyzed heritability estimates for sleep duration, however, varied substantially with age (17% infancy, 20-52% childhood, 69% adolescence and 42-45% adulthood) and reporter (8% parent-report, 38-52% self-report). Heritability estimates for actigraphic and Polysomnography (PSG)-estimated sleep were based on few small samples, warranting more research. Our findings highlight the importance of considering genetic influences when aiming to understand the underlying mechanisms contributing to the trajectories of sleep patterns across the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desana Kocevska
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Society for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicola L Barclay
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNI), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Wichor M Bramer
- Medical Library, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip R Gehrman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Society for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Integrative Neurophysiology and Psychiatry, VU University, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The heritability of reading and reading-related neurocognitive components: A multi-level meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 121:175-200. [PMID: 33246020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reading ability is a complex task requiring the integration of multiple cognitive and perceptual systems supporting language, visual and orthographic processes, working memory, attention, motor movements, and higher-level comprehension and cognition. Estimates of genetic and environmental influences for some of these reading-related neurocognitive components vary across reports. By using a multi-level meta-analysis approach, we synthesized the results of behavioral genetic research on reading-related neurocognitive components (i.e. general reading, letter-word knowledge, phonological decoding, reading comprehension, spelling, phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, and language) of 49 twin studies spanning 4.1-18.5 years of age, with a total sample size of more than 38,000 individuals. Except for language for which shared environment seems to play a more important role, the causal architecture across most of the reading-related neurocognitive components can be represented by the following equation a² > e² > c². Moderators analysis revealed that sex and spoken language did not affect the heritability of any reading-related skills; school grade levels moderated the heritability of general reading, reading comprehension and phonological awareness.
Collapse
|
45
|
Barclay NL, Kocevska D, Bramer WM, Van Someren EJW, Gehrman P. The heritability of insomnia: A meta-analysis of twin studies. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12717. [PMID: 33222383 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Twin studies of insomnia exhibit heterogeneity in estimates of heritability. This heterogeneity is likely because of sex differences, age of the sample, the reporter and the definition of insomnia. The aim of the present study was to systematically search the literature for twin studies investigating insomnia disorder and insomnia symptoms and to meta-analyse the estimates of heritability derived from these studies to generate an overall estimate of heritability. We further examined whether heritability was moderated by sex, age, reporter and insomnia symptom. A systematic literature search of five online databases was completed on 24 January 2020. Two authors independently screened 5644 abstracts, and 160 complete papers for the inclusion criteria of twin studies from the general population reporting heritability statistics on insomnia or insomnia symptoms, written in English, reporting data from independent studies. We ultimately included 12 papers in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis focussed on twin intra-class correlations for monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Based on these intra-class correlations, the meta-analytic estimate of heritability was estimated at 40%. Moderator analyses showed stronger heritability in females than males; and for parent-reported insomnia symptoms compared with self-reported insomnia symptoms. There were no other significant moderator effects, although this is likely because of the small number of studies that were comparable across levels of the moderators. Our meta-analysis provides a robust estimate of the heritability of insomnia, which can inform future research aiming to uncover molecular genetic factors involved in insomnia vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Barclay
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Desi Kocevska
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Society for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wichor M Bramer
- Medical Library, Erasmus MC - University Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Society for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Integrative Neurophysiology and Psychiatry, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Gehrman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jin BK, Ahn HY. Development and validation of a self-control competency scale for late-school-aged children. CHILD HEALTH NURSING RESEARCH 2020; 26:411-421. [PMID: 35004485 PMCID: PMC8650867 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2020.26.4.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to develop a self-control competency scale for school-aged children and to confirm its reliability and validity. Methods This study involved methodological research to verify the reliability and validity of a self-control competency scale for school-aged children. Data were collected from 438 students in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school. Results The self-control competency scale was composed of 13 items and six subscales (control of relationship with one’s teacher, problem-solving, peer empathy, control of relationships with one’s peers, impulse control, and emotional control). The internal consistency reliability of the scale was evaluated using Cronbach’s α, which was .83 for the entire scale and ranged from .65 to .76 for the subscales. The model of six subscales was validated by CFA (CMIN/df=1.977; p<.001, GFI=.94, SRMR=.050, RMSEA=.065, IFI=.95, TLI=.93, CFI=.95). Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing this scale to the scale developed by Nam and Ok (2000), and a significant correlation was found (r=.82, p<.001). On this scale, higher scores indicate higher levels of self-control among late-school-aged children. Conclusion This scale can be used as a valid and reliable instrument for examining self-control competency among late-school-aged children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyoung Jin
- Instructor, College of Nursing, Eulji University, DaejeonKorea
| | - Hye Young Ahn
- Professor, College of Nursing, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li Q, Fu R, Yao L, Xing S. Children's effortful control moderates the relationship between parental psychological control and adolescents' depressive symptoms. Psych J 2020; 9:726-737. [PMID: 32285650 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the interactions of adolescents' temperamental effortful control and parental psychological control on adolescents' depressive symptoms in China. A total of 440 adolescents between the ages of 14 and 20 years (Mage = 15.7) participated in this study. Data on parental psychological control, adolescents' depressive symptoms and effortful control were collected from self-reports. Results showed that adolescents' effortful control moderated the link between paternal psychological control and adolescents' depressive symptoms. Specifically, for adolescents with low levels of effortful control, paternal psychological control was positively associated with increased depressive symptoms whereas for adolescents with a high level of effortful control, this association was not significant. In addition, maternal psychological control was associated with adolescents' depressive symptoms. These findings confirmed and extended previous findings on the associations between parental psychological control, children's temperament effortful control, and depressive symptoms in adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Fu
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lining Yao
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shufen Xing
- School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Branje S, Geeraerts S, de Zeeuw EL, Oerlemans AM, Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Schulz S, Nelemans S, Meeus W, Hartman CA, Hillegers MHJ, Oldehinkel AJ, Boomsma DI. Intergenerational transmission: Theoretical and methodological issues and an introduction to four Dutch cohorts. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100835. [PMID: 32823179 PMCID: PMC7451818 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Behaviors, traits and characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring because of complex genetic and non-genetic processes. We review genetic and non-genetic mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of psychopathology and parenting and focus on recent methodological advances in disentangling genetic and non-genetic factors. In light of this review, we propose that future studies on intergenerational transmission should aim to disentangle genetic and non-genetic transmission, take a long-term longitudinal perspective, and focus on paternal and maternal intergenerational transmission. We present four large longitudinal cohort studies within the Consortium on Individual Development, which together address many of these methodological challenges. These four cohort studies aim to examine the extent to which genetic and non-genetic transmission from the parental generation shapes parenting behavior and psychopathology in the next generation, as well as the extent to which self-regulation and social competence mediate this transmission. Conjointly, these four cohorts provide a comprehensive approach to the study of intergenerational transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Branje
- Youth and Family, Department of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sanne Geeraerts
- Youth and Family, Department of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline L de Zeeuw
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anoek M Oerlemans
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Elisabeth Koopman-Verhoeff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Schulz
- Youth and Family, Department of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Nelemans
- Youth and Family, Department of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Meeus
- Youth and Family, Department of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Manon H J Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Christova P, Joseph J, Georgopoulos AP. Behavioral-genetic associations in the Human Connectome Project. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2445-2456. [PMID: 32776238 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Human Connectome Project (HCP) provides a rich dataset of quantitative and domain-specific behavioral measures from twins and extensive family structures. This makes the dataset a unique and a valuable resource to investigate heritability and determine individual differences. Using a set of measures of behavioral domains (motor, emotion, personality, sensory, and cognition), we estimated the intraclass correlations (ICCs) and heritability of 56 behavioral measures for 4 genetically identified groups of participants: monozygotic (MZ) twins, dizygotic (DZ) twins, non-twin siblings (SB), and unrelated individuals (NR). The ICCs range varied among behavioral domains but systematically so among the four genetic groups. We found the same rank order of ICCs, from the highest values for MZ twins, statistically significantly smaller for the DZ twins and sibling group (compared to MZ), and close to zero for NR. The mean heritability values of the five behavioral domains were: cognition h2 = 0.405, emotion h2 = 0.316, motor h2 = 0.138, personality h2 = 0.444, and sensory h2 = 0.193. These domains share overlapping brain networks. The heritability of motor domain was significantly smaller than cognitive, personality, and emotion domains. These findings provide new insight into the effect of genetics on the various diverse behavioral measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peka Christova
- Brain Sciences Center (11B), Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis VAHCS, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jasmine Joseph
- Brain Sciences Center (11B), Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis VAHCS, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Apostolos P Georgopoulos
- Brain Sciences Center (11B), Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis VAHCS, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Li JB, Yang A, Dou K, Cheung RYM. Self-Control Moderates the Association Between Perceived Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Mental Health Problems Among the Chinese Public. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4820. [PMID: 32635495 PMCID: PMC7370094 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused thousands of deaths in China. Prior research suggests that individuals' perceived severity of COVID-19 is related to a range of negative emotional and behavioral reactions among the Chinese public. However, scant research has examined the underlying mechanisms. Drawing upon the risk-resilience model, this study proposes that self-control, as a resilient factor, would potentially moderate the association between perceived severity of COVID-19 and mental health problems. Data from a national survey was used to examine this idea. Participants were 4607 citizens from 31 regions in China (Mage = 23.71 years, 72.5% female) who completed a national survey at the beginning of February 2020. Results of hierarchical regression showed that after controlling for a number of demographic variables, perceived severity of COVID-19 and self-control were positively and negatively related to mental health problems, respectively. More importantly, self-control moderated the "perceived severity of COVID-19-mental health problems" association, with this link attenuating as the levels of self-control increased. These findings suggest that compared to those with high self-control, individuals with low self-control are more vulnerable and are more in need of psychological aids to maintain mental health in the encounter of the COVID-19 outbreak. Practically, enhancing individuals' self-control ability might be a promising way to improve individuals' mental health during the early period of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bin Li
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Center for Child and Family Science, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-B.L.); (R.Y.M.C.)
| | - An Yang
- Department of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Kai Dou
- Department of Psychology and Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rebecca Y. M. Cheung
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Center for Child and Family Science, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.-B.L.); (R.Y.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|